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The COVID-19 pandemic created a unique set of circumstances in which to investigate collective memory and future simulations of events reported during the onset of a potentially historic event. Between early April and late June 2020, we asked over 4,000 individuals from 15 countries across four continents to report on remarkable (a) national and (b) global events that (i) had happened since the first cases of COVID-19 were reported, and (ii) they expected to happen in the future. Whereas themes of infections, lockdown, and politics dominated global and national past events in most countries, themes of economy, a second wave, and lockdown dominated future events. The themes and phenomenological characteristics of the events differed based on contextual group factors. First, across all conditions, the event themes differed to a small yet significant degree depending on the severity of the pandemic and stringency of governmental response at the national level. Second, participants reported national events as less negative and more vivid than global events, and group differences in emotional valence were largest for future events. This research demonstrates that even during the early stages of the pandemic, themes relating to its onset and course were shared across many countries, thus providing preliminary evidence for the emergence of collective memories of this event as it was occurring. Current findings provide a profile of past and future collective events from the early stages of the ongoing pandemic, and factors accounting for the consistencies and differences in event representations across 15 countries are discussed., Krystian Barzykowski was supported by the French Government Scholarship (`Campus France'), the National Science Centre, Poland (UMO-2019/35/B/HS6/00528) and the Bekker programme from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (no.: PPN/BEK/2019/1/00092/DEC/1). The Washington University in St. Louis collaboration (Dessenberger, Roediger, Tekin, and Uner) was supported by a grant from the James S. McDonnell Foundation to HLR. A. Taylor gratefully acknowledges support from The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

We asked over 4000 individuals from 15 countries to report the three most remarkable events that happened since the outbreak of the pandemic and three events that they expected to occur in the future (https://osf.io/m46nq/). Individuals indicated the events at a global and national level. First, we examined the valence of reported events and demonstrated a positivity bias for future events. Then, we investigated the role of age in the observed differences as COVID-19 constituted a more intense threat for the elderly. We found that while elderly reported more negative past events for the pandemic, no such age differences were evident for future events. Results will be discussed from a functional perspective in relation with the severity of the pandemic in each country.

Common processes involved in remembering and predicting personal and public events have led researchers to study public events as a part of autobiographical memory. In the present study, we asked for past events and future predictions and examined the temporal distribution and factors that made these salient in event representations. A sample of 1577 individuals reported six most important public events since their birth and six future events that they expected. Past events mostly came from the recent past and were negative in valence. Similarly, future predictions consisted of negative events that are expected to occur in the near past. We did not find a reminiscence bump but there was a strong recency effect. Despite being inconsistent with some literature, this supports the view that remembering the past is largely influenced by the current goals and experiences. Also, in predicting what is remembered from the past and what is expected in the future, what individuals believed others would report appeared as a robust predictor.

In the present study, we aimed to investigate how two types of self-licensing (functional and dysfunctional self-licensing) are related to unhealthy snack consumption. Self-licensing refers to the act of using justifications before gratifications and has been associated with higher snack consumption. Previous research has found that while functional self-licensing decreases unhealthy snack consumption, dysfunctional self-licensing increases the number of calories taken from unhealthy snacks. Building upon existing evidence, we addressed functional and dysfunctional self-licensing to investigate how self-licensing behaviors are associated with daily variables (i.e., stress and sleep) and unhealthy snacking habits. Participants (N = 124) were given a battery of measures at the start of the week and asked to send their snack consumption every night for a week via an online questionnaire, along with daily stress and sleep items. The data were analyzed with Hierarchical Linear Modelling. Neither self-licensing measures nor unhealthy snacking habits predicted unhealthy snack consumption. Daily stress was associated with lower unhealthy snack consumption. However, the interaction between daily stress and functional self-licensing was significant, suggesting that on stressful days functional self-licensers consume even fewer unhealthy snacks compared to less stressful days. Functional and dysfunctional self-licensing are rather new constructs which is why examining their effects is important for further research. However, in contrast to the existing evidence, we failed to find an effect of both types of self-licensing on snack consumption, suggesting the effect depends on potential contextual or individual-specific factors. Future research using a dieting sample is warranted for a better understanding of how functional and dysfunctional self-licensing operate.

Reminiscence bump refers to the increased recall of events from adolescence and early adulthood. It is a robust phenomenon for personal events, while the evidence for the bump has been inconsistent for public events. The present study addressed lifespan distributions of public events in a nationally representative sample of adults ( N = 1200) in Turkey. We demonstrated a robust recency effect in the temporal distribution of public event memories. When we examined the bump in the most frequently reported events, the recency effect persisted. The only exception was the bump for the military coup in 1980, a relatively more distant event among the most frequent events. Findings suggested that high-impact events in Turkey’s recent past may overshadow the past events. Inline, we discuss the role of the context and age distribution of the sample to explain the inconsistency in the evidence for the reminiscence bump in public events.

In this study, we aimed to investigate emotion regulation function of autobiograhical remembering within an integrative perspective. We asked participants to recall sadness, anger and happiness related events for emotion induction, then they recalled any random memory that came to their mind. In the latter remembering experience. Pre- and post-report emotionality ratings and phenomenological features of the recall were examined to test whether subsequent recall served to upregulate positive emotions. Only in sadness and anger memory groups who recalled memories with high emotional impact reported more positive emotions after subsequent remembering. Also, we found distinct mechanisms by which sadness and anger groups used for emotion regulation such that for the sadness group whereas the emotional intensity accounted for the role of upregulation, for the anger group, importance of the event predicted enhanced positivity. Findings are discussed in the context of the emotion regulation function of autobiographical remembering.

Araştırmanın temel amacı toplumsal olaylara dair episodik (EB) ve semantik bellek (SB) süreçleri ile heyecanlanma arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkinin yaş grupları arasında farklılıklar gösterip göstermediğini, öz-değerlendirmelere dayanan heyecanlanma ile fizyolojik ölçümlerle saptanan heyecanlanma düzeyi arasındaki tutarlılığı ve olayların fenomonolojik özelliklerini bellek türüne ve heyecanlanma düzeyine göre incelemektir. Bu amaçla, 18-25 yaş arası 32 genç yetişkin bireyden (Ort. = 20.60, SS = 2.22), 40-55 yaş arası 33 orta yaş yetişkin bireyden (Ort. = 47.32, SS = 6.60) ve 60-75 yaş arası 30 yaşlı bireylerden (Ort. = 69.97, SS = 6.16) veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcılardan kendilerine sunulan 10 adet toplumsal olay için hatırlama/bilme değerlendirmesi yapmaları istenmiştir. Sonrasında hem sunulan olayın içeriğine ilişkin (SB) hem de olayı haber alma bağlamının hatırlanmasına ilişkin (EB) soruları cevaplamışlardır. Son olarak, hatırlama sırasındaki heyecan düzeylerini belirtmiş ve olayları önem, duygusal yük ve yoğunluk gibi fenomonolojik özellikler açısından değerlendirmişlerdir. Heyecanlanma düzeyi GSR (Galvanic skin response) cihazı ile fizyolojik ölçümler yapılarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Öz-bildirime dayalı heyecanlanma düzeyinin SB süreçlerine kıyasla EB için yüksek olduğu gözlemlenirken, heyecanlanmanın beş fizyolojik gösterge için farklı örüntüler gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Heyecanlanma düzeyi arttıkça EB ve SB performansları da artmış ve genç bireyler diğer iki yaş grubuna kıyasla daha yüksek heyecanlanma seviyesi ve daha hızlı fizyolojik tepki göstermişlerdir. Fenomonolojik özellikler incelendiğinde ise hatırlanan olaylar, bilinenlere kıyasla daha önemli, duygusal olarak da daha yoğun ve olumsuz olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, heyecanlanma düzeyi arttıkça olayın öneminin, duygu yoğunluğunun ve olumsuzluk derecesinin arttığı görülmüştür. Bulgulara ek olarak, öz-bildirimlerin güvenilirliği ve objektif ölçümlerin önemi tartışılmıştır. Son olarak, bu çalışmadaki bulgular ve sınırlılıklar göz önünde bulundurularak gelecek araştırmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur., The major aims of the study were to investigate (1) the potential differences in arousal levels for episodic (EM) and semantic memory (SM) processes regarding public events and the comparison of these differences for different age groups, (2) the consistency of self-report versus objective measures of arousal, and (3) phenomenological characteristics of the events as function of memory type and arousal level. The sample consisted of 32 young adults whose ages ranged between 18 and 25 years (M= 20.60, SD = 2.22), 33 middle-aged adults aged between 40 and 55 years (M = 47.32, SD = 6.60), and 30 elderly people aged between 60 and 75 years (M = 69.97, SD = 6.16). Participants were asked to make a remember/know judgment for the 10 public events presented to them. They further answered event-related questions (SM) and questions regarding the context of hearing about the event (EM). Moreover, they reported their arousal level during recall and evaluated each event in terms of phenomenological characteristics such as importance, emotional intensity, and valence. Arousal level was also measured using physiological measurements with the GSR device. Based on self-reports, EM processes were associated with higher arousal levels compared to SM processes whereas the five physiological indicators of arousal displayed different patterns. Both EM and SM performance displayed an increase together with the increasing arousal levels, and young participants displayed higher levels of arousal and faster physiological responses than both middle-aged and elderly adults. When phenomenological characteristics were examined, remembered public events were rated more important, emotionally more intense and more negative than known events. Furthermore, higher arousal levels were associated with higher ratings of emotional intensity, importance and negativity. The reliability of self-reports and the critical role of applying objective measures were discussed together with the findings. Finally, some suggestions were proposed for future research on the basis of the current limitations and results.

We developed and validated the Family Reminiscence Scale (FARS) in which adults rate their frequency of reminiscing with their parents about childhood experiences. In three studies, we characterized how FARS was related to adults' recollections of their earliest memories in different cultural contexts. First, we examined the factorial structure of FARS and obtained two factors of reminiscing: first-time events and general-recurrent events. In the second study, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, in which we established measurement invariance across gender and age groups. In Study 3, we tested the factorial structure of FARS in an American sample to ensure cross-cultural invariance. We also showed that the two factors were differentially related to the phenomenology of earliest memories in samples from Turkey and United States (Study 2 & Study 3). Overall, FARS was found to be reliable and valid to measure for adult samples to assess the quality of the linguistic input during childhood. Predictive value of FARS has been shown across different gender, age, and culture groups, underlining the organizational role of the early communicative context in the phenomenology and linguistic style of adults' early memories., NA

Although the severity of the COVID-19 outbreak varies from time to time, the pandemic has affected larger audiences worldwide. Given the increasingly severe measures taken by the authorities, healthcare professionals have experienced positive and negative effects of the events, both personally and vicariously. The main aim is to examine how remembering influences vicarious traumatization and post-traumatic growth in a sample of healthcare workers. We proposed a multiple mediation model testing of distinct roles of stress components (hypervigilance, avoidance, intrusion) on the link between recollective features of remembering and post-traumatic growth, which allows characterizing memory-linked mechanisms underlying the effects of traumatic stress on growth. We demonstrated unique pathways by which remembering influenced traumatic growth. For the links of emotional intensity and imagery with growth, we found full mediation through avoidance and intrusion Individuals recalling events with high emotional intensity and imagery tend to experience more intrusions of trauma, which then resulted in traumatic growth. On the other hand, the opposite pattern was found for avoidance. Emotionally intense and vivid recall of events increased avoidance responses, but high avoidance reduced traumatic growth. With respect to reliving, while the pattern was similar, we found a partial mediation, showing the significant role reliving has in supporting traumatic growth. DuolingoEuropean Office of Aerospace Research and DevelopmentFindingFiveMIT-IBM Watson AI LabThe Robert J. Glushko and Pamela Samuelson FoundationToyota Research Institute 2-s2.0-85139390184 Temmuz

The current study examined earliest memories of young and middle-aged adults in comparison to a recent autobiographical memory and a free-report one from any life phase. These three types of memories were compared in terms of their memory characteristics such as vividness, emotionality, importance, confidence, and rehearsal frequency. A total of 319 young (18-30 years) and 112 middle-aged (40-65 years) adults completed the online survey. Results showed that earliest memories were rated either similar to or lower than later memories in their memory characteristics. More specifically, they received lower ratings than freereport memories in all memory characteristics whereas they did not significantly differ from recent memories only in importance and emotionality. In addition, free-report memories were highest in emotionality, importance and rehearsal frequency whereas recent memories were highest in vividness and confidence ratings. Compared to young adults, middle-aged adults provided higher ratings for all memory characteristics in general, and they further recalled earliest memories from an older age. Finally, the order of reporting the three types of memories (earliest memory first versus recent memory first) was examined with respect to its potential influence on memory characteristics and dating of the recalled memories. Results displayed no significant effect of the reporting order on memory characteristics. Dating of the earliest and free-report memories, however, was significantly affected by the reporting order. The mean age for earliest memories was higher when it was retrieved following the recent memory compared to the reporting order in which earliest memories are retrieved and reported first. Overall, results indicated that earliest memories are not particularly special compared to later memories (e.g., free-report memories) in terms of their memory characteristics, and they are vulnerable to experimental manipulation such as changing the reporting order just like other types of autobiographical memories., Bu araştırma genç ve orta yaştaki yetişkinlerin en eski anılarını, yakın geçmişlerinden hatırladıkları anıları (yakın) ve hayatlarının herhangi bir evresinden hatırladıkları anıları (serbest) karşılaştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu üç tip anı (en eski, yakın ve serbest), canlılık, duygusallık, önem, eminlik ve tekrar sıklığı gibi anı özellikleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Toplam 319 genç (18-30 yaş) ve 112 orta yaştaki (40-65 yaş) yetişkin internet üzerinden çevrimiçi olarak anketi tamamlamıştır. Bulgular en eski anıların sonraki iki anı tipine kıyasla olay özellikleri bakımından ya benzer ya da daha düşük değerlendirildiğini göstermiştir. Daha detaylı açıklamak gerekirse, en eski anıların serbest anılara oranla tüm olay özelliklerinde anlamlı düzeyde düşük değerlendirilmiş olduğu, yakın anılara kıyasla ise duygusallık ve önem özellikleri dışında geri kalan tüm olay özelliklerinde aynı şekilde düşük değerlendirilmiş olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, serbest anıların duygusallık, önem ve tekrar sıklığı özelliklerinde en yüksek değerleri gösterirken yakın otobiyografik anıların canlılık ve eminlik özelliklerinde en yüksek değerleri gösterdiği görülmüştür. Yaş grupları arasındaki farklılıklar incelendiğinde ise orta yaştaki yetişkinlerin genel olarak tüm olay özelliklerinde genç yetişkinlere kıyasla daha yüksek değerlendirmeler yaptıkları ve en eski anılarını daha geç yaşlardan hatırladıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak, bu üç anı tipinin hatırlanma ya da rapor edilme sırasının (en eski anının ilk anlatılması veya yakın anının ilk anlatılması) olay özellikleri ve hatırlanan anıların tarihinin saptanması üzerinde olası etkileri incelenmiştir. Bulgular, anı tiplerinin rapor edilme sırasının olay özellikleri üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığını göstermiştir. Fakat, hatırlanma sırası hatırlanmış olan en eski ve serbest anıların zaman tahminlerini anlamlı düzeyde etkilemiştir. Örneğin, en eski anıların geldiği ortalama yaşın, yakın anılardan sonra çağırıldıklarında ilk olarak en eski anının hatırlandığı duruma kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Genel olarak, bulgular en eski anıların olay özellikleri bakımından diğer anı tiplerine göre çok da özel olmadığını ve rapor edilme sırasının değiştirilmesi gibi deneysel manipülasyonların etkisine diğer anılara benzer şekilde açık olduklarını öne sürmüştür., Psikoloji Çalışmaları - Studies in Psychology, 39 (1), ISSN:1304-4680, ISSN:2602-2982

We investigated the relationship between components of rumination brooding and reflection and autobiographical remembering by testing whether voluntary and involuntary rehearsal mediated rumination-related variation in the sensory-affective and metacognitive features of memory experience. We focused on achievement and failure memories as both are goal-related events yet they represent distinct experiences in terms of valence and functionality. For failure memories brooding was associated with intense recollection and reduced psychological distance. Brooding was related to enhanced distance of achievements indicating the disruptive effects of brooding on remembering. Although reflection attenuated the recollective experience for both achievement and failure memories it brought achievement memories to a subjective closer past. Structural equation modelling demonstrated the mediating role of involuntary remembering on the pattern of remembering experience.

The current paper aims to review the recent evidence on the neural correlates of emotion regulation. The review is organized into two main sections. First cognitive models that neuroimaging research is based on are introduced with a specific emphasis on the process-specific explanations of emotion regulation. In the second section neuroimaging research is discussed in line with the evidence from human and nonhuman animals. Existing evidence suggests that regulation of emotions may be achieved either by bottom-up subcortical or top-down frontal mechanisms. The former way acts on the initial phases of emotion generation whereas the latter appears to influence the higher-order structures for cognitive change and modulation of emotional responses. Although there is still an ongoing debate on when the generation stops and regulation starts on the emotion process with respect to neural mechanisms underlying regulatory strategies appear to be more consistent. Potential questions are also addressed for future research to contribute to especially the individual differences adaptive emotion regulation.

Experimentaland clinical research has documented expectancy related symptom improvement ina variety of conditions, leading to a growing interest in the placebo effect.Despite significant treatment outcomes, placebo-induced effects have beenregarded as nonspecific psychological factors associated with the subjectiveexperience of healing that operates different than the actual drug agent .However, neuroimaging research revealed more complex regulation of the placeboresponse, which indicates a top-down regulation of the symptom improvement enhancedby the expectancy effects. It appears that, placebo response is not solelyfunction of higher order control processes, but also involves diversedisease-specific neurobiological mechanisms. In the current review, neuralmechanisms underlying placebo effect have been addressed focusing on theanalgesia, Parkinson’s disease and major depression. Along with the opiatesystem, dopaminergic and serotonergic functions in the brain are discussed inrelation with the three target conditions. Last, potential implications of theplacebo research are discussed with respect to experimental and clinicalpractice., İyileşmebeklentisi ile ilişkili hastalığa-özgü semptomlardaki iyileşme literatürdesıkça gösterildiğinden plasebo etkisine olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Her nekadar tedavi etkinliği plasebo gruplarında belirgin olsa da, bu etkinin asılmaddeden ziyade, hastanın iyileşme beklentisi ve öznel iyilikdeğerlendirmesinin bir sonucu olarak düşünülmektedir. Öte yandan, beyingörüntüleme çalışmaları daha karmaşık bir sürecin var olduğuna işaretetmektedir. Denetimli kontrol mekanizmalarının yönettiği plasebo etkisininiyileşme beklentisi ile güçlendiği görüşü giderek ağırlık kazanmaktadır. Bubağlamda görünen odur ki, plasebo etkisi tek bir sistem üzerinden değil,hastalık temelli mekanizmalar aracılığı ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemeçalışmasında da, plasebo etkisinin nöral boyutlarının sıkça incelendiği ağrı,Parkinson ve depresyon olgularına ilişkin bulgulara odaklanılmış ve opiatsistemi ile dopaminerjik ve serotonerjik işlevler incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultudada, geçmiş bulguların gözden geçirilmesinin ardından plasebo etkisinin gelecekçalışmalardaki rolü tartışılmıştır.