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Polyplax cricetulis Chin, 1995 New collection: Ex Cricetulus longicaudatus (Milne-Edwards) (long-tailed dwarf hamster) (Cricetidae): Uvs Province, 6 km north of Olgii Soum, 25 July 2015 (NK270076). Notes: Polyplax cricetulis has only been recorded from China (Qinghai Province) (Chin, 1995) and now Mongolia (Uvs Province) as an ectoparasite of C. longicaudatus., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839) Ex Microtus arvalis (Pallas) (common vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Tuv Province, Ulaanbaatar (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 37, Nr. 88, Nr. 89/90]). Ex Microtus sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae) (Krištofıḱ, 1999); collection localities: Huvsgul Province, Ih-Horoo Gol; Selenge Province, Hyalganat (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Clethrionomys (now Myodes) sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae), collection locality: Uvs Province, Harhiraa Uul (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Lasiopodomys brandtii (Radde) (Brandt’s vole) (Cricetidae); collection localities: Arhangai Province, Ugii Nuur; Tuv Province: Ulaanbaatar; Zavhan Province, Telmen Nuur (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 185, Nr. 1243], Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collections: Ex Microtus gregalis (Pallas) (narrow-headed vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 1 August 2015 (NK270442); Uvs Province, Harhiraa Mountain, Tsunheg, 8 August 2015 (NK270660), Juveriin Gol, 9 August 2015 (NK270687). Ex Microtus oeconomus (Pallas) (tundra vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 31 July 2015 (NK270348); Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272167, NK 272171); Uvs Province, Han Huhii Mountain, Baruun Turuun River Valley, 14 August 2015 (NK270946). Ex Microtus sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 1 August 2015 (NK270431, NK270440). Notes: Hoplopleura acanthopus parasitizes many species of voles across the Holarctic region (Durden and Musser, 1994). However, we report 2 new host associations for this louse in Mongolia —from M. gregalis and M. oeconomus. The collections of this louse from L. brandtii reported by Kéler (1967) were listed as ‘‘ Hoplopleura acanthopus ssp.’’ The following names are synonyms or former generic or subspecific assignments for this louse as documented by Durden and Musser (1994): Pediculus acanthopus Burmeister, 1839; Haematopinus acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839); Polyplax acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839); Hoplopleura acanthopus acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839); Polyplax villosa Galli-Valerio, 1905; Hoplopleura acanthopus var. americanus Kellogg and Ferris, 1915; Hoplopleura acanthopus var. aequidentis Fahrenholz, 1916; Hoplopleura acanthopus var. edentulus Fahrenholz, 1916 (partim); Hoplopleura fahrenholzi Eichler, 1952; Hoplopleura silesica Eichler, 1952., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250."]}

Polyplax sp. Ex Ellobius tancrei Blasius (eastern mole vole) (Cricetidae)—listed as Ellobius talpinus (Pallas) (northern mole vole) (Cricetidae) (Kéler, 1967); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Hovd Gol (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 958/61]). Notes: This was almost certainly Polyplax ellobii (Sosnina), but we have not been able to locate the specimens. Kéler (1967) listed the host as E. talpinus which included E. tancrei as a synonym at that time. However, E. tancrei has since been recognized as a separate species (Durden and Musser, 1994; Musser and Carleton, 2005). The species occurring in Mongolia is E. tancrei as discussed by Musser and Carleton (2005)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250."]}

Linognathoides urocitelli Durden, Robinson, Cook, McLean, Nyamsuren and Greiman, 2019 Ex Urocitellus undulatus (Pallas) (long-tailed ground squirrel) (Sciuridae). Collection locations: Arhangai Province, Zurh Mountain; Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley; Bayan Olgii Province, Huljaa River Valley (Durden et al., 2019). Notes: This louse is only known from Mongolia, but the host has a wider range in central Asia, encompassing parts of the Russian Federation (Siberia, Transbaikalia), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China (Heilungjiang and Xinjiang) (Thorington and Hoffmann, 2005), so the louse is likely also more widespread., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["DURDEN, L. A., C. ROBINSON, J. A. COOK, B. S. MCLEAN, B. NYAMSUREN, AND S. E. GREIMAN. 2019. A new species of sucking louse from the long-tailed ground squirrel, Urocitellus undulatus, from Mongolia, with a key to species, and a review of host associations and geographical distributions of members of the genus Linognathoides (Psocodea: Anoplura: Polyplacidae). Journal of Parasitology 105: 469 - 479."]}

Hoplopleura meridionidis Ferris, 1921 Ex Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards) (Mongolian jird) (Muridae), collection locality: Tuv Province: Ulaanbaatar (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Meriones meridianus (Pallas) (midday jird) (Muridae); collection locality: Zavhan Province, Mongol Els (Krištofík, 1999). Notes: Hoplopleura meridionidis parasitizes several species of Meriones and has been recorded from China, Russia, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as Mongolia (Durden et al., 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KRISTOFIK, J. 1999. Sucking lice (Phthiraptera) from Mongolian mammals. Biologia, Bratislava 54: 143 - 149.","DURDEN, L. A., R. TRAUB, AND K. C. EMERSON. 1990. Sucking lice (Anoplura) from Pakistan mammals, with notes on zoogeography. Entomological News 101: 225 - 235."]}

Eulinognathus dipodis Blagoveshchensky, 1965 Ex Allactaga sibirica, (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), unspecified collection locality (Durden and Musser, 1994). Notes: This louse has been recorded from Kazakhstan and Mongolia from A. sibirica or Dipus sagitta (Blagoveshtchensky, 1965, Chirov and Ozerova, 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["BLAGOVESHTCHENSKY, D. I. 1965. New species of sucking lice (Siphunculata) that are parasites of rodents. Communication I. Entomological Review 44: 85 - 91."]}

Hoplopleura altaiensis n. sp. (Figs. 1–3) Male (Figs. 1A, B, 2A, C) (n ¼ 9): Total body length of holotype, 0.945 mm (mean, 0.916 mm; range, 0.878 –1.028 mm). Head, thorax, and abdomen moderately sclerotized. Head (Fig. 1A, B): Longer than wide with broadly curved lateral margins posterior to antennae and extended anteriorly; distinct dorsal lobe on each side posterior to head suture; maximum head width of holotype, 0.150 mm (mean, 0.151 mm, range, 0.150 –0.152 mm). Antennae 5-segmented with fairly broad basal segment and slightly elongated second segment; no antennal segments highly modified. One distinct ventral principal head seta, 2 ventral preantennal setae, 2 sutural head setae, 4 dorsal marginal head setae, 2 dorsal anterior head setae, 1 dorsal anterior central head seta, 1 dorsal posterior central head seta, 1 dorsal principal head seta, 1 small dorsal accessory head seta, 2 supra-antennal head setae, 1 small dorsal preantennal head seta, and 4–6 apical head setae on each side. Thorax (Fig. 1A, B): Broader than head; maximum thorax width of holotype, 0.205 mm (mean, 0.211 mm; range, 0.205 – 0.216 mm). Thoracic sternal plate (Fig. 1B) somewhat shieldshaped; long posterior extension with squarish posterior margin, small anterior projection, and small lateral indentation on each side. Thoracic fragma distinct. Mesothoracic spiracle diameter of holotype, 0.016 mm (mean, 0.016 mm; range, 0.015 –0.017 mm). Dorsal principal thoracic seta (DPTS) length of holotype, 0.103 mm (mean, 0.104 mm; range, 0.100 – 0.108 mm). Legs each terminating in tibio-tarsal acuminate claw; claw on hindlegs broader than claws on fore and midlegs; forelegs slightly smaller than midlegs; midlegs slightly smaller than hindlegs; leg coxae variously shaped (Fig. 1B). Abdomen (Fig. 1A, B): Broader than thorax with 13 tergites and 10 sternites. Tergites 1 and 3 fairly broad; tergite 1 partially separated medially; tergites 2 and 4 very broad each with diverging acuminate posterio-lateral margins; tergites 4–13 wider than previous tergites; tergite 13 distinctly curved. Sternites 1 and 2 broader than other sternites; sternites 2 and 3 each articulating laterally with corresponding paratergal plate (as characteristic of genus); sternites 3–10 each fairly narrow. Tergite 1 lacking tergal abdominal setae (TeAS); tergites 2 and 3 each with 1 long TeAS and 1 very long TeAS on each side; tergites 4–12 each with 7–12 long TeAS; tergite 13 with 4 small setae on each side. One dorsal marginal abdominal seta (DMAS) lateral to tergites 5–12 on each side. Sternites 1 and 2 each with 7 long sternal abdominal setae (StAS); 2 lateral StAS on each side of sternite 2 slightly diverging with medial of each of these pairs of StAS much more robust than lateral StAS. Sternites 3–10 each with 7–8 long StAS. One ventral marginal abdominal seta (VMAS) on each side lateral to each of sternites 5–13. Paratergal plates (Figs. 1A, B, 2A): Present on abdominal segments 1–8. Plate I small and lacking apical setae. Plates II–V subtriangular; plate VI subrectangular; plates VII and VIII subeliptical. Plates III–VII each with small spiracle. Plates II–VI each with 2 paratergal setae (PrS) of moderate length; plates VII and VIII each with 2 very long PrS; PrS setae on plates II and III slightly thickened. Genitalia (Fig. 2C): Basal apodeme slightly longer than parameres and with moderately sclerotized, postero-lateral extensions. Parameres fairly straight in anterior section and then broadly curved. Pseudopenis extending posteriorly well beyond posterior apices of parameres and with lateral extensions. Subgenital plate (Fig. 1B) surface distinctly spiculate and extending anteriorly to paratergal plate VI, with slightly concave anterior margin, sinuous lateral margins, tapering posteriorly, and differentially sclerotized as represented by 2 distinct horizontal bands; small central lacuna present anteriorly with 3 very long setae inserted along posterior margin; 2 very long setae inserted along posterior margin of middle sclerotized band. Female (Figs. 2B, D, 3A, B) (n ¼ 7): Total body length of allotype, 1.275 mm (mean, 1.264 mm; range, 1.198 –1.345 mm). Head, thorax, and abdomen as in male unless indicated otherwise. Head (Fig. 3A, B): Maximum head width of allotype, 0.161 mm (mean, 0.161 mm; range, 0.161 –0.162 mm). Thorax (Fig. 3A, B): Maximum thorax width of allotype, 0.230 mm (mean, 0.227 mm; range, 0.225 –0.230 mm). Mesothoracic spiracle diameter of Allotype, 0.017 mm (mean, 0.017; range, 0.016 –0.019). DPTS length of allotype, 0.104 mm (mean, 0.105 mm; range, 0.102 –0.108 mm). Thoracic sternal plate (Fig. 3B) with more rounded margin on posterior extension than male. Abdomen (Fig. 3A, B): Broader than thorax with 19 tergites and 15 sternites. Tergites 1–4 as in male; tergites 5–18 narrow, each with 5–8 long TeAS; last tergite distinctly curved and with 1 short and 2 long setae on each side. Sternites 1 and 2 as in male; sternites 2 and 3 each articulating laterally with corresponding paratergal plate (as characteristic of genus); sternites 3–15 each fairly narrow and with 8–12 StAS. One DMAS on each side lateral to each of tergites 6–18. One VMAS on each side lateral to each of sternites 6–15. Paratergal plates (Figs. 2B, 3A, B): As in male but shape of some individual plates slightly different. Genitalia (Figs. 2D, 3B): Subgenital plate subtriangular but with small indentation on each side that is more obvious in cleared, slide-mounted specimens (Fig. 2D) and posterior extension that tapers to truncate margin in SEM specimens (Fig. 3B); cleared specimens with 2 distinct posteriorly directed rounded projections; patches of spicules evident especially near anterior and medial lateral margins; 3 rows of small to minute setae in central to posterior region of plate, Row 1 with 4–5 setae, Rows 2 and 3 each with 2 setae. Gonopods VIII slightly elongate and medially situated, each with 3 posterior setae, antero-medial seta slightly shorter than other setae. Gonopods IX less distinct and slightly more lateral than gonopods VIII, each with 3 robust apical setae. Taxonomic summary Type host: Alticola barakshin Bannikov, 1947 (Gobi Altai mountain vole) (Museum of Southwestern Biology catalog No. MSB:Mamm: 289112 —symbiotype). Other host: Alticola strelzowi (Kastchenko) (Strelzow’s mountain vole) (MSB:Mamm:289797). Specimens deposited: 1 male holotype (MSB:Para:32437), 1 female allotype (MSB:Para:32438), 2 male paratypes (MSB:Para:32441 and 32442), 2 female paratypes MSB:Para:32439 and 32440), 1 additional male (MSB:Para:32447), 1 additional female (MSB:Para:32443) (all sample no. NK270167) ex A. barakshin symbiotype; 4 additional males (MSB:Para:32445, 32447, 32448, 32450), 3 additional females (MSB:Para:32444, 32445, 32446) ex 3 A. barakshin (sample nos. NK270107, NK270111, NK270120); 1 male ex A. strelzowi (MSB:Para:32449) (sample no. NK270545), Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Type locality: (Ex A. barakshin) Mongolia: Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon (49°54 ′ 17.496 ′′ N, 90°06 ′ 55.296 ′′ E) (holotype male, allotype female, 2 male paratypes, 2 female paratypes, 1 additional male, 1 additional female, 28 July 2015 (sample no. NK270167); collectors: B.-O. Ochirbat, S. E. Greiman, J. A. Cook, B. S. McLean, and N. Batsaikhan. Other localities: Mongolia: Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon (48°54 ′ 29.448 ′′ N, 90°08 ′ 50.760 ′′ E) ex 3 Alticola barakshin (4 males, 3 females), 27 July 2015 (NK270107, NK270111, NK270120); Huljaa river valley (49°24 ′ 23.940 ′′ N, 89°05 ′ 07.908 ′′ E) ex Alticola strelzowi (1 male), 5 August 2015 (sample no. NK270545); collectors: H. Toman, S. E. Greiman, J. A. Cook, B. S. McLean, and N. Batsaikhan. Site of infestation: Skin surface and fur. ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:97DF00C9-EFA1-4305-838B-E4A96987F8BE. Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Altai mountains where the hosts and lice were collected. DNA sequences: See Appendix I., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on pages 355-357, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Eulinognathus allactagae Johnson, 1957 Ex Allactaga sibirica (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae); collection localities: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur; Govi Altai Province, Uljastain Gol; Govi Altai Province, Hairhan; Hovd Province, Chono Haraih Gol; Tuv Province, Onjuul Soum (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 660], Durden and Musser, 1994, Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Allactaga bullata Allen (Gobi jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection localities: unspecified and Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur (Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse is known to parasitize Allactaga major (Kerr) (great jerboa), A. sibirica, and A. bullata and has been recorded from China, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine, in addition to Mongolia (Chin, 1984; Chirov and Ozerova, 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250.","CHIN, T. - H. 1984. Studies on Chinese Anoplura VII. The polyplacid genus Eulinognathus. Entomotaxonomia 6: 25 - 28 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Enderleinellus nitzschi Fahrenholz, 1916 Ex Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus (Eurasian red squirrel) (Sciuridae); collection locality: Bulgan Province, Egiyn Gol (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse parasitizes S. vulgaris across Eurasia (Durden and Musser, 1994). The following names are synonyms as documented by Durden and Musser (1994): Pediculus sphaerocephalus Nitzsch, 1818; Haematopinus sphaerocephalus (Nitzsch, 1818); Polyplax sphaerocephala (Nitzsch, 1818); Enderleinellus sphaerocephalus (Nitzsch, 1818); Enderleinellus sphaerocephalus (Nitzsch, 1818)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Polyplax spinulosa (Burmesier, 1839) Ex Clethrionomys (Myodes) sp. (undetermined vole); collection locality: Uvs Province, Harhiraa Uul (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: The spined rat louse, P. spinulosa, typically parasitizes peridomestic Rattus spp. around the world (Durden and Musser, 1994) but it has also been reported from some other species of rodents. The following names are synonyms as documented by Durden and Musser (1994): Pediculus spinulosus Burmeister, 1839; Haematopinus spinulosus (Burmeister, 1839); Haematopinus (Polyplax) spinulosus (Burmeister, 1839); Pediculus denticulatus Nitzsch, 1864; Polyplax campylopteri Zavaleta, 1945., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Polyplax borealis Ferris, 1933 Ex Alticola sp. (undetermined mountain vole), collection locality: Arhangai Province, Terhiin Tsagaan Nuur (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Cricetulus sp. (undetermined hamster), collection locality: Bulgan Province, Inget Tolgoy (Selenge Soum) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: Polyplax borealis parasitizes several species of voles mainly in the northern Holarctic region (Durden and Musser, 1994). However, the collection from Alticola in Mongolia is a first and the collection from Cricetulus in Mongolia represents an atypical host association., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Schizophthirus sicistae Blagoveshtchensky, 1965 Ex Sicista subtilis (Pallas) (southern birch mouse) (Dipodidae); unspecified collection locality (Sosnina et al., 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994). Notes: Schizophthirus sicistae is known to parasitize S. subtilis and Sicista betulina Pallas (northern birch mouse) in parts of Europe and Asia (Blagoveshtchensky, 1965; Sosnina et al., 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["BLAGOVESHTCHENSKY, D. I. 1965. New species of sucking lice (Siphunculata) that are parasites of rodents. Communication I. Entomological Review 44: 85 - 91.","SOSNINA, E. F., E. V. DUBININA, AND E. N. NOVOZHILOVA. 1984. On lice (Hoplopleuridae), parasites of birch mice. Parazitologiia 18: 175 - 179 [in Russian with English abstract]."]}

Enderleinellus tamiasis Fahrenholz, 1916 Ex Tamias sibiricus (Laxmann) (Siberian chipmunk) (Sciuridae); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Tsagaan Nuur (Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex T. sibiricus, Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 20 August 2015 (NK272323). Notes: This louse is known from Mongolia and Korea as an ectoparasite of T. sibiricus (Durden and Musser, 1994); presumably it also parasitizes this host in other parts of its range. It has also been reported from introduced T. sibiricus in France (Beaucournu et al., 2008)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["BEAUCOURNU, J. - C., B. PISANU, AND J. - L. CHAPUIS. 2008. Enderleinellus tamiasis Fahrenholz, 1916 (Anoplura: Enderleinellidae), espece importee, implantee et nouvelle pour la faune de France. Parasite 15: 175 - 178."]}

Hoplopleura sp. Ex Microtus oeconomus (Pallas) (root vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Hovd Province, Har Us Nuur [ Kéler, 1967 (Nr. 537/39)]. Notes: We have not been able to locate these specimens They could have been H. acanthopus, which is the only species of Hoplopleura recorded to parasitize M. oeconomus by Durden and Musser (1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250."]}

Eulinognathus cruciformis Chin, Bai and Qiu, 1995 Ex Allactaga bullata Allen (Gobi jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection locality: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Allactaga sibirica, (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection localities: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur and Bayan Bulag (Shine Jinst Soum); Govi Altai Province, Bugat Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse has only been recorded from China and Mongolia from Allactaga spp. jerboas (Chin et al., 1995; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["CHIN, T. - H., X. - L. BAI, AND X. - L. QIU. 1995. A new species of sucking louse from Nongxia Hiu Autonomous Region (Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 20: 336 - 338 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Polyplax qiuae Chin, 1993 Ex Cricetulus barabensis (Pallas) (striped dwarf hamster) (Cricetidae), collection locality: Tuv Province, Onjuul Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex Cricetulus barabensis, Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272202). Notes: Polyplax qiuae has been recorded from China (Chin, 1993) and Mongolia (Krištofıḱ, 1999). In China, it has been recorded from Phodopus sungorus (Pallas) (winter white dwarf hamster) and Phodopus roborovskii (Satunin) (Roborovski dwarf hamster) (Chin, 1993), whereas, in Mongolia, it has been recorded from C. barabensis, the striped dwarf hamster (Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Hoplopleura edentula Fahrenholz, 1916 Ex Clethrionomys (now Myodes) sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Huvsgul Province, Hanh (Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collections: Ex Myodes rutilus (Pallas) (northern redbacked vole) (Cricetidae); Arhangai Province, Nariin Gol, north side of Terhiin Tsagaan lake, 22 July 2015 (NK270026), Zurh Mountain, 21 July 2015 (NK270012); Songinot Gol, 31 July 2015 (NK270356); Huvsgul Province; Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272186); Uvs Province, Juveriin gol, 9 August 2015 (NK270703), Han Huhii Mountain, Baruun Turuun River Valley, 13 August 2015 (NK270866), Harhiraa Mountain, Tsunheg, 8 August 2015 (NK270667). Notes: Hoplopleura edentula parasitizes several species of voles in the genus Myodes (formerly Clethrionomys) in Europe and northern/ central Asia (Durden and Musser, 1994). Hoplopleura acanthopus var. edentulus Fahrenholz, 1916 (partim) is a synonym for this louse., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Linognathoides palaearctus (Olsoufjev, 1938) Ex Marmota sibirica (Radde) (Tarbagan marmot) (Sciuridae), collection locality: Tuv Province, Bayan Tsogt Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse parasitizes marmots (Marmota spp.) across much of central Asia (Durden et al., 1990, 2019; Durden and Musser, 1994). Neohaematopinus palaearctus Olsoufjev, 1938 is a previous generic assignment and Neohaematopinus palaearcticus [sic.] tarbagani Dubinina, undetermined date, is a synonym (Durden et al., 2019)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["DURDEN, L. A., R. TRAUB, AND K. C. EMERSON. 1990. Sucking lice (Anoplura) from Pakistan mammals, with notes on zoogeography. Entomological News 101: 225 - 235.","DURDEN, L. A., C. ROBINSON, J. A. COOK, B. S. MCLEAN, B. NYAMSUREN, AND S. E. GREIMAN. 2019. A new species of sucking louse from the long-tailed ground squirrel, Urocitellus undulatus, from Mongolia, with a key to species, and a review of host associations and geographical distributions of members of the genus Linognathoides (Psocodea: Anoplura: Polyplacidae). Journal of Parasitology 105: 469 - 479."]}

Genus Hoplopleura Enderlein, 1904 With characters of the family. Abdominal segments 2 and 3 each with a narrow, transverse, continuous sternal plate that extends completely across the ventral surface to articulate with the corresponding paratergal plates. Sternal plate on abdominal segment 3 with 2 groups of 2 or 3 enlarged, stout setae (note, this is amended here to ‘‘2 groups of 1–3 enlarged, stout setae’’ to accommodate the new species). Antennae 5-segmented. Hoplopleura is the most speciose genus of sucking lice and it is distributed globally mainly as species that parasitize rodents, although a few Asian species parasitize lagomorphs (pikas) (Sosnina et al., 1988; Durden and Musser, 1994; Sosnina and Dubinina, 1996). Durden and Musser (1994) listed 136 valid species of Hoplopleura worldwide but, with additional new species described since 1994, the current number of valid species in this genus has increased to 164 (Durden et al., 2020)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 354, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["SOSNINA, E. F., R. A. OZEROVA, AND E. V. DUBININA. 1988. Lice (Anoplura) of lagomorphs of the fauna of Kirgizia. Entomologicheskie Issledovaniya Kirgizii 19: 125 - 129 [in Russian].","DURDEN, L. A., S. MATTHEE, J. C. BOTHMA, S. E. GREIMAN, AND C. A. MATTHEE. 2020. Two new species of sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae and Polylacidae) from Grant's rock mouse. Micaelamys granti, in South Africa. Journal of Parasitology 106: 478 - 489."]}

Neohaematopinus sciuri Jancke, 1932 Ex Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus (Eurasian red squirrel) (Sciuridae); collection locality: Huvsgul Province, Hanh (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This is a widespread Holarctic species that parasitizes S. vulgaris in Eurasia and Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin (gray squirrel) (Sciuridae) in North America (Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Linognathoides laeviusculus (Grube, 1851) Ex Spermophilus alashanicus Büchner (Alashan ground squirrel), collection locality: Bayanhongor Province: Bayan Bulag (Shine Jinst Soum) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Spermophilus erythrogenys Brandt (red-cheeked ground squirrel), collection locality: Govi Altai Province: Esun Bulag (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 334/35]). Ex Urocitellus undulatus (Pallas) (long-tailed ground squirrel), collection localities: Bulgan Province, Inget Tolgoy (Selenge Soum) and Ulaan Had; Govi Altai Province, Bugat Soum (Mongol Altay); Huvsgul Province, Dood Tsagaan Nuur, Erhel Nuur, Ih Horoo Gol, and Hanh; Uvs Province, Tarialan Soum (Harhiraa Uul) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse parasitizes several species of ground squirrels across the Holarctic region (Durden et al., 2019). The following names are synonyms, previous combinations, or subspecies for this taxon as documented by Durden and Musser (1994) and Durden et al. (2019): Pediculus laeviusculus Grube, 1851; Enderleinellus laeviusculus (Grube, 1851); Neohaematopinus laeviusculus (Grube, 1851); Haematopinus laeviusculus (Grube, 1851); Polyplax laeviuscula (Grube, 1851); Haematopinus montanus Osborn, 1896; Linognathoides montanus (Osborn, 1896); Haematopinus columbianus Osborn, 1900; Polyplax columbiana (Osborn, 1900); Neohaematopinus patiki Rubin, 1946; Neohaematopinus laeviusculus bulgaricus Touleshkov, 1957., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250.","DURDEN, L. A., C. ROBINSON, J. A. COOK, B. S. MCLEAN, B. NYAMSUREN, AND S. E. GREIMAN. 2019. A new species of sucking louse from the long-tailed ground squirrel, Urocitellus undulatus, from Mongolia, with a key to species, and a review of host associations and geographical distributions of members of the genus Linognathoides (Psocodea: Anoplura: Polyplacidae). Journal of Parasitology 105: 469 - 479."]}

Eulinognathus biuncatus Ferris, 1932 Ex Dipus sagitta (Pallas) (northern 3-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection localities: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur and Zuun Mod Oasis; Govi Altai Province, Olon Bulag (Shargyn Govi) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Allactaga sibirica, (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection locality: Bayanhongor Province: Bayantsagaan Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: Eulinognathus biuncatus is also known to parasitize D. sagitta in northern China (Ferris, 1932; Chin, 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on pages 359-360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["FERRIS, G. F. 1932. Contributions toward a monograph of the sucking lice. Part V. Stanford University Publications University Series, Biological Sciences 2: 271 - 413.","CHIN, T. - H. 1984. Studies on Chinese Anoplura VII. The polyplacid genus Eulinognathus. Entomotaxonomia 6: 25 - 28 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Polyplax ellobii (Sosnina, 1955) Ex Ellobius tancrei Blasius (eastern mole vole) (Cricetidae), collection localities: unspecified, Govi Altai Province, Altai; and Hovd Province, Bulgan Gol (Yarantay) (Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex E. tancrei, Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon, Hatuu River valley 27 July 2015 (NK270134). Notes: This louse has been recorded from E. tancrei from China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Tajikistan (Sosnina, 1955; Chin et al., 1993; Durden and Musser, 1994). Eremophthirus ellobii Sosnina, 1955 was the original generic assignment for this louse., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["SOSNINA, E. F. 1955. A new species of louse (Siphunculata) from a blind-mouse of Tajikistan. Trudy Zoologiceskogo Instituto Akademia Nauk SSSR 18: 308 - 313 [in Russian].","CHIN, T. - H., R. - W. ABLIZ, AND X. - L. QUI. 1993. New records of sucking lice from China. Endemic Diseases Bulletin 8: 82 - 85 [in Chinese with English summary]."]}

Hoplopleura inagakii Ono and Hasegawa, 1955 New collections: Ex Myodes rufocanus (Sundevall) (gray redbacked vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 30 July 2015 (NK270283); Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272149); Uvs Province, Han Huhii Mountain, Baruun Turuun River Valley, 14 August 2015 (NK270974). Notes: Hoplopleura inagakii has previously been reported from M. rufocanus, M. rutilus, Myodes andersoni (Thomas) (Japanese red-backed vole), and Myodes smithii (Thomas) (Smith’s redbacked vole) in Japan (Kaneko, 1959; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KANEKO, K. 1959. Studies on the sucking lice (Anoplura) in Japan. Part IV. Taxonomical and ecological studies on murine lice. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 29: 251 - 267."]}

Polyplax chinensis Ferris, 1923 Ex Meriones meridianus (Pallas) (midday jird), collection localities: unspecified, and Bayanhongor Province: Orog Nuur (Sosnina, 1979; Chin, 1980; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex M. meridianus, Uvs Province, 6 km northeast of Olgii Soum, 25 July 2015 (NK 270079). Notes: This louse is known to parasitize Meriones crassus Sundevall (Sundevall’s jird) and M. meridianus and has been recorded from China, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, in addition to Mongolia (Sosnina, 1979; Durden et al., 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on pages 360-361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["SOSNINA, E. F. 1979. Lice of gerbils from Tadzhik SSR. Parazitologiia 13: 29 - 35 [in Russian].","CHIN, T. - H. 1980. Studies on Chinese Anoplura V. The polyplacid genera Polyplax, Haemodipsus, and Sathrax. Acta Academiae Mediciniae Guiyang 5: 101 - 107 [in Chinese with English abstract].","DURDEN, L. A., R. TRAUB, AND K. C. EMERSON. 1990. Sucking lice (Anoplura) from Pakistan mammals, with notes on zoogeography. Entomological News 101: 225 - 235."]}

Hoplopleura altaiensis Durden, Robinson, Cook, Bell, Nyamsuren and Greiman, 2022 Ex Alticola barakshin (Gobi mountain vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon. Ex Alticola strelzowi (Strelzow’s mountain vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Huljaa river valley. Notes: Hoplopleura altaiensis is described in this paper., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Eulinognathus euchoreutae Cais, 1977 Ex Euchoreutes naso Sclater (long-eared jerboa), collection localities: unspecified, and Bayanhongor Province: Ehiin Gol Oasis and Zuun Mod Oasis (Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: Eulinognathus euchoreutae has only been recorded from China and Mongolia from E. naso (Cais, 1977; Chin, 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). Eulinognathus euchoreutei Chin, 1984 is a synonym (Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["CAIS, L. 1977. Lice Eulinognathus euchoreutae sp. n., Eulinognathus inermis sp. n. and Eulinognathus alactaguli Blagoveshchensky, 1965 (Polyplacinae, Anoplura) taken from Asiatic jerboas. Bulletin de l'Adademie Polonaise des Sciences, Serie des Sciences Biologiques 25: 463 - 469.","CHIN, T. - H. 1984. Studies on Chinese Anoplura VII. The polyplacid genus Eulinognathus. Entomotaxonomia 6: 25 - 28 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Growing resource demands are driving rapid development to new frontiers in developing countries with important biological diversity. The mitigation hierarchy is a critical tool to manage the impacts of development projects on biodiversity, embedded into numerous government, lender, and corporate policies. However, implementation faces obstacles, in particular deciding when impacts should be avoided. Offset design, the last step, faces difficult questions about location of offsets relative to impacts and how to address uncertainty and conflicts with future development. Planning for conservation and development are typically separate processes, and environmental impact assessments are typically conducted on a project‐by‐project basis that does not consider the landscape context and cumulative impacts of multiple projects. Here we present a mitigation framework for Mongolia with an example from the Mongolian Gobi Desert, a landscape with globally significant biodiversity facing rapid development. This landscape‐level planning approach has been replicated across Mongolia to produce a national level mitigation framework to guide both the government policy commitment to protect 30% of all natural lands and application of the mitigation hierarchy. This has led to protection of 177,000 km2 in new national and local protected areas, and development of an offset design mechanism based on the conservation plans.

The Mongolian Gobi is the most important stronghold of the Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus), housing > 75% of the remaining global population. However, even in this remote refuge, poaching and changes in land use are challenging the species’ conservation. Whereas progress has been made in monitoring population size, little data are available on population structure and dynamics. To fill this gap, we determined the age and sex of 440 skulls collected in two regions of the Mongolian Gobi. Foals and yearlings were underrepresented in our skull sample with 3 and 7.3% only, but the rest of the age pyramid was well balanced. The mean age was 7.7 years, the maximum age 29 years, and the sex ratio was not different from even. Mortality risk analysis revealed low annual mortality rates of about 15% in the most productive age classes of 5–10 years, followed by a slow increase with age until about 17 years and a likely faster increase thereafter. As the large majority of carcasses suggested a poaching-related mortality which appears random, our dataset provides the first insight into the structure of the largest remaining Asiatic wild ass population and can be used as a benchmark for future monitoring and population viability modeling.

Department of Zoology, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, University Avenue-1, Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia†Mongolia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Amar Street-3, “Internom” Bookstore Building, 3rd Floor, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia‡Ochir-WWF Mongolia Program, Amar Street-4, P.O. Box 115, PO-20A, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia§The Nature Conservancy Mongolia Program Office, Amar Street-4, 2nd floor, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia¶Protected Areas Administration, Mongolia, Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, Khovd, Mongolia

In contrast to the Eastern Palaearctic region a high degree of cryptic diversity was discovered among temperate bats of the Western Palaearctic region in the last ten years. Climatic oscillations caused severe changes in the distribution of species throughout the Palaearctic region during the Pleistocene. Exploring multiple taxa can help to understand general evolutionary differentiation processes. In the present study genetic variation within and among 94 Mongolian vespertilionid bats of six genera (Hypsugo, Eptesicus, Vespertilio, Myotis, Plecotus, and Nyctalus) was screened by sequencing a 798 bp fragment of the mitochondrial ND1 gene and then subsequently compared with those of Western Palaearctic taxa. This allowed first insights in the differentiation among a wide range of bats across the Palaearctic region. A total of 16 distinct mitochondrial lineages were found in Mongolia. Thirteen lineages differed by at least five percent sequence divergence from Western Palaearctic species. Only three lineages (Eptesicus nilssonii, Vespertilio murinus, and Nyctalus noctula) showed lower divergence values. Our data demonstrate a substantial differentiation between most Western and Eastern Palaearctic vespertilionid bats. Estimations of divergence times showed that most divergence appeared prior to the Pleistocene, but current distributions of bats were most likely shaped by the usage of multiple refugia during glaciations.

This study provides the first evidence of pronounced temporary laryngeal descent in a bovid species. An elaborate acoustic display is prominent in male courtship behavior of polygynous Mongolian gazelle. During rut, rounding up of females is accompanied by continuous head-up barking by dominant males. Throughout the rut their evolutionarily enlarged larynx descends to a low mid-neck resting position. In the course of each bark the larynx is additionally retracted toward the sternum by 30% of the resting vocal tract length. A geometric model of active larynx movements was constructed by combining results of video documentation, dissection, skeletonization, and behavioral observation. The considerable distance between resting position and maximal laryngeal descent suggests a backward tilting of the hyoid apparatus and an extension of the thyrohyoid connection during the retraction phase. Return to the resting position is effected by strap muscles and by the elastic recoil of the pharynx and the thyrohyoid connection. An intrapharyngeal inflation of the peculiar palatinal pharyngeal pouch of adult males is inferred from a short-time expansion of the ventral neck region rostral to the laryngeal prominence. The neck of adult dominant males is accentuated by long gray guard hairs during the rut. The passive swinging of the heavy larynx of adult males during locomotion gives the impression of a handicap imposed on rutting males. Apparently, this disadvantage becomes outweighed by the profits for reproductive success. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The herb fi eld mouse, Apodemus uralensis (Pallas, 1811) is recorded for the fi rst time in Mongolia, from western part of the Mongolian Altai and the adjacent Mongolian part of the Dzungarian Gobi. In addition, we discovered several additional fi ndings of this species recorded as early as 1976 from diff erent scientifi c collections. Body and skull measurements are presented along with a molecular genetic analysis of one specimen.

The Asiatic wild ass ( Equus hemionus ) is a globally endangered large mammal threatened by competition with livestock, poaching as well as habitat fragmentation and loss. Because of these environmental stresses it can be assumed that the species suff ers from lower developmental stability and that barrier eff ects could cause genetic isolation. To gain more insight into the population genetics of the Asiatic wild ass, a series of 440 skulls found in two Gobi regions of Mongolia were examined. The epigenetic variability and epigenetic distance between the samples as well as their fl uctuating asymmetry were studied by using 62 non-metric skull characters to test and evaluate possible genetic depletion, genetic isolation and the general infl uences during ontogenesis. The high epigenetic variability, I ev = 0.39 did not diff er between the two regions indicating no evidence of genetic depression. The very low, but signifi cant epigenetic divergence of MMD = 0.05 between the Dzungarian Gobi and the Southern Gobi suggests restricted connectivity. The moderate degree of fl uctuating asymmetry (FA = 0.11 – 0.15) found gives no signs of reduced developmental stability. Thus, our results suggest that Asiatic wild ass from Mongolia are from genetically viable populations.

This report describes a new species of the soboliphymid nematode, Soboliphyme ataahai sp. n. from Laxmann's shrew, Sorex caecutiens. This species is distinguished from the previously known congeners by the notched cephalic sucker with a thin circumoral membrane, relatively long vagina, cephalic papillae arranged in clusters, and bursa possessing papillae on inner and outer surfaces. Also, Soboliphyme ataahai differs from the congeners in other characters, such as position of vulva, number and distribution of cervical sacs, structure of cephalic sucker, body size, and dimensions of organs.

The tribe Myodini consists of five genera of forest and alpine voles (Alticola, Caryomys, Eothenomys, Hyperacrius and Myodes) distributed throughout the Holarctic. Because mitochondrial evidence has revealed paraphyly and polyphyly among genera, we apply the first multilocus tests to clarify taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. Our analyses of 28 of 36 species within Myodini, including three not previously sequenced (A. montosa, A. albicaudus, and H. fertilis), identify four distinct clades and provide the first molecular evidence that Hyperacrius may not belong in Myodini. Myodes is paraphyletic, while polyphyly of Alticola reflects apparent ancient mitochondrial introgression. Diversification in this tribe was hypothesized to be tightly linked to Late Cenozoic climatic events, however, lineage through time analysis indicates diversification over the last 4 My was gradual and not strongly punctuated.