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In this study, resistant starch (RS)-enriched pudding production was performed in order to develop puddings with reduced glycemic index which could be consumed as functional milky dessert to cope with obesity and high blood sugar. Control sample without the resistant starch (RS) and three pudding samples with RS (1%, 2% and 3%) were prepared. Physical analyzes of the samples were performed, their sensory and rheological properties were examined and glycemic index analyzes were implemented in vitro conditions. With the addition of RS, the moisture content of the puddings decreased and there was an increase in L* value. The rheological properties of pudding samples were evaluated using a rheometer. Results showed that, the viscosities of the RS added samples were lower when compared to to the control sample. The glycemic index value decreased with the increase in the RS content of puddings. Sensory analysis test was performed to a group consisting of 10 panelists. 3% RS sample was determined to be more favorable. Analyzes showed that RS caused positive effects on pudding moisture, brightness, rheology and glycemic index. As a result of this study, it was found that the sample containing 3% RS had acceptable and favorable properties.

Safe and health-beneficial citrus oils can be employed as natural preservatives, flavorings, antioxidants, and as antibacterial and antifungal agents in a wide variety of food products. In this research, using GC-MS methodology, the major volatile composition of

Objectives: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a chronic genetic disease that affects the respiratory tract, characterized by different clinical and laboratory features. It has a very difficult diagnosis, and high morbidity. In recent years, with the advances in genetics, the rate of diagnosis has increased considerably. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationship between PCD patients' clinical, radiological and laboratory features and genetic analysis. Methods: The study included 14 children who were diagnosed with PCD between 2015-2019 and underwent exome analysis. Diagnostic ages, body mass indexes (BMI)- Z score, clinical and radiological findings, pulmonary function tests, sputum culture reproduction and gene analysis were evaluated and compared. Results: Six of the patients (43%) were girls and 8 (57%) were boys, and the median age at the time of diagnosis was 9 (min-max: 3-16) years. Genetic analysis revealed pathogenic mutations in DNAH5 (n=4, 29%), DNAH11 (n=2, 14%), RSPH4A (n=2, 14%), CCDC40 (n=2, 14%), DNAH9 (n=1, 7%), HYDIN (n=1, 7%), DNAH1 (n=1, 7%), and ARMC4 (n=1, 7%). Although not statistically significant, it was found that the diagnosis age was lower and the BMI Z-score was lower in CCDC40 mutations. Growth parametres were normal in DNAH5, DNAH11, RSPH4A and ARMC4 pathogenic variants. No significant correlation was found between genetic analysis and clinical features, culture reproduction and pulmonary function tests of the patients. Conclusion: It is thought that more detailed information about the possible clinical features and prognosis of the disease can be obtained by genetic examinations of PCD. However, clinical trials with higher patient numbers are still needed. WOS:000669998900008 34349594

Purpose: We aimed to compare the short-term outcomes of infants from our level IIIC neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in two different periods. Method: In this cohort study, data from preterm infants (≤29 weeks and birth weight Results: There was no difference in the distribution of preterm infants according to their gestational age subgroups (p=0.169). Although the survival rate increased significantly in the second period (48.1% vs. 64.3%, (pConclusion: Analysis of NICU data, through rigorous methods may provide opportunities for the development of quality improvement projects to improve the quality of health care in developing countries.

In the present research study, response surface methodology (RSM) was performed on the basis of total phenolic content of aqueous feijoa leaf extracts. The total phenolic content of experimental runs changed between 941.6 and 4347.5 mg GAE/L. HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to monitor the phenolic profile of feijoa leaf extract. Major phenolic compounds were determined as gallic acid, catechin, syringic acid, ellagic acid, chrysin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin. Profile of volatile compounds was determined by using GC-MS technique and limonene, linalool and caryophyllene were detected as major volatile compounds. In addition, extracts from feijoa leaves showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and one yeast species. Taken together, all findings enhance our understanding of further use feijoa leaves as potential source for valuable bioactive compounds in various industrial products such as dietary supplements, food products (syrups, jams), and cosmetic products.

Sagdic, Osman/0000-0002-2063-1462; BOZKURT, FATIH/0000-0003-4905-095X In this work, a rapid FTIR-ATR spectroscopic method combined with chemometrics was developed to predict royal jelly content in hive products; namely, dietary supplements such as royal jelly, propolis, honey and pollen. FTIR spectra of royal jelly, propolis, honey and pollen as well as their mixtures and dietary supplements were characterized. Amide II spectral absorption band with a peak point around 1547 cm(-1) in the spectral range 1580-1500 cm(-1) was used for quantitative estimation based on the calibration method using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) analyses. The results from the developed FTIR technique were also validated by those from HPLC-PDA technique, revealing a good correlation between FTIR and HPLC results (R-2 = 0.99). The results of the present study suggest that the developed FTIR spectroscopy technique can be used to rapidly, easily and accurately predict the royal jelly content in the hive products.

This article presents Raman chemical mapping application for the detection of adulterant monosodium glutamate (MSG) in dry soup mix. MSG may cause various damages to the health of people. Therefore, there are legal regula-tions for this compound both in Turkish Food Codex and European Union Directives. Most of the times, the main problem is that MSG is added into dry soup products without declaration on the label. Food control mechanisms need effective and real-time monitoring methods to check the reliability of the product labels in order to maintain food safety and alleviate public doubts. In this study, MSG was added into dry soup mix at a concentration (w/w) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% and chemical maps were obtained using multivariate data analysis techniques such as direct classical least squares (DCLS) component analysis. MSG was successfully detected and spectral and spatial distribution of the MSG within the commercial and laboratory-prepared dry soup samples was accomplished, with a detection limit of 0.1%. The results obtained were confirmed by a robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique.

Considering the concerns regarding the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine safety among pediatric patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) due to a lack of data, an urgent need for studies evaluating safety profiles of vaccines emerged.Among participants vaccinated by CoronaVac inactive SARS-CoV-2 or BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine, healthy children under 18 and patients under 21 with an at least 1-year follow-up period in our department for a childhood-onset rheumatic disease were included into this cross-sectional study.Overall, 246 subjects (141 [57.3%] females) (biologic group: 43, non-biologic group: 180, healthy control group: 23) were eligible for the study. The median age was 15.34 (12.02-20.92) years. The most common adverse events were fatigue (n = 68, 27.6%), headache (n = 44, 17.9%), myalgia (n = 38, 15.4%), arthralgia (n = 38, 15.4%), and fever (n = 35, 14.2%). Only 3 subjects (2 patients with familial Mediterranean fever, and one healthy child) were considered to experienced serious adverse events, since they required hospitalization. Local reactions were seen in 20 (8.13%), and 27 patients (12.1%) had disease flares within 1 month after the vaccines. Although it was significantly higher in those who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (P .001), there was no significant relationship between adverse event frequency and age, gender, the existing diseases, ongoing treatment regimens and pre-vaccination COVID-19 histories.Although immunogenicity studies for efficacy of the vaccines and long-term follow-up studies for adverse events monitoring are required, our study indicates an acceptable safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines and encourages children with IRD to be vaccinated.

Essential oils are high-valued natural extracts that are involved in industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. The lemon essential oil (LEO) has high economic importance in the food and beverage industry because of its health-beneficial characteristics and desired flavor properties. LEO, similar to other natural extracts, is prone to being adulterated through economic motivations. Adulteration causes unfair competition between vendors, disruptions in national economies, and crucial risks for consumers worldwide. There is a need for cost-effective, rapid, reliable, robust, and eco-friendly analytical techniques to detect adulterants in essential oils. The current research developed chemometric models for the quantification of three adulterants (orange essential oil, benzyl alcohol, and isopropyl myristate) in cold-pressed LEOs by using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) based on FTIR spectra. The cold-pressed LEO was successfully distinguished from adulterants by robust HCA. PLSR and PCR showed high accuracy with high R2 values (0.99–1) and low standard error of cross-validation (SECV) values (0.58 and 5.21) for cross-validation results of the raw, first derivative, and second derivative FTIR spectra. The findings showed that FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analyses has a considerable capability to detect and quantify adulterants in lemon essential oil.

Turmeric and ginger are among the most widely used medicinal plants due to their health benefits and bio-activities, which include antiviral and antioxidant properties. However, these plants are usually irradiated to increase their shelf life and quality. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, this study investigates the structural changes in the active ingredients of ginger and turmeric after irradiation. The Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) and Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC) calculations are interrelated with the properties of materials in terms of low and high radiation absorption. According to the results, curcumin showed better absorption attributes compared to 6-gingerol. The results also indicated an increase in the total antioxidant activity and b value (yellowness) of turmeric after treatment with 5 kGy irradiation. On the other hand, positive correlations were also found be-tween MAC and ABTS values. It can be concluded that irradiation up to 5 kGy dosages could be beneficial for turmeric as it both prevents microbial contamination and increases its antioxidant activity. However, the results indicated that the effect of irradiation on the antioxidant activity varies depending on the nature of the product, thus further studies are required to better understand the effect of irradiation on the bioactive components of food materials.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used material for the packaging of drinking water. The development of this research arises from the demand of a popular Turkish drinking water company, which has reported odour problems in their PET bottled products. Acetaldehyde, cobalt, and antimony contents were determined in bottled water of different volumes (0.5, 1.5, and 5 L), PET bottles, plastic blue closures, and preform material by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Antimony, cobalt, and acetaldehyde migration into the drinking water (PET bottled) was tracked for every 2 months through a year. Migration of these compounds rose with increased storage time at 20 degrees C. The highest amounts of migrated compounds were observed in 0.5 L (smallest) of PET bottles. All migration results were found to be under the migration limit at the end of storage period. In addition to these findings, nonintentionally added substances (NIASs) analyses were performed by headspace (HS)/GC-MS. Odour-active compounds were identified using the library database. Off-odours in the drinking water were due to the migration of various compounds such as acetaldehyde and other NIASs from PET bottle into the drinking water. In addition, acetaldehyde amounts were ranged from 0 to 140 mu g/L in all drinking waters, and some acetaldehyde values were above the taste threshold of 15 mu g/L.

Gelatin is widely used in gummy candies because of its unique functional properties. Generally, porcine and bovine gelatins are used in the food industry. FTIR-ATR combined with chemometrics analysis such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) (OPUS Version 7.2 software), principal component analysis (PCA) (OPUS Version 7.2 software) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (Matlab R2017b) were used for classification and discrimination of gelatin gummy candies related to their gelatin source. The spectral region between 1734 and 1528 cm−1 was selected for chemometric analysis. The potential of FTIR spectroscopy for determination of bovine and porcine source in gummy candies was examined and validated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Twenty commercial samples were tested by developed ATR-FTIR methodology and RT-PCR technique, mutually confirming and supporting results were obtained. Gummy candies were classified and discriminated in relation to the bovine or porcine source of gelatin with 100% success without any sample preparation using FTIR-ATR technique.

Royal jelly is one of the most remarkable commercial bee products used in cosmetics, medicine, and as a dietary supplement. This study aimed to determine some quality parameters (amino acid, multi-elemental, total phenolic-flavonoid, 10-HDA, sugar, and moisture content) as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different royal jelly samples (domestic and non-domestic samples). In this study, royal jelly samples exhibited high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. 10-HDA values were found to be higher in domestic royal jelly samples (2.17–2.71%) compared to non-domestic samples (0.31–1.71%). Also, it was found that the acidity value varied between 2.57–3.37 mL 0.1 N NaOH/g and 3.87–4.97 mL 0.1 N NaOH/g in non-domestic and domestic royal jelly samples, respectively. L-Proline was the amino acid with the highest rate of occurrence in both domestic (21972.39–35053.00 nmol/g) and non-domestic (19688.31–21711.50 nmol/g) samples. It was determined that the new method developed for amino acid analysis has many advantages over other methods. Chemometrics of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that amino acid profile, elemental profile, and chemical parameters were capable of presenting characteristic and descriptive properties of royal jelly samples. In addition to these findings, Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was successfully used to distinguish domestic and non-domestic royal jelly samples. The obtained results will provide an important basis for subsequent research on the evaluation of the amino acid content, physicochemical properties, phenolic content, and the antioxidant and elemental profile of royal jelly.

There is a necessity for rapid, robust, easy, accurate and cost-effective methodologies for the quality control of essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants. Rosa damascena essential oil is a high-value natural product with its unique quality properties and economic importance. This research evaluated the capability of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques combined with chemometrics for determination of the authenticity of R. damascena essential oil. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were successfully employed with 100% accuracy for discrimination of authentic R. damascena essential oil samples from fraudulent commercial samples. Consistent results were obtained by FTIR, Raman and GC-MS techniques. Two of twenty commercial samples were determined as authentic R. damascena essential oil samples using the three analytical techniques. Findings showed that FTIR and Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics could be used as reliable, robust, rapid, accurate and low-cost analytical techniques for quality evaluation of R. damascena essential oil.

BACKGROUND Ground pistachio nut is prone to adulteration because of its high economic value and wide usage. Green pea is known as the main adulterant in frauds involving pistachio nuts. The present study developed a new, rapid, reliable and low-cost methodology by using a portable Raman spectrometer in combination with chemometrics for the detection of green pea in pistachio nuts. RESULTS Three different methods of Raman spectroscopy-based chemometrics analysis were developed for the determination of green-pea adulteration in pistachio nuts. The first method involved the development of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), which differentiated authentic pistachio nuts from green pea and green pea-adulterated samples. The best classification pattern was observed in the adulteration range of 20-80% (w/w). In addition to classification methods, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and genetic algorithm-based inverse least squares (GILS) were also used to develop multivariate calibration models to determine quantitatively the degree of green-pea adulteration in grounded pistachio nuts. The spectral range of 1790-283 cm-1 was used in the case of multivariate data analysis. A green-pea adulteration level of 5-80% (w/w) was successfully identified by PLSR and GILS. The correlation coefficient of determination (R2 ) was determined as 0.91 and 0.94 for the PLSR and GILS analyses, respectively. CONCLUSION A Raman spectrometer combined with chemometrics has a high capability with regard to the detection of adulteration in pistachio nuts, combined with low cost, strong reliability, a high level of accuracy, rapidity of analysis, and minimum sample preparation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties, bioactive substance content, and microbiological quality of sixty different honey samples collected from twelve different regions of Bayburt, Turkey. The samples were analyzed for their sugar, moisture, total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and water activity, conductivity, pH values and colour, antiradical activity, and DSC properties. As a result of physicochemical analyses, it was determined that the samples examined complied with the standard values defined in the Turkish Food Codex in terms of the parameters examined. The results of the study showed that the total phenolic content (219.43-768.82 mg GAE kg(-1)), total flavonoid content (31.29-118.7 mg CAE kg(-1)) and DPPH (12.98%-94.79%) parameters differ widely among the honey samples. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to correlate the characteristics of honey with honey samples collected from different regions. This is the first comprehensive and original report about the physicochemical properties of honey produced in Bayburt, a region close to the Anzer region where the most expensive honey, Anzer honey, is produced., This study was funded by Bayburt University through an internal fund.

L-Cysteine is deliberately added to various flour types since L-Cysteine has enabled favorable baking conditions such as low viscosity; increased elasticity and rise during baking. In Turkey, usage of L-Cysteine as a food additive isn't allowed in wheat flour according to the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on food additives. There is an urgent need for effective methods to detect L-Cysteine in wheat flour. In this study, for the first time, a new, rapid, effective, non-destructive and cost-effective method was developed for detection of L-Cysteine in wheat flour using Raman microscopy. Detection of L-Cysteine in wheat flour was accomplished successfully using Raman microscopy combined chemometrics of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis). In this work, 500-2000 cm(-1) spectral range (fingerprint region) was determined to perform PCA and HCA analysis. L-Cysteine and L-Cystine were determined with detection limit of 0.125% (w/w) in different wheat flour samples. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sibutramine may be illicitly included in herbal slimming foods and supplements marketed as "100% natural" to enhance weight loss. Considering public health and legal regulations, there is an urgent need for effective, rapid and reliable techniques to detect sibutramine in dietetic herbal foods, teas and dietary supplements. This research comprehensively explored, for the first time, detection of sibutramine in green tea, green coffee and mixed herbal tea using ATR-FTIR spectroscopic technique combined with chemometrics. Hierarchical cluster analysis and PCA principle component analysis techniques were employed in spectral range (2746-2656cm-1) for classification and discrimination through Euclidian distance and Ward's algorithm. Unadulterated and adulterated samples were classified and discriminated with respect to their sibutramine contents with perfect accuracy without any false prediction. The results suggest that existence of the active substance could be successfully determined at the levels in the range of 0.375-12mg in totally 1.75g of green tea, green coffee and mixed herbal tea by using FTIR-ATR technique combined with chemometrics.

This work was undertaken to assess and model the influence of ethanol concentration (0–96 v/v %), extraction temperature (40–80 °C) and extraction time (20–60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) values of ultrasound‐assisted extracts using response surface methodology (RSM) and fuzzy models. Both models exhibited good estimations; however, the outcomes of the fuzzy model were marginally more accurate. The maximization of TPC (149.3 mg GAE/g dry weight) was therefore performed based on fuzzy optimization which corresponded to ethanol concentration of 72%, extraction time of 50 min and temperature of 70 °C. For this reason, the cinnamon extract samples with maximum TPC calculated by using the fuzzy modeling were analyzed and characterized in terms of molecular (FT‐IR) and compositional (HPLC) properties. The FTIR results revealed characteristic bands while HPLC analysis indicated presence of two major components; trans‐cinnamic acid (41 mg/g) and p‐coumaric acid (2 mg/g) contents. These results verified that the fuzzy model is an effectual tool to model and optimize TPC of ultrasound‐assisted cinnamon extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the food industry, it is always necessary to design and develop novel functional foods, food supplements, or innovative health‐healing products using functional additives or extracts such as phenolic‐rich cinnamon extracts. The employment of novel process engineering techniques like ultrasound technology to extract valuable functional compounds like phenolics increases extraction efficiency and enhances the functionality of such compounds, offering a more cost‐effective process. In this respect, it is of great importance to discover and determine the optimized conditions for processing of phenolics with the maximum phenolic yield. Therefore, employment of predictive methods in different food processes has been regarded as suitable tools to enhance efficiency of the processes and quality of the final product. In this respect, the fuzzy model as a novel predictive analytic tool, along with response surface methodology (RSM) are applied and compared in this study. The fuzzy model established to be more effective prediction tool was applied to model and optimize extraction process parameters with respect to achievement of maximum phenolics yield. Therefore, optimization and estimation of the optimized conditions of phenolic extraction is assumed to improve the quality of the extracted phenolics and to increase performance of the extraction process with the maximum yield by application extraction process parameters.

There is a contentious need for robust and rapid methodologies for maintaining the authenticity of foods and food additives. The current paper presented a new Raman spectroscopy-based methodology for detection and quantification of lard in butter. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were successfully performed for the classification and discrimination of butter and lard-adulterated samples. Strong discrimination pattern was observed in the HCA analysis. Also, partial least squares regression and principal component regression (R2 = 0.99) were applied for quantification of lard in butter samples. Quite favorable prediction capabilities were observed in the cross-validation of PLS and PCR analysis for the adulteration levels between 0% and 100% lard fat (w/w). Raman spectroscopy coupled chemometrics was employed effectively for quantification of lard fat in butter fat samples with easy, robust, effective, low-cost and reliable application in the quality control of butter.

WOS:000551370600010 Knowing the bioaccessibility of vitamin C in foodstuffs produced for infants and young children is necessary to determine their daily vitamin C intake. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of vitamin C in fruit-, vegetable-, and cereal-based baby foodstuffs by an in vitro digestion model at varying gastric pHs. The concentrations of measured vitamin C were higher than the declared amounts on their label. The bioaccessibility of vitamin C ranged from 10.4 to 43.4%, and from 0.4 to 19.2% in fruit-and vegetable-based baby foodstuffs (declared vitamin C fortified) at gastric pH 1.5 and 4, respectively. For cereal-based baby foodstuffs, the bioaccessibility ranged from 1.3 to 53.8%, and from 0.3 to 26.3% at gastric pH 1.5 and 4, respectively. As revealed in this research, the bioaccessibility of vitamin C in baby foodstuffs is very low in both gastric pH conditions. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University We thank the Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University for their support.

WOS:000573290700007 Consumption of processed foods is increasing in today's modern diet. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be formed by Maillard reactions as well as oxidation of proteins and fats in food processing. The aim of the present study was to determine the amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in chips, crackers, and breakfast cereals and to evaluate their effects on human health. In this research, chips (26), crackers (5), and breakfast cereals (11) were obtained from different markets in Istanbul, Turkey. The amounts of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in these foods were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 4-nitro-1,2-phenlenediamine as a pre-column derivatizing reagent. The measured amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal ranged between 94 and 1464 and 123-661 mu g/100 g in chips, and between 338 and 1936 and 727-1397 mu g/100 g in crackers, and between 8 and 1575 and 111-1201 mu g/100 g in breakfast cereals, respectively. The products used in this study, especially chips and crackers, contained high fat and were baked at a high cooking temperature. Therefore, these products had higher amounts of AGE precursors. Besides, high salt content in crackers may affect the increased amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal. On the contrary, low fat containing breakfast cereals had lower amounts of AGE precursors. People who often consume AGE-rich snack foods will be at higher health risk than those who consume less. The health problems associated with AGEs can be reduced with an AGE-restricted diet. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University We thank the Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University for their support.

The aim of the current work was to evaluate the physicochemical, rheological, molecular, thermal and sensory properties of complementary food (CF) formulations prepared with quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) flour (QF). It was observed that QF addition significantly affected the physicochemical and rheological properties of CF formulations, resulting in higher protein and crude fiber, but lower total sugar contents and increased storage (G') and loss (G″) modulus values. The glass transition temperature decreased due to QF addition. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of aromatic amino acids derived from QF. GC, GC-MS and GC-O analyses revealed the presence of 50 aroma and 23 aroma-active compounds, among which aldehydes, alcohols and ketones were the most prevalent group of compounds. The formulation with 8% QF received the highest sensory scores. QF could be used to improve the physicochemical, rheological, thermal and sensory properties of CF products.

An effective and simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the first time, with the aim of quantification of cysteine and cystine in wheat flour. Developed LC-MS/MS method showed good linearity (R2 = 0.99) with very low LOD and LOQ values as 2.0 μg/kg and 7.0 μg/kg for cystine, 3.0 μg/kg and 8.0 μg/kg for cysteine, respectively. Favorable repeatability and reproducibility were achieved. Developed highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the detection and quantification of cystine and cysteine in wheat flour samples. Cystine and cysteine contents were determined as quite similar and appropriate for 25 types of wheat flour. In addition, method has great capability for quantification of additional cysteine and cystine in the wheat flour since quite favorable recovery values were obtained.

An effective and simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used with the aim of quantifying monosodium glutamate (MSG) in foodstuffs, such as chips, taste cubes, sauces and soups. The results were linear (R2 = 1), with very low LOD and LOQ values, 1.0 µg/kg, 5.0 µg/kg, respectively. Excellent repeatability and reproducibility were also achieved. This highly sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS technique was applied successfully for the detection and quantification of MSG in a wide variety of foodstuffs. MSG contents ranged from 0.01 g/100 g to 15.39 g/100 g in food samples. Importantly, determination of free glutamic acid in the daily diet could also prevent various side effects associated with consumption of excess free glutamic acid.

Our work explored, for the first time, monitoring peroxide value (PV) of omega-3 rich algae oil using ATR-FTIR spectroscopic technique. The PV of the developed method was compared by that obtained by standard method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). In this study, peak area integration (PAI), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), and Principal Component Regression (PCR) were used as the calibration techniques. PV obtained by the AOAC method and by FTIR-ATR technique were well correlated considering the peak area related to trans double bonds and chemometrics techniques of PLSR and PCR. Calibration model was established using the band with a peak point at 966cm-1 (990-940cm-1) related to CH out of plane deformation vibration of trans double bond. Algae oil oxidation could be successfully quantified using PAI, PLSR and PCR techniques. Additionally, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed and significant discrimination was observed coherently with oxidation process.

The objective of this research was to develop a rapid spectroscopic technique as an alternative method for the differentiation and authentication of gelatin sources in food products by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra combined with chemometrics. Clear discrimination and classification of all the studied gelatin sources (bovine, porcine, and fish) were achieved by hierarchical cluster and principle component analysis (PCA). Amide-I (1700-1600 cm(-1)) and Amide-II (1565-1520 cm(-1)) spectral bands were used in a chemometric method. Moreover, ATR-FTIR spectral data successfully discriminated pure bovine gelatin from mixture of bovine and porcine gelatins, which is very important for the food industry. The method that we adopted could be beneficial for rapid, simple and economic determination of both gelatin presence and its origin from food products such as yogurt, ice cream, milk dessert or other gelatin containing products such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.