43 results on '"Norbert Gilmore"'
Search Results
2. Distinct tryptophan catabolism and Th17/Treg balance in HIV progressors and elite controllers.
- Author
-
Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Mital Patel, Ido Kema, Cynthia Kanagaratham, Danuta Radzioch, Paméla Thébault, Réjean Lapointe, Cécile Tremblay, Norbert Gilmore, Petronela Ancuta, and Jean-Pierre Routy
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism into immunosuppressive kynurenine (Kyn) by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was previously linked to Th17/Treg differentiation and immune activation. Here we examined Trp catabolism and its impact on Th17/Treg balance in uninfected healthy subjects (HS) and a large cohort of HIV-infected patients with different clinical outcomes: ART-naïve, Successfully Treated (ST), and elite controllers (EC). In ART-naïve patients, increased IDO activity/expression, together with elevated levels of TNF-α and sCD40L, were associated with Treg expansion and an altered Th17/Treg balance. These alterations were normalized under ART. In contrast, Trp 2,3-dioxegenase (TDO) expression was dramatically lower in EC when compared to all other groups. Interestingly, EC displayed a distinctive Trp metabolism characterized by low Trp plasma levels similar to ART-naïve patients without accumulating immunosuppressive Kyn levels which was accompanied by a preserved Th17/Treg balance. These results suggest a distinctive Trp catabolism and Th17/Treg balance in HIV progressors and EC. Thus, IDO-induced immune-metabolism may be considered as a new inflammation-related marker for HIV-1 disease progression.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Regulatory T Cells in HIV Infection: Can Immunotherapy Regulate the Regulator?
- Author
-
Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Petronela Ancuta, Norbert Gilmore, and Jean-Pierre Routy
- Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a dominant role in self-tolerance and control of autoimmune diseases. These cells also play a pivotal role in chronic viral infections and cancer by limiting immune activation and specific immune response. The role of Tregs in HIV pathogenesis remains poorly understood as their function, changes according to the phases of infection. Tregs can suppress anti-HIV specific responses and conversely can have a beneficial role by reducing the deleterious impact of immune activation. We review the frequency, function and homing potential of Tregs in the blood and lymphoid tissues as well as their interaction with dendritic cells in the context of HIV infection. We also examine the new insights generated by recombinant IL-2 and IL-7 clinical trials in HIV-infected adults, including the immunomodulatory effects of Tregs. Based on their detrimental role in limiting anti-HIV responses, we propose Tregs as potential targets for immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at decreasing Tregs frequency and/or immunosuppressive function. However, such approaches require a better understanding of the time upon infection when interfering with Treg function may not cause a deleterious state of hyperimmune activation.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Assessment of chloroquine as a modulator of immune activation to improve CD4 recovery in immune nonresponding HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy
- Author
-
M. Patel, Danuta Radzioch, Joel Singer, Jean-Pierre Routy, Ido P. Kema, Cynthia Kanagaratham, Norbert Gilmore, Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Petronela Ancuta, and Jonathan B. Angel
- Subjects
Chemokine ,Myeloid ,biology ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immune system ,chemistry ,Interferon ,Chloroquine ,Immunology ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Pharmacology (medical) ,business ,Viral load ,Kynurenine ,CD8 ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objectives Chloroquine (CQ), an anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and may be beneficial for HIV-infected patients in whom immune activation persists despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). The effect of CQ on CD4 T-cell recovery and immune activation in immune nonresponding patients receiving successful ART was therefore studied. Methods Nineteen adults on ART with CD4 counts ≤ 350 cells/μL and undetectable viral load (VL) orally received CQ at 250 mg/day for 24 weeks. Side effects, CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts, VL, T-cell activation, pDC proportion and plasma inflammatory markers were assessed at baseline, at 24 weeks, and at 12 weeks after CQ discontinuation (clinicaltrial.org registration #NCT02004314). Results CQ was well tolerated and all patients maintained an undetectable VL. The absolute CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts and their percentages, the pDC proportion, T-cell activation, D-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio did not change with CQ treatment. Among nine cytokines/chemokines measured, only levels of interferon (IFN)-α2 were significantly increased by CQ treatment. Conclusions CQ was well tolerated in patients with low CD4 T-cell counts despite long-term effective ART; however, 24 weeks of CQ treatment did not improved CD4 T-cell recovery, lymphoid and myeloid immune activation or inflammatory markers.
- Published
- 2014
5. Minimal interference: A basis for selecting ART for prevention with positives
- Author
-
Willy Rozenbaum, Norbert Gilmore, Jean-Pierre Routy, Bertrand Lebouché, Kim Engler, Bruno Spire, and Joseph Josy Lévy
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Health (social science) ,Psychotherapist ,Social Psychology ,MEDLINE ,HIV Infections ,Sampling Studies ,Quality of life (healthcare) ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Physicians ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Intervention (counseling) ,HIV Seropositivity ,medicine ,Humans ,Intensive care medicine ,Qualitative Research ,business.industry ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,Treatment as prevention ,Anti-Retroviral Agents ,Quality of Life ,Female ,France ,business ,Viral load ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Given international interest in "treatment as prevention" (TasP) and the pertinence of optimizing antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens for TasP, 19 French HIV experts were interviewed on their criteria for ART if used specifically for prevention with HIV-positive persons. Through content analysis of the interview material, nine criteria were identified. The most endorsed criteria, collectively, suggest a choice of treatment based on "minimal interference" where negative impacts of ART are minimized and ease of treatment integration maximized in the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) for both the short and long term. These criteria were the tolerance, side effects, and/or toxicity profile of ART, simplicity (e.g., of treatment schedule, dosage form) and the individualization of treatment (e.g., adapted to lifestyle). While virologic efficacy (i.e., a durable, undetectable viral load) was also deemed important, several experts specified that it was virtually assured with current treatments. To a much lesser extent, experts endorsed diffusion of ART into the genital compartments, a strong genetic barrier (against resistance), validated treatments (as opposed to new classes of ART), a rapid reduction in HIV viral load, and treatment cost. Pharmacologically, minimal interference calls for further improvements in the tolerance, side effects and toxicity profile of ART and in the simplicity of ART administration. Clinically, it means avoiding a one-size-fits-all approach to ART in TasP and engagement with and of PLHIV in ART selection and side effects management. Strategically, it emphasises keeping the health and quality of life of PLHIV at the forefront of a TasP-oriented public health intervention.
- Published
- 2013
6. French HIV Experts on Early Antiretroviral Treatment for Prevention
- Author
-
Kim Engler, Norbert Gilmore, Willy Rozenbaum, Bertrand Lebouché, Jean-Pierre Routy, Bruno Spire, Tinhinane Lacene, and Joseph Josy Lévy
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Immunology ,Alternative medicine ,MEDLINE ,HIV Infections ,Dermatology ,Drug Costs ,Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ,Early Medical Intervention ,Patient-Centered Care ,medicine ,Humans ,Expert Testimony ,Qualitative Research ,Legitimacy ,business.industry ,Patient Selection ,Patient Preference ,Treatment as prevention ,Infectious Diseases ,Content analysis ,Family medicine ,Preparedness ,Candidacy ,Female ,France ,business ,Social psychology ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Early use of highly active antiretroviral treatment (ART) in people living with HIV for HIV prevention has gained legitimacy but remains controversial. Nineteen French HIV experts with diverse specializations (over half of whom were clinicians) were qualitatively interviewed on their views about ART irrespective of CD4 count of more than 500 cells/mm3for purposes of HIV prevention, which is not systematically recommended in France. Content analysis identified 2 broad categories: individual considerations (subcategories: patient health and well-being; patient preparedness and choice) and collective considerations (subcategories: HIV transmission risk; impact on the epidemic; cost). Uncertainty surrounded many experts’ considerations, and unity was lacking on key issues (eg, candidacy for early preventive treatment, expected clinical- and population-level effects). An umbrella theme labeled “Weighing the merits of early ART in the face of uncertainties” was identified. Our analyses raise doubts about the current acceptability of widespread implementation of early ART for HIV prevention in France.
- Published
- 2013
7. Reconsidering the lifetime deferral of blood donation by men who have sex with men
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore, Talia Shuldiner, Karine Dahl, and Mark A. Wainberg
- Subjects
Male ,Canada ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Letter ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,Blood Donors ,HIV Infections ,medicine.disease_cause ,Men who have sex with men ,medicine ,Humans ,Homosexuality ,Homosexuality, Male ,Deferral ,media_common ,Gynecology ,Risk Management ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Blood donor ,Family medicine ,Donation ,Female ,business ,Developed country ,Analysis ,Male Homosexuality - Abstract
The decision by blood agencies in many developed countries to defer the donation of blood by men who have sex with men was justified when it was first implemented, in 1983, given that there was no effective mechanism to screen for HIV infection until screening for HIV antibodies became available in
- Published
- 2010
8. Immunophenotypic patterns of CD8+ T cell subsets expressing CD8αα and IL-7Rα in viremic, aviremic and slow progressor HIV-1-infected subjects
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore, Mohamed Rachid Boulassel, Francois Mercier, and Jean-Pierre Routy
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,CD8 Antigens ,T cell ,Immunology ,Population ,HIV Infections ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Biology ,Immunophenotyping ,T-Lymphocyte Subsets ,Memory cell ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Cytotoxic T cell ,Interleukin-7 receptor ,education ,Aged ,Interleukin-15 ,education.field_of_study ,Receptors, Interleukin-7 ,Interleukin-7 ,HLA-DR Antigens ,Middle Aged ,ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 ,Virology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Interleukin 15 ,HIV-1 ,Female ,CD8 - Abstract
Evidence from animal models suggests that the expression of CD8alphaalpha homodimer on CD8(+) T cells plays a key role in the generation of long-lived memory cells. Here, we studied the quantitative alterations of CD8(+) T cell subsets expressing CD8alphaalpha, interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7Ralpha) and activation markers in HIV-1-infected individuals including aviremic, viremic and slow progressor subjects using eight-color flow cytometry. Compared to slow progressor subjects, expression of CD8alphaalpha was significantly reduced in aviremic and viremic patients and this reduction occurred mainly within central memory cell subsets and not in naive and effector memory compartments. Persistence of antigenemia leads to IL-7Ralpha loss mainly on central and pre-terminal memory CD8(+) T cell subsets in viremic patients but not in slow progressor subjects. Compared to aviremic and viremic patients, slow progressor subjects had lower levels of IL-7 and reduced activated cells. The expression of CD8alphaalpha was not significantly related to IL-7Ralpha although negative associations were evidenced within all CD8(+) T cell subsets. Collectively, these results further advance the characterization of immunophenotypic patterns of CD8(+) T cell subsets expressing CD8alphaalpha/IL-7Ralpha and provide new insights into the ability of HIV-1 infection to alter memory cell population.
- Published
- 2007
9. Incidence and Predictors of Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Serum Biomarkers in a Large Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mono-Infected Patients
- Author
-
Giada Sebastiani, Norbert Gilmore, Marina B. Klein, Costa Pexos, and Kathleen C. Rollet-Kurhajec
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Cirrhosis ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,hepatic steatosis ,serum biomarkers ,Fatty liver ,HIV mono-infection ,medicine.disease ,Gastroenterology ,Major Articles ,Liver disease ,Infectious Diseases ,Oncology ,Fibrosis ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,Internal medicine ,Liver biopsy ,Immunology ,medicine ,Steatosis ,business ,Hepatic fibrosis ,liver fibrosis - Abstract
After the introduction of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), more than 50% of deaths among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are from causes other than acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]. Overall, liver-related death, mainly due to chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus, represents the most frequent cause of non-AIDS-related death [2]. Human immunodeficiency virus mono-infected persons are also at risk for liver disease from multiple cofactors, including insulin resistance, long-term use of cART, and HIV hepatotoxicity [3, 4]. Hepatic steatosis is a common liver disease in Western countries associated with metabolic abnormalities [5, 6]. Cross-sectional studies reported it in up to 40% of HIV mono-infected patients [3]. Hepatic steatosis is the first pathophysiological step for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive liver disease leading to cirrhosis and related complications [6]. Liver fibrosis is the hallmark of a progressive disease that can lead to cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [7]. Liver fibrosis may be as frequent as 8% in HIV mono-infected patients [8]. Liver biopsy has long been the gold standard to assess hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. However, this procedure is invasive, costly, impractical as a screening tool, and prone to sampling error [9]. The burden of liver disease in HIV mono-infected persons may not be fully appreciated because of the drawbacks of liver biopsy and its underutilization. As such, data on incident hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and associated predictors in HIV mono-infection are lacking. Recently, noninvasive serum biomarkers have been implemented in place of liver biopsy. Validated fibrosis biomarkers include fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, based on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), platelets, and age, as well as AST-to-Platelet Ration Index (APRI) [10, 11]. These biomarkers are based on routine parameters and have been validated in the setting of HIV infection, where their accuracy to assess liver fibrosis ranges from 65% to 90% [7, 12]. Lee et al [13] have proposed an index named hepatic steatosis index (HSI), based on transaminases, body mass index (BMI), gender, and absence or presence of diabetes. This biomarker has been validated in more than 10 000 apparently healthy individuals, with a sensitivity of 93.1% and a specificity of 92.4% to diagnose hepatic steatosis when compared with ultrasound [13]. Most of the previous studies on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in HIV mono-infected patients had a cross-sectional design, so they captured prevalence and associated risk factors at a single time point. Because hepatic steatosis and fibrosis are chronic processes, longitudinal studies are more suitable to capture dynamic changes. Moreover, no study has employed a simple serum biomarker to evaluate hepatic steatosis in HIV mono-infected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate incidence and predictors of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in a large cohort of well characterized HIV mono-infected persons by using validated serum biomarkers. We also validated for the first time HSI versus liver ultrasound in the specific context of HIV mono-infection. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale longitudinal study designed to investigate incident hepatic steatosis in HIV mono-infection.
- Published
- 2015
10. HIV Nef Promotes Expression of B-Lymphocyte Stimulator by Blood Dendritic Cells During HIV Infection in Humans
- Author
-
Anne Vassal, Marc-André Charron, Norbert Gilmore, Alexandra de Pokomandy, Jason Szabo, Benoit Trottier, Julie Bruneau, Julie Gauvin, Michel Roger, J.-P. Routy, Richard Lalonde, Emmanuelle Huchet, Sylvie Vézina, Marie Munoz, Julie Fontaine, Jean-Guy Baril, Marina B. Klein, Louise Labrecque, Martin Potter, Bernard Lessard, Johanne Poudrier, Roger LeBlanc, Danielle Rouleau, Catherine Milne, Josiane Chagnon-Choquet, Jason Friedman, Mario Legault, Réjean Thomas, Serge Dufresne, Cécile Tremblay, Nicole F. Bernard, Louise Charest, Julien Roger, Pierre Côté, and Claude Fortin
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Genetically modified mouse ,Myeloid ,Retinoic acid ,HIV Infections ,Tretinoin ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,B-Cell Activating Factor ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus ,STAT1 ,B-cell activating factor ,B-Lymphocytes ,biology ,virus diseases ,Dendritic Cells ,Middle Aged ,STAT1 Transcription Factor ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Immunology ,HIV-1 ,biology.protein ,Female ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) modulate B-cell survival and differentiation, mainly through production of growth factors such as B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; also known as "B-cell factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family" [BAFF]). We have recently shown that, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals with rapid and those with classic disease progression, B-cell dysregulations were associated with increased BLyS expression in plasma and by blood myeloid DCs (mDCs), in contrast to aviremic HIV-infected individuals with slow disease progression (also known as "elite controllers"). In previous work with transgenic mice expressing HIV genes, B-cell dysregulations were concomitant with altered mDCs and dependent on HIV negative factor (Nef). We now report that HIV Nef is detected early after infection and despite successful therapy in plasma and BLyS-overexpressing blood mDCs of HIV-infected rapid and classic progressors, whereas it is low to undetectable in aviremic slow progressors. In vitro, HIV Nef drives monocyte-derived DCs toward BLyS overexpression through a process involving STAT1. Importantly, this is counteracted in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid. Nef thus contributes to high BLyS proinflammatory profiles in HIV-infected individuals.
- Published
- 2014
11. Impact of dyslipidemia associated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy**The sponsor provided the principal investigator with the results of study AI 424-008 before the study's subsequent publication but did not participate in the data analysis presented in this report. A draft of the manuscript was submitted to the sponsor before submission with the understanding that the final manuscript remained under the complete control of the principal investigator
- Author
-
J Mukherjee, Louis Coupal, Steven A. Grover, and Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Framingham Risk Score ,business.industry ,Stavudine ,Lamivudine ,medicine.disease ,Atazanavir ,Nelfinavir ,Internal medicine ,Immunology ,medicine ,Life expectancy ,Cardiology ,Risk factor ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Dyslipidemia ,medicine.drug - Abstract
We investigated the effect of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy among patients who had the human immunodeficiency virus. Dyslipidemia estimates were based on results from a phase 2 randomized trial that compared lipid changes after 32 weeks of therapy with atazanavir with those with nelfinavir (each in combination with stavudine and lamivudine). The resultant increased coronary risk was estimated using Framingham risk equations, and change in life expectancy (after adjustment for mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus) was based on the cardiovascular life expectancy model, which is based on a published Markov's model. Levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly more among patients who used nelfinavir (+24% and +28%) than among those who used atazanavir (+4% and +1%). This dyslipidemia increased the risk of coronary disease by 50% over 10 years. The absence of dyslipidemia was estimated to preserve life expectancy 0.15 to 1.53 additional years depending on a patient's age, gender, and other risk factors. There are increasing reports of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular events associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Significant increases in blood lipid levels observed with some protease inhibitors are associated with an increase in calculated 10-year coronary risk. Accordingly, minimizing dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy may preserve life expectancy among adults who have the human immunodeficiency virus.
- Published
- 2005
12. Interleukin-7 levels may predict virological response in advanced HIV-1-infected patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore, Marina B. Klein, Jean-Pierre Routy, John Macleod, J Allan, Pierre René, Richard Lalonde, Tanya Murphy, Roger LeBlanc, Boulassel, and Ghr Smith
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Anti-HIV Agents ,T-Lymphocytes ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Lopinavir/ritonavir ,HIV Infections ,Pyrimidinones ,Gastroenterology ,Lopinavir ,Immune system ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Lymphocyte Count ,Prospective Studies ,Prospective cohort study ,Ritonavir ,business.industry ,Interleukin-7 ,Health Policy ,Interleukin ,Viral Load ,Infectious Diseases ,Cytokine ,Immunology ,Female ,business ,Viral load ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objectives To examine the relationship between levels of the T-cell regulatory cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) and CD4 cell counts during immune reconstitution and to assess its prognostic value in advanced HIV-1-infected patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy. Methods Thirty-six HIV-1-infected adults who completed 48 weeks of follow-up visits were included in this prospective study. Patients having failed two or more antiretroviral therapy regimens were treated with lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine IL-7 plasma levels, flow cytometry was used to analyse cell surface antigens, and polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify plasma HIV-1. Results Pretreatment IL-7 levels were elevated in all patients (mean 11.0 pg/mL) and were negatively correlated with CD4 cell counts and age (r=−0.59, P
- Published
- 2003
13. Soluble CD40-ligand ( sCD40L, sCD154) plays an immunosuppressive role via regulatory T cell expansion in HIV infection
- Author
-
Danuta Radzioch, Norbert Gilmore, Kishanda Vyboh, Petronela Ancuta, Pamela Thebault, Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Cécile Tremblay, Ido P. Kema, Jean-Pierre Routy, Cynthia Kanagaratham, Réjean Lapointe, M. Patel, Guided Treatment in Optimal Selected Cancer Patients (GUTS), and Lifestyle Medicine (LM)
- Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Male ,CD40 LIGAND ,HIV Infections ,CD38 ,Lymphocyte Activation ,T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ,DISEASE ,IDO ,ACTIVATION ,0302 clinical medicine ,3-DIOXYGENASE EXPRESSION ,Immunology and Allergy ,CD154 ,Kynurenine ,INDOLEAMINE 2 ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Tryptophan ,hemic and immune systems ,Middle Aged ,INDOLEAMINE 2,3-DIOXYGENASE EXPRESSION ,3. Good health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,CD40-CD40 LIGAND ,HUMAN DENDRITIC CELLS ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Immunosuppressive Agents ,Adult ,Regulatory T cell ,T cell ,Immunology ,Inflammation ,B-LYMPHOCYTES ,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,regulatory T cells (T-regs) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,INFLAMMATION ,medicine ,Immune Tolerance ,Humans ,030304 developmental biology ,soluble CD40-ligand (sCD40L) ,CD40 ,HIV ,Original Articles ,GP39 ,biology.protein ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,030215 immunology - Abstract
Summary CD40/CD40-ligand (CD40L) signalling is a key stimulatory pathway which triggers the tryptophan (Trp) catabolizing enzyme IDO in dendritic cells and is immunosuppressive in cancer. We reported IDO-induced Trp catabolism results in a T helper type 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg) imbalance, and favours microbial translocation in HIV chronic infection. Here we assessed the link between sCD40L, Tregs and IDO activity in HIV-infected patients with different clinical outcomes. Plasmatic sCD40L and inflammatory cytokines were assessed in anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-naive, ART-successfully treated (ST), elite controllers (EC) and healthy subjects (HS). Plasma levels of Trp and its metabolite Kynurenine (Kyn) were measured by isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry and sCD14 was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IDO-mRNA expression was quantified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). The in-vitro functional assay of sCD40L on Treg induction and T cell activation were assessed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HS. sCD40L levels in ART-naive subjects were significantly higher compared to ST and HS, whereas EC showed only a minor increase. In ART-naive alone, sCD40L was correlated with T cell activation, IDO-mRNA expression and CD4 T cell depletion but not with viral load. sCD40L was correlated positively with IDO enzymatic activity (Kyn/Trp ratio), Treg frequency, plasma sCD14 and inflammatory soluble factors in all HIV-infected patients. In-vitro functional sCD40L stimulation induced Treg expansion and favoured Treg differentiation by reducing central memory and increasing terminal effector Treg proportion. sCD40L also increased T cell activation measured by co-expression of CD38/human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR). These results indicate that elevated sCD40L induces immunosuppression in HIV infection by mediating IDO-induced Trp catabolism and Treg expansion.
- Published
- 2014
14. Correction: Distinct Tryptophan Catabolism and Th17/Treg Balance in HIV Progressors and Elite Controllers
- Author
-
Ido P. Kema, Mital Patel, Cynthia Kanagaratham, Jean-Pierre Routy, Petronela Ancuta, Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Danuta Radzioch, Norbert Gilmore, Réjean Lapointe, Pamela Thebault, and Cécile Tremblay
- Subjects
Th17 treg ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Science ,lcsh:R ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,lcsh:Medicine ,Correction ,medicine.disease_cause ,Bioinformatics ,Tryptophan catabolism ,medicine ,Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,lcsh:Science ,business ,Elite controllers ,Balance (ability) - Abstract
Errors occurred in Table 2. The correct values for the last row IL-6 (pg/ml) in Table 2 are incorrect. The correct values are: ST : 1.94±0.81, ART-Naive: 3.61±0.71, EC: 1.37±0.30, HS: 1.26±0.27, p value: 0.0089
- Published
- 2014
15. Distinct Tryptophan Catabolism and Th17/Treg Balance in HIV Progressors and Elite Controllers
- Author
-
Ido P. Kema, Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Mital Patel, Réjean Lapointe, Norbert Gilmore, Danuta Radzioch, Pamela Thebault, Cécile Tremblay, Cynthia Kanagaratham, Petronela Ancuta, Jean-Pierre Routy, Guided Treatment in Optimal Selected Cancer Patients (GUTS), and Lifestyle Medicine (LM)
- Subjects
Male ,IDO EXPRESSION ,Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ,lcsh:Medicine ,HIV Infections ,T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ,IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ,Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase ,lcsh:Science ,INDOLEAMINE 2 ,MICROBIAL TRANSLOCATION ,Aged, 80 and over ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Tryptophan ,hemic and immune systems ,TGF-BETA ,Middle Aged ,Flow Cytometry ,THERAPY REDUCES DEGRADATION ,SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ,3. Good health ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Inflammation ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,DENDRITIC CELLS ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Internal medicine ,TGF beta signaling pathway ,medicine ,Humans ,REGULATORY T-CELLS ,Interleukin 6 ,030304 developmental biology ,Aged ,Catabolism ,Interleukin-6 ,lcsh:R ,3-DIOXYGENASE ,Metabolism ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Th17 Cells ,lcsh:Q ,INDOLEAMINE 2,3-DIOXYGENASE ,Kynurenine ,030215 immunology - Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism into immunosuppressive kynurenine (Kyn) by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was previously linked to Th17/Treg differentiation and immune activation. Here we examined Trp catabolism and its impact on Th17/Treg balance in uninfected healthy subjects (HS) and a large cohort of HIV-infected patients with different clinical outcomes: ART-naive, Successfully Treated (ST), and elite controllers (EC). In ART-naive patients, increased IDO activity/expression, together with elevated levels of TNF-alpha and sCD40L, were associated with Treg expansion and an altered Th17/Treg balance. These alterations were normalized under ART. In contrast, Trp 2,3-dioxegenase (TDO) expression was dramatically lower in EC when compared to all other groups. Interestingly, EC displayed a distinctive Trp metabolism characterized by low Trp plasma levels similar to ART-na ve patients without accumulating immunosuppressive Kyn levels which was accompanied by a preserved Th17/Treg balance. These results suggest a distinctive Trp catabolism and Th17/Treg balance in HIV progressors and EC. Thus, IDO-induced immune-metabolism may be considered as a new inflammation-related marker for HIV-1 disease progression.
- Published
- 2013
16. Regulatory T Cells in HIV Infection: Can Immunotherapy Regulate the Regulator?
- Author
-
Jean-Pierre Routy, Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Norbert Gilmore, and Petronela Ancuta
- Subjects
lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Immunology ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,Regulator ,HIV Infections ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Review Article ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ,Pathogenesis ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunologic Factors ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,General Medicine ,Limiting ,Immunotherapy ,Acquired immune system ,3. Good health ,lcsh:RC581-607 ,030215 immunology ,Immune activation ,Homing (hematopoietic) - Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a dominant role in self-tolerance and control of autoimmune diseases. These cells also play a pivotal role in chronic viral infections and cancer by limiting immune activation and specific immune response. The role of Tregs in HIV pathogenesis remains poorly understood as their function, changes according to the phases of infection. Tregs can suppress anti-HIV specific responses and conversely can have a beneficial role by reducing the deleterious impact of immune activation. We review the frequency, function and homing potential of Tregs in the blood and lymphoid tissues as well as their interaction with dendritic cells in the context of HIV infection. We also examine the new insights generated by recombinant IL-2 and IL-7 clinical trials in HIV-infected adults, including the immunomodulatory effects of Tregs. Based on their detrimental role in limiting anti-HIV responses, we propose Tregs as potential targets for immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at decreasing Tregs frequency and/or immunosuppressive function. However, such approaches require a better understanding of the time upon infection when interfering with Treg function may not cause a deleterious state of hyperimmune activation.
- Published
- 2012
17. Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: Overcoming ‘them’ and ‘us’
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore and Margaret A. Somerville
- Subjects
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Health (social science) ,Human rights ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sexually Transmitted Diseases ,Context (language use) ,Stereotype ,medicine.disease ,Promotion (rank) ,Attitude ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,medicine ,Scapegoating ,Humans ,Respect for persons ,Psychology ,Prejudice ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
It is recognized that AIDS involves multiple epidemics. As well as an epidemic of HIV, we are experiencing epidemics of fear and of stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination associated with AIDS. In this paper, we investigate the nature of these reactions and the links between them. In doing so, we identify some of their causes. We likewise investigate counter-reactions, pre-eminent among which is the promotion of concepts of respect for persons and for human rights. We also examine the 'tools' used to elicit and manifest both these reactions and counter-reactions. In all cases, these 'tools' include choice of language--especially in the form of metaphor and rhetoric--and the use of symbolism. We conclude that in order to deal humanely and compassionately with AIDS and persons with AIDS, and, ultimately, to protect society (including, the fundamental principles and rules on which it is based), a primary requirement is to recognize that we are all living with AIDS, whether infected or affected by it; that is, in the context of AIDS, it is imperative that we overcome any divisions into 'them' and 'us'.
- Published
- 1994
18. The Nursing Care Needs of Hospitalized AIDS Patients
- Author
-
Steven A. Grover, Randa Fakhry, Norbert Gilmore, Irene Corbett, and Louis Coupal
- Subjects
Aids patients ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Leadership and Management ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Ambulatory care nursing ,Nursing care ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Emergency medicine ,Medicine ,Medical emergency ,business ,Primary nursing - Abstract
To evaluate the nursing care needs of patients admitted to the hospital for complications of AIDS, we compared the estimated nursing care requirements of AIDS patients with non-AIDS patients at the...
- Published
- 1994
19. CD4 T cell nadir independently predicts the magnitude of the HIV reservoir after prolonged suppressive antiretroviral therapy
- Author
-
Nitika Pant Pai, Norbert Gilmore, Rafick Pierre Sekaly, Nicolas Chomont, Jean-Pierre Routy, and Mohamed Rachid Boulassel
- Subjects
Adult ,CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Male ,Virus Integration ,Viremia ,HIV Infections ,Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Virology ,medicine ,Humans ,Disease Reservoirs ,Univariate analysis ,virus diseases ,RNA ,HIV Protease Inhibitors ,Middle Aged ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Immunology ,HIV-1 ,RNA, Viral ,Regression Analysis ,Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ,Female ,Viral load ,Nadir (topography) ,DNA ,CD8 - Abstract
Background The level of HIV-1 integrated DNA in CD4 T cells was reported to predict the evolution of untreated HIV-1 infection independently of CD4 cell counts or plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. However, the relevance of reservoir level while on efficient antiretroviral therapy (ART) is still unknown. Objectives To evaluate factors that may contribute to the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 reservoir size in ART-treated HIV-1-infected adults with complete suppression of viremia. Study design 35 subjects receiving ART with plasma HIV-1 RNA below the limit of detection for an average duration of 3.2 years were studied. A highly sensitive PCR was used to assess HIV-1 integrated DNA levels in sorted CD4 T cells. Results The mean HIV-1 integrated DNA was 300 ± 7 copies/10 6 CD4 cells (range 10–1408). In univariate analysis, the levels of HIV-1 proviral DNA appeared to be independent of duration of HIV-1-infection, duration on ART, time since HIV-1 viral load was undetectable, delay between HIV-1 infection and starting ART, or viral load before starting ART. Conversely, CD4 T cell nadir, CD4/CD8 ratio and, to lesser degree, CD4 T cell counts were inversely associated with HIV-1 proviral DNA levels. In multivariate analysis, only CD4 T cell nadir significantly predicted levels of HIV-1 proviral DNA ( P = 0.025). Conclusions CD4 T cell nadir strongly predicted reservoir size independently of other factors in HIV-1-infected adults with complete suppression of viremia. Collectively, these results indicate that the extent of CD4 T cell depletion before ART drives the size of the viral reservoir after prolonged therapy.
- Published
- 2011
20. HIV disease: Present status and future directions
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
Canada ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Patients ,Dentists ,MEDLINE ,HIV Infections ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Oral and maxillofacial pathology ,medicine ,Humans ,General Dentistry ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Dental Care for Disabled ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,Medical practice ,medicine.disease ,Dental care ,Virology ,Occupational Diseases ,Family medicine ,Viral disease ,business ,Hiv disease - Abstract
This review of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic shows that HIV has had and will have a major impact on dentistry, just as it has had on so many other aspects of medical practice and society. These areas include the prevention of HIV transmission in the dental care workplace, the early and safe care and treatment of those who are infected, and the protection of those who are vulnerable or made more vulnerable because of HIV infection. To do this, the dental professional must be educated about HIV and its diseases, their treatment, and what must be done to prevent HIV transmission. Early recognition and treatment of HIV-related oral diseases have become the norms of practice today. Although more and more dentists face potential exposure to HIV, excellent dental care can be provided while minimizing this risk.
- Published
- 1992
21. Human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing: Counselling guidelines from the Canadian Medical Association
- Author
-
Anne Duffie, Michel Chateauvert, and Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,business.industry ,education ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Social issues ,Serology ,Family medicine ,Health care ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Medicine ,Human immunodeficiency virus antibody ,Antibody ,business ,Medical literature - Abstract
The growing importance of and demand for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing [ 1 ] and the complex medical, psychological, ethical and social issues this testing raises [2] require physicians to be prepared to counsel their patients about HIV infection and antibody testing. Since medical literature contains little in the way of specific guidelines for counselling and education relating to HIV antibody testing, this book has been prepared to provide physicians and other health care professionals with this information. It discusses the serologic tests, requirements for testing, pretest and post-test procedures, and relevant Canadian Medical Association policies [ 31.
- Published
- 1991
22. The impact of AIDS on drug availability and accessibility
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Drug Industry ,business.industry ,Immunology ,Internet privacy ,Drug availability ,HIV Infections ,Patient Advocacy ,medicine.disease ,Health Services Accessibility ,United States ,Infectious Diseases ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,medicine ,Drug and Narcotic Control ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,business - Published
- 1991
23. A 96-week comparison of lopinavir-ritonavir combination therapy followed by lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy versus efavirenz combination therapy
- Author
-
George J. Hanna, Barry Bernstein, Nicholaos C. Bellos, Barbara A. da Silva, Robert A. Myers, Jose R. Arribas, Martin S. King, Norbert Gilmore, Scott C. Brun, and D. William Cameron
- Subjects
Cyclopropanes ,Diarrhea ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Efavirenz ,Time Factors ,Anti-HIV Agents ,Lopinavir/ritonavir ,Pyrimidinones ,Biology ,Gastroenterology ,Lopinavir ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Zidovudine ,immune system diseases ,Internal medicine ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,heterocyclic compounds ,Lipoatrophy ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Ritonavir ,Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor ,virus diseases ,Lamivudine ,Nausea ,HIV Protease Inhibitors ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Glucose Tolerance Test ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Benzoxazines ,Infectious Diseases ,Treatment Outcome ,chemistry ,Alkynes ,RNA, Viral ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected volunteers received zidovudine/lamivudine plus either lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 104) or efavirenz (n = 51). Lopinavir/ritonavir-treated subjects demonstrating 3 consecutive monthly HIV-1 RNA levels
- Published
- 2008
24. Ethical issues and HAART
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
Ethical issues ,Engineering ethics ,Psychology - Abstract
Ethical concerns have been a prominent feature of the debate about the HIV pandemic. Most ethical issues had already been analyzed by 1996, when HAART became available, but few of those issues have been re-analyzed since then. Also, few of the newer issues raised by HAART itself have been analyzed exhaustively. These issues include concerns about the generation and communication of personal information, rights to, care of people infected with HIV, as well as rights in relation to prevention and vaccine research. The capacity of HAART to prevent infection following a variety of HIV exposures raises concerns about HIV testing and disclosure of personal information. Some issues arise from availability of HAART, whereas others arise from its lack of availability, especially in developing countries. This chapter briefly examines the principle ethical issues that HAART highlights as a basis for encouraging future investigations and discussion.
- Published
- 2007
25. The cost-effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy, Canada 1991-2001
- Author
-
Eduard J, Beck, Sundhiya, Mandalia, Maurice, Gaudreault, Carl, Brewer, Hanna, Zowall, Norbert, Gilmore, Marina B, Klein, Richard, Lalonde, Alain, Piché, and Catherine A, Hankins
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Chi-Square Distribution ,Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Disease Progression ,Quebec ,Humans ,Female ,HIV Infections ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Drug Costs - Abstract
To estimate the cost-effectiveness ratio of highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Canada.A before-and-after analysis to calculate incremental cost of life year gained (LYG) between 1991 and 1995 (pre-HAART period) and between 1997 and 2001 (HAART period) for non-AIDS and AIDS groups (CDC stage of HIV infection).For two Quebec HIV hospital clinics, mean inpatient (IP) days, outpatient (OP) visits and direct health care costs per patient-year (PPY) were calculated. Cox's proportional hazards models calculated disease progression, stratified by study periods and adjusted for gender, age at cohort entry, sexual orientation, injecting drug use and baseline CD4 cell count.For non-AIDS patients, mean IP days was 1.6 (pre-HAART period) compared with 0.8 PPY (HAART period); mean OP visits increased from 2.8 to 5.5 PPY. Total cost was US$ 4265 (pre-HAART period) and US$ 9445 PPY (HAART period) of which 66 and 84%, respectively were spent on antiretroviral drugs. Median progression time was 6.3 years in the pre-HAART period compared with 12.5 years in HAART period (log rank chi = 270, P0.0001). Incremental cost per LYG between periods was US$ 14 587. For AIDS patients, mean IP days decreased from 13.3 to 4.4 PPY between periods; OP visits increased from 8.3 to 9.2 PPY. Total costs increased from US$ 9099 to US$ 11 754 PPY, while expenditure on antiretroviral drugs increased from 29 to 72% of total cost. Median progression time was 3.8 years in the pre-HAART period, which increased to 13.3 years in the HAART period (log rank chi = 158, P0.0001); incremental cost per LYG between periods was US$ 12 813.HAART appeared a cost-effective intervention in Canada.
- Published
- 2004
26. Impact of dyslipidemia associated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy
- Author
-
Steven A, Grover, Louis, Coupal, Norbert, Gilmore, and Jayanti, Mukherjee
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Nelfinavir ,Pyridines ,Atazanavir Sulfate ,HIV Infections ,Hyperlipidemias ,Middle Aged ,Markov Chains ,Stavudine ,Life Expectancy ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Lamivudine ,Risk Factors ,Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ,Humans ,Female ,Oligopeptides ,Aged - Abstract
We investigated the effect of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy among patients who had the human immunodeficiency virus. Dyslipidemia estimates were based on results from a phase 2 randomized trial that compared lipid changes after 32 weeks of therapy with atazanavir with those with nelfinavir (each in combination with stavudine and lamivudine). The resultant increased coronary risk was estimated using Framingham risk equations, and change in life expectancy (after adjustment for mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus) was based on the cardiovascular life expectancy model, which is based on a published Markov's model. Levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly more among patients who used nelfinavir (+24% and +28%) than among those who used atazanavir (+4% and +1%). This dyslipidemia increased the risk of coronary disease by 50% over 10 years. The absence of dyslipidemia was estimated to preserve life expectancy 0.15 to 1.53 additional years depending on a patient's age, gender, and other risk factors. There are increasing reports of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular events associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Significant increases in blood lipid levels observed with some protease inhibitors are associated with an increase in calculated 10-year coronary risk. Accordingly, minimizing dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy may preserve life expectancy among adults who have the human immunodeficiency virus.
- Published
- 2004
27. Discontinuation of total parenteral nutrition in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a Canadian perspective
- Author
-
Jarol B. Knowles and Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Canada ,Palliative care ,Consensus ,Patients ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Decision Making ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Living Wills ,Resource Allocation ,Health care rationing ,Life Support Care ,Nursing ,Ethicists ,Health care ,HIV Seropositivity ,medicine ,Humans ,Terminally Ill ,Patient participation ,Intensive care medicine ,Ethics ,Patient Care Team ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Terminal Care ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Withholding Treatment ,Health Care Rationing ,business.industry ,Nutritional Support ,Palliative Care ,Politics ,Refusal to Treat ,Drugs, Investigational ,Prognosis ,Dissent and Disputes ,Euthanasia, Passive ,Discontinuation ,Group Processes ,Patient Care ,Empathy ,Patient Participation ,business ,Medical Futility - Abstract
Provision of nourishment to terminally ill patients has been a controversial topic in clinical medicine. Determination of the limits of palliative care requires an understanding of the disease process, as well as the boundaries of patient self-determination. With the advent of living wills, the determination of the patient to limit care, including nutrition support, has become socially acceptable. Difficulties arise when there are differences of opinion between the caregiver and the patient. The solutions to these conflicts are often decided in the courtroom, as demonstrated by the Cruzan and Quinlan cases. Living wills are often written to prevent unnecessary financial burdens in hopeless situations. As well, financial considerations influence the decisions made by caregivers in providing care to terminally ill patients. The following case report illustrates the conflict between patient self-determination and limitation of care for financial reasons. The use of substituted judgment within the Canadian health care system and the role of team meetings to resolve ethical decisions are discussed.
- Published
- 1994
28. P15-02. Participation in immune-based therapy trial excludes participation in future trials: solving this problem
- Author
-
Jean-Pierre Routy, Norbert Gilmore, and Bertrand Lebouché
- Subjects
lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,biology ,business.industry ,Therapy Trial ,Bioinformatics ,Infectious Diseases ,Immune system ,Virology ,Poster Presentation ,biology.protein ,Medicine ,Antibody ,business ,lcsh:RC581-607 - Published
- 2009
29. Social, cultural and political aspects
- Author
-
Peter Aggleton and Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
Politics ,Infectious Diseases ,Cultural analysis ,Social philosophy ,Political science ,Immunology ,Immunology and Allergy ,Environmental ethics ,American political science - Published
- 1992
30. A rapid and sensitive 125I-fibrin solid-phase fibrinolytic assay for plasmin
- Author
-
Leonard A. Moroz and Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
Urokinase ,Chromatography ,Lysis ,biology ,Plasmin ,Chemistry ,Streptokinase ,Immunology ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Cell Biology ,Hematology ,Biochemistry ,Fibrin ,Thrombin ,Coagulation ,medicine ,biology.protein ,medicine.drug - Abstract
degradation products from an unlabeled conventional fibrin clot. The ‘25l-fibrin, in probable non-crosslinked form, is firmly bound to the polystyrene and is resistant to nonspecific release, with control (no enzyme) values equivalent to 15.2 ng ± 1.2 (SD) fibnn (1% of the total bound ‘251-fibrin). This fact permits consistent detection of lysis of 30-50 ng 125l-fibrin, which exceeds published sensitivities (1000-5000 ng) using 1251 or fiuorochrome-labeled fibrin clots as substrate. The sensitivity for plasmin (0.2 zg/ml) is tenfold greater than that of the fibrin-plate method (2.0-2.5 zg/ml), while sensitivities for streptokinase and urokinase activation of plasmin are 0.02 U/mI and 0.04 CTA U/mI, respectively (sensitivity of fibrin-plate method, 0.5 U/mI for both). The method provides a reasonable analogue of the solid-phase nature of fibrin under physiologic conditions, and the ease of preparation of large batches of tubes makes the method suitable for large-scale screening of factors modulating the plasminogen-plasmin system. P LASMINOGEN IS THE proencyme in plasma which, upon conversion to its active form, plasmin (E.C. 3.4.4.14), plays a central role in interrelationships among coagulation, fibrinolytic, and inflammatory processes.’ Examination of physiologic factors which modulate the function of plasmin either directly or by influencing the activation of its proenzyme requires methodology which monitors its enzymatic activity on its major physiologic substrate, fibrin. Available methods, including those based on lysis of radioactively or fluorochrome-labeled fibrin clots2� or of fibrin gels (fibrin plate method),5-6 are often insufficiently sensitive for this purpose, are excessively time consuming, fail to monitor activators/inhibitors which enter the substrate poorly (in the case of gels or clots), or do not provide adequate separation of reaction products from residual substrate. Although the mechanism is unexplained, the firm adsorption of protein (in the form of antibody or antigen) to polystyrene at low ionic strength is an established feature of solid-phase radioimmunoassay technology.7’8 We have used this binding as the basis for a solid-phase radioassay method. ‘25I-fibrinogen is adsorbed to polystyrene tubes and converted to fibrin by thrombin. The result
- Published
- 1975
31. Platelet release of beta-thromboglobulin within the coronary circulation during cold pressor stress
- Author
-
David Fitchett, Mark L. Ehrman, Norbert Gilmore, and Eva Toth
- Subjects
Blood Platelets ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Beta-Globulins ,Blood Pressure ,Coronary Disease ,Veins ,Coronary artery disease ,Coronary circulation ,Coronary Circulation ,Internal medicine ,Platelet release ,Cyclic AMP ,Humans ,Medicine ,Platelet ,business.industry ,Cold pressor test ,Venous blood ,Middle Aged ,beta-Thromboglobulin ,medicine.disease ,Cold Temperature ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Coronary occlusion ,Beta-thromboglobulin ,Cardiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Cold stress by increasing circulating catecholamines may sensitize blood platelets to aggregate and release their constituents. This study investigates the effect of cold stress on the release of the platelet-specific protein beta-thromboglobulin into the coronary venous blood of 12 subjects with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) and 7 subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries (NCA). Cold pressor stress caused a greater increase in systolic arterial pressure in patients with CAD than in subjects with NCA (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the platelet counts in the arterial or coronary venous blood either before or during cold stress. Arterial beta-thromboglobulin was higher in the group with CAD (77 +/- 18 ng/ml) than in subjects with NCA (49 +/- 12 ng/ml, p less than 0.01). Although there was no arteriovenous difference of beta-thromboglobulin at rest in either group, during cold stress, coronary venous beta-thromboglobulin increased in both the NCA (53 +/- 16 to 95 +/- 26 ng/ml, p less than 0.05) and CAD groups (76 +/- 13 to 117 +/- 53 ng/ml, p less than 0.025) despite no change in arterial beta-thromboglobulin. Release of beta-thromboglobulin, although not related to the presence of angiographic arterial disease, correlated with the systolic arterial pressure during cold stress (r = 0.66) and inversely with the platelet's ability to generate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (r = 0.69). The release of platelet constituents in the coronary circulation is provoked by cold stress and may play a role in stress-induced acute coronary occlusion in patients with atherosclerotic disease and in those with apparently normal vessels.
- Published
- 1983
32. Fibrinolysis in normal plasma and blood: evidence for significant mechanisms independent of the plasminogen-plasmin system
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore and Leonard A. Moroz
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Hexadimethrine bromide ,biology ,Plasmin ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Immunology ,Cell Biology ,Hematology ,Trypsin ,Biochemistry ,Complement system ,Spermidine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,Fibrinolysis ,medicine ,Alternative complement pathway ,biology.protein ,Factor D ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Fibrinolytic activity of normal plasma and blood has been measured by 125l-fibrin solid phase assay. Activity of plasma is not affected by removal of plasminogenplasmin by affinity chromatography. Activities of euglobulin and pseudoglobulin fractions are approximately equal. epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) (10 mM), tranexamic acid (10 mM), diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, 50 mM), and soybean and lima bean trypsin inhibitors (100 mug/ml) do not inhibit plasma activity at concentrations that inhibit pure plasmin and urokinase-activated plasma. Activity is not affected by glass contact and is not inhibited by inhibitors of contact or enzymatic activation of Hageman factor (hexadimethrine bromide, 100 mug/ml; cytochrome C, 250 mug/ml; spermidine, 2 mM; phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 1 mM). It is inhibited partially (30%-40%) by heating (56 degrees C, 30 min) and by zymosan (2.5 mg/ml; 40%-90% inhibition), and is increased by hydrazine (20 mM), salicylaldoxime (20 mM), DFP (50 mM), and tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe, 10 mM)-the latter two at concentrations known to inhibit Cls of the classic, and factor D of the alternate complement pathways. Increase fibrinolytic activity with TAMe is associated with reciprocal decrease in classic and alternate complement pathway activity. It is concluded that normal plasma fibrinolytic activity is relatively independent of plasmin as the ultimate fibrinolytic enzyme, that Hageman factor-dependent pathways are of minor importance, and that significant heat-stable and heat-labile nonplasmin fibrinolytic activities are operative. These may include proteinases involved in complement activation, and in common control of classic and alternate complement pathways, as well as other nonplasmin proteinases.
- Published
- 1976
33. Mechanisms involved in enhancement of plasma fibrinolytic activity by chloroform
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore and Leonard A. Moroz
- Subjects
Hexadimethrine bromide ,Chloroform ,Activator (genetics) ,Plasmin ,Streptokinase ,Immunology ,Cell Biology ,Hematology ,Fractionation ,Pharmacology ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Affinity chromatography ,medicine ,Tranexamic acid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The effects of a single 1-min extraction with chloroform (CHCl3) on plasma fibrinolytic activity has been examined by 125I-fibrin solid phase assay, using normal plasma and plasma depleted of plasminogen (PLG) by lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Fibrinolytic activity of normal plasma is increased (40%-175%), and more than 95% of antiplasmin activity is removed. The increase is demonstrable in PLG- depleted plasma, and is not inhibited by tranexamic acid (0.01 M). Purified PLG is not activated to plasmin by ChCl3 treatment. Bio-Gel A 0.5 m fractionation of CHCl3-extracted, PLG-depleted plasma reveals fractions with the following activities: (1) streptokinase-activatable, PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities; (2) PLG activator activities; and (3) plasmin-stimulated but PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities, which include activities inhibited by hexadimethrine bromide and which cofractionate in part with plasmin-stimulated procoagulant activities. In addition, similar fractionation of nonextracted plasma reveals two non-plasmin fibrinolytic activities (approximately 30,000 and 13,000 daltons) activated by streptokinase and plasmin, respectively. The findings indicate that the enhanced fibrinolytic activity resulting from CHCl3 treatment is independent of plasmin as the ultimate fibrinolytic enzyme, although activities stimulated by plasmin may contribute, and that such treatment is a useful maneuver for study of PLG-dependent and PLG-independent fibrinolytic mechanisms, and their interactions.
- Published
- 1976
34. Plasminogen-binding lipoprotein: Isolation and characterization of a plasma very low density lipoprotein which co-chromatographs with plasminogen on lysine-sepharose
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore and Leonard A. Moroz
- Subjects
Male ,Very low-density lipoprotein ,Chromatography ,Triglyceride ,Cholesterol ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Plasminogen ,Hematology ,Lipoproteins, VLDL ,Chromatography, Affinity ,Plasma ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Affinity chromatography ,Biochemistry ,Zymogen ,Blood plasma ,Chromatography, Gel ,Humans ,Female ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Carrier Proteins ,Lipoprotein - Abstract
By lysine-Sepharose chromatography, approximately 20% of normal plasma samples yield epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) eluates which are opalescent, rather than clear, suggesting the presence of an additional, non-plasminogen component. This material has been isolated and characterized as a plasma lipoprotein of the very low density (VLDL) class on the basis of density ( less than 1.006 g/ml), size (greater than or equal to 5 X 10(7) daltons by gel filtration), electrophoretic mobility (pre-beta), chemical composition (mean cholesterol:triglyceride protein ratio, 1:3.4:1) and immunochemical evidence for apoproteins B, C, and E. Uniform particles, 100-200 Angstroms in diameter, were seen by electron microscopy. In contrast with VLDL in general, this lipoprotein co-chromatographed with plasminogen on lysine-Sepharose, where its binding was plasminogen-dependent, and from which it was eluted by EACA, but at lower concentrations than was plasminogen, suggesting a lysine-binding process. This plasminogen-binding lipoprotein (PBLP) was found in both male and female plasma samples, and increased post-prandially. Its properties suggest that it is a unique subclass of plasma VLDL. Although its isolation explains a laboratory phenomenon, and it exhibits interesting interactions with an important plasma zymogen, its function remains to be determined.
- Published
- 1983
35. International travel and AIDS
- Author
-
Margaret Duckett, Norbert Gilmore, Andrew J. Orkin, and Steven A. Grover
- Subjects
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Travel ,Cost–benefit analysis ,business.industry ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Immunology ,MEDLINE ,medicine.disease ,Data science ,Infectious Diseases ,Text mining ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,business - Published
- 1989
36. Pathogenicity of HIV in lymphatic organs of patients with AIDS
- Author
-
Mervyn Gornitsky, Miculas Popovic, Gabriela Zwadlo, Chris Tsoukas, Jean Michaud, Norbert Gilmore, Djordje Ajdukovic, Jean‐Paul Chausseau, Normand Lapointe, Drasko D. Pekovic, and Jean‐Marie Dupuy
- Subjects
medicine.drug_class ,Lymphoid Tissue ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique ,Spleen ,Biology ,Monoclonal antibody ,Immunofluorescence ,Antibodies, Viral ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Bone Marrow ,medicine ,Humans ,Antigens, Viral ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,HIV ,Virology ,HIV Antigens ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Lymphatic system ,Giant cell ,Immunoglobulin G ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Bone marrow ,Antibody - Abstract
HIV antigens were searched for in the thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen of AIDS patients, by means of immunofluorescence technique. Human IgG against HIV and monoclonal antibodies against viral gag P24 protein yielded strong cytoplasmic fluorescence of cells in sections of the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. Some cells containing HIV antigens were morphologically multinucleated giant cells. They reacted with monoclonal antibodies against helper/inducer T-cells (OKT4+), and were complexed with antibody or with complement as demonstrated by double-staining immunofluorescence technique. A large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the thymus in areas containing cells expressing HIV antigens. These studies demonstrated an association of HIV virus with cytopathic and immunopathogenic reactions in lymphatic organs of AIDS patients, and are consistent with previous results, as well as indicative of a primary aetiologic role for the virus.
- Published
- 1987
37. AIDS palliative care: the courage to care
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Palliative care ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Palliative Care ,Personnel Staffing and Scheduling ,Social Support ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Nursing ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Family medicine ,Self care ,Medicine ,Humans ,business ,Courage ,media_common - Published
- 1987
38. New CD4(+) cell line susceptible to infection by HIV-1
- Author
-
Ronald Rooke, Norbert Gilmore, Christos M. Tsoukas, Romas Geleziunas, Mark A. Wainberg, Arthur K. Sullivan, Michel J. Tremblay, and Gene Shematek
- Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Genetic Markers ,CD4 antigen ,Genes, Viral ,HIV Antigens ,Transferrin receptor ,Biology ,Cell Line ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Antigen ,Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ,Virology ,Cell Adhesion ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Humans ,Northern blot ,Child ,Southern blot ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ,Molecular biology ,Immunity, Innate ,Cytolysis ,Infectious Diseases ,Lytic cycle ,chemistry ,Cell culture ,HIV-1 - Abstract
Infection of a newly described human T lymphoid cell line, CEM-CL10, with three different variants of HIV-1 resulted in cytopathic effects followed by cell lysis. Following primary lytic infection, proviral DNA could not be detected by Southern blot analysis in the outgrowth of the surviving CEM-CL 10 cells 60 days after initial exposure to HIV-1. These surviving cells could be further grown as a separate line, derived from CEM-CL10, and were found to be resistant to subsequent infection by HIV-1. A marked decrease in CD4 antigen expression was observed in these latter cells but not of the CD3 and transferrin receptor antigens. This decline in cell surface CD4 expression was correlated with both an absence of specific CD4 mRNA and with changes in structure of the CD4 gene. Both the HIV-1-sensitive CEM-CL10 cell line and its CD4(-), HIV-1-resistant derivative line, will be made available to interested investigators.
- Published
- 1989
39. Intracoronary platelet adhesion
- Author
-
Mark L. Ehrman, David Fitchett, and Norbert Gilmore
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Platelet adhesion ,Coronary Vessels ,Coronary circulation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Platelet Adhesiveness ,Internal medicine ,Platelet adhesiveness ,Coronary Circulation ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Humans ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Published
- 1981
40. Ultrastructural markers of lymph nodes in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and in homosexual males with unexplained persistent lymphadenopathy. A quantitative study
- Author
-
Nai-San Wang, Norbert Gilmore, Serge Jothy, and Ronald M. Onerheim
- Subjects
Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Hyperplasia ,business.industry ,Urology ,General Medicine ,Homosexuality ,Immune deficiency syndrome ,Haiti ,Immune system ,Pathognomonic ,Lymphadenitis ,Immunopathology ,Ultrastructure ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Viral disease ,Lymph ,Lymph Nodes ,business - Abstract
To determine if vesicular rosettes (VR), tubuloreticular structures (TRS), and "test-tube and ring-shaped forms" (TRF) are characteristic ultrastructural features of the syndromes of acquired immune deficiency (AIDS) or of unexplained persistent lymphadenopathy (PLS), the authors studied lymph nodes from nine patients with PLS, two patients with AIDS, and seven controls by electron microscopy. An average of 122 lymphocytes per case were photographed. VR were present in only 0.37% of lymphocytes in 4 of 11 index cases and were mimicked by grouped vesicles and degenerating multivesicular bodies (MVB). TRS were found in 10 of 11 index cases, compared with only one of seven controls (P less than 0.01). In the index cases, they were more frequent in AIDS (mean 21%) than in PLS lymphocytes (mean 4%) (P less than 0.05). MVB were found in all index cases and five of seven controls and were more frequent in index lymphocytes (mean 19%) than in controls (mean 5%) (P less than 0.01). TRF were found in one Haitian male with AIDS, where they were present in 4% of lymphocytes. VR are infrequent and indistinct. MVB probably reflect the reactivity of the lymphocytes. TRF is not a feature of PLS. The authors conclude that there are no pathognomonic ultrastructural markers of AIDS or PLS but that TRS are characteristic of both syndromes and occur frequently enough to be supportive to the diagnosis of AIDS and PLS.
- Published
- 1984
41. Prisons, sida et divulgation de renseignements médicaux. Analyse juridique et éthique
- Author
-
Norbert Gilmore and Ralf Jürgens
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Medical staff ,Nursing ,business.industry ,medicine ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,Confidentiality ,Medical information ,Psychiatry ,medicine.disease_cause ,business ,Law - Abstract
The article addresses some of the issues raised in federal correctional institutions by the generation and communication of personal medical information pertaining the HIV infection. It examines, first, whether medical information pertaining to federal inmates — information considered confidential between medical staff and an inmate — can be disclosed absent the inmate's consent. It then examines what conditions or criteria determine whether or not such disclosure is ethically and legally justifiable, and if disclosure is justified, what conditions apply to its disclosure. Finally, specific situations in which a claim for disclosure may arise are examined. The article concludes that in federal correctional institutions, the disclosure of personal medical information absent consent of the person is seldom justifiable. In most situations, such disclosure is unnecessary and even appears to be counterproductive or harmful. Measures that can be undertaken to prevent exposure to and infection with HIV have to be undertaken regardless of whether an inmate or staff member is or is not known, to staff, wardens, or inmates, to be infected with HIV.
42. Détresse psychologique chez les personnes atteintes du VIH à Montréal
- Author
-
Bill Ryan, Norbert Gilmore, Donna L. Lamping, and Lawrence Joseph
- Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Pshychiatric Mental Health - Abstract
Le présent article décrit les préoccupations psychologiques reliées au VIH dans un échantillon montréalais de 128 personnes atteintes du virus, qui ont participé à une enquête nationale plus large sur les besoins et les services en santé mentale en rapport avec cette infection au Canada. Nous avons examiné les problèmes psychologiques causés par le VIH à Montréal, en comparaison d'autres villes du Canada, et dans divers sous-groupes définis selon le sexe, l'âge, le diagnostic et le facteur de risque. Les résultats montrent que même si l'infection au VIH a de fortes et profondes incidences sur la santé mentale, il existe des différences dans les genres de préoccupations et de problèmes qui affligent des groupes particuliers de répondants montréalais. L'incertitude de l'avenir et l'incapacité de réaliser ses buts dans la vie, ainsi que des sentiments d'impuissance et de peur face aux conséquences neurologiques virtuelles du VIH, étaient des sources majeures de détresse psychologique. Les sentiments de dépression, d'anxiété et de colère, de même que les inquiétudes soulevées par une détérioration physique croissante, la douleur, le danger d'infecter autrui, la confidentialité et la situation financière, étaient des sujets d'angoisse prédominants parmi les sous-groupes étudiés. Les différences entre les répondants en termes de sources de revenu, d'âge et de sexe et, dans une moindre mesure, de diagnostic et de facteur de risque, étaient associées à des niveaux variables de détresse psychologique. Bien que les répondants de Montréal (et de Vancouver) étaient moins angoissés que ceux de Toronto et de Halifax, cette divergence semblait tenir principalement à des différences d'âge et de revenu. Les données de l'enquête pourront servir aux décideurs et aux planificateurs du domaine de la santé à mettre au point les services nécessaires pour répondre aux besoins psychologiques des adultes atteints du VIH., This paper describes the HIV-related mental health concerns of a sample of 128 persons with HIV infection in Montréal who participated in a larger national survey of HIV-related mental health needs and services in Canada. We examined mental health distress in persons with HIV infection in Montréal compared to other cities in Canada, and in subgroups of HIV-infected Montrealers defined on the basis of sex, age, diagnosis, and risk factor status. Results demonstrate that although HIV infection has a strong and far reaching impact on mental health, there are differences in the types of concerns and issues that are distressing to specific groups of Montréal respondents. Uncertainty about the future and not being able to realize life goals, as well as feelings of helplessness and fears about potential adverse neurological consequences of HIV disease, were major sources of psychological distress. Feelings of depression, anxiety, and anger, as well as concerns about increasing physical disability, pain, infecting others, confidentiality, and finances were predominant concerns among specific subgroups. Differences between respondents in terms of source of income, age, and sex, and to a lesser extent diagnosis and risk factor status, were associated with varying levels of mental health distress. Although respondents in Montréal (and Vancouver) were more distressed than respondents in Toronto and Halifax, these differences appear to be due primarily to differences in age and source of income. Findings from this study will be useful to policy makers and health planners in developing services to meet the mental health needs of HIV infected adults.
43. IDO-induced immunosuppressive tryptophan catabolism following primary HIV infection
- Author
-
Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Norbert Gilmore, Ido P. Kema, Jean-Pierre Routy, Cécile Tremblay, Cynthia Kanagaratham, Petronela Ancuta, Kishanda Vyboh, and Danuta Radzioch
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,business.industry ,CD11c ,hemic and immune systems ,Isotope dilution ,CD38 ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,Tryptophan catabolism ,Enzyme ,Endocrinology ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Oral Presentation ,Interleukin-3 receptor ,business - Abstract
Methods Plasma and Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were longitudinally collected in 41 PHI patients (infection
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.