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H9N2 virus is LPAI virus, which can infect several species including humans and other mammals. This virus is also known as a donor of genetic material for emerging human pathogens. The previous study has shown that China isolated H9N2 virus exhibits multiple replication phenotypes in mice without any prior adaptation and is well adapted to its lungs and highly pathogenic, which can indicate that H9N2 virus has a prospective threat for public health after adaptation. In determining the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus in mammals, especially in its lungs and reproductive organs, this study infected two avirulent H9N2 viruses that were originally derived from Indonesia into mice. Significantly, this study revealed that all of the viruses can reproduce without any adaptation. On the 3rd day post-infection (dpi), the virus can be detected in the lungs. In addition, the virus can be detected in the reproductive organs on the 7th dpi. Furthermore, these findings can help to unlock the pathogenic potential of H9N2 virus, which possibly threatens public health in the near future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 firstly emerged in China and sporadically transmitted worldwide. In March 2020, WHO announced that the infection was a pandemic. The outbreak and rapid transmission of COVID-19 have endangered the global health and the economy. This crisis has called for an extensive scientific mobilization of studies on SARS-CoV-2 concerning its clinical aspects, characteristics, and its mechanism of transmission. Although many scientists have published the treatment options against COVID-19, currently, there is not any approved medications against the virus yet. COVID-19 vaccine development has started in many research centers and pharmaceutical industries following the announcement of the agent and the full genome of SARS-CoV-2 recognized. Recently, the collected data described that COVID-19 vaccine candidates grouped into the following types: proteinbased, epitope, inactivated or live-attenuated virus, virus-like particle, nucleic acid-based, and viral vectors. Therefore, the present review gives a sneak peek of recent updates on COVID-19 vaccine construction worldwide and COVID-19 vaccine's acceptance in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly spreading virus that poses a major burden on global human health and the economy. Therefore, it is essential to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine construction might not be easy, as a consequence of mutations and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Objective: We first reported the D614G mutation and ADE sequences in Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates and compared these isolates to those from other Southeast Asian countries. Methods: In this study, we extracted the SARS-CoV-2 genome of 40 Indonesian isolates from the GISAID EpiCoV database and the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate (reference sequence) from GenBank, NCBI. We used BioEdit v7.2.5 to identify the D614G mutation and ADE sequences in the spike protein. Then, we rendered the spike protein using the SWISS-MODEL web server and PyMOL v2.4. Results: We identified the D614G missense mutation in 23 Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates and isolates from six other Southeast Asian countries. In addition, we identified the ADE sequence 611LYQDVNC617 in the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate, which had changed into 611LYQGVNC617 in recent mutated isolates. Conclusion: We conclude that the D614G mutation might affect ADE activities. A rapid but cautious approach to the vaccine development and other therapies developed for COVID-19 seems needed until we have more data on the risks of the D614G mutation and ADE. However, further studies including in vitro and in vivo assessments are relevant for validation of these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza virus infections are a major public health threat. Influenza viruses are associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide through seasonal epidemics. Vaccination programs are available, but unpredictable antigenic changes in circulating strains require annual modification of seasonal influenza vaccines. Influenza vaccines are given, one of which is a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) aimed at the formation of antibodies that are specific to influenza viruses by B cells. In this study TIV vaccination has an effect in the form of decreasing viral replication in ferret that have been tested with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. The results of this study are data about viral replication obtained from hemagglutination tests (HA test) and ATP6V0C expression with SDS-Page. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 has crossed the species barrier to infect human. It is a rapidly spreading virus that has poses a significant public threat and is a considerable burden on the global economy and human health. Objective: We characterized the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N), membrane protein (M), and envelope protein (E) genes of Indonesian isolates to investigate genetic composition, predict B-cell epitopes, and construct a molecular phylogenetic tree. Methods: In the present work, we retrieved the sequences of 16 Indonesian isolates from the GISAID EpiCoV and the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate (reference sequence) from GenBank, NCBI. We used MEGA X to identify mutations in the three structural protein genes and to construct a molecular phylogenetic tree. The IEDB was employed to reveal the linear B-cell epitopes and other parameters. Allergenicity prediction was evaluated using AllerTOP and ToxinPred was performed to analyze non-toxic antigen prediction. Results: In this study, we report the genetic composition of three structural protein genes in Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Furthermore, we identified the peptide RRGPEQTQGNFGDQELIRQGTDYK from nucleocapsid phosphoprotein to generate a peptide-based vaccine contrary to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: In summary, we propose a candidate for a peptide-based vaccine contrary to SARS-CoV-2. However, advance trials such as in vitro and in vivo testing are involved for validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2, a new member of the coronavirus family that originated from Wuhan, China, is the agent of COVID-19 pandemic and has rapidly spread globally. Objective: We characterized the spike (S) glycoprotein gene from the Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates to investigate its genetic composition, predict the B cell epitopes, and construct the molecular phylogenetic among Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Methods: We employed Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate available in GenBank, NCBI and fourteen Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates acquired from the database (GISAID EpiCoV). We performed using the MEGA X for genetic and amino acid mutations and construct molecular phylogenetic tree. We used IEDB web server to predict epitopes, evaluated allergenicity by applying AllerTOP v.2.0 web server, and non-toxic antigens applying the ToxinPred web server. Results: Interestingly, we discovered that the Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates genetic composition do not have significant changes compared with the reference sequence based on the S glycoprotein gene. In addition, we proposed NSASFSTFKCYGVSPTKLNDLCFTNV as a candidate for a peptide-based vaccine against COVID-19. Furthermore, we also presented the molecular phylogenetic of Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates and other coronaviruses. Conclusion: In summary, this study supplied data regarding mutations in the S glycoprotein and we proposed a candidate for peptide-based vaccine against COVID-19. However, this research still requires further genetic analysis and we recommend improvement in the molecular epidemiological surveillance on COVID-19 in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]