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A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A (H5N1) was first recognized among geese in Guangdong Province, southern People's Republic of China, in 1996 (1). Within a year, this goose virus [...]

Author(s): Shinya Yamada [1, 3]; Yasuo Suzuki [3, 4]; Takashi Suzuki [3, 5]; Mai Q. Le [6]; Chairul A. Nidom [7]; Yuko Sakai-Tagawa [1, 3]; Yukiko Muramoto [1, 3]; Mutsumi [...]

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H9N2 virus is LPAI virus, which can infect several species including humans and other mammals. This virus is also known as a donor of genetic material for emerging human pathogens. The previous study has shown that China isolated H9N2 virus exhibits multiple replication phenotypes in mice without any prior adaptation and is well adapted to its lungs and highly pathogenic, which can indicate that H9N2 virus has a prospective threat for public health after adaptation. In determining the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus in mammals, especially in its lungs and reproductive organs, this study infected two avirulent H9N2 viruses that were originally derived from Indonesia into mice. Significantly, this study revealed that all of the viruses can reproduce without any adaptation. On the 3rd day post-infection (dpi), the virus can be detected in the lungs. In addition, the virus can be detected in the reproductive organs on the 7th dpi. Furthermore, these findings can help to unlock the pathogenic potential of H9N2 virus, which possibly threatens public health in the near future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal influenza virus has infected 5-15% of the human population every year, resulting in 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide. The seasonal influenza epidemic that occurs every year is caused by the continuous evolution of seasonal influenza viruses, which allows them to avoid body immunity due to previous infection or vaccination, and the ability of these viruses that can be transmitted efficiently from human to human through breathing, direct contact, and through items that have been touched by sufferers of seasonal influenza. Vaccination is the most elective method for controlling the infection of seasonal influenza and the most important strategy for pandemic prevention and control. The ideal vaccine must improve the humoral and cellular immune response to reduce morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine the role of trivalent influenza vaccination against the response of ferret antibodies by testing IgG levels and IL-4 levels. IgG is an antibody formed in response to vaccination, whereas IL-4 is a cytokine that stimulates B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies. The method of this study is an experimental laboratory. Twenty five ferrets separated into 5 group, control, trivalent vaccine dose 3.8 µg, dose 7.5 µg, dose 15 µg, and dose 30 µg. Ferrets were vaccinated with trivalent vaccine, intramuscular, 3 weeks later, that were challenge by H1N1, H3N2 and by influenza H1, H3 dan B (wild subtype) virus. On day 35th serum was taken and examined for IgG and IL-4. The level of IgG and IL-4 was measured by Elisa. We used SPSS 23 for data analysis. From the results of the research conducted enhancement in specific levels of IgG was obtained against H1 and H3 antigen at dose of 3.8 µg and 7.5 µg. There is no change in specific levels of IgG against By antigen. There is no change in IL-4 levels. Therefore, we conclude that IgG and IL-4 values can be used as biomarkers in testing influenza vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 firstly emerged in China and sporadically transmitted worldwide. In March 2020, WHO announced that the infection was a pandemic. The outbreak and rapid transmission of COVID-19 have endangered the global health and the economy. This crisis has called for an extensive scientific mobilization of studies on SARS-CoV-2 concerning its clinical aspects, characteristics, and its mechanism of transmission. Although many scientists have published the treatment options against COVID-19, currently, there is not any approved medications against the virus yet. COVID-19 vaccine development has started in many research centers and pharmaceutical industries following the announcement of the agent and the full genome of SARS-CoV-2 recognized. Recently, the collected data described that COVID-19 vaccine candidates grouped into the following types: proteinbased, epitope, inactivated or live-attenuated virus, virus-like particle, nucleic acid-based, and viral vectors. Therefore, the present review gives a sneak peek of recent updates on COVID-19 vaccine construction worldwide and COVID-19 vaccine's acceptance in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly spreading virus that poses a major burden on global human health and the economy. Therefore, it is essential to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine construction might not be easy, as a consequence of mutations and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Objective: We first reported the D614G mutation and ADE sequences in Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates and compared these isolates to those from other Southeast Asian countries. Methods: In this study, we extracted the SARS-CoV-2 genome of 40 Indonesian isolates from the GISAID EpiCoV database and the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate (reference sequence) from GenBank, NCBI. We used BioEdit v7.2.5 to identify the D614G mutation and ADE sequences in the spike protein. Then, we rendered the spike protein using the SWISS-MODEL web server and PyMOL v2.4. Results: We identified the D614G missense mutation in 23 Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates and isolates from six other Southeast Asian countries. In addition, we identified the ADE sequence 611LYQDVNC617 in the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate, which had changed into 611LYQGVNC617 in recent mutated isolates. Conclusion: We conclude that the D614G mutation might affect ADE activities. A rapid but cautious approach to the vaccine development and other therapies developed for COVID-19 seems needed until we have more data on the risks of the D614G mutation and ADE. However, further studies including in vitro and in vivo assessments are relevant for validation of these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine and analyze the relationship between breeders’ knowledge about feed formulations and the conversion value of duck feed. The subjects in this study were Alabio duck breeders in Hambuku Raya Village and Putat Atas Village, Hulu Sungai Utara, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia with observed objects in the form of Alabio duck feed conversion and breeders’ knowledge of feed formulation knowledge and Alabio duck feed technology. The research method used was non-experimental explorative, the researcher did not give treatment to the group of Alabio ducks and conducted a survey by distributing questionnaires to farmers. Observation of feed conversion is carried out for 3 (three) months from February-April 2018 in each group. Observation of feed conversion is carried out starting from Alabio ducks to produce eggs, which are about 6 months old. Testing of feed conversion, normal data using analysis of variance (Anova), if significant continued with LSD. Survey research is the stage of analyzing using SWOT analysis to determine the level of weakness and strength in the framework of the development of Alabio ducks in the Hulu Sungai Utara Regency of South Kalimantan Province. The results of the analysis of feed conversion of the three groups were not significantly different, the group of Putat Atas Ducks for feed conversion an average of 4.51 ducks Hambuku Raya 1 group an average of feed conversion every month 5.30, the ducks of the Hambuku Raya 2 group the average conversion of feed every month 4.75. SWOT analysis value of weakness factor is 1,764, this factor includes one of them is knowledge of farmers about feed formulation. The results of this study are in line with the results of feed conversion in the first stage of research, the value of feed conversion obtained is still relatively high at 4.51-5.30. The conclusion is the SWOT analysis score of weakness factors one of which is the lack of knowledge of farmers about formulation and feed technology affect the high feed conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza virus infections are a major public health threat. Influenza viruses are associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide through seasonal epidemics. Vaccination programs are available, but unpredictable antigenic changes in circulating strains require annual modification of seasonal influenza vaccines. Influenza vaccines are given, one of which is a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) aimed at the formation of antibodies that are specific to influenza viruses by B cells. In this study TIV vaccination has an effect in the form of decreasing viral replication in ferret that have been tested with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. The results of this study are data about viral replication obtained from hemagglutination tests (HA test) and ATP6V0C expression with SDS-Page. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 has crossed the species barrier to infect human. It is a rapidly spreading virus that has poses a significant public threat and is a considerable burden on the global economy and human health. Objective: We characterized the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N), membrane protein (M), and envelope protein (E) genes of Indonesian isolates to investigate genetic composition, predict B-cell epitopes, and construct a molecular phylogenetic tree. Methods: In the present work, we retrieved the sequences of 16 Indonesian isolates from the GISAID EpiCoV and the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate (reference sequence) from GenBank, NCBI. We used MEGA X to identify mutations in the three structural protein genes and to construct a molecular phylogenetic tree. The IEDB was employed to reveal the linear B-cell epitopes and other parameters. Allergenicity prediction was evaluated using AllerTOP and ToxinPred was performed to analyze non-toxic antigen prediction. Results: In this study, we report the genetic composition of three structural protein genes in Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Furthermore, we identified the peptide RRGPEQTQGNFGDQELIRQGTDYK from nucleocapsid phosphoprotein to generate a peptide-based vaccine contrary to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: In summary, we propose a candidate for a peptide-based vaccine contrary to SARS-CoV-2. However, advance trials such as in vitro and in vivo testing are involved for validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2, a new member of the coronavirus family that originated from Wuhan, China, is the agent of COVID-19 pandemic and has rapidly spread globally. Objective: We characterized the spike (S) glycoprotein gene from the Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates to investigate its genetic composition, predict the B cell epitopes, and construct the molecular phylogenetic among Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Methods: We employed Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate available in GenBank, NCBI and fourteen Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates acquired from the database (GISAID EpiCoV). We performed using the MEGA X for genetic and amino acid mutations and construct molecular phylogenetic tree. We used IEDB web server to predict epitopes, evaluated allergenicity by applying AllerTOP v.2.0 web server, and non-toxic antigens applying the ToxinPred web server. Results: Interestingly, we discovered that the Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates genetic composition do not have significant changes compared with the reference sequence based on the S glycoprotein gene. In addition, we proposed NSASFSTFKCYGVSPTKLNDLCFTNV as a candidate for a peptide-based vaccine against COVID-19. Furthermore, we also presented the molecular phylogenetic of Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates and other coronaviruses. Conclusion: In summary, this study supplied data regarding mutations in the S glycoprotein and we proposed a candidate for peptide-based vaccine against COVID-19. However, this research still requires further genetic analysis and we recommend improvement in the molecular epidemiological surveillance on COVID-19 in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare soluble HLA-C and HLA-DR molecules present in the plasma of orofacial cleft and non-orofacial cleft populations. Material and Methods: Orofacial cleft patients were recruited using an accidental sampling approach (n=15). Peripheral blood was collected from the participants and processed for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) against HLA-C and HLA-DR with specific antibodies. The absorbance was calculated utilizing ELISA reader. Data were statistically analyzed using an independent t-test to compare the disease and control groups. Results: The levels of soluble HLA-C and HLA-DR were significantly higher in the diseased group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The role of HLA molecules in non-communicable disease and congenital anomalies, particularly orofacial cleft, remains speculative despite the positive results of this study and those of previous investigations. It suggests that the variables examined may affect specific pathways involved in the pathogenesis of orofacial cleft, and predispose the individuals concerned to the oral cleft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bats act as hosts in carrying Influenza B disease and can act as a natural reservoir of various types of viruses, including Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and Ebola virus in mammals. This research aimed to study the presence of Influenza B virus (B-Victoria sub-type) in the respiration organs of bats (Chynoptera sp.) in Indonesian Archipelago. A total of 99 bats from several regions representing the islands in Indonesia were taken in Snowball sampling technique. Samples that had been isolated and passed the incubation period were tested using the Hemagglutination (HA) test and Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test. The data obtained were processed descriptively. The result showed that there were 13 samples positively in the Hemagglutination (HA) test (13.13%), but after going through the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test (HI) with B-Victoria antisera, no positive samples were found. We conclude that there was no virus type B influenza virus (B-Victoria sub-type) in the bat respiration organ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]