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Background: Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch. Bip. is a reputed medicinal plant widespread all over the world and used traditionally in the treatment of several diseases and infections such as skin disorders, malaria, and gastrointestinal infections. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and toxicological profile of E. floribundus, and to direct further studies on aspects that have not yet been investigated in order to bring more scientific data for this plant and then give an opportunity for future exploitation in pharmaceutical industries. Materials and Methods: A meticulous and methodical analysis of the literature was conducted using various online scientific databases and all relevant abstracts and full text articles analyzed and included in the review. Results: A wide range of traditional uses are cited in the literature with the plant mostly being used in African folk medicine for the treatment of malaria and skin diseases. Phytochemical investigations of E. floribundus have resulted in the isolation of several metabolites from different classes including acetylene-derivatives, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, and steroids. Extracts and isolates from this species were reported to exhibit promising antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, the plant has also demonstrated some toxicological activities and should be used with caution. Conclusion: Reported chemical and pharmacological investigations of E. floribundus support the traditional uses of this plant which deserves further attention for antimicrobial drug discovery. The in-depth study should be emphasized the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial assessment of its extracts and isolated compounds.

International audience; Introduction: In Cameroon and especially in Ebolowa, the parallel and illicit sale of drugs not only promotes automedication, but also the proliferation of fake medicines. Studies on drug quality control help provide appropriate treatments and avoid the addictions and resistance.Objective: To evaluate the pharmacotechnical quality of paracetamol tablets, generic blister of 10 sold in the legal and illicit markets of the city of Ebolowa.Materials and methods: An experimental study was conducted over a period of 5 months according to the standards of current pharmacopoeias. Eight (08) drug samples consisting of 90 blisters of 10 paracetamol tablets each, collected from both legal and illegal sectors, were tested for pharmacotechnical use. The analyzes were carried out at the National Laboratory for the Quality Control of Medicines and Expertise and at the Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory of the Institute for Medical Research and Studies of Medicinal Plants. Descriptives statistics was realize with IBM SPSS Statistics 22 and XLSTAT 2014 served to execute Student’s t test.Results: The results obtained from the analyses of 08 batches of paracetamol revealed several nonconformities: hardness (63%) that is 05 lots, labeling (12.5%) with identification of two batches from the same laboratory but with different labeling, control of disaggregation (12.5%), organoleptic character control (25%). 5 samples out of 8 (63%) were non – compliant and 4 of this 5 batches were purchased at underground market. were observed. Of these samples, 63% (5/8) were non-compliant and 80% (4/5) were from the "black market".Conclusion: The circulation and sale of illicit and non-compliant drugs remains a major problem in Cameroon. The largest number of nonconformities detected came from the "black market" and came from the Asian continent. The strict control of access zones, drug quality and appropriate conservation and distribution of medicines enchances the reduction of this phenomenon.; Introduction : Au Cameroun et en particulier à Ebolowa, la vente parallèle et illicite des médicaments favorise non seulement l’automédication, mais aussi la prolifération des faux médicaments. Les études relatives au contrôle-qualité des médicaments permettent d’administrer des traitements idoines et d’éviter l’apparition des accoutumances et des résistances microbiennes. Objectif : Évaluer la qualité pharmaco-technique des comprimés de paracétamol 500 mg, générique blister de 10 unités, vendus dans les circuits légaux (publiques et privés) et illicites de la ville d’Ebolowa.Matériels et méthodes : Une étude expérimentale a été menée sur une durée de 5 mois, utilisant comme référentiel, les normes contenues dans les pharmacopées en vigueur. Huit (08) échantillons de médicaments constitués de 90 blisters prélevés dans les secteurs légaux et illicites d’Ebolowa, soit 900 comprimés de paracétamol, ont fait l’objet de tests pharmaco - techniques. Les analyses ont été effectuées au Laboratoire National de Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments et d’Expertise et au Laboratoire de Technologie Pharmaceutique de l’Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Études des Plantes Médicinales. Les statistiques descriptives ont été produite à l’aide de IBM SPSS Statistics 22 et XLStat 2014 a servi pour réaliser le test t de Student.Résultats. Les lots de paracétamol prélevés provenaient essentiellement des continents Asiatique (62,5%) et Africain (37,5%). Les non-conformités observées étaient les non-conformités de l’étiquetage (12,5%) avec identification de deux lots supposés issus d’un même laboratoire mais avec des étiquetages différents, de contrôle des caractères organoleptiques (25%), de dureté (63 %), de contrôle de désagrégation (12,5%). Globalement, 100% des lots prélevés dans le marché illicite étaient non conformes et 25% des lots prélevés dans le circuit légal l’étaient également. Conclusion : L’analyse de la qualité pharmaco-technique des comprimés de paracétamol 500 mg vendus dans les circuits légaux et illicites de la ville d’Ebolowa a révélé que le plus grand nombre de non-conformités était issu du « marché noir » et les lots provenaient du continent asiatique. Il est primordial que la lutte contre la vente illicite des médicaments soit renforcée. Aussi, le renforcement de la surveillance des points d’entrée, le contrôle-qualité et les bonnes pratiques de distribution des médicaments mis sur le marché permettront de réduire le phénomène.

Aim. The effects of the water extract of the leaves of Euphorbia Poissonii (Euphorbiacea) on frog heart contraction and its possible mechanism action were investigated. Method. By using the Langerdhorff model of the isolated frog heart preparation, the strength and frequency of heart contractions as well as cardiac output were measured under perfusion with test drugs. Results and conclusion. When assessed with digoxin and adrenaline as positive controls, the water extract (3 mg/mL) exhibited significant positive inotropic (70.00% improvement compared to baseline) and chronotropic (17.79% improvement) effects. Additionally, heart contractility was inhibited in the presence of propranolol and amlodipine, suggesting that the testing extract is having adrenergic properties. Reversible heart arrest was noticed at the dose of 6 mg/mL.

Datura metel leaves are used by athletes to enhance their performances. The water extract of the leaves and seeds was tested for their cardiotonic effect. Langherdoff’s model for the measurement of the mechanical activity of isolated amphibian heart in ventricular perfusion was used to evaluate some parameters of cardiac contractility. The effect of the extracts was also compared to sympathetic agonist and antagonist. The leaves and seed extracts induced significant (p

A majority of Africans rely on traditional medicine as the primary form of health care. Yet most traditional medicine products have a short shelf life, especially for water-based formulations such as macerations, infusions and decoctions. Indeed, many of these water extracts become unfit for human consumption after five to seven days of conservation either because of the degradation or toxicity of active components, and/or the growth of pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this study was to describe and apply a new approach for the development of an improved traditional medicine (ITM) that is cheap, very efficient, not toxic, and easy to produce, and that can be conserved for a longer time without a significant loss of activity. Hence, Laportea ovalifolia was selected from an ethnobotanical prospection in all regions of Cameroon, and was used to prepare an oral hypoglycemic product. This preparation required 9 steps focused on the characterization of the plant species, and the standardization of the ethnopharmacological preparation by a multidisciplinary team of scientists with expertise in botany, ecology, pharmacognosy and pharmacology. Resultantly, four galenic formulations of hypoglycemic medications were produced. A relationship between these four formulations was described as follow: One spoon of oral suspension (10 ml)=one sachet of powder=2 tablets=3 capsules. Hence, our research provides new insight into a drug discovery approach that could alleviate the major problems affecting traditional medicine and enhance its effectiveness in addressing health care in developing and undeveloped countries.

Water is a fundamental element in any hemodialysis device. It must be safe, free not only of micro-organisms but also of any organic or inorganic chemical contaminant. Up to now ion exchanger, reverse osmosis, activate carbon and chlorine are generally used for this purpose. The results are not satisfactory. Microbial contaminants survive and at some points multiply. Pyrogens and endotoxins are not completely eliminated. Chlorine itself adds more risk factors because of the compounds deriving from its interaction with organic molecules. A system to obtain safe water in hemodialysis equipment is described. It is based on the use of ultraviolet irradiation to eliminate any microbial contaminant and on Sartobind membranes to eliminate pyrogens, endotoxins, proteins and other unwanted molecules. Mobile domiciliary hemodialysis equipment was used. Ultraviolet lamps (30 mW/cm2) were applied at two points: after the ion exchange and after the reverse osmosis. Three Q100 Sartobind membranes were positioned immediately before the monitor. The values of cfu/mL counted in the water after the ion exchange ranged from 450 to 1,990, whereas before the monitor they dropped from 0.01 to 0.09 cfu/mL. The LAL test, positive before the Sartobind membrane, was negative thereafter. The system proposed has shown to be effective in guaranteeing safe water free of micro-organisms and endotoxins.

Microbial air contamination was evaluated in 11 operating theatres using active and passive samplings. SAS (Surface Air System) air sampling was used to evaluate cfu/m3 and settle plates were used to measure the index of microbial air contamination (IMA). Samplings were performed at the same time on three different days, at three different times (before, during and after the surgical activity). Two points were monitored (patient area and perimeter of the operating theatre). Moreover, the cfu/m3 were evaluated at the air inlet of the conditioner system. 74.7% of samplings performed at the air inlet and 66.7% of the samplings performed at the patient area before the beginning of the surgical activity (at rest) exceeded the 35 cfu/m3 used as threshold value. 100% of IMA values exceeded the threshold value of 5. Using both active and passive sampling, the microbial contamination was shown to increase significantly during activity. The cfu values were higher at the patient area than at the perimeter of the operating theatre. Mean values of the cfu/m3 during activity at the patient area ranged from a minimum of 61+/-41 cfu/m3 to a maximum of 242+/-136 cfu/m3; IMA values ranged from a minimum of 19+/-10 to a maximum of 129+/-60. 15.2% of samplings performed at the patient area using SAS and 75.8% of samplings performed using settle plates exceeded the threshold values of 180 cfu/m3 and 25 respectively, with a significant difference of the percentages. The highest values were found in the operating theatre with inadequate structural and managerial conditions. These findings confirm that the microbiological quality of air may be considered a mirror of the hygienic conditions of the operating theatre. Settle plates proved to be more sensitive in detecting the increase of microbial air contamination related to conditions that could compromise the quality of the air in operating theatres.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential and the wound healing effect of the ethanolic extract of the bark of Calotropis procera. The antioxidant study was evaluated in vitro, using DPPH and deoxyribose degradation assays. Wound healing was studied using excision and incision wound on normal and dexamethasone-suppressed wound healing rodent models. Alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins and phenols where screened in the extract used whereas saponins and true tannins where absent. The extract contains only 12.5 gallic acid equivalent and 399.54 rutin equivalent. It was found to inhibit DPPH and deoxyribose oxidation (IC50= 24.24 and 5.40 respectively). In vivo study demonstrated a significant reduction in the epithelialization time (P