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Across Indian cities, daily wagers gather every morning at large intersections or crossroads (nakas) where they seek work for the day from small construction contractors. In the satellite city of Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai), some of these daily wagers are reconstituting themselves into a class of 'disadvantaged, crossroad workers'. This article provides an ethnographic narration of how class is experienced, constituted and asserted at a street crossroad. Through the space of the naka, daily wagers combine their different experiences of caste, religious and regional disadvantage into a collective identity of crossroad workers. As a collective, they seek and gain recognition as workers by the state, even if their everyday terms of work continue to be largely unprotected by law. While such reframing of disadvantage has long been part of social movements in western India, their contemporary politics is conditioned by workers' alienation from new town‐making projects, where they are seen as temporary labor migrants and must contend with landed, socio‐politically dominant groups vying for control over the city. This article contributes to growing scholarship on the resocialization of labour movements, as both work and class organizing change dramatically, particularly in contentious urban spaces like Navi Mumbai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy of developing new cities has been adopted in response to the ever-increasing rise in population and its excessive concentration in metropolises. However, a lack of consideration for immigrants' culture and identity has given rise to issues in social sustainability. Moreover, the failure to address population forecasting and incorporate economic planning has disrupted the self-reliance of immigrants in the new city of Pardis. This research aims to investigate the phenomenon of identity dispersion in Pardis and explore approaches to cultivating an independent identity. The qualitative strategy employed in this applied descriptive-analytical study involves content analysis. The target community comprises two groups: the citizens and the urban management staff. Theoretical saturation was reached after conducting interviews with 38 individuals from these groups. Data were collected through targeted, semi-structured interviews, observations, and analysis of urban documents. MAX QDA software was utilized for data analysis. Following coding, ten minor categories and two major categories were identified. The major categories include immigration and the distinctive image of the city, which were found to be distinct entities. The findings of the study reveal that the urban management staffs perceive the enhancement of the city's independent identity to be influenced by the dynamic interaction between the northern and southern parts of Pardis, as well as the establishment of a technopark. On the other hand, residents primarily viewed the employment opportunities provided by the technopark as the most effective means of fostering an independent identity. They also emphasized the importance of leveraging shared ethnic characteristics in defining attractive activities for the community. Overall, this research sheds light on the complexities of identity formation in new cities and proposes potential strategies for cultivating a distinctive identity in Pardis.

Copyright of African & Mediterranean Journal of Architecture & Urbanism (AMJAU) is the property of Ecole Nationale d'Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban prosperity is considered a new and fundamental approach to explain the vision and path of development and its more specific example, sustainability in today's cities, which are facing many problems in different dimensions. On the other hand, the concept of this approach promotes a new pattern or model of urban design based on global theories and at the same time adaptable to contextual and local conditions, nature and dynamics. Considering the importance of planning and designing today's cities based on urban prosperity indicators, the present research was written with the aim of developing a sustainable development realization patern based on prosperity indicators in Alishahr new city. In this regard, the research method is mixed (combination of quantitative-qualitative approaches) with practical purpose and analytical-developmental nature. The statistical population of the research included experts and city officials of Alaishahr, which due to the unknown number of the statistical population, was used Cohen's formula to determine the sample size at the 95% confidence level, and the sample size was estimated to be 90 people. In order to analyze data and information, was used structural equation modeling method in AMOS software. The findings of the research show that the most important variables affecting the realization of Urban prosperity in Alishahr new city are respectively infrastructures, productivity, quality of life, equality and participation and environmental sustainability, which respectively, their influence based on the structural model is 0.79, 0.67, 0.58, 0.56 and 0.51. Also, the components of emphasis on intelligentization of various functions, diversity in businesses, improvement of citizenship skills, vitality of urban spaces and proper access to various facilities and urban services are among the components that influence the realization of urban prosperity in Alishahr.

The inability of a city to the pressure of increasing activity in urban areas which has encouraged the expansion of development into suburban areas is a phenomenon that often occurs in major urban centers. With the development of a new area, it can be a solution to solving urban problems, expanding the availability of housing and infrastructure, and reducing disparities between the main city and suburban areas. The development of a new city, in addition to physically changing the suburban area, can also have a socio-economic impact on the people, as a challenge to fulfill the welfare of the urban housing phenomenon. Bengkayang Regency is one of the developing districts. As one of the border frontier cities in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, Bengkayang is the main border gate between Indonesia and neighboring Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. The great potential of Bengkayang Regency has not been supported by adequate urban planning and arrangement, which can reflect unique regional characteristics (local wisdom). The local government has established a policy regarding the development of a new city in Bengkayang, which is located in the Bumi Sebalo Village. This study aims to carry out sustainable settlement planning in the New City Area of Bengkayang based on Eco-City. Determination of the location based on the new Bengkayang city master plan data, namely in the sub BWP housing and green open space, with a descriptive qualitative analysis method. Settlement planning carried out includes aspects of housing, area support facilities and public green open spaces. The direction for housing arrangement uses a balanced residential concept, with a cluster system without guardrails, a grid pattern following the contours and condition of the land, pedestrian-friendly, and utilizing natural potential in the form of river flows as public open space areas and jogging tracks. Commercial facilities as supporting areas are placed on main road access with more strategic functions. Public green open space as a means of socializing and recreation on a city scale, how many sub-BWP green open spaces are equipped with urban forests as bearers of ecological functions, playgrounds, water fountains, amphitheater, street vendor areas to support the local community's economy, festival market areas as well as several tourist and cultural attractions as support activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the main leisure activities of Magnitogorsk residents in the early 1950s based on their personal memories, local materials of the clerical sources, and periodicals. The analysis shows how the residents spent their free time and what emotions they had. On the one hand, the leisure options of that time (for example, going to cinemas, theaters, parks, circuses, libraries, concerts, sports sections, hobby clubs, public lectures, public readings of books, educational meetings arranged by the party, as well as organizing holidays and public events, amateur art shows, mass leisure out of town, resort holidays, etc.) were largely defined by the political regime and ideology. On the other hand, the urban community either tacitly rejected or changed those activities that turned out to be unpopular or boring. At the same time, one of the main trends supported by the Magnitogorsk residents was collectivism and publicity while engaging in a leisure activity. The latter two formed an integral part of the Soviet consciousness. Particular attention is paid to the problems faced by the city in the organization of leisure and recreational activities: the construction of cultural and entertainment venues failed to keep up with the growth of the city population; some residents were not properly educated about the value and importance of certain leisure types. The workers were tired because of their hard working shifts at the metallurgical plant and everyday life, thus many of them showed no interest in outdoor activities. It is concluded that the organization of leisure time in Magnitogorsk, which was a role model for the entire Soviet society, was essential in upholding the morale of its residents.

Rehousing is a practical measure to reduce the housing crisis in metropolitan areas that do not have land resources. The periphery corresponds to the spaces dependent on the center, which the Algerian public authorities have used to build collective housing estates. According to the townspeople of Constantine, these processes were followed by many social effects. This study presents the survey results with the heads of households in Boudhraà Saleh precarious neighbourhood, near Constantine city center in eastern Algeria, who were rehoused from the precarious housing towards the new city Massinissa at the periphery of Constantine. Using a descriptive approach, we analyze the effects of rehousing operations and the periphery's choice as a transfer place. Our survey results show the social effects of rehousing and the reflections of relocated households related to their social environment, whereas the periphery has become uninhabitable. The difficulty in obtaining a habitat forced them to face these difficult circumstances. Given the unfavorable social and environmental conditions prevailing in the new city of Massinissa, prompt intervention is imperative to identify and implement drastic measures to address the harsh realities experienced by its rehousing households and provide them with suitable habitats and outdoor spaces in compliance with the fundamental tenets of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 1945, the areas particularly affected by the war saw opportunities for major architectural and urban development projects. Following the initial reconstruction phase, new urban centres began to emerge in connection with rapid economic development. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, socialist realism was imposed in the countries behind the Iron Curtain, including Poland. As part of the programme of great economic development and of laying the foundations of socialism, known as the Six Year Plan (1950-1955), construction of two new cities began in Poland: Nowa Huta and Tychy. The former is the embodiment of socialist realism. The latter, though based on the same doctrine, acquired a completely different shape, becoming Poland's only example of a comprehensively developed modernist post-World War II city. The aim of this article is to identify the process of turning away from the 'solely legitimate' doctrine of socialist realism and the impact that architecture and planning of the period had on the development of Tychy in later years. Exploring the key issues of the early years of the city's formation, both in the planning and implementation stages, is an indispensable starting point for further research on the entire history of Tychy's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban prosperity is considered a new and fundamental approach to explain the vision and path of development and its more specific example, sustainability in today's cities, which are facing many problems in different dimensions. On the other hand, the concept of this approach promotes a new pattern or model of urban design based on global theories and at the same time adaptable to contextual and local conditions, nature and dynamics. Considering the importance of planning and designing today's cities based on urban prosperity indicators, the present research was written with the aim of developing a sustainable development realization patern based on prosperity indicators in Alishahr new city. In this regard, the research method is mixed (combination of quantitativequalitative approaches) with practical purpose and analytical-developmental nature. The statistical population of the research included experts and city officials of Alaishahr, which due to the unknown number of the statistical population, was used Cohen's formula to determine the sample size at the 95% confidence level, and the sample size was estimated to be 90 people. In order to analyze data and information, was used structural equation modeling method in AMOS software. The findings of the research show that the most important variables affecting the realization of Urban prosperity in Alishahr new city are respectively infrastructures, productivity, quality of life, equality and participation and environmental sustainability, which respectively, their influence based on the structural model is 0.79, 0.67, 0.58, 0.56 and 0.51. Also, the components of emphasis on intelligentization of various functions, diversity in businesses, improvement of citizenship skills, vitality of urban spaces and proper access to various facilities and urban services are among the components that influence the realization of urban prosperity in Alishahr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Public health and sanitation as an important and vital issue has always been considered by academicians and urban planners and managers. It has led to adopt policies and actions by governments and related organizations. Though, creating healthy cities is a long-standing idea that has been around for decades, but in recent months, as the Covid 19 epidemic, which usually spreads faster in crowded cities, has plagued every country in the world, it has received more attention again. One of the concerns of city planners and managers in the current situation is how to protect the living environment and create resilient cities against such diseases. One of the approaches that has been proposed in order to enhance health in human habitats is healthy city idea. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of healthy city indicators and the spatial distribution of these indicators in the new city of Sahand. Data and Method The study area of this research is the new city of Sahand, in the northwest of Iran, at a distance of 20 km from the city of Tabriz. The city has an area of 498 ha and a population of 80795 people. In the research, 38 indicators were selected as indicators of a healthy city and were classified into 4 dimensions. Part of the data was extracted from the GIS file of the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Public Census and the other part was gathered through a survey using a questionnaire. Sample people including 378 household heads. The data was entered into the GIS to form a uniform shapefile. Then, by producing spatial distribution maps, spatial analysis was performed. Then, by transferring the data to SPSS software, a one-sample t-test was performed. Results and Discussion T-test results showed that the mean of the 38 indicators is 2.99, which is slightly lower than the assumed mean (3). Among the four dimensions of the indicators, the physical one shows a better situation the others, so that the figure is 3.69, which is 0.69 higher than the assumed mean. As the city has constructed in recent decades in accordance to a pre-designed plan, the indicators have shown a better situation in this regard. After the physical dimension, the environmental one shows a higher value than the assumed mean and it was 3.33.In terms of environmental dimesion, relatively large distance from pollution resources, being enclosed in a valley and northwest winds, has removed air pollution from the city. The low density of cars on the roads has caused the residents to be satisfied with the lack of noise pollution. Connecting almost all the houses to the municipal sewage network, proper slope of lands, low density of population and the absence of worn buildings are some of the environmental advantages of the city. At the same time, poor waste management and non-observance of environmental cleanliness by citizens are low-scoring indicators in this dimension.The values of socio-cultural and economic dimensions are lower than the assumed mean. Their values are 2.63 and 2.52 respectively. High value of the indicators of literacy, safety and security are the three indicators with higher values in this dimension. On the contrary, medical facilities, cultural services, leisure and sports facilities are indicators with a lower value in this dimension. In the economic dimension, except for employment, insurance coverage and job satisfaction, the other indicators show a very low value.In terms of spatial distribution, the indicators of a healthy city in Phase 1 of the city has a better situation. In this Phase, the average valueof the indicators is 3.08. In Phase 2, in the southern parts, it has a higher value, but the in phase 2, it is slightly lower than the assumed mean (2.97). At most areas of the Phases of 3 and 4, where construction is still ongoing and service coverage, infrastructure and facilities are not completed, the value of indicators are low. In Phase 3, the average value of the indicators is 2.95 and in phase 4 it is 2.76.ConclusionAnalyzing healthy city indicators indicated that Sahand represents a medium situation of a complete healthy city. In this city, for reasons that are mostly originated from national economy, there are many shortcomings in the economic indicators of a healthy city. However, due to the existence of a proper labor market near the city, unemployment rate is lower and insurance coverage is higher than most cities in Iran. But due to inflation, the incomes of the urban community, most of which are salaried, have not been able to provide them with the goods and services they need to live healthily. Due to the government's financial inability in recent years, it has not been made sufficient investment in urban services, facilities and infrastructure. The dormitory function of the city and the low financial capacity of its resident could not provide the municipality with the necessary financial resources to invest in developing urban facilities and infrastructures . In terms of spatial distribution, in the zones and phases where the construction was done earlier (Phases 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively), indicators values were higher than new constructed ones. In areas under construction or semi-residential, market conditions lead to less private sector activity.

In the past forty years, more than 3,800 new towns emerged and accommodated over 150 million urban inhabitants in China, which drew much attention since they were reported as "ghost cities" by media in the late 2000s. This literature review examines existing research and synthesizes current discussions through a meta-analysis. It concludes that existing literature, led by environmental scientists and designers, exhibits two polarized debates around the new towns' uniqueness and the future of ghost cities. Gaps exist in national-scale surveys, criticism of planning methodology, and theories that can explain the current disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban China is the main field for emission peak and carbon neutralization, and the new city is one of the important scenes. This paper takes the Pudong New Area as an example, using the data of carbon emissions and economics, in the county scope, town scale and business unit to analyze the trend of Pudong from the perspective of carbon emissions, and further developing two dimensions from industries and space, finding enterprise level, scale, and its location of the value chain and the interior layout of the city rather than the type of industry more affected by the energy consumption, and clarifying the new city's carbon neutralization in the main field of transportation and architecture. The suggestions includes optimizing energy structure and urban spatial layout, promoting park transformation, improving public transportation system, advocating green design and low-carbon building, strengthening blue-green ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the educational analysis of school regimes and education equity of the city of Magnitogorsk during 1930s that was formed in the new industrial center during forced industrialization. At present, the history of school regimes and education equity as a scientific trend is becoming extremely popular in world-historical science. However, research is mainly based on extensive material in the "educational aspect" from chronology and territorial framework. The authors offers a specific example of the emotional community study on local material and believes that the thoughts and feelings of the townspeople sought to unify within the framework of a “new city” development concept and imposed a specific set of normative emotions and official practices on the Magnitogorsk people, as well as the emotions expressing them, which acted as a support for the existing political regime.

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Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mastery of urbanization around the gas field of Hassi R'mel - Algeria, between reality and public action. This paper is at the crossroads of the two themes: urban planning and environmental governance, in urban sites around major-risk gas industries. Our choice fell on the city of Hassi R'mel - Algeria, located in southern Algeria (520 km south of the capital) and home to one of the largest gas fields in the world. We are interested in highlighting the urbanization control strategies through the exurbanization process as a pilot project of the Algerian environmental policy, with a focus on the relocation project, which is one of the ten stakes of exurbanization and representing the primary factor of success or failure of this process. We favored a temporal and spatial comparative approach based on the questionnaire and the directive interview. We targeted a sample of 160 households residing in the slum of Hassi R'mel before exurbanization and 120 households among them relocated in the new city of Bellil. This survey was supplemented by semi-structured interviews conducted with 22 local urban operation actors. By analyzing their responses as well as official statistics, the results obtained show a strong inadequacy of these new places of residence to the aspirations and way of life of the households in particular at the sociocultural, spatial and environmental levels.

In 2017, the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia announced the new mega-city NEOM. The city is envisioned to be a “start-up the size of a country”, and it aims at attracting the “best talents”, offering them “technology with livability at its core.” The paper foregrounds city branding to understand what NEOM is all about: its imagined society and proposed governance. It further explores how city branding strategies position NEOM and the Kingdom regionally and globally and reaffirm the Crown Prince’s power. It also questions the conceptual nature of the branded object itself, as branding documents show that NEOM alternates between being a city, a start-up, a country, and the Crown Prince’s legacy.

This paper is at the crossroads of the two themes: urban planning and environmental governance, in urban sites around major-risk gas industries. Our choice fell on the city of Hassi R'mel - Algeria, located in southern Algeria (520 km south of the capital) and home to one of the largest gas fields in the world. We are interested in highlighting the urbanization control strategies through the exurbanization process as a pilot project of the Algerian environmental policy, with a focus on the relocation project, which is one of the ten stakes of exurbanization and representing the primary factor of success or failure of this process. We favored a temporal and spatial comparative approach based on the questionnaire and the directive interview. We targeted a sample of 160 households residing in the slum of Hassi R'mel before exurbanization and 120 households among them relocated in the new city of Bellil. This survey was supplemented by semi-structured interviews conducted with 22 local urban operation actors. By analyzing their responses as well as official statistics, the results obtained show a strong inadequacy of these new places of residence to the aspirations and way of life of the households in particular at the sociocultural, spatial and environmental levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the recent decades, new cities have been set up around Iranian main cities, after exclusive pre-planning and investigations. However, no significant research studies have concentrated on the level of place attachment (PA) and residential satisfaction (RS) of those residing in these areas, with regard to the existing apparent differences compared to older cities. The present study took advantage from the data gathered in Sadra new city initially to examine PA as a second order factor and then, to assess its relationship with RS. To do so, a survey was conducted on 201 respondents from Sadra new city and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to explore research model. The results of these analyses confirmed that PA as a second order factor consists of four identified dimensions, namely: place identity, place dependence, place social bonding, and place affect. Moreover, SEM analysis indicated appropriate level of goodness of fit demonstrated by the model proposed in this study, showing positive and significant effect of PA variable on RS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Egyptian government set out in the 1970s to establish new cities in the desert to absorb urban sprawl and to prevent further depletion of agricultural lands. Despite such efforts, this policy has not met with much success. In the present study, LANDSAT satellite imagery and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to investigate the nature of urban sprawl in one of the most important cities in Egypt, Asyut city, as well as the area connecting it to New Asyut city by quantifying the interaction between the driving forces of land use/cover change. Various socioeconomic factors associated with land control policy were examined. The results indicated that whereas directing urban development towards the new city created a semblance of balance initially, the rate of land development in the study area outstripped the rate of population growth, especially in the new city. While establishment of the new city boosted early urban development, further development in the regions outside the Nile valley was not sustained due to a lack of supportive governmental policies. Consequently, urban residents moved back inside the valley to re-settle on agricultural lands adjacent to the old urban cores. This study is the first to quantify the driving forces of land use in this region. It offers useful data to guide planned and purposeful expansion of urban land by government policy-makers in their effort to curb urban sprawl and prevent further encroachment on agricultural land in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerated development of new urban areas has an impact on changes in the spatial use and complexity of ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to analyze (1) spatial transformation works as a determinant of changes in the social formation of local communities in the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga; (2) process of social interaction and social adaptation between immigrants and local communities in new social formations in the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga; and (3) the effect of spatial use, changes in social formation, and work differentiation on the socio-economic sustainability of local communities. The research method used involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were obtained by observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The results of the study show that spatial transformation has an impact on changing the single social formations of local communities into multiple social formations and transforming differences in modes of production between migrants and local communities into changes in the order of life of local communities. These changing interactions and social adaptations cause changes in the social structures and cultural patterns of local communities. Furthermore, changes in spatial use, social formation, and job differentiation have a significant effect on the socio-economic sustainability of local communities, with a coefficient of determination of 97.7%. This study recommends considering environmental, economic, and sociocultural factors followed by government decision-making for the future development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga, Makassar City.

Many new cities and new areas in China are planning to build a Central Park. Taking New York Central Park as an example, this study analyzed the design of ecological environment, the people-oriented planning and the sustainable development of it, and summarized the enlightenment to the planning of China's Central Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2000, the outskirts of major North African cities have become the stage of many urban developments, undertaken with a project approach. These major projects were subjected to exhaustive research particularly regarding their political and institutional dimensions. However, their actual socio-spatial effects have not yet been fully disclosed.The purpose of this article is to contribute to this field of research, and more specifically on the subject of the “social reception” of urban planning projects, in this case: “new towns”. Based on the situation analysis and appraisal of the inhabited space of the “new towns” of Ali Mendjeli and Tamansourt, respectively located in the outskirts of Constantine (Algeria) and Marrakech (Morocco), we endeavored to verify whether or not forms of urbanity were emerging in the re-territorialized areas as a result of these projects. In other words, do the inhabitants of “new towns” perceive their space as a city?

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The resettlement of the Indonesian capital, from Jakarta in Java, to Palangkaraya in Central Borneo, regularly occurs as a main political project since almost half of a century. The purpose of this article is to draw back the story of this new town, founded at the end of the 1950’s, and to question the object of such a decision.

The feasibility study for planning of the new city covers the materials related with various aspects of planning and design activity: decisions on accommodation of construction objects, development scheme of industry, district planning, field surveys and so on. Some of them are included in the planning assignment or obtained through pre-project surveys. However, the main content of the feasibility study is the result of the direct project work of architects, economists and engineers in drafting process of the master plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new cities design in Iraq has taken a unique dimensions with no clear policies or sustainable legislation to control it , the urban growth goes in reversed path from the center of the capital “Baghdad” to the edges and outskirts of the city which described as a reversed immigration .Also, the over growth habitats with the high land price problems made cities crowded from inside ready to explode to outside as the plans the government has put for years .All those major problems made a sustainable design policy suggestion urgent for the coming period of building new sustainable cities to sustain Baghdad and the other states in all Iraq in the future . The main problem research: is that “There isn’t a clear vision for a sustainable new cities design policies to sustain Iraqi cities”, and the hypothesis to solve the research problem is “using the sustainable policy elements in new cities design should be a national policy for sustaining the Iraqi cities in the future”. The research objective was to spot the light on the design policies used in planning the new cities in Iraq and to modify it for sustaining the city of Baghdad, The research has taken examples of planned not built cities with city under construction to measure the sustainable design policies that must be in future states and new cities all over Iraq . The results came positive for the case study cities that used a sustainable elements policy in the planning process. In conclusion, this research recommends to use sustainable design policies in future site planning process.

This Article surveys the correspondence between Hashtgerd new city operation in surplus population of Tehran metropolis and Karaj with foregone primary aims. Thus, the past habitation main reasons of migration, approval rate and tendency for survival in Hashtgerd new city by households resident have been studied. The researches of this survey show although Hashtgerd new city lags behind foregone programs but its role and predicted operation in surplus population attraction of Tehran metropolis and Karaj and rooms provision with low trend becoming accomplishment

New city Golbahar has constructed in the northwest of Mashhad and attracted population from 1995. By formation of this city the villages of this area, instead of relating to the other cities as Mashhad and Chenaran, have interacted and affiliated to this city in many fields. In this research, required data has been gathered by library study, interviews and questionnaires. According to studies, Golbahar, in addition to attract excess people of Mashhad has had various impacts on villages of this area which these impacts lead to establishment of rural attraction and influencing area. Since many of these impacts were uninvited, it is necessary to take into consideration the studies of comprehensive and detailed plan, available hypothesis about traditional relationships between city and villages and the transformations of these relationships.

In 1965, plans for building five new cities were implemented in the outskirts of Paris. Among these new cities, Melun-Sénart – the most recent of them – was not allowed to build its centre until 1985. In 1986, Melun-Sénart, by then called simply Sénart, launched an idea contest for the creation of its centre but the winning project wasn’t followed through. Instead, the city developer put forward a new project named the “Carré Sénart”. A 1.4km2 area, it was designed to become the city centre. It was subdivided into an orthogonal framework in which most notably a shopping mall was inserted. It now draws ca. 10 million visitors each year and has become the city’s common space. This paper revisits the onset and development of the project so as to understand how a city project initially launched by the State ended up with a shopping mall as city centre.

Through the impetus of the 1965 “Schéma directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme” (Strategic plan for land development and city planning), five new cities were built in the 1960s in the outskirts of Paris. Their development suggests the will to meet precise urban needs sometimes coupled with space availability, and services and equipment offers then thought of as innovative. Maurepas – until 1984 part of the new built-up area of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - was shaped in part by these aspirations. Today, its population is ageing and its urban layout reflects power struggles and is characterized by partitioning and relative uniformity. The city’s design hints at a will to build “a new style of urban life” (Gladieu, 2003). During this evolution, trailblazing middle-class households settled the area and took centre stage. They were driven by a belief in a new city where everything was to be built and that offered new perspectives in terms of personal space. They are now over sixty. Forty years after they settled in, their discourse on the city shows several sources of tension: on the one hand, tensions between rural and urban areas, and on the other, tensions between adherence, differentiation and reflexivity. These tensions can be paralleled with the city’s evolution and the way public debates on urban forms are being framed. These different elements lead us to consider the existing resistances and projections as well as the subjectivization processes they sometimes reveal.

Abstract: In the early 1990s, the Malaysian government conceived of a new federal administrative capital built from a tabula rasa on former oil palm and rubber plantations called Putrajaya. It was designed to be the new home to all of Malaysia’s federal government ministries and national level civil servants, host all diplomatic activities for the country, and function as a potent symbol of the nation’s ambitious modernization agenda and of its new ‘progressive Muslim’ identity. As one of many new cities recently built as seats of power in Southeast Asia and the ‘global south’, Putrajaya is emblematic of the trend of former colonies to reject the colonial capital and to replace it with a city that symbolizes the state’s national ideology and aspirations. This article provides a brief overview of the history and development of Malaysian urbanism that set the stage for the creation of Putrajaya and critically examines its claims of being ‘green’. Particular attention is paid to how a national identity has been constructed through the design of the city. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Forest City is a new city project being built from scratch on four artificial islands off the coast of Malaysia by one of China's largest property developers. Designed to accommodate up to 700,000 people, Forest City is created by and for Chinese nationals as a gated, luxury enclave in Malaysia. While Forest City is built on top of Malaysia's largest seagrass field and destroys or damages coastal mangroves, the project is branded as a futuristic model green city, featuring dramatic green walls and lush gardens with intricate planting. The project is conceived as a superstructure, with the surface of the city dedicated to parks and gardens, recreational uses, and pedestrians and cyclists, while car traffic and parking is supposedly relegated underground. Building on recent critical scholarship on urban greening and colonial greening approaches, this article examines the power dynamics and multi-scalar politics of urban greening in a new foreign-built green city. Beyond simply reflecting a growing global enthusiasm for nature in cities, Forest City strategically promotes a particular narrative of urban greening as a way to preclude criticism while serving the project's economic and geopolitical goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]