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A study on unbundling of energy markets with relation to energy reforms is presented.

A research analyzes how institutional conditions affect policy and planning processes for wind energy implementation in the Netherlands from the perspective of building institutional capacity for ecological modernization. The inadequate implementation is because policy community around wind power is characterized by fragmentation and mistrust due to lack of structural incorporation of public and societal stakeholders in policy-making and planning.

The analysis of the production and management functions of Dutch industries, after the implementation of the voluntary agreement on energy efficiency, MJA2, in the Netherlands, is presented.

The evaluation of two energy saving packages for households, under the White Certificates scheme of the Dutch government, is presented. The measurement of energy efficiency in Dutch households is described.

A study examining the energy policies of countries like the United States, Germany, Netherlands and Sweden, that encourages the production of energy from renewable resources, is presented.

The strategy developed by Novem for orienting housing associations in Netherlands towards energy conservation is discussed and analyzed. The factors that influence the energy-relevant behavior of housing association and the policies devised to control energy conservation by this group are discussed. Novem, the Dutch agency for Energy and Environment, was assigned the task for developing such a strategy by the Dutch Ministry of Environmental Affairs.

The two long-term energy proposals of Netherlands, contemplating reduction of emission of GreenHouse Gases by almost 80% by 2050 are analyzed. Both the proposals prove that economic growth can move in tandem with reduction of GHG emissions. The various means to achieve reduction in GreenHouse Gases emissions and develop sustainable energy systems are also discussed.

The research investigates the manner in which the methods of learning influenced the wind power industries in the Netherlands and Denmark. The results indicate that the manufacturing and implementation successes in Denmark and relatively poor progresses in the Netherlands are the results of contrast learning mechanisms between the two countries.

Energy from biomass is one of the most important renewable energy source in the Netherlands, but many projects using biomass are considerably delayed or abandoned. The discrepancies between national policy goals and their actual implementation are discussed.

A new study investigates the political and economic aspects of the mode and pattern of exploitation of the Groningen gasfield, the Netherlands, and analyses the effect of European gas market liberalization on its traditional role in the gas supply system.

In this article, the Dutch and American authors examine a recent Dutch experience in reinventing a key urban service in Rotterdam. The study focus is on the creation of a public authority, the Urban Energy Corporation (UEC), to replace the former municipal electric power department. The comparative study develops from an American perspective where public authorities are viewed with considerable skepticism and distrust. The authors address two questions in their inquiry. First, how closely does UEC (later ENACO) conform to the structural and functional requisites of an American public authority? Here the authors apply Donald Axelrod's twelve-part 'Duck Test' as a measure of conformity between the two countries. The second line of inquiry seeks to determine whether UEC will be subjected to accountability pitfalls similar to those experienced by American public authorities. The authors find that, while the Dutch have embedded certain oversight checks on the UEC charter, there is cause for some concern that UEC could become too profit oriented and that it is already too far removed from citizen oversight.

Passage of the 1989 Electricity Act in Netherlands failed to effect substantial changes in the country's electricity sector. The legislation, enacted primarily to give way for the separation of oil production and distribution sectors, did not create the intended cost minimization benefits. The failure of the cost pooling system is not only attributed to the lack of cooperation among industry members, but the inefficient legal implementation and the smoothing effect of the National Basic Tariff, as well.

A normative structure for the European electricity industry is applied to the energy systems of the Netherland and the United Kingdom. It compares the structures of open competition and vertical integration and evaluates the two using the criteria of sustainability, economic efficiency, regulatory efficiency, institutional feasibility, and equity. Results show the open structure to have better overall performance over vertical integration giving consumers more control and allowing for more marginal cost pricing.

The Netherlands' goal of producing 1,000 megawatts of wind power by the year 2000 may not be feasible. Wind energy production likely will only total about 300 megawatts by 2000 because a lack of available sites has retarded the production of turbines. Analysts suggest that to increase energy production, The Netherlands' wind energy policy must be enhanced by making sites available in the long term, by giving incentives to utilities to increase energy yield and by taking away development responsibilities from the utilities.

The Netherlands worked with Great Britain on nuclear energy from 1950 onwards. The period in question falls naturally into four phases: an agreement on the exchange of British uranium metal rods for Dutch uranium oxide, an agreement by the British to supply one kilogram of Uranium-235, a non-governmental agreement on cooperation concluded in Mar 1956, and a failed attempt at governmental cooperation in 1958. At the end of this time the European nuclear coalition, EURATOM, pressured the Dutch not to act alone.

Feasible energy efficiency improvements in the Netherlands to the year 2000 are studied. Emissions could be cut 41% by initiating 300 energy conservation methods suggested on a database, although better conservation incentives may be needed. The Dutch government's proposed energy efficiency improvement of around 20% during 1990-2000 could be attained by initiating net negative costs for cuts in emissions of CO2 combined with energy conservation.

The Netherlands constructed 85 combined heat and power (CHP) plants with a total capacity of 1200 MW between 1968 and 1988. However, measures designed to stimulate industrial CHP only began in 1978, when the government established investment grants, investment credits, tariffs and subsidies. These measures had a considerable impact on the profitability of CHP investment.

INTRODUCTION Host Governments have always been anxious to procure a share of the fruits of petroleum exploitation. In most countries of the world petroleum rights are vested in the state, [...]

Byline: Linda Manon Kamp Both in the Netherlands and in Denmark, policies to develop a wind turbine industry and to install a large wind turbine capacity were started in the 1970s. However, the outcomes of these policies were very different. A flourishing wind turbine industry developed in Denmark, whereas in the Netherlands, a few companies started building wind turbines in the 1980s and 1990s, but presently no wind turbine producers exist. How can this difference be explained? A number of factors can be pinpointed. The main factors are the following: firstly, different technological choices were made; secondly, different policies were introduced for wind turbine owners in both countries; thirdly, the opinion of the utilities regarding wind energy in both countries was very different. Nowadays, both countries are focusing on offshore wind energy. The policy measures that are introduced and the technical choices that are made are path dependent. In other words, they follow from the policy measures and the technical choices in the past. How can the mistakes that were made in the past be avoided and what lessons can be learned for the future? We will elaborate on that in this paper.

Building-integrated PV started receiving attention in the Netherlands around 1990. Attention has ever since been focusing on the integration of PV into new dwellings. Efforts have resulted in cost reductions, performance improvements, the development of new integration products and the creation of a network with utilities, property developers, architects, building companies and local authorities. PV system costs have been reduced by one third, to 5 Euro in 2000. System performance has gone up slightly during the reporting period, further reducing the costs per unit energy produced. Inverter costs have gone down from 1.5 Euro/Wp in 1991 to 0.5 Euro/Wp in 2000. Concerning integration into buildings and the building process, the Netherlands PV programme has been concentrating on developing products for low-cost integration into sloped roofs of new buildings. Watertight profile systems have been developed, tested, and applied in projects on a growing scale. The costs for building integration have come down due to improvements in integration systems, the electric system and in installation procedures. Projects have also been carried out on an increasing scale to learn about the integration of PV into the building process. In total, a capacity of more than 8 MW was installed by the end of the year 1999, with projects ranging from individual dwellings and offices to solar cities such as the Nieuw Sloten project in Amsterdam (250 kWp) and Nieuwland in Amersfoort (1 MW). Now, at the turn of the century, plans are being derived to give PV the `boost' to become commercially viable within the next 7 to 10 years. For this, an ambitious goal is being formulated by government together with the PV industry, utilities, the building sector and others involved in PV in the Netherlands. Already in the mid-1990s, the long-term energy programme of the ministry of Economic Affairs set the target at an installed PV capacity of 250 MWp by the year 2010. In order to achieve a commercially viable market within the next 7 to 10 years, however, a goal of 500 MWp installed PV capacity would be required. Recent research shows that such a target is ambitious, but achievable if supported by dedicated government programmes, investments by industry and contributions of the building and utility sector.