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Introduction: Ophthalmia neonatorum is a severe, sight-threatening condition that occurs in neonates worldwide. Etiological factors include chemical agents, viruses, and bacteria, such as Neisseria...

Introduccion: La transmision vertical de Chlamydia trachomatis se presenta del 60% -70% en los hijos de madres infectadas y el riesgo de adquirir conjuntivitis por Chlamydia trachomatis en estos neonatos varia entre el 18% al 70%. Objetivo : detectar la Chlamydia trachomatis por medio de qPCR (Reaccion en Cadena de la Polimerasa por Tiempo Real) en los sacos conjuntivales en recien nacidos por parto normal. Metodos: Se realizo un estudio no experimental, transversal, analizando muestras procedentes de 178 ninos nacidos vivos, en el Hospital Gineco-obstetrico Isidro Ayora, se determino la presencia de Chlamydia trachomatis en muestras de saco conjuntival, por medio de la reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa los laboratorios de Biologia Molecular de la Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador. Resultados: la edad gestacional de los neonatos mas frecuente es a termino 75.29% que corresponde a 124 pacientes, resultados positivos para Chlamydia trachomatis por qPCR fueron 19 que corresponde al 10.7% y los resultados negativos 159 que corresponde al 89.3% de pacientes, el grupo de edad materna de los neonatos con resultados positivos para Chlamydia trachomatis por qPCR, mas frecuente es el de 14 -19 anos con 31.5%. Conclusiones: La conjuntivitis neonatal por Chlamydia trachomatis es una entidad de subdiagnosticada, que no responde al tratamiento con antibioticos topicos habituales, donde la amplificacion de acidos nucleicos por medio de la qPCR ha sido un importante avance en el diagnostico, debido a que la amplificacion es extremadamente sensible (capaz de detectar una sola copia genomica) y altamente especifica, inclusive en pacientes asintomaticos. Abstract Introduction : The vertical transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis occurs in 60% -70% in the children of infected mothers and the risk of contracting Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis in these affected neonates between 18% and 70%. Objective : to detect Chlamydia trachomatis by means of qPCR (Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction) in the conjunctival sacs in newborns by normal delivery. Methods: A non-experimental, cross-sectional study was carried out, analyzing analyzed samples of 178 live-born children, at the Gyneco-obstetric Hospital Isidro Ayora, the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival sac samples was determined by means of the chain reaction of polymerase molecular biology laboratories of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador. Results : the most frequent gestational age of the neonates is at term 75.29% corresponding to 124 patients, positive results for Chlamydia trachomatis by qPCR were 19 corresponding to 10.7% and negative results 159 corresponding to 89.3% of patients, the group of maternal age of neonates with positive results for Chlamydia trachomatis by qPCR, more frequent is that of 14-19 years with 31.5%. Conclusions: Chlamydia trachomatis neonatal conjunctivitis is an underdiagnosed entity, which does not respond to treatment with usual topical antibiotics, where nucleic acid amplification by means of qPCR has been an important advance in diagnosis, due to extremely sensitive amplification. (capable of detecting a single genomic copy) and highly specific, including in asymptomatic patients

Health education is key in the prevention of Ophthalmia Neonatorum (ON). However, health education in relation to eye care in Ghana is very low. To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of mothers on Ophthalmia Neonatorum (eye infection in newborns), a descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted, using a standardised interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data. Using a consecutive sampling technique, we enrolled 407 mothers to participate in the study. The overall KAPs of the study participants were assessed using the sum score of each outcome based on Bloom’s cut-off point. Completed data was then analysed using descriptive statistics with SPSS version 22.0 at the level of P < .05. Out of the 407 participants, 321 (78.9%) had not heard about Ophthalmia Neonatorum with nearly 93% having low levels of knowledge on the neonatal infection. We found a significant association between formal education ( P = .001), skilled occupation ( P = .008) and a high level of knowledge on Ophthalmia Neonatorum. The study highlights the need to find improved and alternative methods of educating mothers on Ophthalmia Neonatorum in the bid to reduce blindness attributed to the condition.

Chlamydial infections in humans are widely distributed and are responsible for a variety of acute and chronic diseases. Both Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae can lead to chronic conditions that have been linked to complications and sequelae. This study aimed to develop a culture method in order to detect in vitro antichlamydial activity of different extracts obtained from native Argentinian plants used as antimicrobials in local ethnomedicine and to evaluate their inhibitory activity over Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae growth. The inhibitory activity over different stages of the chlamydial life cycle on cell culture was assessed: the entry, the inclusion developing after entry, and the exponential growth stage. Also, the capability of rendering the cell refractory to chlamydial infection by pre-incubation with the extracts was assayed. Inhibitory activity of water-based and organic-based extracts obtained from Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. (Araliaceae), Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Hybanthus parviflorus (Mutis ex L.f.) Baill. (Violaceae) were tested against five strains of Chlamydia trachomatis (L2/434/BU and four clinical isolates form both neonatal conjunctivitis and adult genital infections, genotypes D, E, and K) and against Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. The Hydrocotyle bonariensis dichloromethane extract showed a broad inhibitory activity over the exponential growth stage of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae independently from the chlamydial strain and the cell line. These results suggest a high inhibitory potential on both Chlamydiae species. In order to characterize the Hydrocotyle bonariensis dichloromethane active extract, an 1H-NMR was performed. The 1H-NMR characterization showed a spectrum with characteristic signals of the fatty acid moiety of lipids or cerebrosides, volatile phenolics, phytosterols, methyl triterpenes signals, and glucose moiety of the cerebrosides., Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydia pneumoniae; Antichlamydial activity; Argentinian medicinal plant; Hydrocotyle bonariensis.

BackgroundNeonatal ocular prophylaxis with silver nitrate does not prevent neonatal conjunctivitis due toChlamydia trachomatis. The efficacy of antibiotic containing preparations for prevention of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis (NCC) has not been established.ObjectiveTo examine published literature to determine whether antibiotic containing preparation are efficacious for prevention of NCC andC. trachomatisin the nasopharynx.MethodsA literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE. Articles were selected for review if their content included 4 key criteria: (1) Prospective/comparative study. (2) Prenatal screening of mothers forC. trachomatiswith results reported. (3) Follow-up of infants born to chlamydia-positive women. (4) Infants prospectively followed at regular intervals and tested forC. trachomatisin the eye/ nasopharynx (NP).ResultsThe search yielded 159 studies; 11 were selected for full reviews, eight were excluded; three addressed the four criteria. Rates ofC. trachomatisconjunctivitis in infants in included studies who received silver nitrate was 20–33%; positive NP, 1–28% and pneumonia, 3–8%. Rates ofC. trachomatisconjunctivitis in neonates who received erythromycin or tetracycline prophylaxis did not differ from silver nitrate; 0–15 and 11%, respectively, who received erythromycin or tetracycline developed NCC. Similarly, 4–33 and 5% of infants who received erythromycin or tetracycline, respectively, had positive NP cultures; 0–4% developed chlamydial pneumonia.ConclusionNeonatal ocular prophylaxis with erythromycin or tetracycline ophthalmic ointments does not reduce incidence of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis or respiratory infection in infants born to mothers withC. trachomatisinfection compared to silver nitrate.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are the main pathogenic microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections. In this study, a multiplex thermostable recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow detection (RPA-LFD) assay was established, and the reaction conditions such as the ratio of primer concentration, magnesium ion concentration, amplification time and template DNA concentration in the multiplex RPA reaction were optimized. The optimized multiplex RPA-LFD method was used to detect both CT and NG positive control plasmids, and it was found that the LFD could be used to obtain visible results when the plasmid copy number was only 200. The sensitivity of the multiplex RPA-LFD method used for clinical samples was 85.62 (95% CI at 53.66–97.29) for NG detection and 90.90 (95% CI at 57.12–99.52) for CT detection.

BACKGROUND: Ophthalmia neonatorum is an infection of the eyes in newborns that can lead to blindness, particularly if the infection is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antiseptic or antibiotic medication is dispensed into the eyes of newborns, or dispensed systemically, soon after delivery to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis and potential vision impairment. OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine if any type of systemic or topical eye medication is better than placebo or no prophylaxis in preventing ophthalmia neonatorum. 2. To determine if any one systemic or topical eye medication is better than any other medication in preventing ophthalmia neonatorum. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and three trials registers, date of last search 4 October 2019. We also searched references of included studies and contacted pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of any topical, systemic, or combination medical interventions used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns compared with placebo, no prophylaxis, or with each other. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methods expected by Cochrane. Outcomes were: blindness or any adverse visual outcome at 12 months, conjunctivitis at 1 month (gonococcal (GC), chlamydial (CC), bacterial (BC), any aetiology (ACAE), or unknown aetiology (CUE)), and adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS: We included 30 trials with a total of 79,198 neonates. Eighteen studies were conducted in high‐income settings (the USA, Europe, Israel, Canada), and 12 were conducted in low‐ and middle‐income settings (Africa, Iran, China, Indonesia, Mexico). Fifteen of the 30 studies were quasi‐randomised. We judged every study to be at high risk of bias in at least one domain. Ten studies included a comparison arm with no prophylaxis. There were 14 different prophylactic regimens and 12 different medications in the 30 included studies. Any prophylaxis compared to no prophylaxis Unless otherwise indicated, the following evidence comes from studies assessing one or more of the following interventions: tetracycline 1%, erythromycin 0.5%, povidone‐iodine 2.5%, silver nitrate 1%. None of the studies reported data on the primary outcomes: blindness or any adverse visual outcome at any time point. There was only very low‐certainty evidence on the risk of GC with prophylaxis (4/5340 newborns) compared to no prophylaxis (5/2889) at one month (risk ratio (RR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 2.65, 3 studies). Low‐certainty evidence suggested there may be little or no difference in effect on CC (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.61, 4874 newborns, 2 studies) and BC (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.93, 3685 newborns, 2 studies). Moderate‐certainty evidence suggested a probable reduction in risk of ACAE at one month (RR 0.65, 95% 0.54 to 0.78, 9666 newborns, 8 studies assessing tetracycline 1%, erythromycin 0.5%, povidone‐iodine 2.5%, silver nitrate 1%, colostrum, bacitracin‐phenacaine ointment). There was only very low‐certainty evidence on CUE (RR 1.75, 95% CI 0.37 to 8.28, 330 newborns, 1 study). Very low‐certainty evidence on adverse effects suggested no increased nasolacrimal duct obstruction (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.28, 404 newborns, 1 study of erythromycin 0.5% and silver nitrate 1%) and no increased keratitis (single study of 40 newborns assessing silver nitrate 1% with no events). Any prophylaxis compared to another prophylaxis Overall, evidence comparing different interventions did not suggest any consistently superior intervention. However, most of this evidence was of low‐certainty and was extremely limited. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no data on whether prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum prevents serious outcomes such as blindness or any adverse visual outcome. Moderate‐certainty evidence suggests that the use of prophylaxis may lead to a reduction in the incidence of ACAE in newborns but the evidence for effect on GC, CC or BC was less certain. Comparison of individual interventions did not suggest any consistently superior intervention, but data were limited. A trial comparing tetracycline, povidone‐iodine (single administration), and chloramphenicol for GC and CC could potentially provide the community with an effective, universally applicable prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum.

Background: Pregnant women with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections can vertically transmit these microorganisms to their newborns through the birth canal and cause neonatal conjunctivitis secondary to sexually transmitted infections. Objectives: In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections among pregnant women attending a hospital in Tehran, and also determine the vertical transmission rate of these two organisms to the eyes of newborns after vaginal delivery. Methods: Endocervical and conjunctival swabs were collected from pregnant women and their newborns within 24 hours after birth. Demographic and clinical data of participants were obtained using a questionnaire and from the hospital records. Then, DNA was extracted and tested by a multiplex PCR assay to detect C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in specimens. Results: Genital infections of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were detected in 9.6% (11 of 125) and 1.6% (2 of 125) of pregnant women, respectively. Among newborns, ocular infection with C. trachomatis was detected in 2 (1.6%), and no case of N. gonorrhoeae infection was found. Both infected infants were born from asymptomatic infected women. Therefore, the vertical transmission rate of C. trachomatis infection was calculated as 18.1%. Our results also revealed that ocular C. trachomatis infection in neonates is significantly in association with genital C. trachomatis infection in pregnant women (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.03 - 0.7, P = 0.002). Conclusions: Pregnant women with asymptomatic infection of C. trachomatis have a key role in the distribution of chlamydial conjunctivitis in newborns. Since ocular prophylaxis in neonates is not effective for chlamydial conjunctivitis, therefore education and screening of pregnant women, as well as treatment of infected cases, remain as the best approach for controlling the disease.

Background: Vision screening in infants is an important part of the medical care of children as some eye abnormalities, if not treated in the first few months or years of life, can lead to irreversible vision loss. Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to identify ocular anomalies among infants attending immunization clinics in Nigeria and refer promptly and appropriately. Methodology: Infants were screened across 6 immunization clinics. Screening activities included relevant ocular history, vision assessment, external ocular examination, ocular motility, Hirschberg’s test, pupil examination, and the red reflex test. Infants with abnormal findings were referred for comprehensive eye examination. Result: Of the 142 infants who underwent vision screening, 29 were referred. These referrals were either as a result of ocular abnormalities (n = 22) or presence of risk factors from history (n = 7). The prevalence of ocular abnormalities was 15.5% and neonatal conjunctivitis (38%), was the commonest ocular abnormality found. Others were bacterial conjunctivitis (14%), nasolacrimal duct obstruction (14%), strabismus (14%), capillary hemangiomas (10%), iris nevi (5%), and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (5%). Of the 7 infants referred based on history alone, 6 (85.7%) had a history of prematurity. Conclusion: Conjunctivitis, strabismus, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and capillary hemangioma are some of the prevalent disorders seen in infants at immunization clinics in Nigeria. Babies at risk of retinopathy of prematurity (preterm birth and oxygen therapy) can be identified. Immunization clinics can serve as good points of vision screening for infants in developing countries to facilitate prompt referral and treatment.

Ophthalmia neonatorum or neonatal conjunctivitis refers to conjunctival inflammation with associated discharge. Onset is within the first 28 days of life and transmission is by delivery via an infected birth canal. The majority of cases are bacterial, the most common bacterial agent being chlamydia; however, it is crucial to consider a viral cause.1 An often underestimated and potentially blinding cause is the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which although common in adults is rare in infants.2 Despite its rare occurrence, GPs must have a high suspicion of HSV conjunctivitis on initial presentation because misdiagnosis in a newborn with an immature immune system has sight-threatening consequences.1,2 Figures 1⇓–3 show a case example of the consequences of late diagnosis. Figure 1. Mother experienced herpetic genital lesions 2 days after vaginal delivery. Onset of neonate’s symptoms on day 5, treated as bacterial infection. Late diagnosis of HSV-1 at week 3 (fluorescein staining). Figure 2. One week after admission. Figure 3. Follow-up 10 months after initial review. Final diagnosis: right-eye herpetic disease (permanent scarring) with secondary glaucoma eventually requiring tube shunt surgery. HSV infections are not always apparent clinically and are common worldwide, with humans being the natural reservoirs. A key feature of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections is their latency in neural ganglia, a lifelong burden. During its many short reproductive cycles of activation, the virus …

Background Globally, the estimated annual number of new cases of curable sexually transmitted infections occurring among young people aged 15–24 years is approximately 178.5 million. There are fragmented and inconsistent findings on preventive practices for sexually transmitted infections. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis protocol aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of preventive practices of sexually transmitted infections and identify its determinants among young people in Ethiopia. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) will be used to develop the review protocol. Online databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Google, and Google Scholar will be used to search published and unpublished studies. The Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument will be used to assess the quality of the study. Statistical heterogeneity will be checked using the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression will be performed to identify the sources of heterogeneity. The statistical analysis will be performed using STATA version 14 software. A random-effects model will be performed to estimate the pooled prevalence and identify determinants of preventive practices of sexually transmitted infections. Discussion Young people have a high unmet need for sexual and reproductive health services and poor preventive practices toward sexually transmitted infections. Although there are studies on preventive practices for sexually transmitted infections, there is no study finding on the pooled prevalence of preventive practices for sexually transmitted infections and its determinants among young people in Ethiopia. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will help to develop appropriate strategies.

Aim Our aim was to study prospectively the aetiology of neonatal conjunctivitis in a population‐based setting. Methods Altogether 173 neonates with clinical conjunctivitis aged on average 20 (SD 10) days were recruited from child welfare clinics in Oulu, Finland, in 2010–2015. Conjunctival specimens were collected from 167 neonates for multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect 16 respiratory viruses, from 163 for polymerase chain reaction to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and from 160 for bacterial culture studies. The cases were followed up until the age of 18 months. Results Viral conjunctivitis was diagnosed in 8/167 (4.8%; 95% CI 2.1–9.2%), chlamydial or gonococcal conjunctivitis in 0/163 cases (0%; 95% CI 0–2.2%) and other bacterial conjunctivitis in 58/160 (36%; 95% CI 29–44%). Rhinovirus was found at the ocular site in 4/167 (2.4%) neonates, adenovirus in 3/167 (1.8%) and bocavirus in 1/167 (0.6%). The most commonly isolated bacteria included Staphylococcus aureus (16%), Moraxella catarrhalis (9.4%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (3.1%). None of these pathogens was associated with the 4/173 (2.3%) cases later operated on for persistent nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Conclusion Chlamydia trachomatis was a rare pathogen in neonatal conjunctivitis in a population‐based setting, but respiratory viruses were detected more frequently than indicated earlier.

Background The aim of the project is to retrospectively study the changes in bacterial pathogens in acute neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis from 2002 to 2016 in Southern China. The results may provide the guidance for drug choice for acute neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis. Methods Secretion specimens for bacterial culture were taken from 485 cases with clinically diagnosed acute bacterial neonatal conjunctivitis. Bacterial pathogens were detected by Gram staining and subsequent bacterial culture. Results From the analysis of the bacterial pathogens in 485 cases of acute neonatal conjunctivitis patients from 2002 to 2016 in Southern China, there is an overall trend of decreasing detection of Gram-positive bacteria and increasing detection of Gram-negative bacteria from the conjunctival sac secretions. Gram-positive bacteria in the bacteria-positive samples dropped year by year from 82.6% in 2002 to 72.4% in 2016. Accordingly, the ratio of Gram-negative bacteria increased from 17.4% in 2002 to 27.6% in 2016. Of note, despite the overall trend, there was a significant increase in detection of Gram-positive bacteria and decrease in detection of Gram-negative bacteria from 2011 to 2012. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, there is a trend of increasing percentage of the opportunistic pathogens (an ~60% increase in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophytic) and decreasing percentage of Staphylococcus aureus (~30% decrease) and hemolytic streptococcus (~20% decrease) in the last 15 years. The main Gram-negative bacterium is Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Overall, there is a change in the pattern of bacterial species in acute neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis in Southern China in the last 15 years. Conclusion Our study provides a trend analysis of the bacterial pathogens in the conjunctival sac secretions of the acute neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis patients in Southern China in recent years. This data could provide useful information regarding the treatment options for neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis.

The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency and age distribution of different Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) genotypes causing ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) in Hungary. Using CT specific PCR, we tested 76 conjunctival samples from symptomatic infants up to 3 months old in the National Centre for Epidemiology, Budapest between 2008 and 2016. CT tested positive in 30 of 76 conjunctival samples (39.5 %). The sequencing of the positive samples was successful in every case but one, and resulted in 48% dominance for genotype E (14/29), followed by 24% for genotype G (7/29), 10% for J (3/29), 6.9% for K and F (2/29), and 3.4% for H (1/29). CT must still be regarded as a common pathogen causing ON in Hungary. Routine screening and treatment of pregnant women can be recommended to prevent these conditions. Chronic ON cases can be reduced by early diagnosis. Further research is needed to explain the dominance of genotypes E and G.

BACKGROUND Neonatal conjunctivitis is eye discharge in neonates and it is a common infection in neonates in the first month of life. Worldwide, the incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis varies from 1% to 33% depending on the socioeconomic status of the people in the region. In India, the incidence varies from region to region from 0.9 to 35%. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single center prospective study. All neonates of age 0-30 days delivered and referred from neonatal ward of Chengalpattu Medical College and Hospital with complaints of eye swelling, redness, conjunctival discharge to the eye department for treatment are included in the study. RESULTS In this study, age group from 0-7 days were most commonly affected by neonatal conjunctivitis. Both eyes were commonly affected together. Neonates born by both LSCS and normal vaginal delivery were almost equally affected. The most common organism found in culture and Gram staining was staphylococci. CONCLUSION Neonatal conjunctivitis is more likely to be acquired postnatally. It acquires during the 1 st week and responds well to local application of antibiotics, which covers common causative bacteria.

Aim. Investigation of the features of epidemiological characteristics of infectious morbidity associated with medical care registered in newborns in maternity care facilities of the Republic of Tatarstan. Methods. Retrospective epidemiological study of the morbidity of infections associated with medical care registered in newborns in the Republic of Tatarstan was performed. Epidemiological analysis was carried out using the forms of Federal statistical observation №2 of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing «The information about the infectious and parasitic diseases» (section «Hospital-acquired infections»). Results. Based on the received materials epidemiological analysis of the dynamics of hospital-acquired infectious morbidity in newborns for the period from 2009 to 2015 was performed. Unidirectional trend of infectious morbidity associated with medical care and of various nosological forms was revealed. Downward trend with a negative morbidity growth rate was identified for neonatal pneumonia, osteomyelitis, pyoderma, impetigo, mastitis, panaritium and paronychia of newborns, omphalitis, phlebitis of the umbilical vein and neonatal conjunctivitis. Neonatal morbidity of hospital-acquired otitis media did not changed from the baseline. Prevalent nosological forms of infections associated with medical care among newborns were pyoderma, impetigo, mastitis, panaritium, paronychia (33.6%) and pneumonia (29.5%). Conclusion. The average morbidity of infections associated with medical care in newborns in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period from 2009 to 2015 was 13.0 per 1000 newborns; negative dynamics of the morbidity with negative morbidity growth rate in newborns during this period was revealed (-42.3%).

A baby born at home 14 hours earlier was brought to the neonatology department with bilateral upper palpebral chemosis with purulent secretions and pseudomembranes, with no general signs of infection. The gram staining of a secretion sample shows the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Intramuscular ceftriaxone treatment was initiated, combined with topical application of rifamycin, dexamethasone, and oxytetracycline. Complete healing without sequelae was obtained after two weeks. This case presents an opportunity to review this preventable pathology and its treatment. The only effective way to prevent it is to raise the awareness of disadvantaged population about the value of antenatal care.

We characterized a case of neonatal conjunctivitis in New York, USA, caused by Neisseria meningitidis by using whole-genome sequencing. The case was a rare occurrence, and the isolate obtained belonged to an emerging clade (N. meningitidis US nongroupable urethritis) associated with an increase in cases of urethritis since 2015.

Chlamydia trachomatis causes the most prevalent bacterial Sexual Transmitted Infection. In pregnant women, untreated chlamydial infections are associated with abortions, premature rupture of membranes, postpartum endometritis, low birth weight and transmission to the newborn. In Córdoba, Argentina, there is little knowledge about the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women in their third trimester of pregnancy, so, the aim of this study was to evaluate Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and genotypes present in Cordovan pregnant women with different age and socioeconomic status. Methods and findings Design: prospective study. Settings: Women population from Cordoba city, Argentina. Population: Pregnant women having 35 to 37 weeks of gestation. Methods: Five hundred and nine cervical swabs were collected. Each sample was subjected to DNA extraction and PCR for Chlamydia trachomatis using primers NRO/NLO and CTP1/CTP2. Positives samples were sequenced to determine genotype. Main outcome measures: Demographic data of the patients were collected to detect a population at risk for this infection. Results A prevalence of 6.9% (35/509) for Chlamydia trachomatis infection was detected, with 32/ 295 and 3/214 from pregnant women with low or better economic resources respectively (p = 0,0001). Results showed a significantly increased rate of 11.6% (30/258) in women under 25 years compared with 2% (5/251) in patients over that age (p = 0,00003). Genotype E was the most prevalent. Conclusions With these results, we can say that pregnant women under 25 years old and low economic resources are one of the populations in which the screening programs of Chlamydia trachomatis should focus. Fil: Kiguen, Ana Ximena. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina Fil: Marramá, Marcela. Dirección de Especialidades Médicas; Argentina Fil: Ruiz, Susana. Laboratorios Lace Sociedad Anónima; Argentina Fil: Estofan, Patricia. Centro Integral de Ginecología; Argentina Fil: Venezuela, Raul Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina Fil: Mosmann, Jessica Paola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Monetti, Marina Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina Fil: Rivero, Virginia Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; Argentina Fil: Cuffini, Cecilia Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

BACKGROUND Neonatal conjunctivitis is frequent and could benefit from daily cleansing with saline. Anyway super infections can occur and therefore antibiotics are frequently needed. Recently alternative therapies (e.g. Echinacea angustifolia) are used for neonatal conjunctivitis to try to reduce antibiotics therapy. The aim of the study was to verify if the use of gauze containing Echinacea angustifolia compared to standard sodium-chloride at the onset of conjunctivitis symptoms is effective in reducing the clinical symptoms and the risk for superinfections. METHODS The study was randomized and controlled. Neonates admitted in a tertiary level Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), with clinical signs of conjunctivitis during hospital stay, were randomized in two groups: group A (3 times daily ocular cleansing for 48 h with sterile gauze; group B (3 times daily ocular cleansing for 48 h with Iridium® baby gauze (Neoox) containing Echinacea angustifolia and pineapple sativus). An eye swab for cultural analysis was taken at time of presentation (T0) prior to treatment and at the end of ocular cleansing (T1). RESULTS Sixty-three neonates were enrolled (GrA=30 and GrB=33). At T0, eye specimen positivity was found in 16/30 (48%) in group A and in 18/33 (55%) in group B (P=0.9). No statistical differences among groups at T0 regarding culture positivity. After 48 h, babies in Gr A have significantly fewer positive swabs compared to group B (group A: 18/29, group B: 10/32; P=0.009). Neonates in group B who had negative swab at T0 had a significantly reduced risk to have positive culture at T1 (OR 0.28, CI: 0.10-0,80, P=0.01), also considering confounding factors (birth weight, gestational age, mode of delivery) (adjusted OR 0.15, CI: 0.03-0.52, P