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INTRODUCTION: The mandibular buccal shelf area is an extra‑alveolar anchorage site that has high quality and quantity of bone, provides biomechanical benefits and has low failure rates. It is essential to place the implant in the region of bone with optimal thickness. The aim of this study was to determine the suitable site of the mandibular buccal shelf for bone screw insertion at 90 degrees and 30 degrees angles of insertion and various heights, angulations, areas of the buccal shelf in prognathic and retrognathic mandibles, and vertical and horizontal growth patterns. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 48 patients in the age range of 18–30 years, divided into four groups. Seven sectional sites were examined at 3, 5, and 7 mm from the alveolar crest at 90 degrees and 30 degrees. The angulation and area of the buccal shelf were examined. RESULTS: Cortical bone thickness increased distally from the first to the second molar in all four groups. CONCLUSIONS: The preferred site for buccal shelf implant placement was distal to the mandibular second molar. The maximum amount of cortical bone was observed distal to the second molar, 7 mm vertically from the alveolar crest, when the buccal shelf implant was placed at 30 degrees angulation to the long axis of the tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective  The mandible has been used for sex determination and forensic identification due to its unique anatomy and morphology. Every part of the mandible is unique, including the shape and size of the temperomandibular joint, the ramus, the body and the symphysis region, and the inferior alveolar canal. In addition, the position and placement of the teeth within their sockets are unique for every individual. Sample Population  A study was conducted on 20 males and females to estimate sexual dimorphism using anthropometric measurements obtained by cone beam computed tomography images of the mandible of Karnataka and Kerala populations. Materials and Methods  The mean, standard deviation, and standard error along with the confidence interval of different measurements were documented. Various measurements between the sexes were compared using Student's t -test. Association between categorical variables was analyzed using the Chi-square test. A p -value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Data were analyzed using statistical SPSS software. Results  The p -value of mRBr L, GA L, and GA R among females was significantly higher in the Karnataka population when compared with that in the Kerala population. The Karnataka State population showed significantly higher values of RL R, BiGBr, and BiCBr among males, and the p -value of the Kerala population for GGL L and GGL R was significant and higher among the males. Conclusion  The data derived from the above study suggest that the mandibular anthropometric measurements used may be applied for forensic sex estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets and adhesive properties of bonded irradiated and non-irradiated teeth. Methods: Sixty-six extracted premolar samples were randomly divided into three groups—(a) Control group consisting of 22 non-irradiated, non-aged teeth (Group 1), (b) 22 non-irradiated, aged samples (Group 2) and (c) 22 irradiated, aged samples (Group 3). Irradiation was done using gamma irradiation with a fractionated dose of 60 Gy for 5 consecutive days per week over 6 weeks. Metal brackets were bonded on all samples with light cure adhesive and subjected to SBS test using universal testing machine. The samples were assessed under the scanning electron microscope to check for the adhesive remnant index (ARI) and tag depth. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean SBS of the irradiated samples compared to the non-irradiated teeth. The non-irradiated, aged samples showed a majority of ARI scoring 1 and 2. Whereas, the irradiated samples showed ARI scoring 2 and 3. Approximately, 77·3% of the non-irradiated samples showed no adhesive present on the tooth surface, and 27·2% of the irradiated samples had more than 50% adhesive present on the enamel surface. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant decrease in SBS of irradiated enamel compared to that of non-irradiated teeth. However, the SBS observed in the three groups was well above the ideal SBS for orthodontic bonding, that is, 5·6–6·8 MPa. The adhesive remnant was found on all samples of the irradiated group. Deeper adhesive resin tags were found in the irradiated group in the resin–enamel interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: The advent of the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has sparked a global crisis. Cumulatively, the modifications in patient care and financial restraints are leading to heightened levels of anxiety amongst dentists, making it imperative to comprehend the psychological health implications of the dental professionals. This study aimed to evaluate the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among Indian Dentists through an online web-based survey. Materials and Methods: The present randomized survey was designed to evaluate the anxiety levels. A total sample size of 405 was calculated. The questionnaire included demographic information and all the variables linked to probable cause of stress during clinical practices and the future prospects of the profession. The questions had to be responded on a scale of 1-10. The responses were statistically analyzed by subjecting the responses to descriptive analysis, Student's t test, and Pearson's chi-square tests. Results: A total of 405 responses were received. The levels of anxiety reported were high. Majority of the dentists were troubled by the thought of being in a highrisk profession and of transmitting the disease to others. Almost all questions were responded with a score of >5 on a scale of 1-10 depicting heightened anxiety levels. The fear levels were noted to be elevated in patients aged more than 35 years. Conclusion: Longterm unrecognized anxiety can predispose to significant psychiatric morbidity and fatigue. Identifying and acknowledging adverse factors in a crisis situation will facilitate early intervention to reduce and mitigate the impact of stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Orthodontic treatment is aimed at achieving good facial aesthetic and occlusion. Proportioned soft tissue contours form an integral part of orthodontic treatment. It is important to establish standard cephalometric norms for various population groups. The present study was aimed to establish soft tissue norms (for Orthognathic surgery) for South Indian population and to compare the values with that of Caucasian standards. Materials and methods: 50 South Indian subjects comprising of 25 males and 25 females in the age group of 18-30 years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria who were subjected to lateral cephalometric radiographic analysis. Soft tissue parameters were analysed in the study group and compared with the Caucasian group based on Burstone and Legan analysis. Results: South Indian population showed increased lower face protrusion, lower lip protrusion, upper lip protrusion and deep mentolabial sulcus in both males and females when compared to Caucasian population. An increased lower face-throat angle was seen in South Indian males. Diverse results were also seen in some other soft tissue parameters. Conclusion and clinical significance: The current study shows that certain soft tissue cephalometric parameters in South Indian population are significantly different from the Caucasian population in both males and females. The differences in both racial groups are clearly evident in the study and can thus be of utmost clinical importance while planning out orthognathic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The introduction of intraosseous screws as temporary orthodontic anchorage devices has proved successful in achieving sufficient molar distalization without major anchorage loss in Class II malocclusions. Bone-anchored pendulum appliance is used to obtain an effective and compliance-free molar distalization without anchorage loss. Aims And Objectives: This prospective study was designed to evaluate and compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects produced by 2 types of pendulum appliance with different anchorage modalities - the Bone anchored pendulum appliance (BAPA) and Conventional pendulum appliance (CPA) in subjects with Angle's Classl I malocclusion. Materialsand Methods: BAPAgroup consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.4±1.5years. The CPA group consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.6±1.1 years. Lateral cephalograms & dental casts were obtained at pre-treatment stage& after achieving Class I molar relation. Dentoalveolar, skeletal, soft tissue measurements and dental cast measurement were recorded & compared between the groups. Results and Conclusions: Successful distalization was achieved in both groups in a mean period of 6.2 months for BAPA and 5.2 months for CPA. It was concluded that, both theBAPA and CPA were effective for the distalization of maxillary molars. Though the distal molar movements obtained were similar between the BAPA and the CPA groups, anchorage loss was observed with the CPA in the form of premolar mesialization& incisor proclination, whereas absence of anchorage loss, significant spontaneous distal premolar movement, and distal incisor movement was observed with the BAPA, making it a viable choice compared to the CPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess and determine the perception of facial profile attractiveness by orthodontists and general public using Silhouette method. In addition, the orthodontists and the general public (laypeople) compared the facial profile components that they considered desirable for malesand females Methodology: 30 Subjects in the age group of 18-25 years who met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria's were selected from a local Dakshina Kannada Population. After examining each subject for his/her dental occlusion and facial profiles, profile photographs of the subjects were taken. These photographs were shown to Orthodontists and laypeople for their approval, and a subject with the most pleasing profile was selected. After the subject was selected, a lateral cephalogram was taken and various angular and linear measurements were recorded. Using the average values recorded, an androgynous facial Silhouette was constructed. These facial Silhouettes (30) were evaluated by 50 Orthodontists and 50 laymen from local population. Results: Perception differences were noted between males and females or among Orthodontists and laypeople. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was reported in all series of profiles selection for most preferred and least preferred profile among Orthodontists and laypersons and between males and female profiles. Conclusions: This study showed the perception of well balanced and imbalanced faces. In some of the variables, there was a clear contrast in preference of profiles for males and females by the Orthodontists and laypeople, while in some variables it was not. A universal standard of facial aesthetic is not applicable to diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A13 year old growing male reported with a complaint of forwardly placed upper front teeth. The case was diagnosed to be Skeletal Class II due to retrognathic mandible. Since the patient was in the growing phase, two phase treatment was planned. The First phase comprised of mandibular advancement using TWIN BLOCK. The final finishing and detailing was achieved in the Second phase of treatment using 0.022 MBT Prescription (self-legating) to produce well-aligned arches in good function and aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The successful treatment of orthognathic surgical patient is dependent on careful diagnosis. The first step in the diagnosis of the patient for orthognathic surgery is to determine the nature of the skeletal, dental and soft tissue defects. Cephalometrics for orthognathic surgery (COGS) analysis by Burstone and colleagues is especially adapted for the diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic surgery cases. Burstone and colleagues' COGS analysis are based on Caucasian whites; they may not be applicable as a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of Kerala population patients. Therefore it has become important to determine the cephalometric parameters for this ethnic group. Methodology : Cephalometric radiographs of 50 Keralite adults (25 Males and 25 Females) were analysed who met criteria of the study. The Mean values of various skeletal, dental, angular and linear measurements of Keralites were compared with the White Americans values, originally obtained by Burstone. Results : Statistically significant differences were found in the Keralite samples, who had a greater Anterior and Posterior Cranial base length,Mandibular protrusion, Lower anterior facial heights, Anterior and Posterior Dental heights, Proclined Upper and Lower incisor with less Prominent Chin in comparison to Caucasian. Interpretation and conclusion : This is indicative of disparity between cephalometric norms of Caucasians and Keralites. However conclusions can't be drawn from a single study, hence further studies to establish the cephalometric norms for different ethnic groups across the country may be advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of 23 year old male patient which was diagnosed the case of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion with a retrognathic maxilla and prognathic mandible. It discusses skeletal class III malocclusions in patients which deal with intervention using chin cups, reverse headgears, functional appliances. It includes case study of a 23 year old male patient with a chief complaint of a forwardly placed lower jaw.

Often many patients cannot be treated by orthodontics alone, and need the combined efforts of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. Such patients are treated in three phasesa phase of pre surgical orthodontics that involves basically decompensating the dentition, followed by the surgery, which is then finished with final detailing of the occlusion. This article is a case report of a skeletal bimaxillary protrusion patient, who was treated with bi- jaw surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the pre-treatment and post-treatment dental arch changes in both upper and lower arches in orthodontic patients treated with extraction of first premolar teeth. Subjects and Methods: Measurements were made on casts of 50 post treated cases in the age group of 12-30 years for individual tooth measurements, width of the arches (inter-incisal, inter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar) arch length (both right and left sides, anterior segment, posterior segment and total arch length for both for the maxillary and mandibular dental casts. Statistical Analysis Used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for Normality, Regression Analysis was done as variables were tested and proved to follow normality. Statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to compare the changes in the Class I and Class II div 1 groups. Results: There was a significant increase in the inter-incisor and inter-canine width post-treatment in the Class I and Class II div 1 subjects in the upper arch but no significant change in inter-incisor width in the lower arch in class I subjects. A significant decline in the inter-molar arch width in both the groups were seen. The inter-premolar arch width declined significantly in Class I cases while it increased significantly in Class II div 1 subjects. There was a significant increase in anterior arch length and a significant decrease in posterior arch length in all subjects. Conclusions: The findings of this original clinical research should significantly help the orthodontists in orthodontic treatment planning in patients requiring extractions of premolars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In adults Class II discrepancy are treated either by orthodontic or camouflage or by surgical correction. Class II discrepancies with mandibular deficiency are treated surgically by mandibular advancement surgery. This article discusses in detail the combined orthodontic and surgical treatment carried out for an adult male with skeletal class II malocclusion. A cosmetic-correction was achieved by BSSO with mandibular advancement and genioplasty and maxillary setback, along with orthodontic treatment. The patient's facial appearance was markedly improved along with functional and stable occlusion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses bite opening mechanics in order to determine the functional occlusal relations before carrying out any orthodontic correction. Topics discussed include the extrusion and intrusion mechanics, the stability of deep overbite correction, and the importance of understanding the etiological factors that cause malocclusion. Also discussed is the Begg Technique which uses the principle of assymetrical V bends or anchor bends.

Introduction: An important component of many orthodontic assessments is an evaluation of the horizontal relationship of the teeth and jaws. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the gender differences in the maxillary and mandibular morphology in different overjet groups. This is useful in analysis of malocclusion and prediction of treatment success. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms of a total 64 subjects were taken. The chronological ages of the subjects ranged from 18 to 24 years. The 64 subjects were selected on the basis of overjet and were divided into four groups according to overjet size. Finally, each overjet group consists of 16 subjects (eight males and eight females). Thirteen linear and one angular measurement were used to assess the maxillary and mandibular morphology. Results and conclusion: Analysis of variance shows that for males MxAABH (maxillary anterior alveolar and basal height), ANS-PNS (palatal length), Cd-Gn (mandibular length), RW (ramus width), and gonial angle were found statistically significant among overjet groups and in females MxAABH, MxAD (maxillary anterior depth), Cd-Gn, SD (symphysis depth) and RW were found significant among overjet groups. Correlations were found significant for both males and females in relation to Cd-Gn, RW and gonial angle parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nickel is a strong immunologic sensitizer, although nickel sensitivity has been reported to be lower in subjects who have received orthodontic treatment; perhaps they develop immunological tolerance over the long period of treatment. Hence the present aim of the work was to determine the levels of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in Serum and Saliva in subjects treated with stainless steel Orthodontic appliances. Methods and Materials: The study group included 25 participants and Samples were taken in different time intervals: Time interval 1- Collection of samples before the appliances fixed, Time interval 2- Collection of sample after one week of fixed appliances, Time interval 3- Collection of sample after three months of fixed appliances each from the Orthodontic Department of A.B Shetty Memorial institute of dental science. Lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) level is estimated using Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Total antioxidant level was estimated using Phosphomolybdenum method. Conclusion: Total antioxidant and Malondialdehyde levels are increased in case of Females compared to Males in serum whereas in case of Saliva Total antioxidant level is increased in Time interval 2 and 3 in Males compared to Females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthodontic anterior intrusion for correcting deep bites often constitutes an integral part of orthodontic treatment in order to improve sagittal and vertical incisor relationships, in cases of pseudo-deep overbite, where the anteriors are supraerrupted true intrusion of the incisors is indicated and also in patients with gummy smiles and periodontal compromised teeth to correct the gingival line and restore the esthetics of smile. Intrusion is mainely achived by use of verious loop mechnices or implant mechanics or differiantial force concept given by beggs.In this artical different mechanics for intrusion in beggs technique and PEA technique are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the mandibular behaviour in left lip and palate patients when compared to a control group through lateral cephalometric radiographs Methods and Material: The lateral cephalograms of Thirty eight adult patients with cleft lip and palate were taken. The lateral cephalograms of forty five adult individuals with normal occlusion and without cleft lip and palate was used as the control group. Various parameters both linear and angular were used to evaluate the changes in the anterior cranial base, morphology of the mandible (five parameters) and the altered spatial positioning of the mandible in relation to the anterior cranial fossa ( six parameters). Statistical analysis used: Two way analysis of variance was used to observe the difference between group means. Comparisons between the cleft group and control group were undertaken with large sample test. Results: The results showed a short anterior cranial base, shorter mandibular ramus, body and total length, a more obtuse gonial angle, a vertical growth pattern, and the spatial relation of the mandible to the cranial base showed a downward and backward mandibular rotation in cleft lip and palate patients. Conclusions: Hence, this present study concludes that a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the naso-oro-pharyngeal cavities supplemented with the knowledge of the growth and age changes and how they relate to the facial appearance and oro-pharyngeal function is pertinent for the rehabilitation of a cleft lip and palate patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on Pre-Surgical Nasoalveolar Molding (PNAM) technique which utilizes wire and acrylic nasal stents attached to an intraoral denture to mold the nasal cartilages, premaxilla and alveolar ridges into normal form and position during the neonatal period. The objectives of PNAM are cited, including correction of unilateral oronasal cleft deformity. The advantages of PNAM as also noted, as well as it benefits in unilateral clefts.

Fungi are diverse group of algae. They are found in varied environments like tropical forests, oceans, and deserts. Various fungi adapt to Ph extremes and are found in hot and cold climates, although they are not as heat or cold resistant as prokaryotes. A pathogenic fungus belongs to the plant kingdom, possesses no chlorophyll, and so has to depend on organic matter for energy. Opportunistic invasive fungal infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Fungi have been implicated directly as agents of human or animal disease, and fewer than a dozen of these species cause about 90% of all fungus infections. Early and accurate diagnosis of these infections is important for several reasons, including timely institution of anti fungal therapy and to decrease the unnecessary use of toxic antifungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various dental retraction devices and procedures. The ability to use the spring without a preliminary leveling stage is cited as the major advantage of the spring. Steps to canine retraction with J hook headgear are listed. The Hycon Device for extraction space closer is described. Also included is a comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics.

The article presents a case study of a 16-year-old girl with complaints of gaps between her maxillary central and lateral incisors. It mentions diagnostic evaluation showed a convex profile, a Class I molar relationship, and a posterior crossbite. It notes that due to several esthetic and dental problems, a multidisciplinary was established which aims to correct the unilateral posterior crossbite, correct anterior open bite, and perform esthetic preparation.

The article offers clinical information on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a mental condition characterized by a preoccupation with imagined defect in physical appearance or exageration of small physical anomaly. BDD commonly involves the skin, nose, eyes and eyelids. Its symptoms may include suicidal behavior, chronic low self-esteem, and avoidant and dependent personality. An orthodontic perspective on BDD is also presented.

The article offers an orthodontic perspective on the Marfan syndrome. It describes the syndrome as a genetic disorder of the connective tissue and affects people who are unusually tall, with long limbs and long, thin fingers. It also provides information on its etiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment options.

The article discusses iatrogenics in orthodontics. Some possible complications related to orthodontic treatment include decalficiation, enamel wear, and enamel fracture. Orthodontic treatment can reportedly improve mastication, appearance, and overall health, among others. Careful patient selection and good cooperation and understanding between all parties are said to be needed to minimize tissue damage.

Whenever a jaw discrepancy exists, the ideal solution is to correct it by modifying the child's facial growth, so that the skeletal problem is corrected by more or less growth of one jaw than the other. Both anteroposterior and vertical maxillary deficiency can contribute to Class III malocclusion. The facemask obtains anchorage from the forehead and chin. The forward force on the maxilla is generated via elastics that attach to a maxillary appliance. In this case report, we will see how a concave profile of a nine year old girl improved with RME and FACE MASK therapy. Once the orthopedic phase was completed, she was put on the CHIN CUP therapy during the observation phase for about 8 -10 months. Once all the premolars erupt, the case would be finished with fixed mechanotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates a spring-loaded stripping tool for dental care.

Introduction: The mandibular buccal shelf area is an extra-alveolar anchorage site that has high quality and quantity of bone, provides biomechanical benefits and has low failure rates. It is essential to place the implant in the region of bone with optimal thickness. The aim of this study was to determine the suitable site of the mandibular buccal shelf for bone screw insertion at 90 degrees and 30 degrees angles of insertion and various heights, angulations, areas of the buccal shelf in prognathic and retrognathic mandibles, and vertical and horizontal growth patterns., Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 48 patients in the age range of 18-30 years, divided into four groups. Seven sectional sites were examined at 3, 5, and 7 mm from the alveolar crest at 90 degrees and 30 degrees. The angulation and area of the buccal shelf were examined., Results: Cortical bone thickness increased distally from the first to the second molar in all four groups., Conclusions: The preferred site for buccal shelf implant placement was distal to the mandibular second molar. The maximum amount of cortical bone was observed distal to the second molar, 7 mm vertically from the alveolar crest, when the buccal shelf implant was placed at 30 degrees angulation to the long axis of the tooth., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Orthodontic Science.)

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the morphology and expedient the linear dimensions of Sella Turcica among cleft and non-cleft Indian individuals, and then to determine whether differences exist between different study groups., Materials and Methods: The lateral cephalogram of 300 patients (150 cleft and 150 non-cleft), aged 18 to 30 years who reported for various treatments of malocclusions were studied., Result: The normal morphology of the sella turcica were seen in 85 of the 150 non-cleft individuals which was highest (56.66%) in the non-cleft group, however in the cleft group it was seen in only 16 of the 150 individuals (10.6%). Sella turcica bridge were seen in 10% of the non-cleft subjects, whereas in the cleft group it was seen in 38% of the individuals. A significant difference was seen in the linear measurements of the sella turcica of cleft and no-cleft individuals., Conclusion: The normal morphology of the sella turcica was seen in the majority of the non-cleft individuals. The cleft individuals showed an increased incidence of sella turcica bridging with reduced linear measurements of the sella as compared to the non-cleft individuals., (© 2019 The Authors.)

Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances can release metal ions such as nickel, chromium, and zinc into saliva and blood, which can cause contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity, and cytotoxicity. This study was undertaken to assess the release of nickel, chromium, and zinc in saliva and serum of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment., Materials and Methods: This in vivo study was conducted on 80 participants with an age range of 15-40 years. Thirty were included as controls and 50 participants were treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Saliva and blood samples were collected at five different periods, before insertion of fixed orthodontic appliance and at 1 week, 3 months, 1 year, and 1.5 years after insertion of appliance, respectively. The metal ion content in the samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mean levels of nickel, chromium, and zinc in saliva and serum were compared between groups using independent sample t -test and before and after results using paired t -test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant., Results: At the end of 1.5 years, the mean salivary levels of nickel, chromium, and zinc in controls were 5.02 ppb, 1.27 ppb, and 10.24 ppb, respectively, as compared to 67 ppb, 30.8 ppb, and 164.7 ppb at the end of 1.5 years. This was statistically significant with P < 0.001. A significant increase in the metal ion levels were seen in participants with before and after insertion of appliance ( P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Orthodontic appliances do release considerable amounts of metal ions such as nickel, chromium, and zinc in saliva and serum. However, it was within permissible levels and did not reach toxic levels.

Aim: This study was undertaken to analyze the clinical usefulness of the maxillomandibular bisector, its reproducibility, its validity and its relationship to the functional occlusal plane, the bisecting occlusal plane and the nature of its cant., Materials and Methods: Thirty pretreatment lateral cephalograms, each of adolescents (above 18 years of age) and children (10- 12 years), seeking orthodontic treatment were randomly selected and the Wits technique of anteroposterior measurement was used to compare A-B values measured to the new plane with those measured to the functional occlusal plane (FOP) and to the traditional or bisecting occlusal plane (BOP)., Results: Present study showed that MM bisector plane is more reproducible and valid reference plane, than the FOP and BOP., Conclusion: A new plane, geometrically derived from the dental base planes, has been tested as an occlusal plane substitute for the measurement of anteroposterior jaw relationships. It lies close to but at an angle and inferior to the traditional occlusal planes and is highly reproducible at all times., Clinical Significance: Maxillomandibular planes angle bisector may be a useful adjunct for the cephalometric assessment of sagittal relationship of the patient.