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5. Lateglacial and Holocene sedimentary dynamics in northwestern Baffin Bay as recorded in sediment cores from Cape Norton Shaw Inlet (Nunavut, Canada)

Author

Nathan Stevenard, Jean‐Carlos Montero‐Serrano, Frédérique Eynaud, Guillaume St‐Onge, Sébastien Zaragosi, Luke Copland, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la MER de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), University of Ottawa [Ottawa], ArcticNet, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC, Université de Bordeaux, and We are grateful to the captain, officers, crew and scientists onboard the CCGS during the 2018 (Leg 3) ArcticNet expedition for the recovery of the sediment cores used in this study. We also thank Quentin Beauvais (ISMER‐UQAR), Maria‐Emilia Rodriguez‐Cuicas (ISMER‐UQAR), Marie Girieud (ISMER‐UQAR), Nicolas Van Nieuwenhove (University of New Brunswick), Marie‐Claire Perello (Université de Bordeaux) and Margaux Saint George (Université de Bordeaux) for their technical support and advice in the laboratory. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Last, we thank Kelly Hogan and John T. Andrews for their constructive reviews, which helped to improve the quality of the manuscript, as well as to Jan A. Piotrowski for his editorial work. This research was funded by ArcticNet (a Network of Centers of Excellence Canada), Québec‐Océan, GEOTOP and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through discovery grants to J.‐C. Montero‐Serrano and G. St‐Onge. Amundsen

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The physical, sedimentological, mineralogical and elemental geochemical properties of sediment cores AMD1803-02BC and 01PC from the Cape Norton Shaw Inlet were investigated to reconstruct glacial sediment discharges from southeastern Manson Icefield and document the impact of ice–ocean interactions on the sediment dynamics and opening of the North Water Polynya (NOW) in northwestern Baffin Bay since the last deglaciation. Laminated glaciomarine sediments rich in quartz and feldspar are observed prior to 11 cal. ka BP and were probably deposited by hyperpycnal currents triggered by the local retreat of the southern margin of the Innuitian Ice. Detrital proxies suggest that Early Holocene sediment dynamics were mainly influenced by sea ice and iceberg rafting and meltwater discharges related to the deglaciation of eastern Smith (~11 to 10.65 cal. ka BP) and Jones (~10.7 cal. ka BP) sounds. This also provides an upper limit to the timing of formation of the NOW. The high detrital carbonate contents during 8.8 to 6.6 cal. ka BP confirm that enhanced carbonate-rich sediment export from Nares Strait to northern Baffin Bay occurred during and after the deglaciation of Kennedy Channel (8.8 to 8.2 cal. ka BP). Canadian Shield sediment inputs have dominated since 6.6 cal. ka BP, indicating that sedimentation is mainly influenced by Cape Norton Shaw glacier discharges. The lower level of sedimentation recorded in core 01PC during the Middle to Late Holocene suggests an accelerated landward retreat of the Cape Norton Shaw glaciers in response to warmer marine conditions. During the Neoglacial period, higher sedimentation rates and detrital proxies in the cores suggest increased glacial erosional processes, probably associated with the long-term declines in boreal summer insolation and glacier growth. Finally, mineralogical and grain-size data in core 02BC support the idea that increased Arctic atmospheric temperatures have had an important influence on the glacial dynamics during the industrial period.

Published
2021

6. Near-infrared light-responsive UCST-nanogels using an efficient nickel-bis(dithiolene) photothermal crosslinker

Author

Franck Camerel, Yue Zhao, Amélie Augé, Apolline Benoist, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Fonds de Recherche du Quebec Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), FQRNT FQRNT, CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Rennes 1, Ligue Contre le Cancer Grand Ouest Ligue nationale contre le cancer, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Aqueous solution, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Nanoparticle, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, Photothermal therapy, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Photochemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Upper critical solution temperature, Copolymer, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 0210 nano-technology, Power density, Nanogel
Abstract

International audience; A new kind of near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive polymer nanogel is demonstrated. The micellar aggregates of an ABA-type triblock copolymer, whose core is a thermosensitive polymer displaying an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), are crosslinked using a photothermal nickel-bis(dithiolene) complex that absorbs NIR light and converts efficiently optical energy into heat. We show that when the nanogel aqueous solution is exposed to NIR light, even at a low power density of 0.16 W cm(-2)and a low nickel-bis(dithiolene) complex concentration of 61.4 mu g mL(-1), the photothermally induced heating is sufficient to allow the nanogel particles to undergo a volume phase transition. The induced volume increase due to the positive thermosensitivity of the polymer leads to the release of loaded hydrophobic dye molecules. Using an energy balance model, the photothermal conversion efficiency of the nickel-bis(dithiolene) complex in the nanogel was evaluated through solution temperature and transmittance measurements under NIR laser irradiation at various light power densities as well as different nanoparticle concentrations and solvents. The photothermal conversion efficiency can reach about 64%, which positions the nickel-bis(dithiolene) complex among the most efficient photothermal agents in the NIR spectral region around 1000 nm.

Published
2020

7. Table-Free Multiple Bit-Error Correction Using the CRC Syndrome

Author

Vivien Boussard, Stephane Coulombe, Francois-Xavier Coudoux, Patrick Corlay, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), COMmunications NUMériques - IEMN (COMNUM - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), UPHF, Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)

Subjects
error correction, General Computer Science, Computer science, Single element, 02 engineering and technology, Bluetooth low energy (BLE), [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Cyclic redundancy check, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), Protocol (object-oriented programming), Data communication, business.industry, Network packet, General Engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Internet of Things (IoT), Bit (horse), Table (database), 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Error detection and correction, Internet of Things, business, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, lcsh:TK1-9971, Algorithm
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we propose a novel method for correcting multiple errors in data packets, using the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) syndrome present in low layers of protocol stacks. The proposed method generates the whole list of error patterns, leading to a received syndrome containing up to a given maximum number of errors. Our approach is table-free, is computationally efficient, and can instantly correct erroneous packets when the output list contains a single element. A performance study is conducted, and shows that the proposed approach outperforms existing ones in Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as it can correct all single- and double-error patterns as well as most triple-error cases when considering small payloads used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

Published
2020

8. Anthropogenic and climate impacts on subarctic forests in the Nain region, Nunatsiavut: Dendroecological and historical approaches

Author

Ann Delwaide, James Woollett, Dominique Marguerie, Isabel Lemus-Lauzon, Najat Bhiry, Natasha Roy, Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)CGIAR, Fonds de recherche du Quebec -Societe et culture (FRQSC), Fonds de recherche du Quebec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT), Agence nationale de la Recherche (ANR France, InterArct)French National Research Agency (ANR), ENCHAINEC project of the French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)

Subjects
Palynology, 010506 paleontology, Dendrochronology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Macrofossil, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Subarctic climate, growth release, Nunatsiavut, Geography, 13. Climate action, population growth, Nain, 14. Life underwater, Physical geography, historical approaches, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Several recent dendrochronological, macrofossil and palynological studies have surveyed modern spruce forests at multiple locations in the Nain region of coastal Nunatsiavut (north-central Labrador) in order to reconstruct past forest composition, growth rates, species diversity and harvesting patterns. The present paper synthesizes original and previously collected data to evaluate the extent to which the dynamics of the region's spruce forests over the past five centuries have been related to anthropogenic impacts. In three key case studies, Picea growth release events demonstrate multiple isolated forest disturbances prior to the late 19th century. In general, these events correspond to the local human settlement history rather than to regional climatic trends, suggesting that ongoing human impacts on the forest extend as far back as the 17th century. Disturbance regimes accelerated by ca 1875 and afterward in all of the study sites. This increase in forest disturbance corresponds to increased demands for wood triggered by socio-economic changes experienced by the region's Inuit and Settler communities. Ongoing surveys demonstrate the presence of markers of human exploitation of forests throughout the study region, and especially in coastal locations, suggesting that anthropogenic impacts are in fact generalised and not limited to specific areas of recent settlement.

Published
2021

9. Collision avoidance behaviours between older adult and young adult walkers

Author

Anne-Hélène Olivier, Sheryl Bourgaize, Robyn Grunberg, Armel Crétual, Michael E. Cinelli, Victoria Rapos, Wilfrid Laurier University (WLU), Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé (M2S), Université de Rennes (UR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation (MIMETIC), Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS (IRISA-D6), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [2019-05894], Mitacs Globalink Research Award Abroad-Campus France [IT13797, IT13790], Inria-Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique, France Associate Team Grant [EQA-031901], Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS (IRISA-D6), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Future studies, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biophysics, Falls in older adults, Walking, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Mutual adaptation, Avoidance Learning, medicine, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Young adult, Person-person interactions, Collision avoidance, Aged, Pedestrians, Adaptive locomotion, Rehabilitation, 030229 sport sciences, Collision, Adaptation, Physiological, Visuomotor integration, Walking Speed, Preferred walking speed, Older adults, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Decision-making
Abstract

International audience; Background: Collision avoidance between two walkers requires a mutual adaptation based on visual information in order to be successful. Age-related changes to visuomotor processing, kinesthetic input, and intersegmental dynamics increases the risk of collision and falls in older adults. However, few studies examine behavioural strategies in older adults during collision avoidance tasks with another pedestrian. Research question: Is there a difference between older adults' and young adults' collision avoidance behaviours with another pedestrian? Methods: Seventeen older adults (x = 68 +/- 3 years) and seventeen young adults (x = 23 +/- 2 years) walked at a comfortable walking speed along a 12.6 m pathway while avoiding another walker. Trials were randomized equally to include 20 interactions with the same age group and 21 interactions with the opposite age group. Minimum predicted distance (mpd) was used to characterize collision avoidance behaviours between older adults and young adults. Results: Older adults had riskier avoidance behaviours, passing closer to the other pedestrian (0.79 m +/- 0.18 m) compared to when two young adults were on a collision course (0.93 m +/- 0.17 m) (chi 2(3) = 35.94, p < .0001). Whenever an older adult was on a collision course with a young adult, the young adult contributed more to the avoidance regardless of passing order. Significance: The results from the current study highlight age-related effects during a collision avoidance task in older adults resulting in risky behaviour and a potential collision. Future studies should further investigate agerelated visuomotor deficits during collision avoidance tasks in cluttered environments using virtual reality in order to tease out factors that contribute most to avoidance behaviours in older adults.

Published
2021

29. Structures of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase in malaria parasites reveal a unique structural relay mechanism for activation

Author

El Bakkouri, Majida, Kouidmi, Imène, Wernimont, Amy K., Amani, Mehrnaz, Hutchinson, Ashley, Loppnau, Peter, Kim, Jeong Joo, Flueck, Christian, Walker, John R., Seitova, Alma, Senisterra, Guillermo, Kakihara, Yoshito, Kim, Choel, Blackman, Michael J., Calmettes, Charles, Baker, David A., Hui, Raymond, University of Toronto, Institut Armand Frappier (INRS-IAF), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), The Francis Crick Institute [London], Toronto General Hospital Research Institute [Canada] (TGHRI), The Structural Genomics Consortium is a registered charity (no. 1097737) that receives funds from AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute (OGI-055), GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Lilly Canada, the Novartis Research Foundation, the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, Pfizer, Takeda, and the Wellcome Trust. This work was also supported by Wellcome Trust Grants 092809/Z/10/Z, 106240/Z/14/Z and 106239/Z/14/A (to D.A.B. and M.J.B.). This work was also supported by the Francis Crick Institute (M.J.B.) , which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK Grant FC001043, UK Medical Research Council Grant FC001043, and Wellcome Trust Grant FC001043. C.C. is the recipient of Fonds de Recherche Québec–Santé (FRQS) Research Scholar Junior 1 Career Award 251848, supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant RGPIN-2017-06091, Fonds de Recherche Québec–Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) Grant 2019-NC-253753, as well as with instrumentation and infrastructure support provided by the Armand–Frappier Foundation. This research used resources of the Canadian Light Source at Beamline 08ID-1, which is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and and of the Advanced Photon Source, a US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Subjects
Plasmodium, Medical Sciences, Binding Sites, Protein Conformation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, Biological Sciences, Crystallography, X-Ray, Kinetics, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, PNAS Plus, cyclic GMP, Catalytic Domain, cardiovascular system, Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Animals, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, structure, Amino Acid Sequence, signal transduction, Protein Binding
Abstract

Significance Despite being one of the first protein kinases discovered, cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) has not been successfully crystallized previously, leaving many unanswered questions about its mechanism of activation. We report herein the structure of cGMP-free PKG from Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, one of the world’s deadliest infectious diseases. The structures, combined with data from biochemical and biophysical experiments, provide insight into a mechanism of activation that involves previously unpredicted interdomain communication via a structural relay system. In addition to the full structure of PKG, our work contributes important functional information for a key antimalarial drug target., The cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) was identified >25 y ago; however, efforts to obtain a structure of the entire PKG enzyme or catalytic domain from any species have failed. In malaria parasites, cooperative activation of PKG triggers crucial developmental transitions throughout the complex life cycle. We have determined the cGMP-free crystallographic structures of PKG from Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, revealing how key structural components, including an N-terminal autoinhibitory segment (AIS), four predicted cyclic nucleotide-binding domains (CNBs), and a kinase domain (KD), are arranged when the enzyme is inactive. The four CNBs and the KD are in a pentagonal configuration, with the AIS docked in the substrate site of the KD in a swapped-domain dimeric arrangement. We show that although the protein is predominantly a monomer (the dimer is unlikely to be representative of the physiological form), the binding of the AIS is necessary to keep Plasmodium PKG inactive. A major feature is a helix serving the dual role of the N-terminal helix of the KD as well as the capping helix of the neighboring CNB. A network of connecting helices between neighboring CNBs contributes to maintaining the kinase in its inactive conformation. We propose a scheme in which cooperative binding of cGMP, beginning at the CNB closest to the KD, transmits conformational changes around the pentagonal molecule in a structural relay mechanism, enabling PKG to orchestrate rapid, highly regulated developmental switches in response to dynamic modulation of cGMP levels in the parasite.

Published
2019

30. Testing the Functional Model of Bone Development: Direct and Mediating Role of Muscle Strength on Bone Properties in Growing Youth

Author

Panagiota Klentrou, Izabella A. Ludwa, Malcolm Sanderson, Kevin Mongeon, Luis Gracia Marco, [Ludwa,IA, Klentrou,P] Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada. [Mongeon,K] Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. [Sanderson,M, Klentrou,P] Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada. [Gracia Marco,L] Department of Physical Education and Sports, PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain. [Gracia Marco,L] Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain, This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (grant #2015–04424) and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (grant #199944). I.A. Ludwa was supported by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (OGSST). M. Sanderson was supported by an Undergraduate Summer Research Award from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. L. Gracia-Marco was funded by 'La Caixa' Foundation within the Junior Leader fellowship programme (ID 100010434, and code LCF/BQ/PR19/11700007).

Subjects
Male, bone turnover, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, lcsh:Medicine, Bone resorption, Isometric exercise, Desarrollo óseo, Índice de masa corporal, Músculo esquelético, Bone remodeling, Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans [Medical Subject Headings], Tibial speed of sound, Grip strength, tibial speed of sound, 0302 clinical medicine, Bone Density, Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Skeleton::Bone and Bones::Bones of Lower Extremity::Leg Bones::Tibia [Medical Subject Headings], Child, Children, Body mass index, Ultrasonography, Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Skeleton::Bone and Bones [Medical Subject Headings], 2. Zero hunger, Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Muscles [Medical Subject Headings], 4. Education, radial speed of sound, Ingestión de energía, Bone development, Fuerza muscular, Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Nutritional Physiological Phenomena::Diet::Energy Intake [Medical Subject Headings], Radius, bone development, Niño, Diseases::Musculoskeletal Diseases::Bone Diseases::Bone Resorption [Medical Subject Headings], Female, Resorción ósea, Bone turnover, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Check Tags::Male [Medical Subject Headings], Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Physical Examination::Body Constitution::Body Weights and Measures::Body Mass Index [Medical Subject Headings], 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Article, Bone and Bones, Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Adolescent [Medical Subject Headings], 03 medical and health sciences, Remodelación ósea, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Diagnostic Imaging::Ultrasonography [Medical Subject Headings], children, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Physical Examination::Muscle Strength [Medical Subject Headings], Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Child [Medical Subject Headings], Phenomena and Processes::Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Processes::Musculoskeletal Development::Bone Development [Medical Subject Headings], Phenomena and Processes::Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena::Bone Density [Medical Subject Headings], Tibia, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Physical Examination::Muscle Strength::Hand Strength [Medical Subject Headings], Muscle strength, Radial speed of sound, business.industry, lcsh:R, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Skeleton::Bone and Bones::Bones of Upper Extremity::Arm Bones::Radius [Medical Subject Headings], Bone age, 030229 sport sciences, Technology and Food and Beverages::Technology, Industry, and Agriculture::Technology::Educational Technology::Audiovisual Aids::Models, Structural [Medical Subject Headings], Endocrinology, Check Tags::Female [Medical Subject Headings], Phenomena and Processes::Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Processes::Movement::Motor Activity::Exercise [Medical Subject Headings], Radio (Anatomía), muscle strength, Energy intake, business
Abstract

This study examines the functional model of bone development in peri-pubertal boys and girls. Specifically, we implemented a mixed-longitudinal design and hierarchical structural models to provide experimental evidence in support of the conceptual functional model of bone development, postulating that the primary mechanical stimulus of bone strength development is muscle force. To this end, we measured radial and tibial bone properties (speed of sound, SOS), isometric grip and knee extensors strength, bone resorption (urinary NTX concentration), body mass index (BMI), somatic maturity (years from peak height velocity) and skeletal maturity (bone age) in 180 children aged 8–16 years. Measurements were repeated 2–4 times over a period of 3 years. The multilevel structural equation modeling of 406 participant-session observations revealed similar results for radial and tibial SOS. Muscle strength (i.e., grip strength for the radial and knee extension for tibial model) and NTX have a significant direct effect on bone SOS (β = 0.29 and −0.18, respectively). Somatic maturity had a direct impact on muscle strength (β = 0.24) and both a direct and indirect effect on bone SOS (total effect, β = 0.30). Physical activity and BMI also had a significant direct impact on bone properties, (β = 0.06 and −0.18, respectively), and an additional significant indirect effect through muscle strength (β = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) with small differences per bone site and sex. Muscle strength fully mediated the impact of bone age (β = 0.14) while there was no significant effect of energy intake on either muscle strength or bone SOS. In conclusion, our results support the functional model of bone development in that muscle strength and bone metabolism directly affect bone development while the contribution of maturity, physical activity, and other modulators such as BMI, on bone development is additionally modulated through their effect on muscle strength., Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (grant #2015–04424), Canadian Institutes for Health Research (grant #199944), Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (OGSST), Undergraduate Summer Research Award from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Gracia-Marco was funded by “La Caixa” Foundation within the Junior Leader fellowship programme (ID 100010434; code LCF/BQ/PR19/11700007)

Published
2021

31. Signals to Spikes for Neuromorphic Regulated Reservoir Computing and EMG Hand Gesture Recognition

Author

Ismael Balafrej, Yann Beilliard, Dominique Drouin, Jean Rouat, Fabien Alibart, Nikhil Garg, Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes [Sherbrooke] (LN2), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Nanostructures, nanoComponents & Molecules - IEMN (NCM - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC, Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies, FRQNT, We acknowledge financial supports from the EU: ERC-2017-COG project IONOS (# GA 773228) and CHIST-ERA UNICO project. This work was also supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Fond de Recherche du Québec Nature et Technologies (FRQNT)., and European Project: 773228,H2020,ERC-2017-COG,IONOS(2018)

Subjects
Signal Processing (eess.SP), FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer science, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Biological neuron model, 02 engineering and technology, Convolutional neural network, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], EMG, Artificial Intelligence, Neuromorphic computing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing, Reservoir computing, Spiking neural network, Event driven computing, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Pattern recognition, Spiking neurons, Sensor fusion, Emerging Technologies (cs.ET), Neuromorphic engineering, Gesture recognition, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Spike (software development), Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract

Surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals result from muscle movement and hence they are an ideal candidate for benchmarking event-driven sensing and computing. We propose a simple yet novel approach for optimizing the spike encoding algorithm's hyper-parameters inspired by the readout layer concept in reservoir computing. Using a simple machine learning algorithm after spike encoding, we report performance higher than the state-of-the-art spiking neural networks on two open-source datasets for hand gesture recognition. The spike encoded data is processed through a spiking reservoir with a biologically inspired topology and neuron model. When trained with the unsupervised activity regulation CRITICAL algorithm to operate at the edge of chaos, the reservoir yields better performance than state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks. The reservoir performance with regulated activity was found to be 89.72% for the Roshambo EMG dataset and 70.6% for the EMG subset of sensor fusion dataset. Therefore, the biologically-inspired computing paradigm, which is known for being power efficient, also proves to have a great potential when compared with conventional AI algorithms., Comment: Accepted to International Conference on Neuromorphic Systems (ICONS 2021)

Published
2021
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32. A Bad Start in Life? Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Emerging Poly- and Substances to Eggs in an Arctic Seabird

Author

Jouanneau, William, Leandri-Breton, Don-Jean, Corbeau, Alexandre, Herzke, Dorte, Moe, Børge, Nikiforov, Vladimir A., Gabrielsen, Geir W., Chastel, Olivier, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre FRAM, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), IPEV [330], ANR ILETOP French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-16-CE34-0005], University of La Rochelle, France, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) CGIAR, Fonds de Recherche du Quebec -Nature et Technologies, Northern Scientific Training Program, ANR-16-CE34-0005,ILETOP,Impact des polluants historiques et émergents sur les prédateurs supérieurs marins de l'Arctique(2016), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Svalbard, emerging contaminants, black-legged kittiwake, embryonic structures, PFAS, top predator, Rissa tridactyla, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; In birds, maternal transfer is a major exposure route for several contaminants, including poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Little is known, however, about the extent of the transfer of the different PFAS compounds to the eggs, especially for alternative fluorinated compounds. In the present study, we measured legacy and emerging PFAS, including Gen-X, ADONA, and F-53B, in the plasma of prelaying black-legged kittiwake females breeding in Svalbard and the yolk of their eggs. We aimed to (1) describe the contaminant levels and patterns in both females and eggs, and (2) investigate the maternal transfer, that is, biological variables and the relationship between the females and their eggs for each compound. Contamination of both females and eggs were dominated by linPFOS then PFUnA or PFTriA. We notably found 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid-a precursor of long-chain carboxylates-in 84% of the egg yolks, and provide the first documented finding of ADONA in wildlife. Emerging compounds were all below the detection limit in female plasma. There was a linear association between females and eggs for most of the PFAS. Analyses of maternal transfer ratios in females and eggs suggest that the transfer is increasing with PFAS carbon chain length, therefore the longest chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were preferentially transferred to the eggs. The mean n-ary sumation Sigma(PFAS) in the second-laid eggs was 73% of that in the first-laid eggs. Additional effort on assessing the outcome of maternal transfers on avian development physiology is essential, especially for PFCAs and emerging fluorinated compounds which are under-represented in experimental studies.

Published
2021

33. Shells of the bivalve Astarte moerchi give new evidence of a strong pelagic-benthic coupling shift occurring since the late 1970s in the North Water polynya

Author

Simon Bélanger, Aurélie Jolivet, Anne-Hélène Olivier, André L. Martel, Jerome Mars, Frédéric Olivier, Blandine Gaillard, Silvain Gerber, Søren Rysgaard, Julien Pettré, Laurent Chauvaud, Réjean Tremblay, Dany Dumont, Julien Thébault, Tarik Meziane, Michel Gosselin, Philippe Archambault, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA-lab), Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] (UGA [2020-....])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2020-....] (Grenoble INP [2020-....]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] (UGA [2020-....]), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Laboratoire Mouvement Sport Santé (M2S), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] (UGA [2020-....])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2020-....] (Grenoble INP [2020-....]), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université des Antilles (UA), Institut des Sciences de la MER de Rimouski (ISMER), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departement de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, TBM environnement, Canadian Museum of Nature (CANADA), Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR), Centre for Earth Observation Science [Winnipeg], University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], Arctic Research Centre [Aarhus] (ARC), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Université de Rennes (UR)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), GIPSA - Signal Images Physique (GIPSA-SIGMAPHY), GIPSA Pôle Sciences des Données (GIPSA-PSD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA-lab), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), GIPSA-Services (GIPSA-Services), Takuvik International Research Laboratory, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ArcticNet (Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada), Canadian Healthy Oceans Network (CHONe), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Quebec-Ocean (Fonds de recherche du Quebec - Nature et technologies), MNHN through a 3-year visiting professorship at ISMER-UQAR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Greenland Institute for Natural Resources (GINR), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, match, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, bivalve growth, acl, General Mathematics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, match/mismatch hypothesis, 01 natural sciences, Arctic, Sclerochronology, Sea ice, mismatch hypothesis, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, General Engineering, Pelagic zone, The arctic, Oceanography, climate change, Coupling (computer programming), 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, pelagic-benthic coupling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, sclerochronology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Geology
Abstract

Climate changes in the Arctic may weaken the currently tight pelagic-benthic coupling. In response to decreasing sea ice cover, arctic marine systems are expected to shift from a ‘sea-ice algae–benthos' to a ‘phytoplankton-zooplankton’ dominance. We used mollusc shells as bioarchives and fatty acid trophic markers to estimate the effects of the reduction of sea ice cover on the food exported to the seafloor. Bathyal bivalve Astarte moerchi living at 600 m depth in northern Baffin Bay reveals a clear shift in growth variations and Ba/Ca ratios since the late 1970s, which we relate to a change in food availability. Tissue fatty acid compositions show that this species feeds mainly on microalgae exported from the euphotic zone to the seabed. We, therefore, suggest that changes in pelagic-benthic coupling are likely due either to local changes in sea ice dynamics, mediated through bottom-up regulation exerted by sea ice on phytoplankton production, or to a mismatch between phytoplankton bloom and zooplankton grazing due to phenological change. Both possibilities allow a more regular and increased transfer of food to the seabed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.

Published
2020

34. Robust H.264 Video Decoding Using Crc-Based Single Error Correction And Non-Desynchronizing Bits Validation

Author

Firouzeh Golaghazadeh, Vivien Boussard, François-Xavier Coudoux, Stephane Coulombe, Patrick Corlay, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), COMmunications NUMériques - IEMN (COMNUM - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Subjects
error correction, non-desynchronizing bits (NDB), Computer science, Network packet, Video transmission, Video decoder, 020207 software engineering, Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, Residual bit error rate, [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], H.264 Baseline, Cyclic redundancy check, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Bit error rate, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), Error detection and correction, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Algorithm, Decoding methods
Abstract

e-ISBN 978-1-7281-6395-6 ; ISBN 978-1-7281-6396-3; International audience; In this paper, we introduce a novel cyclic redundancy check (CRC)-based single error correction method which we apply to robust H.264 Baseline video decoding. Unlike state-of-the-art methods, the proposed correction algorithm does not require lookup tables as it determines the error location based on binary operations using the computed link layer CRC syndrome. Since multiple errors can lead to the same CRC syndrome as a single error, verification of the corrected packet is performed through a non-desynchronizing bits validation (NDBV), which forwards only compliant packets to the video decoder. Simulations on the H.264 Baseline profile show an average gain of 3.04 dB and 2.36 dB over state-of-the-art spatio-temporal error concealment (STBMA) and NDBV+STBMA reconstruction methods, respectively, at a residual bit error rate of 10(-6).

Published
2020

35. Early supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 in newborn dairy calves increases IgA production in the intestine at 1 week of age

Author

C. Villot, K. Pedgerachny, Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand, Michael A. Steele, Le Luo Guan, Y. Chen, Andrew L Skidmore, Eric Chevaux, University of Alberta, Lallemand SAS, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Lallemand Specialties Inc, University of Guelph, Lallemand Health Solution (Mirabel, QC) Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd. (Saskatoon, SK) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Mitacs Accelerate Program from Mitacs Canada (Toronto, ON) Lallemand (Blagnac, France) Alberta Milk (Edmonton, AB) Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd. (Saskatoon, SK) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Mitacs Accelerate Program from Mitacs Canada (Toronto, ON) Lallemand (Blagnac, France) Alberta Milk (Edmonton, AB), and Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ileum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gut flora, yeast, Andrology, Jejunum, 03 medical and health sciences, Yeast, Dried, Pregnancy, Immunity, Lactobacillus, Genetics, medicine, Animals, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Bacteria, biology, Colostrum, Microbiota, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, 040201 dairy & animal science, immunity, Body Fluids, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Immunoglobulin A, medicine.anatomical_structure, Animals, Newborn, Immunoglobulin G, supplementation, biology.protein, Cattle, Female, Animal Science and Zoology, Antibody, immunoglobulin, Food Science
Abstract

International audience; The early development of immunity and microbiota in the gut of newborn calves can have life-long consequences. Gut microbiota and the intestinal barrier interplay after birth, establishing a homeostatic state whereby mucosal cells cohabit with microorganisms to develop a healthy gut. We hypothesized that postnatal codevelopment of gut immunity and microbiota could be influenced by early-life supplementation with live yeast. Starting from birth, calves either received a daily supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SCB, 10 x 10(9) cfu/d, n = 10) in the morning meal for 7 d or no supplementation (n = 10). Each animal received 2 adequate colostrum replacer meals at 2 and 12 h of life (expected total IgG fed = 300 g) before being fed milk replacer twice a day. Passive transfer of immunity (total protein, IgG, and IgA) through colostrum was evaluated and endogenous production of IgA was investigated by measuring IgA-producing plasma cells, IgA relative gene expression (PIGR and CD79A), and secretory IgA concentration in the gut. The concentration of targeted microbial groups was evaluated with quantitative PCR in the gut digesta collected at d 7 of life. Early SCB supplementation did not impair immunoglobulin absorption and all calves had successful passive transfer of immunity (serum IgG concentration >15 mg/mL at d 1 and d 7 of age). Although the expression of IgA relative gene expression (PIGR and CD79A) was not different, SCB calves had higher secretory IgA concentrations in the ileum (1.98 +/- 0.12 mg/g of dry matter; DM) and colon (1.45 +/- 0.12 mg/g of DM) digesta compared with control animals (1.18 and 0.59 +/- 0.12 mg/g of DM, respectively). In addition, the number of IgA-producing plasma cells were greater in both ileum (2.55 +/- 0.40 cells/mm(2)) and colon (3.03 +/- 0.40 cells/mm(2)) tissues for SCB calves compared with control (respectively 1.00 +/- 0.40 and 0.60 +/- 0.42 cells/mm(2)). Endogenous IgA production in the gut of SCB calves was enhanced, which could make them less prone to pathogen intrusion. In addition, SCB calves had higher Lactobacillus and tended to have higher Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the jejunum compared with control calves, which suggests that SCB supplementation during early-life gut colonization may have a positive effect in newborn calves. Direct SCB supplementation or the cross-talk between SCB and bacteria may be responsible for stimulating IgA production and may play a key role in shaping early colonization in the gut of newborn calves.

Published
2020

36. Comparing perturbation models for evaluating stability of neuroimaging pipelines

Author

Alan C. Evans, Pierre Rioux, Gregory Kiar, Tristan Glatard, Pablo de Oliveira Castro, Eric Petit, Shawn T. Brown, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Laboratoire d'Informatique Parallélisme Réseaux Algorithmes Distribués (LI-PaRAD), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Concordia University [Montreal], Compute Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC, This research was enabled in part by support provided by Calcul Quebec ( http://www.calculquebec.ca ) and Compute Canada ( http://www.computecanada.ca )., and The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was financially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (award no. CGSD3-519497-2018).

Subjects
Special Issue Articles, Computer science, Monte Carlo method, Neuroimaging, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Theoretical Computer Science, diffusion MRI, 03 medical and health sciences, Software analytics, 0302 clinical medicine, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Use case, business.industry, Numerical analysis, Image and Video Processing (eess.IV), Probabilistic logic, 020207 software engineering, Monte Carlo Arithmetic, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing, stability, Data set, Hardware and Architecture, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, FOS: Biological sciences, Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC), Data mining, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, Error detection and correction, computer, Quality assurance, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Software
Abstract

A lack of software reproducibility has become increasingly apparent in the last several years, calling into question the validity of scientific findings affected by published tools. Reproducibility issues may have numerous sources of error, including the underlying numerical stability of algorithms and implementations employed. Various forms of instability have been observed in neuroimaging, including across operating system versions, minor noise injections, and implementation of theoretically equivalent algorithms. In this paper we explore the effect of various perturbation methods on a typical neuroimaging pipeline through the use of i) targeted noise injections, ii) Monte Carlo Arithmetic, and iii) varying operating systems to identify the quality and severity of their impact. The work presented here demonstrates that even low order computational models such as the connectome estimation pipeline that we used are susceptible to noise. This suggests that stability is a relevant axis upon which tools should be compared, developed, or improved, alongside more commonly considered axes such as accuracy/biological feasibility or performance. The heterogeneity observed across participants clearly illustrates that stability is a property of not just the data or tools independently, but their interaction. Characterization of stability should therefore be evaluated for specific analyses and performed on a representative set of subjects for consideration in subsequent statistical testing. Additionally, identifying how this relationship scales to higher-order models is an exciting next step which will be explored. Finally, the joint application of perturbation methods with post-processing approaches such as bagging or signal normalization may lead to the development of more numerically stable analyses while maintaining sensitivity to meaningful variation., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, paper published at IJHPCA

Published
2020

37. A decade of GOSAT Proxy satellite CH$_{4}$ observations

Author

Parker, Robert J., Webb, Alex, Boesch, Hartmut, Somkuti, Peter, Barrio Guillo, Rocio, Noia, Antonio, Kalaitzi, Nikoleta, Anand, Jasdeep, Bergamaschi, Peter, Chevallier, Frederic, Palmer, Paul I., Feng, Liang, Deutscher, Nicholas M., Feist, Dietrich G., Griffith, David W. T., Hase, Frank, Kivi, Rigel, Morino, Isamu, Notholt, Justus, Oh, Young-Suk, Ohyama, Hirofumi, Petri, Christof, Pollard, David F., Roehl, Coleen, Sha, Mahesh K., Shiomi, Kei, Strong, Kimberly, Sussmann, Ralf, Te, Yao, Velazco, Voltaire A., Warneke, Thorsten, Wennberg, Paul O., Wunch, Debra, University of Leicester, Earth Observation Science Group [Leicester] (EOS), Space Research Centre [Leicester], University of Leicester-University of Leicester, University Hospitals Leicester, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Wollongong [Australia], Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] (LMU), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Nanotechnology [Karlsruhe] (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Space and Earth Observation Centre [Sodankylä], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA DIVISION OF BIOLOGY USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Earth Observation Research Center, National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), University of Toronto - Department of physics, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Ecological Society of Australia, ESA 1365003000 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC Environment and Climate Change Canada, ECCC Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, BMWi: 50EE1711D, 50EE1711E, 50EE1711C Sorbonne Université Australian Research Council, ARC: DP110103118, FT180100327, DP160101598, DP089468, DP140101552, LE0668470 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, BMWi European Commission***Delivered and deleted from Elsevier end because this record is to be no longer updated or in business with Elsevier on Date 10-03-2020***, EC: NAG5-12247, FR/35/IC4, NNH05-GD07G National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA European Space Agency, ESA: 4000120088/17/I-EF Environment and Climate Change Canada, ECCC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC Canadian Space Agency, CSA Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/R016518/1, NE/N018079/1, Acknowledgements. Robert J. Parker, Hartmut Boesch, Alex Webb, Paul I. Palmer and Liang Feng are funded via the UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NE/R016518/1 and NE/N018079/1). Rocio Barrio Guillo and Nikoleta Kalaitzi were funded by a Leicester Institute for Space and EO (LISEO) and ESA-Dragon Programme studentship respectively. JSA was funded by an ESA Living Planet Fellowship. We acknowledge funding from the ESA GHG-CCI and Copernicus C3S projects. We thank the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, National Institute for Environmental Studies and the Ministry of Environment for the GOSAT data and their continuous support as part of the Joint Research Agreement. This research used the ALICE High Performance Computing Facility at the University of Leicester for the GOSAT retrievals and analysis. The TM5-4DVAR CH4 inversions have been supported by ECMWF providing computing resources under the special project 'Improve European and global CH4 and N2O flux inversions (2018–2020)'., TCCON gratefully acknowledges financial support by ESA within the S5P validation programme. Stations at Park Falls, La-mont and Darwin are supported by NASA. Stations at Tsukuba, Rikubetsu and Burgos are supported in part by the GOSAT series project. Burgos is supported in part by the Energy Development Corp. Philippines. Ascension Island and Garmisch stations have been supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) under grant 4000120088/17/I-EF and by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) under grants 50EE1711C, 50EE1711E and 50EE1711D. We thank the ESA Ariane Tracking Station at North East Bay, Ascension Island, for hosting and local support. The ETL station is funded by CFI/ORF, NSERC, ECCC and the CSA. The Paris station has received funding from Sorbonne Université, the French research center CNRS, the French space agency CNES and Région Île-de-France. The Eureka measurements were made at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC), primarily supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, and the Canadian Space Agency. The Anmyeondo station has received funding from the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program 'Development and Assessment of IPCC AR6 Climate Change Scenario' under grant 1365003000. The Réunion station is operated by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy with financial support in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 under the EU project ICOS-Inwire and the ministerial decree for ICOS (FR/35/IC4) and local activities supported by LACy/UMR8105 – Université de La Réunion. TCCON measurements in Australia are supported by NASA grants NAG5-12247 and NNH05-GD07G, Australian Research Council grants LE0668470, DP089468, DP110103118, DP140101552, DP160101598 and FT180100327, and the GOSAT series project., Financial support. This research has been supported by the NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (grant nos. NE/N018079/1 and NE/R016518/1)., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Lidar, Earth sciences, global dataset, satellite observations, TCCON, ddc:550, XCH4, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], XCO2, GOSAT
Abstract

This work presents the latest release (v9.0) of the University of Leicester GOSAT Proxy XCH4 dataset. Since the launch of the GOSAT satellite in 2009, these data have been produced by the UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) as part of the ESA Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI) and Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) projects. With now over a decade of observations, we outline the many scientific studies achieved using past versions of these data in order to highlight how this latest version may be used in the future. We describe in detail how the data are generated, providing information and statistics for the entire processing chain from the L1B spectral data through to the final quality-filtered column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCH4) data. We show that out of the 19.5 million observations made between April 2009 and December 2019, we determine that 7.3 million of these are sufficiently cloud-free (37.6 %) to process further and ultimately obtain 4.6 million (23.5 %) high-quality XCH4 observations. We separate these totals by observation mode (land and ocean sun glint) and by month, to provide data users with the expected data coverage, including highlighting periods with reduced observations due to instrumental issues. We perform extensive validation of the data against the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), comparing to ground-based observations at 22 locations worldwide. We find excellent agreement with TCCON, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.92 for the 88 345 co-located measurements. The single-measurement precision is found to be 13.72 ppb, and an overall global bias of 9.06 ppb is determined and removed from the Proxy XCH4 data. Additionally, we validate the separate components of the Proxy (namely the modelled XCO2 and the XCH4∕XCO2 ratio) and find these to be in excellent agreement with TCCON. In order to show the utility of the data for future studies, we compare against simulated XCH4 from the TM5 model. We find a high degree of consistency between the model and observations throughout both space and time. When focusing on specific regions, we find average differences ranging from just 3.9 to 15.4 ppb. We find the phase and magnitude of the seasonal cycle to be in excellent agreement, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.93 and a mean seasonal cycle amplitude difference across all regions of −0.84 ppb. These data are available at https://doi.org/10.5285/18ef8247f52a4cb6a14013f8235cc1eb (Parker and Boesch, 2020).

Published
2020

38. Boreal-forest soil chemistry drives soil organic carbon bioreactivity along a 314-year fire chronosequence

Author

Benjamin Andrieux, David Paré, Julien Beguin, Yves Bergeron, Pierre Grondin, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada - NSERC (CANADA), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Ministere des Forets, de la Faune et des Parcs du Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERCC), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil texture, Chronosequence, Soil Science, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Water balance, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, 2. Zero hunger, Total organic carbon, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Taiga, Soil chemistry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Following a wildfire, organic carbon (C) accumulates in boreal-forest soils. The long-term patterns of accumulation as well as the mechanisms responsible for continuous soil C stabilization or sequestration are poorly known. We evaluated post-fire C stock changes in functional reservoirs (bioreactive and recalcitrant) using the proportion of C mineralized in CO2 by microbes in a long-term lab incubation, as well as the proportion of C resistant to acid hydrolysis. We found that all soil C pools increased linearly with the time since fire. The bioreactive and acid-insoluble soil C pools increased at a rate of 0.02 and 0.12 MgC ha−1 yr−1, respectively, and their proportions relative to total soil C stock remained constant with the time since fire (8 % and 46 %, respectively). We quantified direct and indirect causal relationships among variables and C bioreactivity to disentangle the relative contribution of climate, moss dominance, soil particle size distribution and soil chemical properties (pH, exchangeable manganese and aluminum, and metal oxides) to the variation structure of in vitro soil C bioreactivity. Our analyses showed that the chemical properties of podzolic soils that characterize the study area were the best predictors of soil C bioreactivity. For the O layer, pH and exchangeable manganese were the most important (model-averaged estimator for both of 0.34) factors directly related to soil organic C bioreactivity, followed by the time since fire (0.24), moss dominance (0.08), and climate and texture (0 for both). For the mineral soil, exchangeable aluminum was the most important factor (model-averaged estimator of −0.32), followed by metal oxide (−0.27), pH (−0.25), the time since fire (0.05), climate and texture (∼0 for both). Of the four climate factors examined in this study (i.e., mean annual temperature, growing degree-days above 5 ∘C, mean annual precipitation and water balance) only those related to water availability – and not to temperature – had an indirect effect (O layer) or a marginal indirect effect (mineral soil) on soil C bioreactivity. Given that predictions of the impact of climate change on soil C balance are strongly linked to the size and the bioreactivity of soil C pools, our study stresses the need to include the direct effects of soil chemistry and the indirect effects of climate and soil texture on soil organic matter decomposition in Earth system models to forecast the response of boreal soils to global warming.

Published
2020

39. Hybrid Erythrocyte Liposomes: Functionalized Red Blood Cell Membranes for Molecule Encapsulation

Author

Himbert, Sebastian, Blacker, Matthew J., Kihm, Alexander, Pauli, Quinn, Khondker, Adree, Yang, Kevin, Sinjari, Sheilan, Johnson, Mitchell, Juhasz, Janos, Wagner, Christian, Stöver, Harald D. H., Rheinstädter, Maikel C., Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [sponsor], Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)Canada Foundation for Innovation [sponsor], Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation [sponsor], Early Researcher Award of the Province of Ontario [sponsor], University Scholar of McMaster University [sponsor], and DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [FOR 2688, WA 1336/12] [sponsor]

Subjects
Science des matériaux & ingénierie [C09] [Ingénierie, informatique & technologie], hybrid erythrocyte membranes, Materials science & engineering [C09] [Engineering, computing & technology], drug delivery, erythrocyte membrane, synthetic lipids, membrane material properties, red blood cells
Abstract

The modification of erythrocyte membrane properties provides a new tool towards improved drug delivery and biomedical applications. The fabrication of hybrid erythrocyte liposomes is presented by doping red blood cell membranes with synthetic lipid molecules of different classes (PC, PS, PG) and different degrees of saturation (14:0, 16:0-18:1). The respective solubility limits are determined, and material properties of the hybrid liposomes are studied by a combination of X-ray diffraction, epi-fluorescent microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, UV-vis spectroscopy, and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. Membrane thickness and lipid orientation can be tuned through the addition of phosphatidylcholine lipids. The hybrid membranes can be fluorescently labelled by incorporating Texas-red DHPE, and their charge modified by incorporating phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol. By using fluorescein labeled dextran as an example, it is demonstrated that small molecules can be encapsulated into these hybrid liposomes.

Published
2020

40. Drivers of postfire soil organic carbon accumulation in the boreal forest

Author

Julien Beguin, Yves Bergeron, Pierre Grondin, Benjamin Andrieux, David Paré, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada - NSERC (CANADA), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERCC), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Ministere des Forets, de la Faune et des Parcs du Quebec, Quebec, QC, Canada, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil texture, Climate, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, Fires, Soil, Taiga, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, boreal forest, soil carbon, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Abiotic component, Global and Planetary Change, Biotic component, Ecology, carbon stock, Temperature, Water, Soil chemistry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, carbon sequestration, Carbon, climate change, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, carbon dynamic, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, fire
Abstract

The accumulation of soil carbon (C) is regulated by a complex interplay between abiotic and biotic factors. Our study aimed to identify the main drivers of soil C accumulation in the boreal forest of eastern North America. Ecosystem C pools were measured in 72 sites of fire origin that burned 2-314 years ago over a vast region with a range of ∆ mean annual temperature of 3°C and one of ∆ 500 mm total precipitation. We used a set of multivariate a priori causal hypotheses to test the influence of time since fire (TSF), climate, soil physico-chemistry and bryophyte dominance on forest soil organic C accumulation. Integrating the direct and indirect effects among abiotic and biotic variables explained as much as 50% of the full model variability. The main direct drivers of soil C stocks were: TSF >bryophyte dominance of the FH layer and metal oxide content >pH of the mineral soil. Only climate parameters related to water availability contributed significantly to explaining soil C stock variation. Importantly, climate was found to affect FH layer and mineral soil C stocks indirectly through its effects on bryophyte dominance and organo-metal complexation, respectively. Soil texture had no influence on soil C stocks. Soil C stocks increased both in the FH layer and mineral soil with TSF and this effect was linked to a decrease in pH with TSF in mineral soil. TSF thus appears to be an important factor of soil development and of C sequestration in mineral soil through its influence on soil chemistry. Overall, this work highlights that integrating the complex interplay between the main drivers of soil C stocks into mechanistic models of C dynamics could improve our ability to assess C stocks and better anticipate the response of the boreal forest to global change.

Published
2018

41. Air temperature optima of vegetation productivity across global biomes

Author

Philippe Ciais, Xuhui Wang, Yiqi Luo, Ranga B. Myneni, Mengtian Huang, Hans Verbeeck, Mengdi Gao, Alessandro Cescatti, Joseph A. Berry, Trevor F. Keenan, Yongwen Liu, Shuli Niu, Ivan A. Janssens, Shushi Peng, Yue He, Tao Wang, Wenping Yuan, Xiaoying Shi, Matthias Cuntz, Jin Wu, Jiafu Mao, Kai Wang, Shilong Piao, Josep Peñuelas, Ramdane Alkama, Hannes De Deurwaerder, SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDA20050101National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)41530528National Key RAMP, D Program of China 2017YFA0604702United States Department of Energy (DOE)DE-FG02-04ER63917DE-FG02-04ER63911CFCAS Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada BIOCAP CGIAR Natural Resources Canada European Union (EU) FAO-GTOS-CO iLEAPS Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry National Science Foundation (NSF) University of Tuscia Universite Laval United States Department of Energy (DOE) European Research Council (ERC)ERC-SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-PFrench National Research Agency (ANR) Flemish Community through the Research Council of the University of Antwerp NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program IDS Award NNH17AE86ITerrestrial Ecosystem Science Scientific Focus Area project through the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Program in the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division of the Biological and Environmental Research Program in the US Department of Energy Office of S United States Department of Energy (DOE)DE-AC05-00OR22725French National Research Agency (ANR)ANR-11-LABX-0002-01, Peking University [Beijing], Chinese Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), University of Hong Kong, University of Antwerp (UA), D Program of China 2017YFA0604702United States Department of Energy (DOE)DE-FG02-04ER63917DE-FG02-04ER63911CFCAS Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada BIOCAP CGIAR Natural Resources Canada FAO-GTOS-CO iLEAPS Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry National Science Foundation (NSF) University of Tuscia Universite Laval Flemish Community through the Research Council of the University of Antwerp NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program IDS Award NNH17AE86ITerrestrial Ecosystem Science Scientific Focus Area project through the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Program in the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division of the Biological and Environmental Research Program in the US Department of Energy Office of S United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC05-00OR22725, ANR-11-LABX-0002,ARBRE,Recherches Avancées sur l'Arbre et les Ecosytèmes Forestiers(2011), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Peking University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Ghent University, U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), and Brookhaven National Laboratory

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecosystem ecology, Climate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biome, Eddy covariance, Climate change, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Article, Carbon Cycle, primary productivity, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, parasitic diseases, Quantitative Biology::Populations and Evolution, Ecosystem, Leaf area index, Biology, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecology, Climate-change ecology, Temperature, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Photosynthetic capacity, productivité primaire, Chemistry, température de l'air, 13. Climate action, Photosynthetic acclimation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

U nderstanding how photosynthesis responds to warming has been a focus in plant research in recent decades, and most of the existing knowledge comes from leaf-scale measurements 1-4. Most leaf-scale temperature response curves show that photosyn-thetic capacity increases with temperature up to an optimum temperature (T opt leaf), which typically occurs in the 30-40 °C temperature range 5,6. Above this optimum temperature, foliar photosynthetic capacity sharply declines as electron-transport and Rubisco enzy-matic capacities become impaired 7. Field et al. 8 suggested that ecosystem-scale optimum temperature T opt eco may differ from T opt leaf. At the ecosystem scale, elevated air temperatures do limit canopy photosynthesis by processes other than leaf carboxylation rates. For instance, elevated air temperatures may accelerate leaf ageing and increase leaf thickness (phenology; for example, ref. 9) and control stomatal closure because a higher temperature usually comes with a higher vapour pressure deficit (VPD) 10. In a more extreme case, warming-induced water stress could suppress canopy photosyn-thesis through partial hydraulic failure (hydraulics) by cavitation (for example, ref. 11). Empirical leaf-scale photosynthesis-temperature relationships 12 have been directly incorporated into global ecosystem models, with variants to account for acclimation, that is, a temporal adjustment of optimum photosynthetic temperature to air temperature during growth 5,13,14. This direct scaling of temperature responses from leaves to ecosystems partly determines model projections of gross primary productivity (GPP) and CO 2 uptake by terrestrial ecosystems in climatic scenarios. Verifying the existence of T opt eco in real-world ecosystems, defining its spatial distribution across and within biomes, and understanding the relationships between T opt eco , prevailing air temperature and T opt leaf are important for evaluating models and understanding the impacts of various climatic warming targets on ecosystem productivity. In this study, we formulate and test the following hypotheses: (1) T opt eco is higher for biomes when air temperature during growth is warmer, (2) T opt eco is lower than T opt leaf for any given ecosystem because the limitations mentioned earlier of stomatal conductance and phenology emerge before temperature begins to impair foliar pho-tosynthetic capacity, and (3) tropical forests already operate near a high T opt eco , above which canopy photosynthesis may decrease with even moderate air temperature warming 15,16. Here, we defined T opt eco as the daytime air temperature at which GPP is highest over a period of several years, and thus T opt eco can be empirically determined from productivity observations and proxies (see Methods). Results and discussion We first applied this approach on time series of daily GPP derived from CO 2 flux measurements at 153 globally distributed eddy cova-riance sites and found that a robust estimate of T opt eco could be derived The global distribution of the optimum air temperature for ecosystem-level gross primary productivity (T opt eco) is poorly understood , despite its importance for ecosystem carbon uptake under future warming. We provide empirical evidence for the existence of such an optimum, using measurements of in situ eddy covariance and satellite-derived proxies, and report its global distribution. T opt eco is consistently lower than the physiological optimum temperature of leaf-level photosynthetic capacity, which typically exceeds 30 °C. The global average T opt eco is estimated to be 23 ± 6 °C, with warmer regions having higher T opt eco values than colder regions. In tropical forests in particular, T opt eco is close to growing-season air temperature and is projected to fall below it under all scenarios of future climate, suggesting a limited safe operating space for these ecosystems under future warming.

Published
2019

42. Functional Selectivity Revealed by N-Methylation Scanning of Human Urotensin II and Related Peptides

Author

Alfonso Carotenuto, Paolo Grieco, William D. Lubell, Rosa Bellavita, Ettore Novellino, Etienne Billard, Diego Brancaccio, Paola Santicioli, Ali Munaim Yousif, David Chatenet, Salvatore Di Maro, Terence E. Hébert, Roberta d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, Francesco Merlino, Luigi Abate, Luciana Marinelli, Merlino, F., Billard, E., Yousif, A. M., Di Maro, S., Brancaccio, D., Abate, L., Carotenuto, A., Bellavita, R., D'Emmanuele Di Villa Bianca, R., Santicioli, P., Marinelli, L., Novellino, E., Hebert, T. E., Lubell, W. D., Chatenet, D., Grieco, P., Merlino, Francesco, Billard, Etienne, Yousif, Ali Munaim, Di Maro, Salvatore, Brancaccio, Diego, Abate, Luigi, Carotenuto, Alfonso, Bellavita, Rosa, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, Roberta, Santicioli, Paolo, Marinelli, Luciana, Novellino, Ettore, Hébert, Terence, Lubell, William D, Chatenet, David, Grieco, Paolo, University of Naples Federico II, Institut Armand Frappier (INRS-IAF), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Menarini Ricerche [Florence], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Université de Montréal (UdeM), and The study was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (MOP-142184) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (RGPIN-2015-04848) to D.C. We thank the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for funding

Subjects
Untranslated region, Male, Protein Conformation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Peptide Hormones, Urotensins, Peptide, CHO Cells, Urotensin-II receptor, Ligands, 01 natural sciences, Methylation, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Protein structure, Cricetulus, Drug Discovery, Urotensin-II, peptide synthesis, NMR spectroscopy, N-methylation, Functional selectivity, Animals, Humans, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Biological activity, 0104 chemical sciences, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, HEK293 Cells, chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Urotensin-II
Abstract

International audience; In accordance with their common but also divergent physiological actions, human urotensin II (1) and urotensin II-related peptide (2) could stabilize specific urotensin II receptor (UTR) conformations, thereby activating different signaling pathways, a feature referred to as biased agonism or functional selectivity. Sequential N-methylation of the amides in the conserved core sequence of 1, 2, and fragment U-II4-11 (3) shed light on structural requirements involved in their functional selectivity. Thus, 18 N-methylated UTR ligands were synthesized and their biological profiles evaluated using in vitro competition binding assays, ex vivo rat aortic ring bioassays and BRET-based biosensor experiments. Biological activity diverged from that of the parent structures contingent on the location of amide methylation, indicating relevant hydrogen-bond interactions for the function of the endogenous peptides. Conformational analysis of selected N-methyl analogs indicated the importance of specific amide residues of 2 for the distinct pharmacology relative to 1 and 3.

Published
2019

43. Memristor-Based Cryogenic Programmable DC Sources for Scalable In Situ Quantum-Dot Control

Author

Pierre-Antoine Mouny, Yann Beilliard, Sébastien Graveline, Marc-Antoine Roux, Abdelouadoud El Mesoudy, Raphaël Dawant, Pierre Gliech, Serge Ecoffey, Fabien Alibart, Michel Pioro-Ladrière, Dominique Drouin, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique [Sherbrooke] [3IT], Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes [Sherbrooke] [LN2], Institut Quantique [Sherbrooke] [UdeS], Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 [IEMN], Nanostructures, nanoComponents & Molecules - IEMN [NCM - IEMN], Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique [Sherbrooke] (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes [Sherbrooke] (LN2), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Quantique [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Nanostructures, nanoComponents & Molecules - IEMN (NCM - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), ACKNOWLEDGMENTData Availability: The Python library that was developed to simulate the control performed by the proposed dc source is available at GitHub. Data supporting this work will be uploaded to an online repository.This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC), in part by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, in part by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund in part by Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2), which is aFrench–Canadian Joint International Research Laboratory (IRL-3463), funded and co-operated by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Sherbrooke, Université de Grenoble Alpes (UGA), École Centrale Lyon (ECL), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Lyon, and and in part by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec Nature et Technologie (FRQNT).

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Power dissipation, Quantum Physics, Cryogenics, Resistance, FOS: Physical sciences, Voltage, Logic gates, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Hardware Architecture (cs.AR), Qubit, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Memristors, Computer Science - Hardware Architecture
Abstract

Current quantum systems based on spin qubits are controlled by classical electronics located outside the cryostat at room temperature. This approach creates a major wiring bottleneck, which is one of the main roadblocks toward truly scalable quantum computers. Thus, we propose a scalable memristor-based programmable DC source that could be used to perform biasing of quantum dots inside of the cryostat (i.e. in-situ). This novel cryogenic approach would enable to control the applied voltage on the electrostatic gates by programming the resistance of the memristors, thus storing in the latter the appropriate conditions to form the quantum dots. In this study, we first demonstrate multilevel resistance programming of a TiO2-based memristors at 4.2 K, an essential feature to achieve voltage tunability of the memristor-based DC source. We then report hardwarebased simulations of the electrical performance of the proposed DC source. A cryogenic TiO2-based memristor model fitted on our experimental data at 4.2 K was used to show a 1 V voltage range and 100 uV in-situ memristor-based DC source. Finally, we simulate the biasing of double quantum dots enabling sub-2 minutes in-situ charge stability diagrams. This demonstration is a first step towards more advanced cryogenic applications for resistive memories such as cryogenic control electronics for quantum computers.

Published
2023

44. Depositional setting of the Late Archean Fe oxide- and sulfide-bearing chert and graphitic argillite in the Shaw Dome, Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada

Author

M. G. Houlé, R. S. Hiebert, Olivier Rouxel, Andrey Bekker, University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], Northwest Terr Geol Survey, Yellowknife, NT, Canada, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Targeted Geoscience Initiative program of the Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, LabexMer [ANR-10-LABX-19-01], NSERCNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and FQRNT through the GEOTOP research centerFQRNT

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Archean, Geochemistry, Geology, Greenstone belt, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Sedimentary depositional environment, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ultramafic rock, Isotope geochemistry, engineering, Sedimentary rock, Pyrite, Mafic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Interbedded chert-rich exhalite and graphitic argillite are the only sedimentary rocks deposited in deep-water settings during long-lived hiatuses in mafic to ultramafic volcanism within the Hart area of the Shaw Dome in the Late Archean Abitibi greenstone belt in Canada. The Fe oxide- and sulfide-bearing, but predominantly cherty, exhalite lithological unit in the Hart area can be traced laterally to iron formation elsewhere in the Shaw Dome. Whole-rock as well as Fe and S isotope geochemistry suggest that the exhalite unit was formed as a result of direct precipitation from seawater, distally from hydrothermal centres. Fractionation of Fe isotopes through the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides in a neutrally buoyant hydrothermal plume removed the heavier isotopes of Fe, resulting in the negative delta Fe-56 values observed in the exhalite in the Hart area. Archean seawater is generally considered to be anoxic, but moderate Mn enrichments (up to 1.87 wt% MnO) in exhalite along with negative Fe isotope values resulting from partial Fe(II) oxidation suggest the presence of oxygen in the upper part of the water column along the pathway of hydrothermal plumes from their source to the depositional site in the Abitibi greenstone belt. In contrast, the graphitic argillite contains abundant pyrite nodules and bands that exhibit systematic negative Fe isotope values, but does not show Mn enrichment. This unit likely formed in a zone of upwelling of nutrient-rich waters from deeper parts of the basin resulting in high organic productivity. Both exhalite and graphitic argillite have negative Delta S-33 values, suggesting that sulfur was derived from seawater sulfate, which is consistent with an anoxic atmosphere with sulfate aerosols produced by photochemical reactions. Combined, our data indicates disequilibrium between anoxic atmosphere and partially oxygenated upper part of the water column during periods of volcanic quiescence in the similar to 2.7 Ga Abitibi greenstone belt supporting the existence of oxidized oases within the Archean ocean.

Published
2018

45. Microglia states and nomenclature

Author

Rosa C. Paolicelli, Amanda Sierra, Beth Stevens, Marie-Eve Tremblay, Adriano Aguzzi, Bahareh Ajami, Ido Amit, Etienne Audinat, Ingo Bechmann, Mariko Bennett, Frederick Bennett, Alain Bessis, Knut Biber, Staci Bilbo, Mathew Blurton-Jones, Erik Boddeke, Dora Brites, Bert Brône, Guy C. Brown, Oleg Butovsky, Monica J. Carson, Bernardo Castellano, Marco Colonna, Sally A. Cowley, Colm Cunningham, Dimitrios Davalos, Philip L. De Jager, Bart de Strooper, Adam Denes, Bart J.L. Eggen, Ukpong Eyo, Elena Galea, Sonia Garel, Florent Ginhoux, Christopher K. Glass, Ozgun Gokce, Diego Gomez-Nicola, Berta González, Siamon Gordon, Manuel B. Graeber, Andrew D. Greenhalgh, Pierre Gressens, Melanie Greter, David H. Gutmann, Christian Haass, Michael T. Heneka, Frank L. Heppner, Soyon Hong, David A. Hume, Steffen Jung, Helmut Kettenmann, Jonathan Kipnis, Ryuta Koyama, Greg Lemke, Marina Lynch, Ania Majewska, Marzia Malcangio, Tarja Malm, Renzo Mancuso, Takahiro Masuda, Michela Matteoli, Barry W. McColl, Veronique E. Miron, Anna Victoria Molofsky, Michelle Monje, Eva Mracsko, Agnes Nadjar, Jonas J. Neher, Urte Neniskyte, Harald Neumann, Mami Noda, Bo Peng, Francesca Peri, V. Hugh Perry, Phillip G. Popovich, Clare Pridans, Josef Priller, Marco Prinz, Davide Ragozzino, Richard M. Ransohoff, Michael W. Salter, Anne Schaefer, Dorothy P. Schafer, Michal Schwartz, Mikael Simons, Cody J. Smith, Wolfgang J. Streit, Tuan Leng Tay, Li-Huei Tsai, Alexei Verkhratsky, Rommy von Bernhardi, Hiroaki Wake, Valérie Wittamer, Susanne A. Wolf, Long-Jun Wu, Tony Wyss-Coray, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Howard Hughes Medical Institute [Boston] (HHMI), Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)-Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (CRCHUQ), CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), University of British Columbia [Vancouver], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Oregon Health and Science University [Portland] (OHSU), Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Abbott GmbH & Co KG, Duke University [Durham], University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Universidade de Lisboa, This work was supported by grants from the Dementia Research Switzerland– Synapsis Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF 310030_197940), and European Research Council (ERC StGrant REMIND 804949) to R.C.P., the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Competitiveness MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER ‘‘A way to make Europe’’ (RTI2018099267-B-I00 and RYC-2013-12817), a Tatiana Foundation award (P-048FTPGB 2018), and a Basque Government Department of Education project (PIBA 2020_1_0030) to A.S., Cure Alzheimer’s Fund and Alzheimer’s Association to B.S., the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (foundation grant 341846, project grant 461831) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (discovery grant RGPIN-2014-05308) to M.E.T. M.E.T. is a Tier II Canada Research Chair in Neurobiology of Aging and Cognition. This work was also funded by DFG CRC/TRR167 ‘‘NeuroMac’’ to I.A., J.P., M.P., and S.J. and by DFG SFB 1052, Project 209933838 to I.B. Australian Research Council support for project DP150104472 to M.B.G. is gratefully acknowledged., European Project: DP150104472,ARC::Discovery Projects(2015), European Project: 7469381(1974), European Project: 7244968(1972), Brown, Guy [0000-0002-3610-1730], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Neurology & Neurosurgery, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, General Neuroscience, Neurosciences, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, ddc:610, Human medicine, Microglia
Abstract

International audience; Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained by a rolling series of dichotomies such as "resting versus activated" and "M1 versus M2." This dualistic classification of good or bad microglia is inconsistent with the wide repertoire of microglial states and functions in development, plasticity, aging, and diseases that were elucidated in recent years. New designations continuously arising in an attempt to describe the different microglial states, notably defined using transcriptomics and proteomics, may easily lead to a misleading, although unintentional, coupling of categories and functions. To address these issues, we assembled a group of multidisciplinary experts to discuss our current understanding of microglial states as a dynamic concept and the importance of addressing microglial function. Here, we provide a conceptual framework and recommendations on the use of microglial nomenclature for researchers, reviewers, and editors, which will serve as the foundations for a future white paper.

Published
2022

46. Regional and global shifts in crop diversity through the Anthropocene

Author

Denis Vile, Rubén Milla, Marc W. Cadotte, Cyrille Violle, Marney E. Isaac, Adam R. Martin, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Écophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress environnementaux (LEPSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Ontario Research Fund, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant number 386151), Région Languedoc-Roussillon, 'Chercheur d’Avenir' (FEDER FSE IEJ 2014–2020, Grant Project 'APSEVIR'), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (grants CGL2014-56567-R and PCIN-2014-053), European Union (Eco-serve project, BiodivERsA/001/2014, Horizon 2020), Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (DiversiTraits project, no. 221060), uropean Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant Project StG-2014-639706-CONSTRAINTS., European Project: 221060,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2007-4-1-IOF,DIVERSITRAITS(2009), University of Toronto [Scarborough, Canada], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
Plant Phylogenetics, 0106 biological sciences, Conservation genetics, Plant Evolution, Conservation Biology, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Data Management, Conservation Science, 2. Zero hunger, Plant evolution, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Ecology, Agricultural diversification, food and beverages, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Crop Production, Phylogenetics, Phylogeography, Biogeography, Conservation Genetics, Medicine, Research Article, Crops, Agricultural, Computer and Information Sciences, Ecological Metrics, Science, Crops, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, Anthropocene, Genetics, Humans, Evolutionary Systematics, Taxonomy, 030304 developmental biology, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, business.industry, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, fungi, Biology and Life Sciences, Species diversity, Species Diversity, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Organismal Evolution, Phylogenetic diversity, Crop diversity, 13. Climate action, Earth Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, human activities, Population Genetics, Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; The Anthropocene epoch is partly defined by anthropogenic spread of crops beyond their centres of origin. At global scales, evidence indicates that species-level taxonomic diversity of crops being cultivated on large-scale agricultural lands has increased linearly over the past 50 years. Yet environmental and socioeconomic differences support expectations that temporal changes in crop diversity vary across regions. Ecological theory also suggests that changes in crop taxonomic diversity may not necessarily reflect changes in the evolutionary diversity of crops. We used data from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to assess changes in crop taxonomic-and phylogenetic diversity across 22 subcontinental-scale regions from 1961-2014. We document certain broad consistencies across nearly all regions: i) little change in crop diversity from 1961 through to the late 1970s; followed by ii) a 10-year period of sharp diversification through the early 1980s; followed by iii) a "levelling-off" of crop diversification beginning in the early 1990s. However, the specific onset and duration of these distinct periods differs significantly across regions and are unrelated to agricultural expansion, indicating that unique policy or environmental conditions influence the crops being grown within a given region. Additionally, while the 1970s and 1980s are defined by region-scale increases in crop diversity this period marks the increasing dominance of a small number of crop species and lineages; a trend resulting in detectable increases in the similarity of crops being grown across regions. Broad similarities in the species-level taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of crops being grown across regions, primarily at large industrial scales captured by FAO data, represent a unique feature of the Anthropocene epoch. Yet nuanced asymmetries in regional-scale trends suggest that environmental and socioeconomic factors play a key role in shaping observed macro-ecological changes in the plant diversity on agricultural lands.

Published
2019

47. Dissolved organic matter concentration and composition discontinuity at the peat–pool interface in a boreal peatland

Author

Antonin Prijac, Laure Gandois, Laurent Jeanneau, Pierre Taillardat, Michelle Garneau, Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique - GRIL (Montréal, Canada), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National University of Singapore (NUS), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)CGIAR, and HydroQuebec (RDCPJ 51421817)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Pools are common features of peatlands and can represent from 5 % to 50 % of the peatland ecosystem's surface area. Pools play an important role in the peatland carbon cycle by releasing carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere. However, the origin of this carbon is not well constrained. A hypothesis is that the majority of the carbon emitted from pools predominantly originates from mineralized allochthonous (i.e., plant-derived) dissolved organic matter (DOM) from peat rather than in situ primary production. To test this hypothesis, this study examined the origin, composition, and degradability of DOM in peat porewater and pools of an ombrotrophic boreal peatland in northeastern Quebec (Canada) for 2 years over the growing season. The temporal evolution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, the optical properties, molecular composition (THM-GC-MS), stable isotopic signature (δ13C-DOC), and degradability of DOM were determined. This study demonstrates that DOM, in both peat porewater and pools, presents a diverse composition and constitutes highly dynamic components of peatland ecosystems. The molecular and isotopic analyses showed that DOM in pools was derived from plants. However, DOM compositions in the two environments were markedly different. Peat porewater DOM was more aromatic, with a higher molecular weight and DOC : DON (dissolved organic nitrogen) ratio compared to pools. The temporal dynamics of DOC concentration and DOM composition also differed. In peat porewater, the DOC concentration followed a strong seasonal increase, starting from 9 mg L−1 and reaching a plateau above 20 mg L−1 in summer and autumn. This was explained by seasonal peatland vegetation productivity, which is greater than microbial DOM degradation. In pools, DOC concentration also increased but remained 2 times lower than in the peat porewaters at the end of the growing season (∼ 10 mg L−1). Those differences might be explained by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological factors. The limited hydraulic conductivity in deeper peat horizons and associated DOM residence time might have favored both DOM microbial transformation within the peat and the interaction of DOM aromatic compounds with the peat matrix, explaining part of the shift of DOM compositions between peat porewater and pools. This study did not report any photolability of DOM and only limited microbial degradability. Thus, it is likely that the DOM might have been microbially transformed at the interface between peat and pools. The combination of DOM quantitative and qualitative analyses presented in this study demonstrates that most of the carbon present within and released from the pools originates from peat vegetation. These results demonstrate that pools represent a key component of the peatland ecosystem ecological and biogeochemical functioning.

Published
2022

48. Intra- and Interspecific Foraging and Feeding Interactions in Three Sea Stars and a Gastropod from the Deep Sea

Author

Brittney Stuckless, Jean-François Hamel, Jacopo Aguzzi, Annie Mercier, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Subjects
General Immunology and Microbiology, competition, deep sea, behaviour, species interactions, gastropod, sea star, Competition, Behaviour, Species interactions, Sea star, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, Gastropod, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Deep sea
Abstract

19 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, supplementary materials https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biology12060774/s1.-- Data Availability Statement: Data are available upon request to the primary author, Competitive interactions come in a variety of forms and may be modulated by the size and number of individuals involved, and/or the resources available. Here, intra- and interspecific competitive behaviours for food (i.e., foraging/food search and feeding/food ingestion) were experimentally characterized and quantified in four co-existing deep-sea benthic species. Three sea stars (Ceramaster granularis, Hippasteria phrygiana, and Henricia lisa) and one gastropod (Buccinum scalariforme) from the bathyal Northwest Atlantic were investigated using video trials in darkened laboratory conditions. A range of competitive or cooperative behaviours occurred, depending on species (conspecific or heterospecific), comparative body size, and the number of individuals involved. Contrary to expectations, small individuals (or smaller species) were not always outcompeted by larger individuals (or larger species) when foraging and feeding. Moreover, faster species did not always outcompete slower ones while scavenging. Overall, this study sheds new light on scavenging strategies of co-existing deep-sea benthic species in food-limited bathyal environments, based on complex behavioural inter- and intraspecific relationships, This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) via grants awarded to A.M. [...] J.A. is a member of the Tecnoterra Associated Research Unit (ICM-CSIC/UPC) and supported by the Spanish Government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Published
2023

49. Chemical design of electronic and magnetic energy scales of tetravalent praseodymium materials

Author

Ramanathan, Arun, Kaplan, Jensen, Sergentu, Dumitru-Claudiu, Branson, Jacob A, Ozerov, Mykhaylo, I. Kolesnikov, Alexander, Minasian, Stefan G., Autschbach, Jochen, Freeland, John, Jiang, Zhigang, Mourigal, Martin, La Pierre, Henry S., Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Florida State University [Panama City], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY), Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), and The work of A.R. and H.S.L.P. at Georgia Tech was supported by the Beckman Foundation as part of a Beckman Young Investigator Award to H.S.L.P. The work of J.K. and M.M. at Georgia Tech was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. NSF-DMR-1750186 awarded to M.M. The work of Z.J. at Georgia Tech was supported by the US Department of Energy through Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER46451 awarded to Z.J. Some of this work was performed in part at the Materials Characterization Facility at Georgia Tech, which is jointly supported by the GT Institute for Materials and the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, and is a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ECCS-2025462. This research used resources at the Spallation Neutron Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility operated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Use of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The infrared measurements were performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, which is supported by the National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida. The work of D.-C.S. and J.A. at the University at Buffalo was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Heavy Element Chemistry program, under grant DESC0001136 awarded to J.A. D.-C.S. and J.A. thank the Center for Computational Research (CCR) at the University at Buffalo for providing computational resources. D.-C.S. received research funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 899546. D.-C.S. acknowledges infrastructure support provided through the RECENT AIR grant agreement MySMIS no. 127324. Work of J.A.B. and S.G.M at LBNL was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences of the US Department of Energy (DOE) at LBNL under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. STXM research described in this paper was performed at the Canadian Light Source, which is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the University of Saskatchewan, the Government of Saskatchewan, Western Economic Diversification Canada, the National Research Council Canada, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; Lanthanides in the trivalent oxidation state are typically described using an ionic picture that leads to localized magnetic moments. The hierarchical energy scales associated with trivalent lanthanides produce desirable properties for e.g., molecular magnetism, quantum materials, and quantum transduction. Here, we show that this traditional ionic paradigm breaks down for praseodymium in the tetravalent oxidation state. Synthetic, spectroscopic, and theoretical tools deployed on several solid-state Pr(4+)-oxides uncover the unusual participation of 4f orbitals in bonding and the anomalous hybridization of the 4f(1) configuration with ligand valence electrons, analogous to transition metals. The competition between crystal-field and spin-orbit-coupling interactions fundamentally transforms the spin-orbital magnetism of Pr(4+), which departs from the J(eff) = 1/2 limit and resembles that of high-valent actinides. Our results show that Pr(4+) ions are in a class on their own, where the hierarchy of single-ion energy scales can be tailored to explore new correlated phenomena in quantum materials.

Published
2023

50. Species richness drives selection of individuals within wetlands based on traits related to acquisition and utilization of light

Author

Lucas Deschamps, Raphaël Proulx, Guillaume Rheault, Nicolas Gross, Christopher Watson, Vincent Maire, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) CGIAR - NSERC-Discovery-2016-05716

Subjects
hierarchical models, demography, intraspecific variation, Ecology, density-dependent mechanisms, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, alpha diversity, environmental filtering, functional traits, community ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

International audience; Selection within natural communities has mainly been studied along large abiotic gradients, while the selection of individuals within populations should occur locally in response to biotic filters. To better leverage the role of the latter, we considered the hierarchal nature of environmental selection for the multiple dimensions of the trait space across biological levels, that is, from the species to the community and the ecosystem levels. We replicated a natural species richness gradient where communities included from two to 16 species within four wetlands (bog, fen, meadow, and marsh) contrasting in plant productivity. We sampled functional traits from individuals in each community and used hierarchical distributional modeling in order to analyze the independent variation of the mean and dispersion of functional trait space at ecosystem, community, and species levels. The plant productivity gradient observed between wetlands led to species turnover and selection of traits related to leaf nutrient conservation/acquisition strategy. Within wetlands, plant species richness drove trait variation across both communities and species. Among communities, variation of species richness correlated with the selection of individuals according to their use of vertical space and leaf adaptations to light conditions. Within species, intraspecific light-related trait variation in response to species richness was associated with stable population density for some species, while others reached low population density in more diverse communities. Within ecosystems, variation in biotic conditions selects individuals along functional dimensions that are independent of those selected across ecosystems. Within-species variations of light-related traits are related to demographic responses, linking biotic selection of individuals within communities to eco-evolutionary dynamics of species.

Published
2023

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