102 results on '"National Diet and nutrition survey"'
Search Results
2. UK Chickpea Consumption Doubled from 2008/09–2018/19.
- Author
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Kutepova, Inga, Rehm, Colin D., and Friend, Samara Joy
- Abstract
Background: Only 9% of individuals in the United Kingdom (UK) meet the recommendation for dietary fibre intake. Little is known about chickpea consumption in the UK. Methods: Chickpea intake trends and sociodemographic patterns were analysed using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme data collected from 2008/09 to 2018/19 among 15,655 individuals ≥1.5 years completing a four-day food diary. Chickpea consumers were identified based on a list of chickpea-containing foods, with the most consumed foods being hummus, boiled chickpeas, chickpea flour, and low/reduced-fat hummus. Micronutrient and food group intakes were compared between chickpea consumers and non-consumers; the Modified Healthy Dietary Score was also assessed, which measures adherence to UK dietary recommendations. Results: Chickpea consumption increased from 6.1% (2008–2012) to 12.3% (2016–2019). Among 1.5–3 years, consumption increased from 5.7% to 13.4%, and among 19–64 years, consumption increased from 7.1% to 14.4%. The percentage of individuals eating chickpeas was higher among individuals with higher incomes and more education. Healthy-weight adults were more likely to consume chickpeas compared to those who were overweight or obese. Compared to both bean and non-bean consumers, chickpea consumers ate significantly more dietary fibre, fruits and vegetables, pulses, nuts, and less red meat and processed meat products. Chickpea consumers also had a higher Modified Healthy Dietary Score. Conclusions: In the UK, chickpea consumption more than doubled from 2008/09 to 2018/19. Chickpea consumers had a higher diet quality than non-consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Trends in food consumption according to the degree of food processing among the UK population over 11 years.
- Author
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Madruga, Mariana, Martínez Steele, Eurídice, Reynolds, Christian, Levy, Renata Bertazzi, and Rauber, Fernanda
- Subjects
FATS & oils ,BUTTER ,MEAT ,FOOD consumption ,TIME ,DIET ,REGRESSION analysis ,FOOD diaries ,SURVEYS ,FOOD preferences ,FOOD handling ,FRUIT ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,GRAIN ,BREAKFASTS ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors - Abstract
Although ultra-processed foods represent more than half of the total energy consumed by the UK population, little is known about the trend in food consumption considering the degree of food processing. We evaluated the trends of the dietary share of foods categorised according to the NOVA classification in a historical series (2018–2019) among the UK population. Data were acquired from the NDNS, a survey that collects diet information through a 4-d food record. We used adjusted linear regression to estimate the dietary participation of NOVA groups and evaluated the linear trends over the years. From 2008 to 2019, we observed a significant increase in the energy share of culinary ingredients (from 3·7 to 4·9 % of the total energy consumed; P -trend = 0·001), especially for butter and oils; and reduction of processed foods (from 9·6 to 8·6 %; P -trend = 0·002), especially for beer and wine. Unprocessed or minimally processed foods (≅30 %, P -trend = 0·505) and ultra-processed foods (≅56 %, P -trend = 0·580) presented no significant change. However, changes in the consumption of some subgroups are noteworthy, such as the reduction in the energy share of red meat, sausages and other reconstituted meat products as well as the increase of fruits, ready meals, breakfast cereals, cookies, pastries, buns and cakes. Regarding the socio-demographic characteristics, no interaction was observed with the trend of the four NOVA groups. From 2008 to 2019 was observed a significant increase in culinary ingredients and a reduction in processed food. Furthermore, it sheds light on the high share of ultra-processed foods in the contemporary British diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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4. Timing of energy intake and BMI in children: differential impacts by age and sex.
- Author
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Mahdi, Sundus, Dickerson, Andrew, Infield Solar, Gisele, and Caton, Samantha J.
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ENERGY density ,BODY weight ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,FOOD consumption ,AGE distribution ,TIME ,CHILDHOOD obesity ,REGRESSION analysis ,SEX distribution ,PHYSICAL activity ,RISK assessment ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,BODY mass index ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,MEALS ,DISEASE risk factors ,CHILDREN ,ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Body weight regulation may be influenced by the timing of food intake. The relationship between children's BMI and their daily pattern of energy consumption was investigated using data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2019. The sample included 6281 children aged 4–18 years. Linear and logistic regression models investigated the timing of energy intake (10
3 kJ) as a predictor of BMI (kg/m2 ) and healthy weight status. The models showed that children aged 4–10 years who consume more energy content after 20:00, in comparison with less energy content, had a significantly higher BMI (young girls: β = 0·159; 95 % CI 0·003, 0·315; P = 0·05; young boys: β = 0·166; 95 % CI 0·028, 0·304; P = 0·02). Similar findings were also present for boys aged 11–18 years (β = 0·091; 95 % CI 0·003, 0·180; P = 0·04), though logistic regression findings were contradictory (OR = 0·9566; 95 % CI 0·926, 0·989; P = 0·009). However, older girls who consumed more energy content in the morning had a significantly lower BMI (β = –0·464; 95 % CI –0·655, –0·273; P < 0·001) and a lower probability of non-healthy weight (OR = 0·901; 95 % CI 0·826, 0·982; P = 0·02). Physical activity reduced the likelihood of unhealthy weight status. The data suggest that food consumption later in the day in childhood and into adolescence may increase the risk of a higher BMI, especially for less active children. Developing guidance on appropriate meal timings and recommended energy distribution throughout the day could promote healthier lifestyles. Doing so may help increase parental awareness of timing of food intake and its potential impact on BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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5. Serum vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk factors in the UK population.
- Author
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Patel, Linia, Vecchia, Carlo La, and Alicandro, Gianfranco
- Subjects
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CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *VITAMIN D , *RISK assessment , *SURVEYS , *VITAMIN D deficiency - Abstract
We analysed data on 2842 subjects aged ≥40 years enrolled in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS 2008–2019). Based on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, study subjects were grouped in three categories: vitamin D deficiency (<25 nmol/L), vitamin D insufficiency (25–49 nmol/L) and vitamin D sufficiency status (≥50 nmol/L). Differences in CVD risk factors between vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency and vitamin D sufficiency status were expressed in standard deviation scores (SDS) and estimated through weighted multiple linear regression models. Key points: Nationally representative data source UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2019) is analysed.Vitamin D status is determined according to serum concentration of 25(OH)D deficiency: <25 nmol/L; insufficiency: 25–49 nmol/L; sufficiency: ≥50 nmol/L.Cardiovascular risk factors are compared between individuals with vitamin D deficiency and those with vitamin D sufficiency.Differences are expressed in standard deviation scores.Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher cardiovascular risk profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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6. Statistical models for estimating the intake of nutrients and foods from complex survey data
- Author
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Pell, David Andrew and Solis-Trapala, Ivonne
- Subjects
613.20941 ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,NDNS ,Quantile Regression ,Two Part Model ,Iron ,Complex Survey Design ,Mixed Effects Models - Abstract
Background: The consequences of poor nutrition are well known and of wide concern. Governments and public health agencies utilise food and diet surveillance data to make decisions that lead to improvements in nutrition. These surveys often utilise complex sample designs for efficient data collection. There are several challenges in the statistical analysis of dietary intake data collected using complex survey designs, which have not been fully addressed by current methods. Firstly, the shape of the distribution of intake can be highly skewed due to the presence of outlier observations and a large proportion of zero observations arising from the inability of the food diary to capture consumption within the period of observation. Secondly, dietary data is subject to variability arising from day-to-day individual variation in food consumption and measurement error, to be accounted for in the estimation procedure for correct inferences. Thirdly, the complex sample design needs to be incorporated into the estimation procedure to allow extrapolation of results into the target population. This thesis aims to develop novel statistical methods to address these challenges, applied to the analysis of iron intake data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS RP) and UK national prescription data of iron deficiency medication. Methods: 1) To assess the nutritional status of particular population groups a two-part model with a generalised gamma (GG) distribution was developed for intakes that show high frequencies of zero observations. The two-part model accommodated the sources of data variation of dietary intake with a random intercept in each component, which could be correlated to allow a correlation between the probability of consuming and the amount consumed. 2) To identify population groups at risk of low nutrient intakes, a linear quantile mixed-effects model was developed to model quantiles of the distribution of intake as a function of explanatory variables. The proposed approach was illustrated by comparing the quantiles of iron intake with Lower Reference Nutrient Intakes (LRNI) recommendations using NDNS RP. This thesis extended the estimation procedures of both the two-part model with GG distribution and the linear quantile mixed-effects model to incorporate the complex sample design in three steps: the likelihood function was multiplied by the sample weightings; bootstrap methods for the estimation of the variance and finally, the variance estimation of the model parameters was stratified by the survey strata. 3) To evaluate the allocation of resources to alleviate nutritional deficiencies, a quantile linear mixed-effects model was used to analyse the distribution of expenditure on iron deficiency medication across health boards in the UK. Expenditure is likely to depend on the iron status of the region; therefore, for a fair comparison among health boards, iron status was estimated using the method developed in objective 2) and used in the specification of the median amount spent. Each health board is formed by a set of general practices (GPs), therefore, a random intercept was used to induce correlation between expenditure from two GPs from the same health board. Finally, the approaches in objectives 1) and 2) were compared with the traditional approach based on weighted linear regression modelling used in the NDNS RP reports. All analyses were implemented using SAS and R. Results: The two-part model with GG distribution fitted to amount of iron consumed from selected episodically food, showed that females tended to have greater odds of consuming iron from foods but consumed smaller amounts. As age groups increased, consumption tended to increase relative to the reference group though odds of consumption varied. Iron consumption also appeared to be dependent on National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NSSEC) group with lower social groups consuming less, in general. The quantiles of iron intake estimated using the linear quantile mixed-effects model showed that more than 25% of females aged 11-50y are below the LRNI, and that 11-18y girls are the group at highest of deficiency in the UK. Predictions of spending on iron medication in the UK based on the linear quantile mixed-effects model showed areas of higher iron intake resulted in lower spending on treating iron deficiency. In a geographical display of expenditure, Northern Ireland featured the lowest amount spent. Comparing the results from the methods proposed here showed that using the traditional approach based on weighted regression analysis could result in spurious associations. Discussion: This thesis developed novel approaches to the analysis of dietary complex survey data to address three important objectives of diet surveillance, namely the mean estimation of food intake by population groups, identification of groups at high risk of nutrient deficiency and allocation of resources to alleviate nutrient deficiencies. The methods provided models of good fit to dietary data, accounted for the sources of data variability and extended the estimation procedures to incorporate the complex sample survey design. The use of a GG distribution for modelling intake is an important improvement over existing methods, as it includes many distributions with different shapes and its domain takes non-negative values. The two-part model accommodated the sources of data variation of dietary intake with a random intercept in each component, which could be correlated to allow a correlation between the probability of consuming and the amount consumed. This also improves existing approaches that assume a zero correlation. The linear quantile mixed-effects model utilises the asymmetric Laplace distribution which can also accommodate many different distributional shapes, and likelihood-based estimation is robust to model misspecification. This method is an important improvement over existing methods used in nutritional research as it explicitly models the quantiles in terms of explanatory variables using a novel quantile regression model with random effects. The application of these models to UK national data confirmed the association of poorer diets and lower social class, identified the group of 11-50y females as a group at high risk of iron deficiency, and highlighted Northern Ireland as the region with the lowest expenditure on iron prescriptions.
- Published
- 2019
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7. UK Chickpea Consumption Doubled from 2008/09–2018/19
- Author
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Inga Kutepova, Colin D. Rehm, and Samara Joy Friend
- Subjects
chickpea ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,United Kingdom ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 - Abstract
Background: Only 9% of individuals in the United Kingdom (UK) meet the recommendation for dietary fibre intake. Little is known about chickpea consumption in the UK. Methods: Chickpea intake trends and sociodemographic patterns were analysed using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme data collected from 2008/09 to 2018/19 among 15,655 individuals ≥1.5 years completing a four-day food diary. Chickpea consumers were identified based on a list of chickpea-containing foods, with the most consumed foods being hummus, boiled chickpeas, chickpea flour, and low/reduced-fat hummus. Micronutrient and food group intakes were compared between chickpea consumers and non-consumers; the Modified Healthy Dietary Score was also assessed, which measures adherence to UK dietary recommendations. Results: Chickpea consumption increased from 6.1% (2008–2012) to 12.3% (2016–2019). Among 1.5–3 years, consumption increased from 5.7% to 13.4%, and among 19–64 years, consumption increased from 7.1% to 14.4%. The percentage of individuals eating chickpeas was higher among individuals with higher incomes and more education. Healthy-weight adults were more likely to consume chickpeas compared to those who were overweight or obese. Compared to both bean and non-bean consumers, chickpea consumers ate significantly more dietary fibre, fruits and vegetables, pulses, nuts, and less red meat and processed meat products. Chickpea consumers also had a higher Modified Healthy Dietary Score. Conclusions: In the UK, chickpea consumption more than doubled from 2008/09 to 2018/19. Chickpea consumers had a higher diet quality than non-consumers.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Where and when are portion sizes larger in young children? An analysis of eating occasion size among 1·5–5-year-olds in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2017).
- Author
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Porter, Alice, Toumpakari, Zoi, Kipping, Ruth, Summerbell, Carolyn, and Johnson, Laura
- Subjects
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NUTRITION surveys , *INGESTION , *ETHNICITY , *FOOD diaries , *DEMOGRAPHIC characteristics , *TELEVISION viewing - Abstract
Objective: To identify eating occasion-level and individual-level factors associated with the consumption of larger portions in young children and estimate their relative importance. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Data from parent-reported 4-d food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2017) were analysed. Multilevel models explored variation in eating occasion size (kJ) within (n 48 419 occasions) and between children (n 1962) for all eating occasions. Eating contexts: location, eating companion, watching TV, and sitting at a table and individual characteristics: age, gender, ethnicity and parental socio-economic status were explored as potential correlates of eating occasion size. Participants: Children aged 1·5–5 years. Results: Median eating occasion size was 657 kJ (IQR 356, 1117). Eating occasion size variation was primarily attributed (90 %) to differences between eating occasions. Most (73 %) eating occasions were consumed at home. In adjusted models, eating occasions in eateries were 377 kJ larger than at home. Eating occasions sitting at a table, v. not, were 197 kJ larger. Eating in childcare, with additional family members and friends, and whilst watching TV were other eating contexts associated with slightly larger eating occasion sizes. Conclusions: Eating contexts that vary from one eating occasion to another are more important than demographic characteristics that vary between children in explaining variation in consumed portion sizes in young children. Strategies to promote consumption of age-appropriate portion sizes in young children should be developed, especially in the home environment, in eating contexts such as sitting at the table, eating with others and watching TV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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9. Associations between free sugar intake and markers of health in the UK population: an analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme.
- Author
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Young, Julie, Scott, Sophie, Clark, Lindsey, and Lodge, John K.
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FOOD habits ,BIOMARKERS ,HOMOCYSTEINE ,BLOOD pressure ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,HEALTH status indicators ,FRUCTOSE ,REGRESSION analysis ,DIETARY sucrose ,SURVEYS ,SEX distribution ,CARBOHYDRATES ,BODY mass index - Abstract
Recommendations for free sugar intake in the UK should be no more than 5 % of total energy due to increased health risks associated with overconsumption. It was therefore of interest to examine free sugar intakes and associations with health parameters in the UK population. The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme (2008–2017) was used for this study. Dietary intake, anthropometrical measurements and clinical biomarker data collated from 5121 adult respondents aged 19–64 years were statistically analysed. Compared with the average total carbohydrate intake (48 % of energy), free sugars comprised 12·5 %, with sucrose 9 % and fructose 3·5 %. Intakes of these sugars, apart from fructose, were significantly different over collection year (P < 0·001) and significantly higher in males (P < 0·001). Comparing those consuming above or below the UK recommendations for free sugars (5 % energy), significant differences were found for BMI (P < 0·001), TAG (P < 0·001), HDL (P = 0·006) and homocysteine concentrations (P = 0·028), and significant sex differences were observed (e.g. lower blood pressure in females). Regression analysis demonstrated that free sugar intake could predict plasma TAG, HDL and homocysteine concentrations (P < 0·0001), consistent with the link between these parameters and CVD. We also found selected unhealthy food choices (using the UK Eatwell Guide) to be significantly higher in those that consumed above the recommendations (P < 0·0001) and were predictors of free sugar intakes (P < 0·0001). We have shown that adult free sugar intakes in the UK population are associated with certain negative health parameters that support the necessary reduction in free sugar intakes for the UK population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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10. Development of a short food frequency questionnaire to assess diet quality in UK adolescents using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey
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Sarah Shaw, Sarah Crozier, Sofia Strömmer, Hazel Inskip, Mary Barker, Christina Vogel, and the EACH-B Study Team
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Adolescents ,Dietary assessment ,Diet quality ,National Diet and nutrition survey ,Short food frequency questionnaire ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,RC620-627 - Abstract
Abstract Background UK adolescents consume fewer fruits and vegetables and more free sugars than any other age group. Established techniques to understand diet quality can be difficult to use with adolescents because of high participant burden. This study aimed to identify key foods that indicate variation in diet quality in UK adolescents for inclusion in a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and to investigate the associations between adolescent diet quality, nutritional biomarkers and socio-demographic factors. Methods Dietary, demographic and biomarker data from waves 1–8 of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme were used (n=2587; aged 11–18 years; 50% boys; n=≤997 biomarker data). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 139 food groups to identify the key patterns within the data. Two diet quality scores, a 139-group and 20-group, were calculated using the PCA coefficients for each food group and multiplying by their standardised reported frequency of consumption and then summing across foods. The foods with the 10 strongest positive and 10 strongest negative coefficients from the PCA results were used for the 20-group score. Scores were standardised to have a zero mean and standard deviation of one. Results The first PCA component explained 3.0% of variance in the dietary data and described a dietary pattern broadly aligned with UK dietary recommendations. A correlation of 0.87 was observed between the 139-group and 20-group scores. Bland-Altman mean difference was 0.00 and 95% limits of agreement were − 0.98 to 0.98 SDs. Correlations, in the expected direction, were seen between each nutritional biomarker and both scores; results attenuated slightly for the 20-group score compared to the 139-group score. Better diet quality was observed among girls, non-white populations and in those from higher socio-economic backgrounds for both scores. Conclusions The diet quality score based on 20 food groups showed reasonable agreement with the 139-group score. Both scores were correlated with nutritional biomarkers. A short 20-item FFQ can provide a meaningful and easy-to-implement tool to assess diet quality in large scale observational and intervention studies with adolescents.
- Published
- 2021
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11. Educational inequality in the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet in the UK: evaluating the mediating role of income.
- Author
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Patel, Linia, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Bertuccio, Paola, and La Vecchia, Carlo
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HYPERTENSION ,FOOD habits ,DIET ,INCOME ,SEX distribution ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SOCIAL classes ,HEALTH behavior ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Apparent differences in the adoption of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet have been reported between less and more educated individuals. However, the mediating role of income has not been clarified. In this study, we aimed at quantifying the mediating effect of income on the relationship between education and the DASH score in the UK population. We analysed data on 4864 subjects aged 18 years and older collected in three waves of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2016). The DASH score was calculated using sex-specific quintiles of DASH items. We carried out a counterfactual-based mediation analysis to decompose the total effect of education on DASH score into average direct effect and average causal mediation effect mediated by income. We found that the overall mediating effect of income on the relationship between education and the DASH score was only partial, with an estimated proportion mediated ranging between 6 and 9 %. The mediating effect was higher among females (11·6 %) and younger people (17·9 %). Further research is needed to investigate which other factors may explain the socio-economic inequality in the adoption of the DASH diet in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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12. Vitamin D Biofortification of Pork May Offer a Food-Based Strategy to Increase Vitamin D Intakes in the UK Population
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Holly R. Neill, Chris I. R. Gill, Emma J. McDonald, W. Colin McRoberts, and L. Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Subjects
cholecalciferol ,25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,dietary modeling ,bio-addition ,meat ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 - Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent worldwide, with many populations failing to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10–20 μg/day). Owing to low vitamin D intakes, limited exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced dermal synthesis, lack of mandatory fortification and poor uptake in supplement advice, additional food-based strategies are warranted to enable the UK population to achieve optimal vitamin D intakes, thus reducing musculoskeletal risks or suboptimal immune functioning. The aims of the current study were to (1) determine any changes to vitamin D intake and status over a 9-year period, and (2) apply dietary modeling to predict the impact of vitamin D biofortification of pork and pork products on population intakes. Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (Year 1–9; 2008/09–2016/17) were analyzed to explore nationally representative mean vitamin D intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (n = 13,350). Four theoretical dietary scenarios of vitamin D pork biofortification were computed (vitamin D content +50/100/150/200% vs. standard). Vitamin D intake in the UK population has not changed significantly from 2008 to 2017 and in 2016/17, across all age groups, 13.2% were considered deficient [25(OH)D
- Published
- 2021
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13. Predictors of vegetable consumption in children and adolescents: analyses of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2017).
- Author
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Chawner, Liam R., Blundell-Birtill, Pam, and Hetherington, Marion M.
- Subjects
FOOD habits ,VEGETABLES ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,INGESTION ,CHILD behavior ,FOOD portions ,SURVEYS ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Children's vegetable consumption is generally below national recommendations in the UK. This study examined predictors of vegetable intake by children aged 1·5–18 years using counts and portion sizes derived from 4-d UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey food diaries. Data from 6548 children were examined using linear and logit multilevel models. Specifically, we examined whether demographic variables predicted vegetable consumption, whether environmental context influenced portion sizes of vegetables consumed and which food groups predicted the presence (or absence) of vegetables at an eating occasion (EO). Larger average daily intake of vegetables (g) was predicted by age, ethnicity, equivalised income, variety of vegetables eaten and average energy intake per d (R
2 0·549). At a single EO, vegetables were consumed in larger portion sizes at home, with family members and at evening mealtimes (Conditional R2 0·308). Within EO, certain configurations of food groups such as carbohydrates and protein predicted higher odds of vegetables being present (OR 12·85, 95 % CI 9·42, 17·54), whereas foods high in fats, sugars and salt predicted a lower likelihood of vegetable presence (OR 0·03, 95 % CI 0·02, 0·04). Vegetables were rarely eaten alone without other food groups. These findings demonstrate that only one portion of vegetables was eaten per d (median) and this was consumed at a single EO, therefore falling below recommendations. Future research should investigate ways to encourage vegetable intake at times when vegetables are not regularly eaten, such as for breakfast and as snacks, whilst considering which other, potentially competing, foods are presented alongside vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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14. Iodine status of consumers of milk-alternative drinks v. cows' milk: data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey.
- Author
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Dineva, M., Rayman, M. P., and Bath, S. C.
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,ENRICHED foods ,INGESTION ,MILK ,DIET ,FOOD diaries ,MILK substitutes ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,IODINE ,NUTRITIONAL status ,IODINE deficiency ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Milk is the main source of iodine in the UK; however, the consumption and popularity of plant-based milk-alternative drinks are increasing. Consumers may be at risk of iodine deficiency as, unless fortified, milk alternatives have a low iodine concentration. We therefore aimed to compare the iodine intake and status of milk-alternative consumers with that of cows' milk consumers. We used data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey from years 7 to 9 (2014–2017; before a few manufacturers fortified their milk-alternative drinks with iodine). Data from 4-d food diaries were used to identify consumers of milk-alternative drinks and cows' milk, along with the estimation of their iodine intake (µg/d) (available for n 3976 adults and children ≥1·5 years). Iodine status was based on urinary iodine concentration (UIC, µg/l) from spot-urine samples (available for n 2845 adults and children ≥4 years). Milk-alternative drinks were consumed by 4·6 % (n 185; n 88 consumed these drinks exclusively). Iodine intake was significantly lower in exclusive consumers of milk alternatives than cows' milk consumers (94 v. 129 µg/d; P < 0·001). Exclusive consumers of milk alternatives also had a lower median UIC than cows' milk consumers (79 v. 132 µg/l; P < 0·001) and were classified as iodine deficient by the WHO criterion (median UIC < 100 µg/l), whereas cows' milk consumers were iodine sufficient. These data show that consumers of unfortified milk-alternative drinks are at risk of iodine deficiency. As a greater number of people consume milk-alternative drinks, it is important that these products are fortified appropriately to provide a similar iodine content to that of cows' milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. Associations between frequency of yogurt consumption and nutrient intake and diet quality in the United Kingdom
- Author
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Yong Zhu, Neha Jain, Norton Holschuh, and Jessica Smith
- Subjects
Diet quality ,Dietary intake ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,Yogurt ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Medicine - Abstract
Little is known on the association between frequency of yogurt consumption and dietary intake in the United Kingdom (UK). The aim of the present study was to examine associations between frequency of yogurt consumption and dietary outcomes in children (n 1912, age 9⋅6 ± 0⋅1 years, 51 % boys) and adults (n 2064, age 48⋅7 ± 0⋅5 years, 49 % men) using cross-sectional data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme year 7 to year 9 (2014/15–2016/17). The frequency of yogurt consumption was determined by the number of days with yogurt reported in 4-d food diaries and participants were classified as non-eaters, occasional eaters (1–2 d of consumption) or regular eaters (3–4 d of consumption). Dietary outcomes were estimated from food diaries. The frequency of yogurt consumption was positively associated with intake of key vitamins and minerals such as thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iodine in both children and adults (all P < 0⋅0018), as well as higher intake of total dairy (P < 0⋅0001 for both children and adults). Regular yogurt eaters were more likely to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations for vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iodine (all P < 0⋅001). Diet quality was positively associated with frequency of yogurt consumption in children (P = 0⋅045) and adults (P < 0⋅001). No association between yogurt consumption and free sugar intake was found (P = 0⋅49 for children and P = 0⋅29 for adults). The study suggests that frequency of yogurt consumption is associated with better dietary intake and diet quality in children and adults in the UK.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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16. Development of a short food frequency questionnaire to assess diet quality in UK adolescents using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey.
- Author
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Shaw, Sarah, Crozier, Sarah, Strömmer, Sofia, Inskip, Hazel, Barker, Mary, Vogel, Christina, and EACH-B Study Team
- Subjects
- *
NUTRITION surveys , *TEENAGERS , *BIOMARKERS , *DIET , *PRINCIPAL components analysis , *AGE groups - Abstract
Background: UK adolescents consume fewer fruits and vegetables and more free sugars than any other age group. Established techniques to understand diet quality can be difficult to use with adolescents because of high participant burden. This study aimed to identify key foods that indicate variation in diet quality in UK adolescents for inclusion in a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and to investigate the associations between adolescent diet quality, nutritional biomarkers and socio-demographic factors.Methods: Dietary, demographic and biomarker data from waves 1-8 of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme were used (n=2587; aged 11-18 years; 50% boys; n=≤997 biomarker data). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 139 food groups to identify the key patterns within the data. Two diet quality scores, a 139-group and 20-group, were calculated using the PCA coefficients for each food group and multiplying by their standardised reported frequency of consumption and then summing across foods. The foods with the 10 strongest positive and 10 strongest negative coefficients from the PCA results were used for the 20-group score. Scores were standardised to have a zero mean and standard deviation of one.Results: The first PCA component explained 3.0% of variance in the dietary data and described a dietary pattern broadly aligned with UK dietary recommendations. A correlation of 0.87 was observed between the 139-group and 20-group scores. Bland-Altman mean difference was 0.00 and 95% limits of agreement were - 0.98 to 0.98 SDs. Correlations, in the expected direction, were seen between each nutritional biomarker and both scores; results attenuated slightly for the 20-group score compared to the 139-group score. Better diet quality was observed among girls, non-white populations and in those from higher socio-economic backgrounds for both scores.Conclusions: The diet quality score based on 20 food groups showed reasonable agreement with the 139-group score. Both scores were correlated with nutritional biomarkers. A short 20-item FFQ can provide a meaningful and easy-to-implement tool to assess diet quality in large scale observational and intervention studies with adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and associated socio-economic inequalities in the UK.
- Author
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Patel, Linia, Alicandro, Gianfranco, and La Vecchia, Carlo
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,EMPLOYMENT ,FOOD habits ,HYPERTENSION ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,HEALTH equity ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DASH diet - Abstract
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is an effective measure in the prevention and treatment of CVD. We evaluated recent trends in socio-economic differences in the DASH score in the UK population, using education, occupation and income as proxies of socio-economic position (SEP). We analysed data on 6416 subjects aged 18 years and older collected in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2016). The DASH score was calculated using sex-specific quintiles of DASH items. Multiple linear regression and quantile regression models were used to evaluate the trend in DASH score according to SEP. The mean DASH score was 24 (sd 5). The estimated mean difference between people with no qualification and those having the highest level of education was −3·61 (95 % CI −4·00, −3·22) points. The mean difference between subjects engaged in routine occupations and those engaged in high managerial and professional occupations was −3·41 (95 % CI −3·89, −2·93) points and for those in the first fifth and last fifth of the household income distribution was −2·71 (95 % CI −3·15, −2·28) points. DASH score improved over time, and no significant differences in the trend were observed across SEP. The widest socio-economic differences emerged for consumption of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds and legumes. Despite an overall increase in the DASH score, a persisting SEP gap was observed. This is an important limiting factor in reducing the high socio-economic inequality in CVD observed in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
18. Vitamin D Serum Levels in the UK Population, including a Mathematical Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Vitamin D Fortified Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereals: Application of the NDNS Database
- Author
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Wim Calame, Laura Street, and Toine Hulshof
- Subjects
vitamin D ,vitamin D intake and status ,vitamin D fortification ,breakfast cereals ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 - Abstract
Vitamin D status is relatively poor in the general population, potentially leading to various conditions. The present study evaluates the relationship between vitamin D status and intake in the UK population and the impact of vitamin D fortified ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC) on this status via data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS: 2008–2012). Four cohorts were addressed: ages 4–10 (n = 803), ages 11–18 (n = 884), ages 19–64 (n = 1655) and ages 65 and higher (n = 428). The impact of fortification by 4.2 μg vitamin D per 100 g of RTEC on vitamin D intake and status was mathematically modelled. Average vitamin D daily intake was age-dependent, ranging from ~2.6 (age range 4–18 years) to ~5.0 μg (older than 64 years). Average 25(OH)D concentration ranged from 43 to 51 nmol/L, the highest in children. The relationship between vitamin D intake and status followed an asymptotic curve with a predicted plateau concentration ranging from 52 in children to 83 nmol/L in elderly. The fortification model showed that serum concentrations increased with ~1.0 in children to ~6.5 nmol/L in the elderly. This study revealed that vitamin D intake in the UK population is low with 25(OH)D concentrations being suboptimal for general health. Fortification of breakfast cereals can contribute to improve overall vitamin D status.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
19. Contribution of 100% Fruit Juice to Micronutrient Intakes in the United States, United Kingdom and Brazil
- Author
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Ellen S. Mitchell, Kathy Musa-Veloso, Shafagh Fallah, Han Youl Lee, Peter J. De Chavez, and Sigrid Gibson
- Subjects
juice ,dietary modeling ,nutrients ,dietary survey ,Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 - Abstract
The contribution of 100% fruit juice (FJ) to the total daily intakes of energy, sugars, and select vitamins and minerals and to the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate intake (AI) of these micronutrients was assessed in individuals reporting the consumption of 100% FJ in the national dietary intake surveys of the United States (U.S.; n = 8661), the United Kingdom (UK; n = 2546) and Brazil (n = 34,003). Associations of 100% FJ intake with the odds of being overweight or obese also were assessed. Data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014), the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2012–2014), and Brazil’s Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (2008–2009) were used, and all analyses were limited to individuals reporting consumption of 100% FJ on at least one day of the dietary intake survey. Approximately 34%, 37%, and 42% of individuals surveyed reported the consumption of 100% FJ on at least one day of the dietary intake survey in the U.S., UK, and Brazil, respectively, and the average daily intakes of 100% FJ were 184 g, 130 g, and 249 g, respectively. Across the 3 countries, 100% FJ contributed to 3–6% of total energy intakes, 12–31% of total sugar intakes, 21–54% of total vitamin C intakes, 1–12% of total vitamin A intakes, 4–15% of total folate intakes, 7–17% of total potassium intakes, 2–7% of total calcium intakes, and 4–12% of total magnesium intakes. In a multivariate logistic regression model, juice intake was associated with a significant reduction in the odds of being overweight or obese in UK adults (OR = 0.79; 0.63, 0.99), and significant increases in the odds of being overweight or obese in UK children (OR = 1.16; 1.01, 1.33) and Brazilian adults (OR = 1.04; 1.00, 1.09). Nutrient contributions of 100% FJ vary according to regional intake levels. In all three countries studied, 100% FJ contributed to more than 5% of the RDAs for vitamin C and folate. In the U.S. and Brazil, 100% FJ contributed to more than 5% of the RDA for magnesium and more than 5% of the AI for potassium.
- Published
- 2020
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20. Meeting UK dietary recommendations is associated with higher estimated consumer food costs: an analysis using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey and consumer expenditure data, 2008-2012.
- Author
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Jones, Nicholas RV, Tong, Tammy YN, Monsivais, Pablo, Jones, Nicholas R V, and Tong, Tammy Y N
- Subjects
- *
FOOD cooperatives , *NUTRITION , *FOOD prices , *NUTRITION surveys , *VEGETABLES , *FOOD , *DIET , *INGESTION , *PUBLIC health , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *SURVEYS , *COST analysis , *CROSS-sectional method , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Objective: To test whether diets achieving recommendations from the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) were associated with higher monetary costs in a nationally representative sample of UK adults.Design: A cross-sectional study linking 4 d diet diaries in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) to contemporaneous food price data from a market research firm. The monetary cost of diets was assessed in relation to whether or not they met eight food- and nutrient-based recommendations from SACN. Regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. The primary outcome measure was individual dietary cost per day and per 2000 kcal (8368 kJ).Setting: UK.Subjects: Adults (n 2045) sampled between 2008 and 2012 in the NDNS.Results: On an isoenergetic basis, diets that met the recommendations for fruit and vegetables, oily fish, non-milk extrinsic sugars, fat, saturated fat and salt were estimated to be between 3 and 17 % more expensive. Diets meeting the recommendation for red and processed meats were 4 % less expensive, while meeting the recommendation for fibre was cost-neutral. Meeting multiple targets was also associated with higher costs; on average, diets meeting six or more SACN recommendations were estimated to be 29 % more costly than isoenergetic diets that met no recommendations.Conclusions: Food costs may be a population-level barrier limiting the adoption of dietary recommendations in the UK. Future research should focus on identifying systems- and individual-level strategies to enable consumers achieve dietary recommendations without increasing food costs. Such strategies may improve the uptake of healthy eating in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns in UK Adults Are Associated with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Lifestyle, and Diet Quality.
- Author
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Roberts, Katharine, Cade, Janet, Dawson, Jeremy, and Holdsworth, Michelle
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine empirical dietary patterns in UK adults and their association with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, self-reported nutrient intake, nutrient biomarkers, and the Nutrient-based Diet Quality Score (NDQS) using National Diet and Nutrition Survey data 2008-2012 (n = 2083; mean age 49 years; 43.3% male). Four patterns explained 13.6% of the total variance: 'Snacks, fast food, fizzy drinks' (SFFFD), 'Fruit, vegetables, oily fish' (FVOF), 'Meat, potatoes, beer' (MPB), and 'Sugary foods, dairy' (SFD). 'SFFFD' was associated positively with: being male; smoking; body mass index (BMI); urinary sodium; intake of non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES), fat and starch; and negatively with: age; plasma carotenoids; and NDQS. 'FVOF' was associated positively with: being non-white; age; income; socioeconomic classification (National Statistics Socio-economic Classifications; NSSEC); plasma carotenoids; intake of non-starch polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It was negatively associated with: being male, smoking, BMI, urinary sodium, intake of saturated fat; and NMES and NDQS. Whilst the patterns explained only 13.6% of the total variance, they were associated with self-reported nutrient intake, biomarkers of nutrient intake, sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, and the NDQS. These findings provide support for dietary patterns analyses as a means of exploring dietary intake in the UK population to inform public health nutrition policy and guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Is the British diet improving?
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Reid, M. and Hammersley, R.
- Subjects
- *
DIET - Abstract
The UK government's National Diet and Nutrition Survey report of Years 5 and 6 (2012/2013-2013/2014) of the Rolling Programme has just been published. By and large, the results are not encouraging. Compared to previous results from 2008/2009, little has changed and the national sample of children and adults continues to report eating too much saturated fat, non-milk extrinsic sugars, too few fruit and vegetables and not enough oil-rich fish, with certain groups of the population found to have low levels of some key vitamins and minerals. A glimmer of hope is that there are a couple of indicators of improvement, and overall, the UK population's diet has not got worse in the past 6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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23. The role of meat in the European diet: current state of knowledge on dietary recommendations, intakes and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes and status
- Author
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Kevin D. Cashman, Albert Flynn, Christopher Cocking, Janette Walton, and Laura Kehoe
- Subjects
Male ,Intakes ,0301 basic medicine ,Meat ,Advisory committee ,Saturated fat ,Population ,Nutritional Status ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,World Cancer Research Fund ,Nutrition Policy ,Eating ,Status ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nutrient ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,Dietary recommendations ,Processed meat ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Energy ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Food-based dietary guidelines ,business.industry ,Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition ,Nutritional Requirements ,0402 animal and dairy science ,food and beverages ,Feeding Behavior ,Nutrients ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Limiting ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Diet ,Europe ,B vitamins ,Health ,Female ,Diet, Healthy ,Energy Intake ,business ,Nutritive Value ,Lean meat - Abstract
The role of meat in the diet has come under scrutiny recently due to an increased public emphasis on providing healthy diets from sustainable food systems and due to health concerns relating to the consumption of red and processed meat. The present review aimed to summarise dietary guidelines relating to meat, actual meat intakes and the contribution of meat to energy and nutrient intakes of children, teenagers and adults in Europe. The available literature has shown that food-based dietary guidelines for most countries recommend consuming lean meat in moderation and many recommend limiting red and processed meat consumption. Mean intakes of total meat in Europe range from 40 to 160 g/d in children and teenagers and from 75 to 233 g/d in adults. Meat contributes to important nutrients such as protein, PUFA, B vitamins, vitamin D and essential minerals such as Fe and Zn; however, processed meat contributes to significant proportions of saturated fat and Na across population groups. While few data are available on diaggregated intakes of red and processed meat, where data are available, mean intakes in adults are higher than the upper limits recommended by the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (70 g/d) and the World Cancer Research Fund (500 g/week). While there are no recommendations for red and processed meat consumption in children and teenagers, intakes currently range from 30 to 76 g/d. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of meat in the European diet which may be of use to stakeholders including researchers, policy makers and the agri-food sector.
- Published
- 2020
24. Vitamin D Biofortification of Pork May Offer a Food-Based Strategy to Increase Vitamin D Intakes in the UK Population
- Author
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Neill, Holly R., Gill, Chris I. R., McDonald, Emma J., McRoberts, W. Colin, and Pourshahidi, L. Kirsty
- Subjects
cholecalciferol ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,feed supplementation ,bio-addition ,meat ,TX341-641 ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,dietary modeling ,25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) ,Nutrition ,Original Research ,UVB radiation ,Food Science - Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent worldwide, with many populations failing to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10–20 μg/day). Owing to low vitamin D intakes, limited exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced dermal synthesis, lack of mandatory fortification and poor uptake in supplement advice, additional food-based strategies are warranted to enable the UK population to achieve optimal vitamin D intakes, thus reducing musculoskeletal risks or suboptimal immune functioning. The aims of the current study were to (1) determine any changes to vitamin D intake and status over a 9-year period, and (2) apply dietary modeling to predict the impact of vitamin D biofortification of pork and pork products on population intakes. Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (Year 1–9; 2008/09–2016/17) were analyzed to explore nationally representative mean vitamin D intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (n = 13,350). Four theoretical dietary scenarios of vitamin D pork biofortification were computed (vitamin D content +50/100/150/200% vs. standard). Vitamin D intake in the UK population has not changed significantly from 2008 to 2017 and in 2016/17, across all age groups, 13.2% were considered deficient [25(OH)D
- Published
- 2021
25. Social Gradients and Physical Activity Trends in an Obesogenic Dietary Pattern: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2014
- Author
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Laura Johnson, Zoi Toumpakari, and Angeliki Papadaki
- Subjects
dietary patterns ,obesogenic ,reduced rank regression ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 - Abstract
An energy-dense, high-fat, low-fibre dietary pattern has been prospectively associated with the development of obesity in childhood but is population-specific, which limits translating the pattern into interventions. We explored the generalisability and correlates of this obesogenic dietary pattern in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) for the first time. Data came from participants (n = 4636 children and n = 4738 adults) with 4-day food diaries in NDNS 2008–2014. Reduced rank regression was applied to 51 food groups to explain variation in energy density, fibre and fat intake. Consistency of the pattern in population subgroups (according to sex, age, occupation and income) was compared with the whole sample pattern using coefficients of congruence (COC). Pattern correlates (sociodemographic, survey year, physical activity and eating related behaviours) were explored using multiple linear regression. Food group loadings were similar to the previously identified obesogenic dietary pattern and were generalisable across all sub-groups (COC: 0.93–0.99). An obesogenic diet was associated with eating takeaways, being omnivorous, a manual household occupation and lower household income in both adults and children (p < 0.0001). Dieting for weight loss, being older, more physically active and less sedentary was associated with a less obesogenic diet among adults (p < 0.0001). Future experimental studies should investigate if changes in this obesogenic pattern could be used to monitor the effectiveness of obesity prevention policies or develop personalised interventions.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns in UK Adults Are Associated with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Lifestyle, and Diet Quality
- Author
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Katharine Roberts, Janet Cade, Jeremy Dawson, and Michelle Holdsworth
- Subjects
dietary patterns ,diet quality ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,UK ,socio-demographic ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 - Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine empirical dietary patterns in UK adults and their association with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, self-reported nutrient intake, nutrient biomarkers, and the Nutrient-based Diet Quality Score (NDQS) using National Diet and Nutrition Survey data 2008–2012 (n = 2083; mean age 49 years; 43.3% male). Four patterns explained 13.6% of the total variance: ‘Snacks, fast food, fizzy drinks’ (SFFFD), ‘Fruit, vegetables, oily fish’ (FVOF), ‘Meat, potatoes, beer’ (MPB), and ‘Sugary foods, dairy’ (SFD). ‘SFFFD’ was associated positively with: being male; smoking; body mass index (BMI); urinary sodium; intake of non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES), fat and starch; and negatively with: age; plasma carotenoids; and NDQS. ‘FVOF’ was associated positively with: being non-white; age; income; socioeconomic classification (National Statistics Socio-economic Classifications; NSSEC); plasma carotenoids; intake of non-starch polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It was negatively associated with: being male, smoking, BMI, urinary sodium, intake of saturated fat; and NMES and NDQS. Whilst the patterns explained only 13.6% of the total variance, they were associated with self-reported nutrient intake, biomarkers of nutrient intake, sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, and the NDQS. These findings provide support for dietary patterns analyses as a means of exploring dietary intake in the UK population to inform public health nutrition policy and guidance.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Association between an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant dietary pattern and diabetes in British adults: results from the national diet and nutrition survey rolling programme years 1–4.
- Author
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McGeoghegan, L., Muirhead, C. R., and Almoosawi, S.
- Subjects
- *
ANTI-inflammatory agents , *ANTIOXIDANTS , *DIABETES , *NUTRITION surveys , *C-reactive protein , *HEALTH programs - Abstract
This study investigated the cross-sectional association between an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant dietary pattern and diabetes in the national diet and nutrition survey (NDNS) rolling programme years 1–4. A total of 1531 survey members provided dietary data. Reduced Rank Regression (RRR) was used to derive an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant dietary pattern. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma carotenoids were selected as response variables and markers of inflammation and antioxidant status, respectively. Overall, 52 survey members had diabetes. The derived anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant dietary pattern was inversely related to CRP and positively to carotenoids. It was associated with lower odds of diabetes (multivariate adjusted OR for highest compared with lowest quintile: 0.17; 95%CI: 0.04–0.73;pfor linear trend = 0.013). In conclusion, an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant dietary pattern is inversely related to diabetes. Further research is required to understand the overall framework within which foods and nutrients interact to affect metabolic pathways related to diabetes risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Does fortification of staple foods improve vitamin D intakes and status of groups at risk of deficiency? A United Kingdom modeling study.
- Author
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Allen, Rachel E., Dangour, Alan D., Tedstone, Alison E., and Chalabi, Zaid
- Abstract
Background: More than one-fifth of the United Kingdom population has poor vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration <25 nmol/L), particularly individuals with low sun exposure or poor dietary intake. Objective: We identified the fortification vehicle and concentration most likely to safely increase population vitamin D intakes and vitamin D status. Design: Wheat flour and milk were identified as primary fortification vehicles for their universal consumption in population groups most at risk of vitamin D deficiency including children aged 18–36 mo, females aged 15–49 y, and adults aged ≥65 y. With the use of data from the first 2 y (2008–2010) of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program, we simulated the effect of fortifying wheat flour and milk with vitamin D on United Kingdom food consumption. Empirically derived equations for the relation between vitamin D intake and the serum 25(OH)D concentration were used to estimate the population serum 25(OH)D concentration for each fortification scenario. Results: At a simulated fortification of 10 mg vitamin D/100 g wheat flour, the proportion of at-risk groups estimated to have vitamin D intakes below United Kingdom Reference Nutrient Intakes was reduced from 93% to 50%, with no individual exceeding the United Kingdom Tolerable Upper Intake Level; the 2.5th percentile of the population winter serum 25(OH)D concentration rose from 20 to 27 nmol/L after fortification. The simulation of the fortification of wheat flour at this concentration was more effective than that of the fortification of milk (at concentrations between 0.25 and 7 mg vitamin D/ 100 L milk) or of the fortification of milk and flour combined. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study provides new evidence that vitamin D fortification of wheat flour could be a viable option for safely improving vitamin D intakes and the status of United Kingdom population groups at risk of deficiency without increasing risk of exceeding current reference thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Socio-economic dietary inequalities in UK adults: an updated picture of key food groups and nutrients from national surveillance data.
- Author
-
Maguire, Eva R. and Monsivais, Pablo
- Subjects
ANALYSIS of variance ,CLINICAL medicine ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DIET ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HEALTH status indicators ,INCOME ,INGESTION ,INTERVIEWING ,NATURAL foods ,NUTRITIONAL assessment ,SOCIAL classes ,T-test (Statistics) ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,KEY performance indicators (Management) ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Socio-economic differences in diet are a potential contributor to health inequalities. The present study provides an up-to-date picture of socio-economic differences in diet in the UK, focusing on the consumption of three food groups and two nutrients of public health concern: fruit and vegetables; red and processed meat; oily fish; saturated fats; non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). We analysed data for 1491 adults (age ≥ 19 years) from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2011. Socio-economic indicators were household income, occupational social class and highest educational qualification. Covariate-adjusted estimates for intakes of fruit and vegetables, red and processed meat, and both nutrients were estimated using general linear models. Covariate-adjusted OR for oily fish consumption were derived with logistic regression models. We observed consistent socio-economic gradients in the consumption of the three food groups as estimated by all the three indicators. Contrasting highest and lowest levels of each socio-economic indicator, we observed significant differences in intakes for the three food groups and NMES. Depending on the socio-economic indicator, highest socio-economic groups consumed up to 128 g/d more fruit and vegetables, 26 g/d less red and processed meat, and 2·6 % points less NMES (P< 0·05 for all). Relative to lowest socio-economic groups, highest socio-economic groups were 2·4 to 4·0 times more likely to eat oily fish. No significant patterns in saturated fat consumption were apparent. In conclusion, socio-economic differences were identified in the consumption of food groups and one nutrient of public health importance. Aligning dietary intakes with public health guidance may require interventions specifically designed to reduce health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Development of a short food frequency questionnaire to assess diet quality in UK adolescents using the National Diet and Nutrition Survey
- Author
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Christina Vogel, Mary Barker, Sofia Strömmer, Sarah Crozier, Sarah Shaw, and Hazel Inskip
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,Clinical nutrition ,Adolescents ,Diet Surveys ,National Diet and nutrition survey ,Food group ,Correlation ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Nutrition survey ,Medicine ,lcsh:RC620-627 ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Short food frequency questionnaire ,business.industry ,Research ,Food frequency questionnaire ,Feeding Behavior ,Nutrition Surveys ,Diet Records ,United Kingdom ,Diet ,lcsh:Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,Diet quality ,Dietary assessment ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Female ,Observational study ,business ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply - Abstract
Background UK adolescents consume fewer fruits and vegetables and more free sugars than any other age group. Established techniques to understand diet quality can be difficult to use with adolescents because of high participant burden. This study aimed to identify key foods that indicate variation in diet quality in UK adolescents for inclusion in a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and to investigate the associations between adolescent diet quality, nutritional biomarkers and socio-demographic factors. Methods Dietary, demographic and biomarker data from waves 1–8 of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme were used (n=2587; aged 11–18 years; 50% boys; n=≤997 biomarker data). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 139 food groups to identify the key patterns within the data. Two diet quality scores, a 139-group and 20-group, were calculated using the PCA coefficients for each food group and multiplying by their standardised reported frequency of consumption and then summing across foods. The foods with the 10 strongest positive and 10 strongest negative coefficients from the PCA results were used for the 20-group score. Scores were standardised to have a zero mean and standard deviation of one. Results The first PCA component explained 3.0% of variance in the dietary data and described a dietary pattern broadly aligned with UK dietary recommendations. A correlation of 0.87 was observed between the 139-group and 20-group scores. Bland-Altman mean difference was 0.00 and 95% limits of agreement were − 0.98 to 0.98 SDs. Correlations, in the expected direction, were seen between each nutritional biomarker and both scores; results attenuated slightly for the 20-group score compared to the 139-group score. Better diet quality was observed among girls, non-white populations and in those from higher socio-economic backgrounds for both scores. Conclusions The diet quality score based on 20 food groups showed reasonable agreement with the 139-group score. Both scores were correlated with nutritional biomarkers. A short 20-item FFQ can provide a meaningful and easy-to-implement tool to assess diet quality in large scale observational and intervention studies with adolescents.
- Published
- 2021
31. Associations between frequency of yogurt consumption and nutrient intake and diet quality in the United Kingdom
- Author
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Neha Jain, Norton Holschuh, Yong Zhu, and Jessica Smith
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Vitamin ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Free sugar ,Riboflavin ,Eating ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,Animal science ,Humans ,Medicine ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,Child ,Consumption (economics) ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Vitamin C ,business.industry ,Dietary intake ,Dietary Surveys and Nutritional Epidemiology ,Infant ,food and beverages ,Yogurt ,Diet ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Diet quality ,chemistry ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Energy Intake ,business ,Research Article ,Food Science - Abstract
Little is known on the association between frequency of yogurt consumption and dietary intake in the United Kingdom (UK). The aim of the present study was to examine associations between frequency of yogurt consumption and dietary outcomes in children (n 1912, age 9⋅6 ± 0⋅1 years, 51 % boys) and adults (n 2064, age 48⋅7 ± 0⋅5 years, 49 % men) using cross-sectional data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme year 7 to year 9 (2014/15–2016/17). The frequency of yogurt consumption was determined by the number of days with yogurt reported in 4-d food diaries and participants were classified as non-eaters, occasional eaters (1–2 d of consumption) or regular eaters (3–4 d of consumption). Dietary outcomes were estimated from food diaries. The frequency of yogurt consumption was positively associated with intake of key vitamins and minerals such as thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iodine in both children and adults (all P < 0⋅0018), as well as higher intake of total dairy (P < 0⋅0001 for both children and adults). Regular yogurt eaters were more likely to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations for vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iodine (all P < 0⋅001). Diet quality was positively associated with frequency of yogurt consumption in children (P = 0⋅045) and adults (P < 0⋅001). No association between yogurt consumption and free sugar intake was found (P = 0⋅49 for children and P = 0⋅29 for adults). The study suggests that frequency of yogurt consumption is associated with better dietary intake and diet quality in children and adults in the UK.
- Published
- 2021
32. Phytonutrient intakes in relation to European fruit and vegetable consumption patterns observed in different food surveys.
- Author
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Tennant, David R., Davidson, Julia, and Day, Andrea J.
- Subjects
FRUIT ,PROBABILITY theory ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICAL hypothesis testing ,SURVEYS ,T-test (Statistics) ,VEGETABLES ,PHYTOCHEMICALS ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Fruit and vegetables make an important contribution to health, partly due to the composition of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and polyphenols. The aim of the present study was to quantify the intake of fruit and vegetables across different European countries using food consumption data of increasing complexity: food balance sheets (FBS); the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive Database; individual food consumption data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). Across Europe, the average consumption of fruit and vegetables ranged from 192 to 824 g/d (FBS data). Based on EFSA data, nine out of fourteen countries consumed < 400 g/d (recommended by the WHO), although even in the highest-consuming countries such as Spain, 36 % did not reach the target intake. In the UK, the average consumption of fruit and vegetables was 310 g/d (NDNS data). Generally, phytonutrient intake increased in accordance with fruit and vegetable intake across all European countries with the exception of lycopene (from tomatoes), which appeared to be higher in some countries that consumed less fruit and vegetables. There were little differences in the average intake of flavanols, flavonols and lycopene in those who did or did not meet the 400 g/d recommendation in the UK. However, average intakes of carotenoid, flavanone, anthocyanidin and ellagic acid were higher in those who consumed >400 g/d of fruit and vegetables compared with those who did not. Overall, intakes of phytonutrients are highly variable, suggesting that while some individuals obtain healthful amounts, there may be others who do not gain all the potential benefits associated with phytonutrients in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Update of the vitamin D content of fortified foods and supplements in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Nutrient Databank.
- Author
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Allen, R. E., Dangour, A. D., and Tedstone, A. E.
- Subjects
- *
DATABASES , *ENRICHED foods , *BEVERAGES , *DATABASE evaluation , *DIETARY supplements , *GRAIN , *INGESTION , *MARGARINE , *NUTRITION policy , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *RESEARCH funding , *VITAMIN D , *YOGURT , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Food composition tables require updating regularly to keep abreast of the periodic reformulation of fortified foods and dietary supplements. This paper describes a process undertaken to update the vitamin D content of fortified foods and supplements consumed in the UK, and the impact this may have on reported vitamin D intake. In 2011, the vitamin D content of the 289 vitamin D fortified foods and vitamin D containing supplements recorded in the N ational D iet and N utrition S urvey ( NDNS) Nutrient Databank (last updated in 2008) was compared to data from industry websites, trade associations and manufacturers, and nutrition labelling on pack. Typical 'overages' (the additional amount added to account for any processing loss or degradation) applied during vitamin D fortification were also obtained. This information was used to update the NDNS Nutrient Databank, and applied to NDNS food consumption data (2008/2010) to determine the impact of the composition update on reported population vitamin D intakes. Up-to-date vitamin D values were obtained for 257 (89%) of the 289 items in the NDNS databank; the remainder were no longer available on the market. The vitamin D content of 31 (11%) of the items had changed, and these were most commonly breakfast cereals, fat spreads and powdered malt drinks. A further eight food items were identified as newly fortified with vitamin D. Calculation of mean vitamin D intakes using updated data identified that use of out-of-date food composition data may lead to an underestimation of UK vitamin D intakes of around 3% (0.1 μg/day). When a blanket 12.5% 'overage' was applied to all items, this underestimate increased to 6% (0.2 μg/day). Even though the absolute impact of updating the vitamin D content of fortified foods and supplements on population mean intakes is relatively small, our analysis suggests it is important that nutrient databases are regularly updated. The new estimates of the vitamin D content of foods and supplements should be used for future estimates of vitamin D intake in the UK until a further periodic update is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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34. Nutrient adequacy and imbalance among young children aged 1-3 years in the UK.
- Author
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Gibson, S. and Sidnell, A.
- Subjects
- *
ENRICHED foods , *DATABASES , *FAT content of food , *INGESTION , *INTERVIEWING , *IODINE , *IRON , *NUTRITION policy , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICAL sampling , *VITAMIN A , *WORLD Wide Web , *ZINC , *SECONDARY analysis , *DIARY (Literary form) , *CHILDREN ,DIETETICS research - Abstract
Toddlers and young children in the second and third years of life (12-35 months) may be nutritionally vulnerable, especially if they eat a limited range of foods or consume a diet that is energy rich but nutrient poor. We compared dietary intakes among children aged 18-35 months from the Na tional D iet and N utrition S urvey (2008-2011) and children aged 12-18 months from the D iet and N utrition S urvey of I nfants and Y oung C hildren (2011) with UK Dietary Reference Values ( DRVs) to assess potential nutrient excess or inadequacy. Multiple criteria were used [reference nutrient intake ( RNI), estimated average requirements ( EAR) and lower reference nutrient intake ( LRNI)], and where the LRNI or EAR were unavailable they were estimated as 75% of the EAR or RNI, respectively. Compared to current recommendations, there appear to be significant shortfalls in intakes of vitamin D in young children in the UK, and supplementation, although recommended by government, is not addressing the problem because take-up is low (9-11%). Vitamin D intakes (including supplements) averaged only 55% of the RNI among children aged 12-18 months and 33% of the RNI for those aged 18-35 months, while 64% and 87% of the younger and older group, respectively, had intakes below the LRNI (estimated). Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D may be insufficient to fulfil requirements, especially in winter. Iron intakes are also suboptimal among some groups. Based on the EAR cut-point method, the estimated population prevalence of dietary inadequacy for children aged 18-35 months was 91% for vitamin D and 31% for iron. Zinc, vitamin A and iodine had estimated levels of dietary inadequacy ranging from 5% to 19%. Mean energy intakes were below the 1991 DRV for energy but above the most recent DRV issued in 2011, while protein intakes in both surveys were in excess of the RNI. Further work is warranted to identify dietary patterns associated with low micronutrient intakes and status, and to assess the best strategies for ensuring adequacy, especially among vulnerable groups. Parents and healthcare professionals should be informed as to how to minimise the risks of both nutrient deficiency and excessive energy intakes for the young children in their care. Government can facilitate provision of appropriate advice via the healthcare system and encourage provision of appropriate foods and supplements via enabling legislation. The food industry also has a role in the responsible provision of fortified foods and drinks that can address nutrient inadequacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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35. Intake of game birds in the UK: assessment of the contribution to the dietary intake of lead by women of childbearing age and children.
- Author
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Taylor, Caroline M, Golding, Jean, and Emond, Alan M
- Subjects
- *
GAME & game-birds , *FOOD consumption , *CHILDBEARING age , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
ObjectiveConcern has recently been expressed about Pb levels in Pb-shot game meat. Our aim was to determine the consumption of game birds in a representative sample population in the UK, and in children and women of childbearing age in particular.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional cohort study. Data from 4 d diet diaries from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS; 2008–2010) were extracted to analyse data on game bird consumption in the sample population, in women of childbearing age (15–45 years old) and in children ≤6 years old.SettingHome-based study in representative areas of the UK.SubjectsParticipants in the NDNS (2008–2010; n 2126, age 1·5 to >65 years).ResultsFifty-eight participants (2·7 %) reported eating game birds. The mean intake was 19·5 (sd 18·1) g/d (median 15·6, range 1·3–92·9 g/d). In women of childbearing age (15–45 years), 11/383 (2·9 %) reported eating game birds, with a mean intake of 22·4 (sd 25·8) g/d (median 15·6, range 2·0–92·9 g/d). In children aged ≤6 years old, 3/342 (0·9 %) were reported as eating game birds, with a mean intake of 6·8 (sd 9·7) g/d (median 2·4, range 1·3–23·2 g/d).ConclusionsThe prevalence of consumption of game birds by women of childbearing age and children ≤6 years old was relatively low and intakes were small. However, any exposure to Pb in these two groups is undesirable. As are uncertainties about the ability of the diet diary method to capture the consumption of food items that are infrequently consumed, alternative methods of capturing these data should be used in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
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36. Contribution of 100% Fruit Juice to Micronutrient Intakes in the United States, United Kingdom and Brazil
- Author
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Shafagh Fallah, Peter John D. De Chavez, Han Youl Lee, Ellen S. Mitchell, Kathy Musa-Veloso, and Sigrid Gibson
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Data Analysis ,Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares ,Ascorbic Acid ,Overweight ,Recommended Dietary Allowances ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Eating ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nutrient ,Magnesium ,Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Child ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Age Factors ,Micronutrient ,Nutrition Surveys ,Fruit and Vegetable Juices ,Dietary Reference Intake ,Child, Preschool ,Fruit juice ,dietary modeling ,medicine.symptom ,Nutritive Value ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Brazil ,Vitamin ,Adult ,National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,juice ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animal science ,Folic Acid ,nutrients ,medicine ,Dietary Carbohydrates ,Humans ,Obesity ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,dietary survey ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Vitamin C ,business.industry ,Infant ,United Kingdom ,United States ,Nutrition Assessment ,chemistry ,business ,Energy Intake ,Food Analysis ,Food Science - Abstract
The contribution of 100% fruit juice (FJ) to the total daily intakes of energy, sugars, and select vitamins and minerals and to the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate intake (AI) of these micronutrients was assessed in individuals reporting the consumption of 100% FJ in the national dietary intake surveys of the United States (U.S., n = 8661), the United Kingdom (UK, n = 2546) and Brazil (n = 34,003). Associations of 100% FJ intake with the odds of being overweight or obese also were assessed. Data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013&ndash, 2014), the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2012&ndash, 2014), and Brazil&rsquo, s Pesquisa de Orç, amentos Familiares (2008&ndash, 2009) were used, and all analyses were limited to individuals reporting consumption of 100% FJ on at least one day of the dietary intake survey. Approximately 34%, 37%, and 42% of individuals surveyed reported the consumption of 100% FJ on at least one day of the dietary intake survey in the U.S., UK, and Brazil, respectively, and the average daily intakes of 100% FJ were 184 g, 130 g, and 249 g, respectively. Across the 3 countries, 100% FJ contributed to 3&ndash, 6% of total energy intakes, 12&ndash, 31% of total sugar intakes, 21&ndash, 54% of total vitamin C intakes, 1&ndash, 12% of total vitamin A intakes, 4&ndash, 15% of total folate intakes, 7&ndash, 17% of total potassium intakes, 2&ndash, 7% of total calcium intakes, and 4&ndash, 12% of total magnesium intakes. In a multivariate logistic regression model, juice intake was associated with a significant reduction in the odds of being overweight or obese in UK adults (OR = 0.79, 0.63, 0.99), and significant increases in the odds of being overweight or obese in UK children (OR = 1.16, 1.01, 1.33) and Brazilian adults (OR = 1.04, 1.00, 1.09). Nutrient contributions of 100% FJ vary according to regional intake levels. In all three countries studied, 100% FJ contributed to more than 5% of the RDAs for vitamin C and folate. In the U.S. and Brazil, 100% FJ contributed to more than 5% of the RDA for magnesium and more than 5% of the AI for potassium.
- Published
- 2020
37. The nutritional value of potatoes and potato products in the UK diet.
- Author
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Gibson, S. and Kurilich, A. C.
- Subjects
- *
FOOD habits , *AGE distribution , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *COOKING , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *FOOD composition , *INGESTION , *NUTRITION policy , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *POTATOES , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *SEX distribution , *STATISTICAL hypothesis testing , *STATISTICS , *WORLD Wide Web , *FOOD portions , *DATA analysis , *SECONDARY analysis , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Total potato consumption has been declining slowly in the UK at a rate of about 1-2% per year, in tandem with an increase in consumption of other starchy staples such as pasta and rice. Consumers and even health professionals often have a negative perception of potatoes and of chips in particular. We have evaluated the nutritional contribution of potatoes and potato products to the British diet by a secondary analysis of four-day dietary records from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008-2011, and distinguished between consumption of fried chips and oven chips. We also calculated portion sizes of six different types of potato dishes [oven chips, fried chips, boiled potatoes, mashed potatoes, roast potatoes and jacket (baked) potatoes]. Over 92% of respondents consumed potatoes during the four-day survey, 27% consumed oven chips and 41% consumed fried chips. Potatoes (including chips) contributed 7% of total energy, but greater proportions of potassium and vitamin B6 (15%), vitamin C (14%), fibre (13%), folate (10%) and magnesium (9%). On the other hand, they contributed only 4% of saturated fatty acids. Per capita consumption of potatoes averaged 85 g/day, of which, fried chips contributed 20 g/day and oven chips 10 g/day. For fried chips, mean portion size per occasion was 149 g among adults, 138 g among teenagers and 94 g among 4- to 10-year-olds, while portion sizes for oven chips were slightly smaller. Potatoes can increase the nutrient density of the diet by providing a relatively high micronutrient contribution, compared with energy content, while delivering only modest amounts of saturated fatty acid and sodium. Reformulation to remove trans fatty acids and reduce saturated fatty acid and salt has improved the nutritional profile of some potato products. Still, there may be scope in catering establishments to offer smaller portions, thicker chips and more oven-baked potato products. Nutritionally, potatoes and potato products should be seen as a white vegetable, whose consumption should be encouraged alongside other, coloured, vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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38. A healthier society with sugar restriction plan from childhood
- Author
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Bando, Hiroshi and Bando, Hiroshi
- Published
- 2019
39. An overview of the role of bread in the UK diet.
- Author
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O'Connor, A.
- Subjects
- *
BREAD , *DIET , *FOOD composition , *FOOD habits , *INGESTION , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *RESEARCH funding - Abstract
Despite being a staple food in the UK for centuries, bread consumption has fallen steadily over the last few decades. Average consumption now equates to only around 2-3 slices of bread a day. As well as providing energy, mainly in the form of starch, bread contains dietary fibre and a range of vitamins and minerals. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of adults suggests that it still contributes more than 10% of our daily intake of protein, thiamine, niacin, folate, iron, zinc, copper and magnesium; one-fifth of our fibre and calcium intakes; and more than one-quarter of our manganese intake. Therefore, eating bread can help consumers to meet their daily requirements for many nutrients, including micronutrients for which there is evidence of low intake in some groups in the UK, such as zinc and calcium. This paper gives an overview of the role of bread in the UK diet, its contribution to nutrient intakes and current consumption patterns in different population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: fat and fatty acid intake from the first year of the rolling programme and comparison with previous surveys.
- Author
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Pot, Gerda K., Prynne, Celia J., Roberts, Caireen, Olson, Ashley, Nicholson, Sonja K., Whitton, Clare, Teucher, Birgit, Bates, Beverley, Henderson, Helen, Pigott, Sarah, Swan, Gillian, and Stephen, Alison M.
- Subjects
FATTY acids ,FAT content of food ,NUTRITION ,DIET ,SOCIAL surveys - Abstract
High saturated fat intake is an established risk factor for several chronic diseases. The objective of the present study is to report dietary intakes and main food sources of fat and fatty acids (FA) from the first year of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme in the UK. Dietary data were collected using 4 d estimated food diaries (n 896) and compared with dietary reference values (DRV) and previous NDNS results. Total fat provided 34–36 % food energy (FE) across all age groups, which was similar to previous surveys for adults. Men (19–64 years) and older girls (11–18 years) had mean intakes just above the DRV, while all other groups had mean total fat intakes of < 35 % FE. SFA intakes were lower compared with previous surveys, ranging from 13 to 15 % FE, but still above the DRV. Mean MUFA intakes were 12·5 % FE for adults and children aged 4–18 years and all were below the DRV. Mean n-3 PUFA intake represented 0·7–1·1 % FE. Compared with previous survey data, the direction of change for n-3 PUFA was upwards for all age groups, although the differences in absolute terms were very small. Trans-FA intakes were lower than in previous NDNS and were less than 2 g/d for all age groups, representing 0·8 % FE and lower than the DRV in all age groups. In conclusion, dietary intake of fat and FA is moving towards recommended levels for the UK population. However, there remains room for considerable further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Assessing eating context and fruit and vegetable consumption in children: new methods using food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme.
- Author
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Tsz Ning Mak, Prynne, Celia J., Cole, Darren, Fitt, Emily, Roberts, Caireen, Bates, Beverley, and Stephen, Alison M.
- Subjects
- *
AGE distribution , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *FOOD habits , *FRUIT , *RESEARCH funding , *TELEVISION , *VEGETABLES , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *DATA analysis , *FOOD diaries , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *CHILDREN - Abstract
Background: Eating context is the immediate environment of each eating occasion (EO). There is limited knowledge on the effects of the eating context on food consumption in children, due to the difficulty in measuring the multiple eating contexts children experience throughout the day. This study applied ecological momentary assessment using food diaries to explore the relationships between eating context and fruit and vegetable consumption in UK children. Methods: Using 4 d unweighed food diaries, data were collected for 642 children aged 1.5-10y in two years of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-2010). Participants recorded all foods and drinks consumed at each EO, where and with whom the food was consumed, whether the TV was on and if eaten at a table. Mixed logistic regression and mixed multinomial logistic regression were used to calculate associations between eating contexts and fruit and vegetables (FV) consumed by quartiles. Results: Of 16,840 EOs, 73% took place at home and 31% with parents only. Frequency of eating alone and with friends increased with age. Compared to eating at home, children aged 1.5-3y were more likely to consume fruit at care outside home (>10-50g OR:2.39; >50-100g OR:2.12); children aged 4-6y were more likely to consume fruit (>50-100g OR:3.53; >100g OR:1.88) and vegetables at school (>30-60g OR:3.56). Compared to eating with parents only, children aged 1.5-3y were more likely to consume fruit with friends (>10-50g OR:2.69; >50-100g OR:3.49), and with carer and other children/others (>10-50g OR:2.25); children aged 4-6y were more likely to consume fruit (>50-100g OR:1.96) and vegetables with friends (>30-60g OR:3.56). Children of all ages were more likely to eat vegetables when the TV was off than on and at a table than not at table. Conclusions: The use of food diaries to capture multiple eating contexts and detailed fruit and vegetable consumption data was demonstrated at a population level. Higher odds of FV consumption were seen from structured settings such as school and care outside home than at home, as well as when eating at a table and the TV off. This study highlights eating contexts where provision of fruit and vegetables could be improved, especially at home. Future research should take eating context into consideration when planning interventions to target children's food consumption and eating behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: UK food consumption and nutrient intakes from the first year of the rolling programme and comparisons with previous surveys.
- Author
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Whitton, Clare, Nicholson, Sonja K., Roberts, Caireen, Prynne, Celia J., Pot, Gerda K., Olson, Ashley, Fitt, Emily, Cole, Darren, Teucher, Birgit, Bates, Beverley, Henderson, Helen, Pigott, Sarah, Deverill, Claire, Swan, Gillian, and Stephen, Alison M.
- Subjects
NUTRITION surveys ,FOOD consumption ,INGESTION ,DIETARY carbohydrates ,NUTRITIONAL assessment - Abstract
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) is a cross-sectional survey designed to gather data representative of the UK population on food consumption, nutrient intakes and nutritional status. The objectives of the present paper were to identify and describe food consumption and nutrient intakes in the UK from the first year of the NDNS rolling programme (2008–09) and compare these with the 2000–01 NDNS of adults aged 19–64 years and the 1997 NDNS of young people aged 4–18 years. Differences in median daily food consumption and nutrient intakes between the surveys were compared by sex and age group (4–10 years, 11–18 years and 19–64 years). There were no changes in energy, total fat or carbohydrate intakes between the surveys. Children aged 4–10 years had significantly lower consumption of soft drinks (not low calorie), crisps and savoury snacks and chocolate confectionery in 2008–09 than in 1997 (all P < 0·0001). The percentage contribution of non-milk extrinsic sugars to food energy was also significantly lower than in 1997 in children aged 4–10 years (P < 0·0001), contributing 13·7–14·6 % in 2008–09 compared with 16·8 % in 1997. These changes were not as marked in older children and there were no changes in these foods and nutrients in adults. There was still a substantial proportion (46 %) of girls aged 11–18 years and women aged 19–64 years (21 %) with mean daily Fe intakes below the lower reference nutrient intake. Since previous surveys there have been some positive changes in intakes especially in younger children. However, further attention is required in other groups, in particular adolescent girls. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
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- View/download PDF
43. The role of breakfast cereals in the UK diet: headline results from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) year 1.
- Author
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McKevith, B. and Jarzebowska, A.
- Subjects
- *
AGE distribution , *DIET , *FOOD chemistry , *CARBOHYDRATE content of food , *FAT content of food , *FOOD habits , *GRAIN , *INGESTION , *NUTRITIONAL assessment , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SURVEYS , *TRENDS - Abstract
The first results from the new rolling programme of the UK's National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) have been published. The survey found that breakfast cereals were consumed by about 50% of those children and adults taking part, and the average amount eaten was generally in line with the recommendations by the European breakfast cereal association on portion size. Breakfast cereals provided only a small proportion of the total intake of fat, saturated fat, non-milk extrinsic sugars and sodium, as well as contributing useful amounts of fibre (as measured by non-starch polysaccharides). Similarities regarding breakfast cereals and their contribution to the UK diet were seen with this survey and the recent Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Disaggregating composite food codes in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey food composition databank.
- Author
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Fitt, E., Mak, T. N., Stephen, A. M., Prynne, C., Roberts, C., Swan, G., and Farron-Wilson, M.
- Subjects
- *
DATA analysis , *DATABASES , *NUTRITION , *FISH as food , *MEAT - Abstract
Objective:To disaggregate composite food codes used in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) into their individual food components in order to provide a more complete estimate of intake at the individual food level.Methods:A total of 3216 composite food codes from the NDNS food composition databank were subject to disaggregation. The main food components used were meat, fish, fruit, vegetables and cheese, which were further divided into 26 subcategories.Results:It was shown that previous determination of meat containing composite food codes provided an overestimate of meat intake and underestimate of additional components such as fruit and vegetables.Conclusions:By incorporating disaggregated data into NDNS, variations will be seen in consumption of some main food groups, but these variations may be also attributable to trends in consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. NDNS rolling programme – what do the Year 1 results show?
- Author
-
Riley, H.
- Subjects
- *
CARBOHYDRATES , *DIET , *FAT , *DIETARY fiber , *FISHES , *CALORIC content of foods , *FRUIT , *HOSPITAL health promotion programs , *MEAT , *NUTRITION , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *OBESITY , *SURVEYS , *VEGETABLES - Abstract
The first results of the new National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme were published in February 2010. The results provide insight into current trends in food consumption and nutrient intakes for children (18 months to 18 years) and adults (19–64 years) in the UK. This paper reviews the survey methodology used for the rolling programme as it differs to that of previous surveys, and also examines the preliminary findings for foods and nutrients most relevant to public health nutrition, such as fruit and vegetable and fat intake. While it appears that some progress is being made towards the recommendations and guidelines for healthy eating, further progress is required to improve the nation's diet and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Findings from the latest National Diet and Nutrition Survey.
- Author
-
Swan, Gillian
- Abstract
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of adults aged 19–64 years, carried out in 2000–1, is part of the NDNS programme, a series of cross-sectional surveys aiming to provide detailed quantitative information on the diet, nutritional status and related characteristics of the British population. The programme is split into four surveys of different population age-groups, conducted at approximately three-yearly intervals. In the survey of adults food consumption data were collected from 1724 respondents using a 7 d weighed-intake dietary record. Other components included: height, weight, waist and hip circumference and blood pressure measurements; a 24 h urine sample; a blood sample; a record of physical activity. Results have been published in four volumes covering food consumption, energy and macronutrient intakes, micronutrient intakes and nutritional status, including physical measurements and physical activity. The results have shown that, based on a comparison of nutrient intakes with the UK dietary reference values, adults in Britain are generally getting sufficient nutrients from their diets. However, younger adults (particularly women) and those in lower socio-economic groups are more likely to have low micronutrient intakes and lower levels of some nutritional status indices. The proportion of food energy derived from total fat has fallen since the last survey of this age-group in 1986–7 and is close to the dietary reference value, while the proportion of energy derived from saturated fatty acids and non-milk extrinsic sugars exceeds the dietary reference values. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased since 1986–7 and physical activity levels are low. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Correlates of plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine in respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People Aged 4???18 Years, and a comparison with the Survey of People Aged 65 Years and Over.
- Author
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Bates, C. J., Mansoor, M. A., Gregory, Jan, Pentieva, Kristina, and Prentice, Ann
- Abstract
Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine were measured in a representative sample of 922 young people aged 4???18 years, participating in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey in mainland Britain in 1997. Both tHcy and cysteine increased markedly with age; cysteinyl-glycine less so. Neither tHcy nor cysteine differed between genders; cysteinyl-glycine was higher in males. tHcy concentrations were lowest in the winter; cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine varied only slightly with season. In respondents aged >15 years, tHcy was higher in smokers, but in respondents aged 7???11 years, tHcy was higher in those whose mothers smoked. tHcy was inversely correlated with serum folate, serum vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 status, but neither cysteine nor cysteinyl-glycine shared these relationships. The relationships between tHcy and B-vitamin status indices ran parallel with those of the 65 years and over survey, but at much lower tHcy concentrations for any given B-vitamin concentration. Age-adjusted tHcy was not correlated with anthropometric indices, blood pressure, haematology, plasma creatinine, urea or cholesterol, but was directly correlated with fasting triacylglycerol. We conclude that disease-risk indices, like tHcy and perhaps cysteine, if established during early life, may be modulated by diet and lifestyle, thereby providing an opportunity for public health intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Statistical models for estimating the intake of nutrients and foods from complex survey data
- Author
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Pell, David Andrew
- Subjects
NDNS ,Iron ,Mixed Effects Models ,Complex Survey Design ,Quantile Regression ,National Diet and Nutrition Survey ,Two Part Model - Abstract
Background: The consequences of poor nutrition are well known and of wide concern. Governments and public health agencies utilise food and diet surveillance data to make decisions that lead to improvements in nutrition. These surveys often utilise complex sample designs for efficient data collection. There are several challenges in the statistical analysis of dietary intake data collected using complex survey designs, which have not been fully addressed by current methods. Firstly, the shape of the distribution of intake can be highly skewed due to the presence of outlier observations and a large proportion of zero observations arising from the inability of the food diary to capture consumption within the period of observation. Secondly, dietary data is subject to variability arising from day-to-day individual variation in food consumption and measurement error, to be accounted for in the estimation procedure for correct inferences. Thirdly, the complex sample design needs to be incorporated into the estimation procedure to allow extrapolation of results into the target population. This thesis aims to develop novel statistical methods to address these challenges, applied to the analysis of iron intake data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS RP) and UK national prescription data of iron deficiency medication. Methods: 1) To assess the nutritional status of particular population groups a two-part model with a generalised gamma (GG) distribution was developed for intakes that show high frequencies of zero observations. The two-part model accommodated the sources of data variation of dietary intake with a random intercept in each component, which could be correlated to allow a correlation between the probability of consuming and the amount consumed. 2) To identify population groups at risk of low nutrient intakes, a linear quantile mixed-effects model was developed to model quantiles of the distribution of intake as a function of explanatory variables. The proposed approach was illustrated by comparing the quantiles of iron intake with Lower Reference Nutrient Intakes (LRNI) recommendations using NDNS RP. This thesis extended the estimation procedures of both the two-part model with GG distribution and the linear quantile mixed-effects model to incorporate the complex sample design in three steps: the likelihood function was multiplied by the sample weightings; bootstrap methods for the estimation of the variance and finally, the variance estimation of the model parameters was stratified by the survey strata. 3) To evaluate the allocation of resources to alleviate nutritional deficiencies, a quantile linear mixed-effects model was used to analyse the distribution of expenditure on iron deficiency medication across health boards in the UK. Expenditure is likely to depend on the iron status of the region; therefore, for a fair comparison among health boards, iron status was estimated using the method developed in objective 2) and used in the specification of the median amount spent. Each health board is formed by a set of general practices (GPs), therefore, a random intercept was used to induce correlation between expenditure from two GPs from the same health board. Finally, the approaches in objectives 1) and 2) were compared with the traditional approach based on weighted linear regression modelling used in the NDNS RP reports. All analyses were implemented using SAS and R. Results: The two-part model with GG distribution fitted to amount of iron consumed from selected episodically food, showed that females tended to have greater odds of consuming iron from foods but consumed smaller amounts. As age groups increased, consumption tended to increase relative to the reference group though odds of consumption varied. Iron consumption also appeared to be dependent on National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NSSEC) group with lower social groups consuming less, in general. The quantiles of iron intake estimated using the linear quantile mixed-effects model showed that more than 25% of females aged 11-50y are below the LRNI, and that 11-18y girls are the group at highest of deficiency in the UK. Predictions of spending on iron medication in the UK based on the linear quantile mixed-effects model showed areas of higher iron intake resulted in lower spending on treating iron deficiency. In a geographical display of expenditure, Northern Ireland featured the lowest amount spent. Comparing the results from the methods proposed here showed that using the traditional approach based on weighted regression analysis could result in spurious associations. Discussion: This thesis developed novel approaches to the analysis of dietary complex survey data to address three important objectives of diet surveillance, namely the mean estimation of food intake by population groups, identification of groups at high risk of nutrient deficiency and allocation of resources to alleviate nutrient deficiencies. The methods provided models of good fit to dietary data, accounted for the sources of data variability and extended the estimation procedures to incorporate the complex sample survey design. The use of a GG distribution for modelling intake is an important improvement over existing methods, as it includes many distributions with different shapes and its domain takes non-negative values. The two-part model accommodated the sources of data variation of dietary intake with a random intercept in each component, which could be correlated to allow a correlation between the probability of consuming and the amount consumed. This also improves existing approaches that assume a zero correlation. The linear quantile mixed-effects model utilises the asymmetric Laplace distribution which can also accommodate many different distributional shapes, and likelihood-based estimation is robust to model misspecification. This method is an important improvement over existing methods used in nutritional research as it explicitly models the quantiles in terms of explanatory variables using a novel quantile regression model with random effects. The application of these models to UK national data confirmed the association of poorer diets and lower social class, identified the group of 11-50y females as a group at high risk of iron deficiency, and highlighted Northern Ireland as the region with the lowest expenditure on iron prescriptions., Medical Research Council
- Published
- 2018
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49. Where and when are portion sizes larger in young children? An analysis of eating occasion size among 1·5-5-year-olds in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-2017).
- Author
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Porter A, Toumpakari Z, Kipping R, Summerbell C, and Johnson L
- Abstract
Objective: To identify eating occasion-level and individual-level factors associated with the consumption of larger portions in young children and estimate their relative importance., Design: Cross-sectional., Setting: Data from parent-reported 4-d food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-2017) were analysed. Multilevel models explored variation in eating occasion size (kJ) within (n 48 419 occasions) and between children (n 1962) for all eating occasions. Eating contexts: location, eating companion, watching TV, and sitting at a table and individual characteristics: age, gender, ethnicity and parental socio-economic status were explored as potential correlates of eating occasion size., Participants: Children aged 1·5-5 years., Results: Median eating occasion size was 657 kJ (IQR 356, 1117). Eating occasion size variation was primarily attributed (90 %) to differences between eating occasions. Most (73 %) eating occasions were consumed at home. In adjusted models, eating occasions in eateries were 377 kJ larger than at home. Eating occasions sitting at a table, v. not, were 197 kJ larger. Eating in childcare, with additional family members and friends, and whilst watching TV were other eating contexts associated with slightly larger eating occasion sizes., Conclusions: Eating contexts that vary from one eating occasion to another are more important than demographic characteristics that vary between children in explaining variation in consumed portion sizes in young children. Strategies to promote consumption of age-appropriate portion sizes in young children should be developed, especially in the home environment, in eating contexts such as sitting at the table, eating with others and watching TV.
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- 2021
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50. Micronutrients: highlights and research challenges from the 1994???5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over.
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Bates, C. J., Prentice, A., Cole, T. J., van der Pols, J. C., Doyle, W., Finch, S., Smithers, G., and Clarke, P. C.
- Abstract
The aims of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey series are summarized, and the new National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over is explored, with particular emphasis on micronutrient intakes and status indices. Mean nutrient intakes were generally satisfactory for most micronutrients, but intakes of vitamin D, Mg, K and Cu were low. Intakes of vitamin D were far below the reference nutrient intake for people aged 65 years and over, and there was also biochemical evidence of vitamin D deficiency, for 8 % of free-living and 37 % of institution participants, attributed partly to limited exposure to sunlight. A substantial proportion of people living in institutions had inadequate biochemical status indices, notably for vitamin C, Fe and folate. Relationships between intake and status were close for vitamins. Mineral intakes did not correlate well with currently used status indices. Some intakes and indices, especially those of vitamin C, carotenoids, Na and K, were strongly correlated with socio-economic status and with north???south gradients in Britain. Future research challenges should address the functional and health significance of low intakes and sub-optimal biochemical indices for certain micronutrients, especially for people living in institutions; the shortcomings of mineral status indices especially as indicators of mineral intake; the social and geographical inequalities of micronutrient intakes and status, and why micronutrient status deteriorates with increasing age. The answers to these questions will help to define the characteristics of nutritional risk for older people in Britain, and to clarify future needs for education and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 1999
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