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Aridity indices have been widely applied in dividing climate regimes and monitoring drought events. The knowledge of the aridity index and reference evapotranspiration is very important not only for understanding climate change and its effects on ecosystem stability but also for managing agricultural water resources. Therefore, in this work, we studied the spatial-temporal variation and trend of ETo, Tmean, and four aridity indices, such as the De Martonne aridity index, Pinna combinative index, FAO aridity index, and Thornthwaite aridity index, and its climatic attribution in Northeast Iran using the observed climate records from 10 synoptic meteorological stations from 1950 to 2021. The results showed that ETo for Northeast Iran as a whole exhibited an increase at a rate of +9.65 mmyr-1; Tmean showed an increasing trend at the rate of 0.03 ºC year−1 from the beginning of the statistical period of each station until 2021. Also, the AIT, AIDM, AIP, and AIF increased significantly by +0.001, -0.03, -0.01, and -0.001 year-1, respectively. Approximately 100% of stations showed an increasing trend in AIT and AIF, while 50% of stations reached up to a significant increasing level, and about 60% of stations showed an increasing trend in AIDM and AIP, while 70% of stations reached a significantly increasing level, which demonstrated that Northeast Iran was getting drier for the recent 40 years. This analysis of this study enhances the understanding of the relationship between climate change and drought in Northeast Iran, may be helpful for the agricultural irrigation system.

Resumo A Hipereosinofilia (HE) é definida como uma contagem de eosinófilos superior a 1500 células/microL no sangue periférico em dois exames, realizados com intervalo mínimo de um mês e/ou confirmação anatomopatológica de HE, com eosinófilos compreendendo mais de 20% de todas as células nucleadas da medula óssea. A Síndrome hipereosinofílica (SHE) indica a presença de HE com comprometimento de órgãos por ação eosinofílica, podendo ser classificada como primária (ou neoplásica), secundária (ou reativa) e idiopática. O comprometimento cardíaco ocorre em até 5% dos casos na fase aguda e em 20% na fase crônica da doença, variando de casos oligossintomáticos até miocardite aguda fulminante ou cardiomiopatia restritiva crônica (endomiocardite de Loeffler). No entanto, o grau de disfunção cardíaca não se correlaciona diretamente com o grau de eosinofilia. O envolvimento cardíaco na SHE ocorre em três fases: necrótica inicial, trombótica e necrótica final. Pode se manifestar como insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e fenômenos tromboembólicos. O diagnóstico de cardiopatia é baseado em métodos de imagem multimodalidade, com ênfase na importância do ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT). Em pacientes com janela acústica limitada, podem ser utilizados agentes de contraste ultrassonográfico, que permitem melhor visualização das bordas endocárdicas e da região ventricular apical. Técnicas para análise da deformação miocárdica podem evidenciar redução do strain em segmentos apicais e preservação nos demais segmentos (reverse apical sparing). A ressonância magnética cardíaca permite a caracterização do realce tardio subendocárdico de gadolínio, e a biópsia endomiocárdica é considerada o padrão ouro no diagnóstico de cardiopatia. O tratamento é baseado na etiologia da SHE.

Urban agriculture (UA) is increasingly recognized in policy and academic discussions for its potential to promote sustainable food systems and reduce food insecurity. Due to their proximity to citizens, local governments are well-positioned to advance these initiatives. However, the factors that drive governments in densely populated cities to develop UA policies remain relatively understudied, especially in the Global South. To address this gap, we employ a comparative case study approach based on key informant interviews and documents to examine how local government actors pursue UA policies in the Brazilian cities of Recife, Rio de Janeiro, and Curitiba. We find that certain municipal bureaucrats act as “policy entrepreneurs,” emerging as pivotal figures in creating, maintaining, and adapting municipal UA policies in Brazilian cities. These policy entrepreneurs use a number of strategies to advance their policy preferences, secure resources, and legitimize their actions within the public administration. These approaches include collaborating with civil society, forging partnerships within and outside of government, framing their proposals within international policy guidelines, and leveraging media coverage and external recognition. In doing so, policy entrepreneurs shape UA policies by introducing new programs, making them resilient to changes related to electoral turnover, and diversifying initiatives from direct government support for gardeners to, for example, incorporating UA into urban planning regulations. This article thus provides valuable insights for policymakers and underscores the crucial role of local government bureaucrats, particularly those acting as policy entrepreneurs, in shaping policies that contribute to making cities sustainable.

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma amostra dos dados coletados, das reflexões realizadas e dos resultados obtidos no âmbito do projeto de pesquisa “Análise Lexicográfica Bilíngue Contrastiva de Expressões Idiomáticas (Português-Espanhol)”. Esta pesquisa se enquadra no contexto dos estudos fraseológicos e norteia-se pelos princípios teóricos da Lexicografia Bilíngue Contrastiva (DURÃO; SASTRE-RUANO; WERNER, 2009). Trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada por amostragem (GIL, 2008; 2010; LAKATOS; MARCONI, 2007), com análises qualitativas (PRODANOV; FREITAS, 2013). Seu corpus está constituído por uma seleção de expressões idiomáticas (EIs) formadas com nomes de partes do corpo no português brasileiro (da letra A até a letra L), coletadas em dois dicionários monolíngues, o Houaiss (2009) e o Aurélio (2010), e cinco dicionários bilíngues (Português-Espanhol): Gran Diccionario (2001); Diccionario Bilingüe de Uso (2003); Océano Compact Diccionario (2004); Dicionário Escolar WMF (2011) e Michaelis Dicionário Escolar (2008). Dentre os principais problemas identificados na análise estão: a inexistência de indicação específica que facilite a identificação das EIs; a apresentação de informações equivocadas; a carência de informações; e a falta de sistematicidade na apresentação das EIs.

Water scarcity is the main natural limitation for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and salicylic acid on yield and quality of watermelon under water stress. For this purpose, a split factorial experiment was conducted with three replications based on a randomized complete block design in two years. Irrigation treatment at three levels of receiving 100%, 80% and 60% of water requirement were placed as the main factor in the main plots. Mycorrhizal fungus in two levels (including no inoculation and soil inoculation by 20 g m-2) along with spraying of salicylic acid in three levels (including 0, 50 and 100 mg L-1) were designated to the subplots. The highest amounts of proline concentration, peroxidase and catalase enzymes activities were recorded in 60% irrigation treatment. Electrolyte leakage decreased by salicylic acid application, though in each irrigation treatment the lowest electrolyte leakage was recorded in 100 mg L-1 treatment of salicylic acid. Electrolyte leakage was significantly reduced by mycorrhizal fungi application. The highest (9.12%) and the lowest (8.08%) level of total soluble solids were recorded respectively in 80% and 100% irrigation treatments. The highest amount of TSS (9.07%) was obtained with mycorrhizal fungi. TSS was significantly increased by 6.70% and 11.20% with 50 and 100 mg L-1 salicylic acid treatments, respectively, compared to the control. The lowest fruit yield (34.76 t ha-1) was obtained when the plants were exposed to 60% irrigation treatment and no mycorrhizal fungus inoculation conditions. Fruit yield increased significantly in the presence of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation across all irrigation treatment levels, with the highest fruit yield (68.82 t ha-1) being obtained when plants were grown under 100% irrigation treatment and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation conditions. It may be concluded that using mycorrhizal fungus as a biofertilizer and salicylic acid as a plant growth regulator can reduce the harmful effects of drought stress and, hence, it can be recommended to increase the fruit yield and quality of watermelon at least in arid-semiarid conditions.

RESUMO Candido Portinari trilhou trajetória gloriosa nos Estados Unidos entre 1935 e 1942, marcada por obras emblemáticas elaboradas para este país: Café, os painéis do pavilhão brasileiro na Feira Mundial de Nova York e os murais da Biblioteca do Congresso. Examinamos o caráter único e experimental dessas representações de Brasil elaboradas por Portinari para a América do Norte - quase todas patrocinadas pelo Estado Novo -, bem como sua recepção pelo público estadunidense. Esta investigação fundamenta-se em fontes primárias do período, especialmente correspondências, memorandos institucionais, textos críticos e artigos de periódicos. As obras analisadas são um breviário dos conceitos de brasilidade fomentados nos Estados Unidos pela pintura nacional durante a Política da Boa Vizinhança e esclarecem a promoção do Brasil ali nesse período.

Introduction The Genus Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family. According to Jalas (1971), Thymus is divided into eight sections: Micantes, Mastichina, Piperella, Teucrioides, Pseudothymbra, Thymus, Hyphodromi, and Serpyllum. About 18 species exist in some areas of Iran and most of them belong to Serpyllum Section and kotschiani Subsection. Chromosomal information is an important key for taxonomy, phylogeny, evolution, genetics and breeding in thyme. Therefore, this work was carried out to study the cytogenetic characteristics of genus Thymus belonging to the Subsection Kotschyani for breeding purposes and taxonomy.Materials and MethodsSeeds were collected from 5 wild populations and germinated on wet filter paper at 20 oC. One cm long roots were pretreated with 8-hydroxyquinolin and then washed in distilled water and fixed in carnoy solution for 24 hours. Hydrochloric acid (1N) was applied for 7 min to hydrolyze the roots. Staining was done by orcein for 24 h at room temperature. Stained roots squashed in one drop of 45% acetic acid and examined by a ZEISS Axiophot compound microscope. Cells in metaphase stage were photographed with a D450; Canon Inc. Japan digital camera. Ten well prepared metaphasic cells were selected and some chromosomal characteristics such as total chromosomal length (TL), long arm length (L), short arm length (S), the arm ratio (AR) [LA/SA], and centromeric index (CI), were measured using Micro Measure ver. 3.3 software. The following karyological parameters were determined: total chromosome form (TF%), intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) and interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2). Karyotypic characteristics have been determined using the symmetry classes of Stebbins (SC). Karyotype formula was determined from chromosome morphology based on centromere position in accordance with the classification of Levan.Results and Discussion This study reports the chromosome number and meiotic behavior of 31 populations belonging to 8 species of Thymus Subsect. kotschyani from Iran. In most species of this subsection, the base number of chromosome x = 15 and two diploid and tetraploid ploidy levels with chromosome number of 2n = 30 and 60 were observed. Only in T. migricus species, the base number of chromosome x = 14 was reported with two levels of diploid and tetraploid ploidy and chromosome numbers of 2n= 28 and 56. The chromosomes were mostly metacentric (m) or sub-metacentric (sm) in all species Among the various species with basic number of x= 15, the highest percentage of TF and the lowest amount of A1 were observed in populations belonging to T. eriocalyx (T7) indicating that this species has the most symmetric karyotypes. The lowest percentage of TF and the highest amount of A1 are in population of T. lancifolious (27) and T. fedtschenkoi (T28) species; this shows that the species has the most asymmetric karyotype among the species of this subsection. The highest amount of A2 was observed in T. eriocalyx (T7) species, indicated the asymmetry between chromosomes and chromosomal length. The difference in the number of chromosomes, ploidy levels and karyotype asymmetry in the populations and different species may be related to different environmental conditions in their habitat, pollination system (cross pollination) or polyploidy (Aneuploidy) in this genus.Conclusion The results showed that basic chromosome number in most species is 15 (x= 15). Two ploidy levels (diploid and tetraploid) were observed among different species. Chromosomes in most species, were metacentric and sub-metacentric. Based on intra- chromosomal symmetry (A1 and TF) T. eriocalyx species (T7) has the most symmetric and most primitive karyotype and the species T. lancifolius (T27) and T. fedtschenkoi (T28) have the most complete and the most asymmetric karyotypes. Also based on inter- chromosomal symmetry, (A2) T. eriocalyx (T) species has the most asymmetric karyotype.

Attempts to avoid property vacancy represent an immense challenge for local authorities and planning policy design. Despite recent normative and regulatory advances witnessed in the recent past with the recognition of the social function of the property by the federal constitution (1988) and statutory instruments included in the city statute (2001) and local master plans, Brazilian cities still experience difficulty in producing evidence-based indicators to support the implementation of progressive planning policies. This article offers a methodological approach using a multi-criteria index to identify vacancy propensity levels in the central area of São Paulo. The research results from a partnership between the municipal authority and two planning laboratories from public universities and financial support from UNESCO. The index was designed using a multi-criteria decision aid technique, PROMETHEE II. The proposed methodology involved the manipulation of eight variables related to the vacancy phenomenon and a two-phased validation process: one quantitative using statistical tests and the second qualitative through the scrutiny of the index by urban specialists. The result represents the potential vacancy levels for 3,254 urban blocks and their spatial distribution. For the 344 blocks inspected through fieldwork, 619 potential vacant properties were identified. The development and analysis of the index show that this approach provides valuable information on vacancy levels accounting for its spatial distribution. The index is a flexible tool that can absorb particular local conditions and support evidence-based policy-making.

Resumo Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população e a maior frequência de fatores de risco como obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes, espera-se um aumento na prevalência de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). Entretanto, no momento, o diagnóstico e o tratamento de pacientes com ICFEp permanecem desafiadores. O diagnóstico sindrômico de ICFEp inclui diversas etiologias e doenças com tratamentos específicos, mas que apresentam pontos em comum em relação à apresentação clínica e à avaliação laboratorial no que diz respeito aos biomarcadores como BNP e NT-ProBNP, à avaliação ecocardiográfica do remodelamento cardíaco e às pressões de enchimento diastólico ventricular esquerdo. Extensos ensaios clínicos randomizados envolvendo a terapia nesta síndrome falharam na demonstração de benefícios para o paciente, fazendo-se necessária uma reflexão acerca do diagnóstico, dos mecanismos de morbidade, da taxa de mortalidade e da reversibilidade. Na revisão, serão abordados os conceitos atuais, as controvérsias e, especialmente, os desafios no diagnóstico da ICFEp através de uma análise crítica do escore da European Heart Failure Association.

BackgroundThe significance of detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood of antibody-positive patients for risk of development of Chagas heart disease is not well established. The objective of this study was to compare detection of T. cruzi DNA with known clinical and laboratory markers of Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) severity.MethodsThis is a case-control study nested within a retrospective cohort developed in Brazil to understand the natural history of Chagas disease. The study enrolled 499 T. cruzi seropositive blood donors (SP-BD) and 488 frequency matched seronegative control donors (SN-BD) who had donated between 1996 and 2002, and 101 patients with clinically diagnosed CC. In 2008-2010 all enrolled subjects underwent a health questionnaire, medical examination, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. A blinded panel of three cardiologists adjudicated the outcome of CC. Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast minicircle sequences were amplified by real-time PCR using an assay with a sensitivity of one parasite per 20 mL of blood. All testing was performed on coded samples.ResultsRates of PCR detection of T. cruzi DNA were significantly (P = 0.003) higher in CC patients and SP-BD diagnosed with CC (79/105 [75.2 %]) compared with SP-BD without CC (143/279 [51.3%]). The presence of parasitaemia was significantly associated with known markers of disease progression such as QRS and QT interval duration, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, higher left ventricular index mass, and elevated troponin and NTpro-BNP levels.ConclusionTrypanosoma cruzi PCR positivity is associated with presence and severity of cardiomyopathy, suggesting a direct role of parasite persistence in disease pathogenesis.

DOR: 98.1000/2383-1251.1397.5. 139.10.2.1606.1610 Extended abstract Introduction: Using of plant growth regulators is one of the methods can improve plant growth against environmental stresses such as salinity. Salicylic acid plays an important role in physiological processes regulation, including germination. Today, using of growth promoting bacteria has been increased and it causes to raise the seed vigor, uniformity, germination percentage and better seedling establishment. Growth promoting bacteria can be effect on increasing plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions by interposition in plant hormones production such as auxin, GA, cytokinins, and as well as the stabilization of nitrogen or phosphorus availability and other nutrients Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Salicylic acid factor (SA) was selected at two levels (0 and 1 mM). The bacterial treatments included Azotobacter (AZ), Azospirilum (AZP), complex of Azotobacter and Azospirillum (AZ + AZP), and without inoculation (C) and salinity treatment (S) was at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). Results: Results showed that all treatments had no significant effect on germination percentage. Radicle and plumule length, seed vigor index and seedling fresh weight was significantly increased at 50 mM NaCl. Generally speaking, the elongation of plant organs when treated with low concentrations of salts may induce osmotic adjustment activity in the plants which may improve growth. Germination rate, Radicle and plumule length and seed vigor index were significantly increased by salicylic acid treatment. AZ and AZ+AZP increased germination parameters significantly than control. Generally germination factors were better improved by combination salicylic acid with AZ than AZP and AZ+AZP. These results could indicate the synergistic relationship between growth promoting bacteria and salicylic acid. Conclusion: According to the results pre-treatment of melon seeds by 1 mM salicylic acid and Azotobacter can be proposed to improve seed germination and seedling establishment under salinity stress. Highlights: Effect of salinity on seed germination characteristics of melon. Effect of biofertilizer and salicylic acid on germination and seedling growth of melon under salt stress.

Na cidade de São Paulo cerca de 10 % dos domicílios estão fechados ou vagos, sendo grande parte deles em áreas bem providas com infraestrutura, enquanto parte da população vive em assentamentos precários e sem acesso a serviços básicos. Em 2014, a prefeitura municipal deu início à aplicação de instrumentos urbanísticos para reduzir a vacância imobiliária e, com isso, possibilitar a ampliação da oferta de moradia. A partir de um estudo de caso baseado em pesquisa documental, complementados por entrevistas com atores-chave e observação participante, este artigo descreve e analisa a implementação dos instrumentos da função social da propriedade entre os anos de 2014 a 2016, explorando o arranjo institucional constituído para levar a cabo essa iniciativa, e os resultados quantitativos para o período de 2014 a 2019. Observando a trajetória do setor de planejamento urbano em São Paulo, argumentamos que o arranjo institucional em tela representou uma ampliação do seu escopo de atuação e foi pilar fundamental para a aplicação dos instrumentos, que atingiu resultados expressivos e se consolidou como relevante experiência nacional.

BackgroundVery few studies have measured disease penetrance and prognostic factors of Chagas cardiomyopathy among asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi-infected persons.Methods and resultsWe performed a retrospective cohort study among initially healthy blood donors with an index T cruzi-seropositive donation and age-, sex-, and period-matched seronegatives in 1996 to 2002 in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Montes Claros. In 2008 to 2010, all subjects underwent medical history, physical examination, ECGs, and echocardiograms. ECG and echocardiogram results were classified by blinded core laboratories, and records with abnormal results were reviewed by a blinded panel of 3 cardiologists who adjudicated the outcome of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Associations with Chagas cardiomyopathy were tested with multivariate logistic regression. Mean follow-up time between index donation and outcome assessment was 10.5 years for the seropositives and 11.1 years for the seronegatives. Among 499 T cruzi seropositives, 120 (24%) had definite Chagas cardiomyopathy, and among 488 T cruzi seronegatives, 24 (5%) had cardiomyopathy, for an incidence difference of 1.85 per 100 person-years attributable to T cruzi infection. Of the 120 seropositives classified as having Chagas cardiomyopathy, only 31 (26%) presented with ejection fraction

BackgroundBlood donor screening leads to large numbers of new diagnoses of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, with most donors in the asymptomatic chronic indeterminate form. Information on electrocardiogram (ECG) findings in infected blood donors is lacking and may help in counseling and recognizing those with more severe disease.ObjectivesTo assess the frequency of ECG abnormalities in T.cruzi seropositive relative to seronegative blood donors, and to recognize ECG abnormalities associated with left ventricular dysfunction.MethodsThe study retrospectively enrolled 499 seropositive blood donors in São Paulo and Montes Claros, Brazil, and 483 seronegative control donors matched by site, gender, age, and year of blood donation. All subjects underwent a health clinical evaluation, ECG, and echocardiogram (Echo). ECG and Echo were reviewed blindly by centralized reading centers. Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction was defined as LV ejection fraction (EF)

In this study, results related to boehmite synthesis by hydrothermal processes starting from a Bayer commercial gibbsite are reported. The processes have been conducted from aqueous suspensions with initial acidic or alkaline pH, without or with acetate ion, at 160oC for 72h to 168h. The final materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal methods (DTA and TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of the synthesis conditions on the morphology of the boehmite crystals obtained from the gibbsite at different hydrothermal processes are discussed.

O artigo analisa as percepções dos jovens sobre atuação política na sua participação nas ocupações das escolas públicas durante os anos de 2015 e 2016. Para tanto, foram realizadas cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas com jovens de 18 a 20 anos e que se propuseram a falar dessa experiência em 2017. Os jovens entrevistados apontam que, embora as ocupações das escolas tenham possibilitado adesão significativa dos secundaristas e da comunidade local, elas contribuíram muito mais em teor pedagógico de aprendizado político – no que se refere à convivência comunitária e uso dos espaços públicos – e menos para uma perspectiva de engajamento e continuidade da própria atuação política da juventude nas ocupações. Palavras-chave: Juventude. Atuação Política. Escolas Públicas. Ocupação nas Escolas.

FUNDAMENTO: A norepinefrina miocárdica está alterada na disfunção ventricular esquerda. Em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chagásica (CC), essa questão ainda não foi discutida. OBJETIVO: Determinar o nível de norepinefrina (NE) miocárdica em pacientes com CC e compará-la em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e relacionar NE miocárdica com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE). MÉTODOS: Estudamos 39 pacientes com CC, divididos em grupo 1: 21 indivíduos com FEVE normal e grupo 2: 18 com FEVE diminuída. Dezessete pacientes com DAC foram divididos em grupo 3: 12 indivíduos com FEVE normal e grupo 4: 5 indivíduos com FEVE diminuída. Ecocardiografia bidimensional foi usada para medir a FEVE. A NE miocárdica foi determinada através de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (HPLC). RESULTADOS: A NE miocárdica na CC com e sem disfunção ventricular foi 1,3±1,3 e 6,1±4,2 pg/μg de proteína não-colagenosa, respectivamente (p

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the impairment of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent coronary blood flow reserve after administration of intracoronary acetylcholine and adenosine, and its association with hypertensive cardiac disease. INTRODUCTION: Coronary blood flow reserve reduction has been proposed as a mechanism for the progression of compensated left ventricular hypertrophy to ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Eighteen hypertensive patients with normal epicardial coronary arteries on angiography were divided into two groups according to left ventricular fractional shortening (FS). Group 1 (FS >0.25): n=8, FS=0.29 ± 0.03; Group 2 (FS

OBJECTIVES: We compared left ventricular regional wall motion, the global left ventricular ejection fraction, and the New York Heart Association functional class pre- and postoperatively. INTRODUCTION: Endomyocardial fibrosis is characterized by fibrous tissue deposition in the endomyocardium of the apex and/or inflow tract of one or both ventricles. Although left ventricular global systolic function is preserved, patients exhibit wall motion abnormalities in the apical and inferoapical regions. Fibrous tissue resection in New York Heart Association FC III and IV endomyocardial fibrosis patients has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We prospectively studied 30 patients (20 female, 30±10 years) before and 5±8 months after surgery. The left ventricular ejection fraction was determined using the area-length method. Regional left ventricular motion was measured by the centerline method. Five left ventricular segments were analyzed pre- and postoperatively. Abnormality was expressed in units of standard deviation from the mean motion in a normal reference population. RESULTS: Left ventricular wall motion in the five regions did not differ between pre- and postoperative measurements. Additionally, the left ventricular ejection fraction did not change after surgery (0.45±0.13% x 0.43±0.12% pre- and postoperatively, respectively). The New York Heart Association functional class improved to class I in 40% and class II in 43% of patients postoperatively (p