Search

Highlights: The constructions under internal and external driving forces were introduced and compared with each other. The physicochemical properties were analyzed for the assessment of crystalline quality and photoelectric characteristics. The photocatalytic applications, mechanisms, and developments of the core-shell semiconductor-graphene nanoarchitectures were illustrated in detail. Semiconductor photocatalysis holds great promise for renewable energy generation and environment remediation, but generally suffers from the serious drawbacks on light absorption, charge generation and transport, and structural stability that limit the performance. The core–shell semiconductor-graphene (CSSG) nanoarchitectures may address these issues due to their unique structures with exceptional physical and chemical properties. This review explores recent advances of the CSSG nanoarchitectures in the photocatalytic performance. It starts with the classification of the CSSG nanoarchitectures by the dimensionality. Then, the construction methods under internal and external driving forces were introduced and compared with each other. Afterward, the physicochemical properties and photocatalytic applications of these nanoarchitectures were discussed, with a focus on their role in photocatalysis. It ends with a summary and some perspectives on future development of the CSSG nanoarchitectures toward highly efficient photocatalysts with extensive application. By harnessing the synergistic capabilities of the CSSG architectures, we aim to address pressing environmental and energy challenges and drive scientific progress in these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The constructions under internal and external driving forces were introduced and compared with each other. The physicochemical properties were analyzed for the assessment of crystalline quality and photoelectric characteristics. The photocatalytic applications, mechanisms, and developments of the core-shell semiconductor-graphene nanoarchitectures were illustrated in detail.

A remarkable new species, Pampasatyrus karri sp.n. is described from the upper valley of the river Pampas on the border of the departments of Apurímac and Ayacucho in the central Andes of Peru. It occurs in grassland puna on rocky slopes around 3500 m a.s.l. It is characterized by bright golden wing uppersides, a colour unique among the Satyrinae. It is only the third known Andean representatives of this, otherwise predominantly low to mid elevation genus associated with Brazilian and Argentinian pampa, and is most closely related, as indicated by COI data and male genitalia, to P. gorkyi found 200 km south-eastwards in Cuzco. Its discovery extends the northern range limit of the genus Pampasatyrus in the Andes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene is a promising candidate for use as a cushioning/filler material in composites due to its extraordinary mechanical and thermal properties. When added to composite materials, graphene can improve the composite's overall strength, durability, and impact resistance. One of the primary benefits of using graphene as a cushioning/filler material in composite materials is its high strength-to-weight ratio. Graphene is one of the most robust materials known to man, and when added to composite materials, it can significantly increase their strength without adding much weight. Another benefit is its high thermal conductivity. Graphene can dissipate heat quickly and efficiently, which can be advantageous in applications where thermal management is critical, such as electronics and aerospace. The addition of graphene can reduce the amount of energy transferred during impact, reducing the risk of damage or failure of the composite material. In addition to its thermal and mechanical properties, graphene is highly chemically resistant, making it ideal for use in harsh environments. It is also relatively inexpensive compared to other high-performance materials, making it an attractive option for large-scale industrial applications. Overall, graphene has the potential to revolutionize the use of composite materials by providing a high-strength, lightweight, and thermally conductive cushioning/filler material that can improve the durability and performance of composite materials in a diverse range of applications. Various application in diverse field has been elaborated in this review work.

In this study, we present a systematic investigation of the electrochemical performance of a core–shell Ni/Ni-(OH)2 nanowire array in an asymmetric supercapacitor configuration with graphene flakes. We synthesized the nanowires, with diameters of 35, 100, and 150 nm, through electrodeposition, which enabled us to precisely control their dimensions. We discovered a remarkable trend: the supercapacitor performance initially increases with nanowire height but then gradually decreases after reaching a critical point. To further explain and understand this phenomenon, we employed finite element analysis (FEA), which confirmed our experimental results and revealed the underlying electrochemical mechanisms. The FEA simulations showed that the nanowire length affects the distribution and accessibility of ionic species surrounding the nanowire array, which in turn influences the charge storage and transfer processes. Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of nanowire geometry in electrochemical behavior and provide valuable insights into designing nanowire architectures for optimal supercapacitor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are present not only in the environment but also in drinking water, food, and consumer products. These MPs being toxic, carcinogenic, endocrine disrupting, and genetic risk creators cause several diseases. Despite various approaches, the development of onsite applicable, facile, and quick MP detection methods is still challenging. Here, 3D‐plasmonic gold nanopocket (3D‐PGNP) nanoarchitecture is formed on a paper substrate for simultaneous MP filtration and detection. The paper‐based 3D‐PGNP is integrated with a syringe filter device, and then, MP‐containing solutions are injected through the syringe. Subsequent detection of the MPs using the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) successfully identifies the MPs without pretreatment. The interface and volumetric hotspot generation of 3D‐PGNP around the captured MPs significantly improves the sensitivity, which is confirmed by finite‐difference time‐domain simulation. Then, the SERS mapping images obtained from a portable Raman spectrometer are transformed into digital signals via machine learning (ML) technique to identify and quantify the MP distribution. The developed SERS‐ML‐based MP detection method is applied for mixture MPs and for real matrix samples, demonstrating that the method provides improved accuracy. This system is expected to be used for various MPs detection and for environmentally hazardous substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lignin-based mesoporous hollow carbon@MnO2 nanosphere composites (L-C-NSs@MnO2) were fabricated by using lignosulfonate as the carbon source. The nanostructured MnO2 particles with a diameter of 10~20 nm were uniformly coated onto the surfaces of the hollow carbon nanospheres. The obtained L-C-NSs@MnO2 nanosphere composite showed a prolonged cycling lifespan and excellent rate performance when utilized as an anode for LIBs. The L-C-NSs@MnO2 nanocomposite (24.6 wt% of MnO2) showed a specific discharge capacity of 478 mAh g−1 after 500 discharge/charge cycles, and the capacity contribution of MnO2 in the L-C-NSs@MnO2 nanocomposite was estimated ca. 1268.8 mAh g−1, corresponding to 103.2% of the theoretical capacity of MnO2 (1230 mAh g−1). Moreover, the capacity degradation rate was ca. 0.026% per cycle after long-term and high-rate Li+ insertion/extraction processes. The three-dimensional lignin-based carbon nanospheres played a crucial part in buffering the volumetric expansion and agglomeration of MnO2 nanoparticles during the discharge/charge processes. Furthermore, the large specific surface areas and mesoporous structure properties of the hollow carbon nanospheres significantly facilitate the fast transport of the lithium-ion and electrons, improving the electrochemical activities of the L-C-NSs@MnO2 electrodes. The presented work shows that the combination of specific structured lignin-based carbon nanoarchitecture with MnO2 provides a brand-new thought for the designation and synthesis of high-performance materials for energy-related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights A hierarchical interconnected NiMoN (HW-NiMoN-2h) was successfully prepared based on a rational combination of hydrothermal and water bath processes. HW-NiMoN-2h exhibited high hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity due to its large specific surface area and good stability due to its enhanced mechanical strength. In 1 M KOH seawater, HW-NiMoN-2h delivered current density of 1 A cm−2 for HER at an overpotential of 130 mV and showed excellent stability over 70 h at 1 A cm−2.

The development of materials with high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness is of great significance for reducing electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation hazards.Para-aramid fabric was used as the matrix material, and the Ag/PANI/aramid electromagnetic shielding fabric with high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness was prepared by constructing polyaniline (PANI) nanowires and nano-silver on its surface. The presence of polyaniline nanowires not only increases the surface roughness of the aramid fiber surface, but also increases the fastness of the silver coating due to the synergistic interaction between polyaniline and silver ions. The results show that the prepared Ag/PANI/aramid electromagnetic shielding fabric has good electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, up to 61.0 dB, and the fabric still maintains good electrical conductivity and high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness after being washed and bent 1000 times. This confirms that the constructed Ag/PANI has good fastness. Furthermore, it has good heat resistance and corrosion resistance, which can be used in various harsh conditions, and has broad application prospects.

In the pursuit of advanced functional materials, the role of low-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterointerfaces has recently ignited noteworthy scientific interest, particularly in assemblies that incorporate quasi-2D graphene and quasi-1D nanocellulose derivatives. The growing interest predominantly stems from the potential to fabricate distinct genres of quasi-2D/1D nanoarchitecture governed by vdW forces. Despite the possibilities, the inherent properties of these nanoscale entities are limited by in-plane covalent bonding and the existence of dangling π-bonds, constraints that inhibit emergent behavior at heterointerfaces. An innovative response to these limitations proposes a mechanism that binds multilayered quasi-2D nanosheets with quasi-1D nanochains, capitalizing on out-of-plane non-covalent interactions. The approach facilitates the generation of dangling bond-free iso-surfaces and promotes the functionalization of multilayered materials with exceptional properties. However, a gap still persists in understanding transition and alignment mechanisms in disordered multilayered structures, despite the extensive exploration of monolayer and asymmetric bilayer arrangements. In this perspective, we comprehensively review the sophisticated aspects of multidimensional vdW heterointerfaces composed of quasi-2D/1D graphene and nanocellulose derivatives. Further, we discuss the profound impacts of anisotropy nature and geometric configurations, including in-plane and out-of-plane dynamics on multiscale vdW heterointerfaces. Ultimately, we shed light on the emerging prospects and challenges linked to constructing advanced functional materials in the burgeoning domain of quasi-3D nanoarchitecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrins have been widely employed for drug delivery systems (DDSs) in which drugs are selectively delivered to a target site in the body. Recent interest has been focused on the construction of cyclodextrin-based nanoarchitectures that show sophisticated DDS functions. These nanoarchitectures are precisely fabricated based on three important features of cyclodextrins, namely (1) the preorganized three-dimensional molecular structure of nanometer size, (2) the easy chemical modification to introduce functional groups, and (3) the formation of dynamic inclusion complexes with various guests in water. With the use of photoirradiation, drugs are released from cyclodextrin-based nanoarchitectures at designated timing. Alternatively, therapeutic nucleic acids are stably protected in the nanoarchitectures and delivered to the target site. The efficient delivery of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for gene editing was also successful. Even more complicated nanoarchitectures can be designed for sophisticated DDSs. Cyclodextrin-based nanoarchitectures are highly promising for future applications in medicine, pharmaceutics, and other relevant fields.

Highlights: A hierarchical interconnected NiMoN (HW-NiMoN-2h) was successfully prepared based on a rational combination of hydrothermal and water bath processes. HW-NiMoN-2h exhibited high hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity due to its large specific surface area and good stability due to its enhanced mechanical strength. In 1 M KOH seawater, HW-NiMoN-2h delivered current density of 1 A cm−2 for HER at an overpotential of 130 mV and showed excellent stability over 70 h at 1 A cm−2. NiMo-based nanostructures are among the most active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts under an alkaline environment due to their strong water dissociation ability. However, these nanostructures are vulnerable to the destructive effects of H2 production, especially at industry-standard current densities. Therefore, developing a strategy to improve their mechanical strength while maintaining or even further increasing the activity of these nanocatalysts is of great interest to both the research and industrial communities. Here, a hierarchical interconnected NiMoN (HW-NiMoN-2h) with a nanorod-nanowire morphology was synthesized based on a rational combination of hydrothermal and water bath processes. HW-NiMoN-2h is found to exhibit excellent HER activity due to the accomodation of abundant active sites on its hierarchical morphology, in which nanowires connect free-standing nanorods, concurrently strengthening its structural stability to withstand H2 production at 1 A cm−2. Seawater is an attractive feedstock for water electrolysis since H2 generation and water desalination can be addressed simultaneously in a single process. The HER performance of HW-NiMoN-2h in alkaline seawater suggests that the presence of Na+ ions interferes with the reation kinetics, thus lowering its activity slightly. However, benefiting from its hierarchical and interconnected characteristics, HW-NiMoN-2h is found to deliver outstanding HER activity of 1 A cm−2 at 130 mV overpotential and to exhibit excellent stability at 1 A cm−2 over 70 h in 1 M KOH seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Therapeutic nucleic acid drugs (antisense DNA, siRNA, DNAzyme, and others) have been widely employed to regulate the expression of a disease‐causing gene. For the correction of a gene, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is available. Advantageously, they can be straightforwardly designed in terms of the Watson‐Crick rule. In order to deliver these nucleic acid drugs to a target place in our body (organs and cells) at desired timing, various nanoarchitectures have been elegantly designed. Their primary roles are protection of drugs from degradation, increase of cell‐membrane permeability, and spatiotemporal control of delivery. Encapsulated nucleic acid drugs are released by decomposing the nanostructures with either external stimuli or intracellular signals. Furthermore, therapeutic efficiency is enhanced by simultaneously delivering multiple types of nucleic acid drugs for their cooperation. Composites of nanoarchitectures and therapeutic nucleic acid drugs are highly promising for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoarchitecture in naturally occurring materials has always fascinated man tempting him to mimic them and explore the mystery behind their unparallel physical, structural, optical, thermal, and pharmacological properties. The paper scientifically validates the unknown composition of the Eumeninae wasp nest (EWN) exhibiting exceptional thermophysical and pharmacological properties. The Eumeninae wasp nest is subjected to various structure, elemental, and morphological characterizations by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Having understood the nanoarchitecture with the constituent elements, the electrical and thermal behaviour of the sample are also studied. The sample is closely similar to lateritic soil seen at the location where the nest sample is collected. The pharmacological potential of EWN is also unveiled through antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxicity studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oblique angle and polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber (MA) are highly desired for the visible and infrared optical applications like, wave energy harvesting, optical filters, and detecting thermal leaks and electrical defects. In this paper, a multi-layered MA consisting of two layers of tungsten resonators on a silicon dioxide substrate, coated with additional SiO2 materials is investigated. The unit cell size of the MA is 0.5λ × 0.5λ × 0.8λ, at the lowest wavelength. The proposed MA offers an average absorption of 92% from 400 nm to 2400 nm with stable oblique incident angles up to 45°. The structure also achieves polarization insensitivity at the entire visible and near-infrared spectrum. Moreover, the MA is found highly compatible for solar absorber applications with high y AAM1.5. The structure is also compatible for filter application in optical communication system by modifying the plasmonic nano structure. The modified structure can block the wavelengths of the visible band (450 nm to 800 nm) and transmit optical communication bands (800 to 1675 nm). These versatile absorption and filtering performance make the proposed design highly potential for solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have received dramatically increased attention because of their manifest advantages. Nevertheless, due to the severe shuttling of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), sluggish reaction kinetics, and the insulation of sulfur species, the practical application of LSBs is far away. To overcome the abovementioned issues, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)‐derived nanoarchitectures have emerged as one of the most promising cathode materials in designing advanced Li–S batteries. This timely progress report highlights and comments on the most recent advances in designing MOFs‐derived nanoarchitectures with diverse electrocatalytic centers as cathode materials for catalyzing the oxidation/reduction reactions of LiPS in LSBs. The molecular/atomic‐level electrocatalytic centers, tunable porosities, large specific surface area, controlled components, and versatile structures of MOFs‐derived nanoarchitectures are carefully discussed for designing favorable electrocatalysts for LiPS. In particular, the catalytic mechanisms of LiPS based on different types of MOFs‐derived materials ranging from single atoms to nanoparticles are systematically summarized. Ultimately, the prospects and challenges of engineering MOFs‐derived catalysts for LiPS in LSBs are also suggested. It is believed that this progress report will offer potential guidance and instructive perspectives for designing future state‐of‐the‐art LiPS catalytic materials in LSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lignin-based mesoporous hollow carbon@MnO2 nanosphere composites (L-C-NSs@MnO2) were fabricated by using lignosulfonate as the carbon source. The nanostructured MnO2 particles with a diameter of 10~20 nm were uniformly coated onto the surfaces of the hollow carbon nanospheres. The obtained L-C-NSs@MnO2 nanosphere composite showed a prolonged cycling lifespan and excellent rate performance when utilized as an anode for LIBs. The L-C-NSs@MnO2 nanocomposite (24.6 wt% of MnO2) showed a specific discharge capacity of 478 mAh g−1 after 500 discharge/charge cycles, and the capacity contribution of MnO2 in the L-C-NSs@MnO2 nanocomposite was estimated ca. 1268.8 mAh g−1, corresponding to 103.2% of the theoretical capacity of MnO2 (1230 mAh g−1). Moreover, the capacity degradation rate was ca. 0.026% per cycle after long-term and high-rate Li+ insertion/extraction processes. The three-dimensional lignin-based carbon nanospheres played a crucial part in buffering the volumetric expansion and agglomeration of MnO2 nanoparticles during the discharge/charge processes. Furthermore, the large specific surface areas and mesoporous structure properties of the hollow carbon nanospheres significantly facilitate the fast transport of the lithium-ion and electrons, improving the electrochemical activities of the L-C-NSs@MnO2 electrodes. The presented work shows that the combination of specific structured lignin-based carbon nanoarchitecture with MnO2 provides a brand-new thought for the designation and synthesis of high-performance materials for energy-related applications.

Hybrid nanoarchitectures where inorganic nanoparticles are added into a polymer matrix can present superior characteristics and unique synergetic effects. However, the homogeneously structured and monodispersed hybrid film has been a critical challenge because of the intrinsic incompatibility of hydrophobic nanoparticles and hydrophobic polymers. This review focuses on hierarchically hybrid nanoarchitectures of polymers and nanoparticles by electrochemical approaches. Of many methods, the use of electrochemically bottom-up in situ synthesis can prepare the controlled layered and hybrid formations of polymers and nanoparticles. The advantages are film-forming ability from very dilute solutions of nanoparticles and polymers, and covalently cross-linked structural stability. The electrochemical approach has provided highly predicted functions and performances for applications mostly studied including sensor, catalysis, and optoelectric relatives. With these in hand, electrochemically engineered hybrid nanoarchitectures of polymers and nanoparticles hold promise for the fabrication of hierarchically ordered materials on hardly or flexibly conductive substrates with rational scales and dimensions.

The prolonged reactions for phase and morphology stabilization remain an issue in layered double hydroxides (LDHs), for example, NiMn LDH. The present work proposes a rational strategy for tuning the interfacial surface chemistry in the NiMn LDH phase to obtain grassy-mat-like porous nanoarchitectures. The approach gifts a morphology possessing a high specific surface area available for the ions' adsorption and desorption, thereby enhancing the extent of reversible reactions. The porous nanoarchitecture displays excellent catalytic activity by reducing p-nitrophenol in just ∼300 s with a rate constant of 0.231 min–1 at a 2 mg mL–1 concentration. Alongside, as a freestanding binder-free supercapacitor electrode, the material delivers a high specific capacitance of ∼568 F g–1 at 1 mA cm–2, which is highest among all NiMn LDH variants prepared at different reaction times. The fabricated symmetric supercapacitor exhibits an excellent energy and a power density of ∼22 W h kg–1 at 1 mA cm–2 and ∼6429 W kg–1 at 10 mA cm–2, respectively. The device retains ∼83% capacitance, at 10 mA cm–2, after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where NiMn LDH is optimized in a shorter duration and proposed as a competitive bifunctional material for heterogeneous catalysis and supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational design and construction of nanostructured materials have a great impact on the development of high-performance advanced electrode materials, which has attracted extensive attention to improve reliable and efficient energy storage devices. Herein, we report vertically aligned CoMoO 4 nanoflakes with interconnected network-like porous structures as Faradic battery-type electrode materials for the advancement of supercapacitors (SCs). The nanoarchitecture CoMoO 4 electrode materials were effectively fabricated through simple hydrothermal method and subsequent heat-treatment under different temperatures. Further, the effect of heat-treatment on the electrodes materials' structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties were investigated by utilizing various characterization techniques. The unique nanoarchitecture of the 400 °C heat-treated CoMoO 4 (CMO1) endows a facile pathway for the fast diffusion of the electrolyte ions and mass transfer reaction. Interestingly, the CMO1 (400 °C) electrode exhibits the specific capacity of 499 C g−1, which is higher than those of the CMO2 (500 °C) of 385 C g−1 and CMO3 (600 °C) of 260 C g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) tailored with CMO1 as a positrode and activated carbon as a negatrode delivers a high specific capacitance of 102 F g−1 with excellent energy and power densities of 31.61 W h kg−1 and 19.29 kW kg−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous materials have been known to be intrinsically brittle under tensile stress. This is especially true in silicon-based and metallic-based glasses. In particular, for the latter, they quite often show promising mechanical properties superior to their crystalline counterparts. However, lacking tensile ductility strongly prohibits them from servicing the societies. Although with decades of immense research efforts, we are still waiting for a sophisticated solution. To march in this direction, in this work, we are dedicated to finding a practical method by smart fractal nano-architecture design through advanced computational modeling. This mainly aims to circumvent the intrinsic strain localization at the nano-scale to avoid catastrophic failure. By distributing the external strain to numerous self-confined nano-branches, we successfully achieve astonishing and tunable tensile ductility. This strategy proves to be very effective for different classes of amorphous materials. We found that the tensile properties of the nano-architectured glasses depend on both the constituent elements and the nanostructure. This demonstrates our flexible capability to design desired mechanical properties for a specific material at any spatial length scale. The current findings will inspire experimental realization by cutting-edge 3D-printing techniques and call for optimal design by top-notch graph neural network deep learning algorithms. This work also proposes a new 'structure'-property relationship to efficiently bridge experimental fabrication and computational design. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop onsite applicable cancer diagnosis technologies, a noninvasive human biofluid detection method with high sensitivity and specificity is required, available for classifying cancer from the normal group. Herein, a three-dimensional evolutionary gold nanoarchitecture (3D-EGN) is developed by forming Au nanosponge (AuS) on a 96-well plate, followed by a decoration of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) evolved with Au nanolamination (AuNL) for high-throughput urine sensing in liquid phase. The 3D-EGN exhibits not only strong electromagnetic field generated from numerous hotspot regions between AuNPs and further enhanced light scattering from multigrain boundaries after lamination process, but also highly volumetric field due to nanoporous structure of AuS, which is advantageous for sensitive liquid-phase SERS detection. SERS activity of the 3D-EGN platform is characterized using malachite green, showing a limit detection of 1.23 × 10−9 M in liquid phase, and excellent uniformities both within single well and well-to-well with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of about 10 %. The 3D-EGN platform has been demonstrated for the detection of whole clinical human urine samples, proving effective molecular sensing in the presence of Brownian motion from liquid medium. Subsequently, cancer metabolite candidates are investigated to verify the metabolic alternations of multicancer, including pancreatic, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers, simultaneously classifying them into five different groups, including normal with an accuracy of 95.6 %, using machine-learning methods. The integration of nanomaterials with the conventional clinical platform provides rapid and high-throughput multicancer diagnostic system and opens a new era for noninvasive diseases diagnosis using clinical human biofluids. [Display omitted] • 3D evolutionary plasmonic structure was fabricated on clinical platform for multiple cancer diagnosis using human urines. • The 3D-EGN provided volumetric hotspot, available for liquid-phase urine detection even in the presence of Brownian motion. • Machine learning assisted SERS analysis was demonstrated for multiclassification and identifying metabolic alternations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of advanced functional materials, the role of low-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterointerfaces has recently ignited noteworthy scientific interest, particularly in assemblies that incorporate quasi-2D graphene and quasi-1D nanocellulose derivatives. The growing interest predominantly stems from the potential to fabricate distinct genres of quasi-2D/1D nanoarchitecture governed by vdW forces. Despite the possibilities, the inherent properties of these nanoscale entities are limited by in-plane covalent bonding and the existence of dangling π-bonds, constraints that inhibit emergent behavior at heterointerfaces. An innovative response to these limitations proposes a mechanism that binds multilayered quasi-2D nanosheets with quasi-1D nanochains, capitalizing on out-of-plane non-covalent interactions. The approach facilitates the generation of dangling bond-free iso-surfaces and promotes the functionalization of multilayered materials with exceptional properties. However, a gap still persists in understanding transition and alignment mechanisms in disordered multilayered structures, despite the extensive exploration of monolayer and asymmetric bilayer arrangements. In this perspective, we comprehensively review the sophisticated aspects of multidimensional vdW heterointerfaces composed of quasi-2D/1D graphene and nanocellulose derivatives. Further, we discuss the profound impacts of anisotropy nature and geometric configurations, including in-plane and out-of-plane dynamics on multiscale vdW heterointerfaces. Ultimately, we shed light on the emerging prospects and challenges linked to constructing advanced functional materials in the burgeoning domain of quasi-3D nanoarchitecture.

IntroductionNeurotransmitter release at presynaptic active zones (AZs) requires concerted protein interactions within a dense 3D nano-hemisphere. Among the complex protein meshwork the (M)unc-13 family member Unc-13 of Drosophila melanogaster is essential for docking of synaptic vesicles and transmitter release.MethodsWe employ minos-mediated integration cassette (MiMIC)-based gene editing using GFSTF (EGFP-FlAsH-StrepII-TEV-3xFlag) to endogenously tag all annotated Drosophila Unc-13 isoforms enabling visualization of endogenous Unc-13 expression within the central and peripheral nervous system.Results and discussionElectrophysiological characterization using two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) reveals that evoked and spontaneous synaptic transmission remain unaffected in unc-13GFSTF 3rd instar larvae and acute presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP) can be induced at control levels. Furthermore, multi-color structured-illumination shows precise co-localization of Unc-13GFSTF, Bruchpilot, and GluRIIA-receptor subunits within the synaptic mesoscale. Localization microscopy in combination with HDBSCAN algorithms detect Unc-13GFSTF subclusters that move toward the AZ center during PHP with unaltered Unc-13GFSTF protein levels.

Transition metal carbide or nitride (MXenes), as a novel family of two-dimensional materials, exhibit huge potential for electrochemical energy storage thanks to their excellent electrical conductivity, fast ion diffusion rate, high electrochemical activity and good hydrophilicity. However, the electrochemical properties of MXenes tend to be deteriorated due to the self-restacking phenomenon. Herein, by self-assembly, a unique three-dimensional (3D) Ti 3 C 2 T x -PANI@CNTs (TPCs) nanoarchitecture was constructed. Through optimizing structures, the surface capacitance of TPCs can be tailored to tune energy storage. The optimal specific capacitance up to 431.9 F/g was achieved under 1 A/g. Further, the TPCs nanoarchitectures were prepared into self-standing films with excellent mechanical properties and micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) in various shapes were manufactured based on the film. The MSCs demonstrate competitive energy storage capacities, obtaining an areal capacitance of 78.2 mF/cm2 and energy density of up to 2.72 μWh/cm2, still maintain excellent performance under harsh bending. The strategy for constructing 3D nanoarchitectures and further manufacturing MSCs can inspire the design of novel electrode materials and devices to advance the development in the field of energy storage. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review paper we present results of the growth, characterization and electronic properties of InAsSbP composition strain-induced micro- and nanostructures. Nucleation is performed from In–As–Sb–P quaternary composition liquid phase in Stranski–Krastanow growth mode using steady-state liquid phase epitaxy. Growth features and the shape transformation of pyramidal islands, lens-shape and ellipsoidal type-II quantum dots (QDs), quantum rings and QD-molecules are under consideration. It is shown that the application of quaternary InAsSbP composition wetting layer allows not only more flexible monitoring of lattice-mismatch between the wetting layer and an InAs(100) substrate, but also opens up new possibilities at nanoscale engineering and nanoarchitecture of several type of nanostructures. High-resolution scanning electron (HR-SEM), atomic-force (AFM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes are used for nanostructures characterization. Optoelectronic properties of the grown structures in mid-infrared region are investigated by absorption and photoresponse spectra measurements. Two types of QDs mid-infrared photodetectors are fabricated and investigated. It is shown that application of QDs allows to improve some output device characteristics, in particularly, to increase sensitivity, to broaden the spectral range, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Electrode materials for Supercapacitors were classified based on the dimensionality (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D). • The existing electrode materials were systematically classified based on chemical composition. • Innovative synthetic strategies for the nanoarchitecture of electrode materials for Supercapacitors is provided. • Impact of nanoarchitectures on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors were studied. Supercapacitors have garnered significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional attributes, such as high power density, prolonged cycle stability, and the capacity to fulfil the gap between the traditional capacitor and lithium-ion battery. Nanostructures with different dimensions (zero-dimensional, 0D; one-dimensional, 1D; two-dimensional, 2D; and three-dimensional, 3D) were employed as electrodes. Such material's architecture at the nanoscale has resulted in outstanding electrochemical characteristics, contributing to the development of high-performance Supercapacitors. Recent advances in the design of nanostructured electrode materials for Supercapacitors were highlighted and new insight into the structure property relationship is provided in this authoritative review. Unique classification of electrode materials based on dimensionality, namely, 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D was provided with emphasis on performance, namely, specific capacitance, energy density, power density and cyclability. The impact of nanostructures on key Supercapacitor properties that include the specific capacitance, charge transfer kinetics, diffusion, rate capability, as well as cycle life were also highlighted. These insights serve as a guidance for the development of commercially viable Supercapacitors with applications in day to day life, for instance, in drones used in the war-zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquitous electromagnetic interference and pollution have become a deteriorating issue with the rapid advancement of wireless communication technologies and devices. Developing enhanced microwave absorber is a feasible and persistent research hotspot to counter serious electromagnetic radiation problems. To this end, state-of-the-art low-dimensional materials, including zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and mixed-dimensional nanoarchitectures have sprung up on account of their built-in merits including the modulable crystal and electronic structures, exquisite nanoarchitectures, and quantum and dielectric confinement effects. However, the pristine low-dimensional materials perform inferior status in microwave attenuation due to the monotonous dielectric or magnetic responses, the incoordination between wavelength and nanoscale, and semi-empirical electromagnetic attenuation mechanism. Therefore, the elaborate engineering strategies in low-dimensional materials, such as architecture modification, interface engineering, defect engineering, entropy manipulation, and dielectric-magnetic synergy are motivated to contend for enhanced microwave absorption performance. This review provides the cutting-edge progresses of engineering strategies for low-dimensional microwave absorbers. Firstly, the underlying microwave attenuation mechanisms of low-dimensional microwave absorbers are introduced thoroughly. Then, the leading-edge engineering strategies and low-dimensional microwave absorbers inspired by the basic principle of microwave attenuation are summarized and outlined. In the end, the challenges, and outlooks for engineering strategies in low-dimensional microwave absorbers are combed to pinpoint the long-term development orientation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oblique angle and polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber (MA) are highly desired for the visible and infrared optical applications like, wave energy harvesting, optical filters, and detecting thermal leaks and electrical defects. In this paper, a multi-layered MA consisting of two layers of tungsten resonators on a silicon dioxide substrate, coated with additional SiO2 materials is investigated. The unit cell size of the MA is 0.5λ × 0.5λ × 0.8λ, at the lowest wavelength. The proposed MA offers an average absorption of 92% from 400 nm to 2400 nm with stable oblique incident angles up to 45°. The structure also achieves polarization insensitivity at the entire visible and near-infrared spectrum. Moreover, the MA is found highly compatible for solar absorber applications with high y AAM1.5. The structure is also compatible for filter application in optical communication system by modifying the plasmonic nano structure. The modified structure can block the wavelengths of the visible band (450 nm to 800 nm) and transmit optical communication bands (800 to 1675 nm). These versatile absorption and filtering performance make the proposed design highly potential for solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications applications.

Despite improved sensitivity, simple downsizing of gas‐sensing components to randomly arranged nanostructures often faces challenges associated with unpredictable electrical conduction pathways. In the present study, controlled fabrication of three‐dimensional (3D) metal oxide nanowire networks is demonstrated that can greatly improve both signal stability and sensor response compared to random nanowire arrays. For example, the highest ever reported H2S gas response value, and a 5 times lower relative standard deviation of baseline resistance than that of random nanowires assemblies, are achieved with the ordered 3D nanowire network. Systematic engineering of 3D geometries and their modeling, utilizing equivalent circuit components, provide additional insights into the electrical conduction and gas‐sensing response of 3D assemblies, revealing the critical importance of wire‐to‐wire junction points and their arrangement. These findings suggest new design rules for both enhanced performance and reliability of chemical sensors, which may also be extended to other devices based on nanoscale building blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A potential electrode material, besides the higher specific capacitance, should also exhibit superior cyclic stability and good rate capability. Here, we have fabricated urchin-like hierarchical Co3O4 nanoarchitecture directly on the Ni-foam (NF) by a scalable hydrothermal and post-sintering treatment. The as-fabricated Co3O4/NF electrode shows higher pseudocapacitance (PSCs) of 848 Fg−1 (at1 Ag−1) and good rate capability as it retains 84.6% of its initial PSCs (at 1 Ag−1) at 10 Ag−1. Furthermore, fabricated Co3O4/NF electrode also exhibits superior cyclic performance as it holds 95.7% of its initial PSCs after 5000 CV tests. The outstanding percentage coulombic efficiency of 99.1% at 10 Ag−1 also confirms the feasibility and cyclic-reversibility of the Faradic reaction. The observed superior capacitive behavior of Co3O4/NF electrode is accredited to its binder-free design, uniform architecture, and urchin-like open structure. These observed electrochemical results suggest that Ni-foam supported urchin-like hierarchical Co3O4 nanoarchitecture is the promising electrode material for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors applications.

To construct supercapacitors (SCs) with high-efficient electrochemical properties, the morphology and structure of applied electrode materials are the key factors. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) sea urchin-like MnCo2O4 nanoarchitectures grown on Ni foam (NF) were successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal method and subsequent annealing treatment. Electrochemical tests revealed that the area specific capacitances of the MnCo2O4 electrode and the corresponding assembled asymmetric device can achieve 1634 and 522 mF·cm−2, respectively. When the power density of the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) is 2.25 mW·cm−2, the maximum energy density can reach 0.163 mW·h·cm−2. After 5500 cycles of long-term stability test, the capacity retention rate maintains 91.7%. The excellent electrochemical performance can be mainly ascribed to the unique nanostructure of the material, which provides a great quantity of electroactive sites for Faraday redox reactions as well as accelerates the process of the ions/electrons transport. This work provides a certain reference value for the preparation of MnCo2O4 electrode with novel structure and excellent electrochemical performance for SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasonable structural design is significant to enable the performance in advanced energy storage devices. Herein, a 3D honeycomb-like CoMn 2 O 4 nanoarchitecture (CMO) on nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) coating Ni foam (denoted as Ni/NG/CMO) flexible battery-type electrode was prepared by a facile two-step hydrothermal strategy. The honeycomb-like CoMn 2 O 4 arrays not only provide abundant active sites but can also be closely combined with the Ni foam/NG substrate, which enables high reversible capacity and good cycle stability during the long cycles. Benefiting from the compositional features and 3D honeycomb-like nanoarchitecture, the Ni/NG/CMO composite electrode displays improved electrochemical performance with remarkable specific capacity of 527.0C g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, outstanding rate capability (338.6C g−1 even at 20 A g−1). In addition, a flexible binder-free supercapattery device has been assembled with Ni/NG/CMO as positive electrode and 3D Ni/NG as negative electrode. Such a supercapattery delivers a high energy density of 44.1 Wh·kg−1 at 992.6 W kg−1, 20.3 Wh·kg−1 at 12430.0 W kg−1 as well as excellent cycling durability. The 3D honeycomb-like Ni/NG/CMO could be considered as an advanced flexible battery-type material for high capacity and energy density fields. • 3D honeycomb-like Ni foam/nitrogen-doped graphene/CoMn 2 O 4 has been synthesized. • The Ni/NG/CMO electrode exhibits remarkable specific capacity of 527.0C g−1 at 1 A g−1. • The Ni/NG/CMO//Ni/NG supercapattery is successfully designed. • The device has achieved a satisfied energy density of 44.1 Wh·kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The electrochemical performance of the Faradaic battery‐type binary metal oxide electrodes is dependent on the desirable architecture and the optimal cationic ratio. Herein, we report one‐dimensional nanowire‐like bimetallic spinel NixCo3‐xO4 (NCO) electrode materials for high performance hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) applications. This unique nanowire architecture is beneficial for providing abundant exposed active sites onto the large accessible surface area, which results in facilitating ion transporting pathways. Remarkably, the optimal NCO electrode with the ratio of Ni/Co of 1 to 1 (NCO11) achieves the maximum specific capacitance of 1033 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and the excellent rate capability of 74.55% at 30 A g−1, far exceeding those of their single counterparts. Furthermore, the as‐assembled HSCs integrating NCO11 and AC electrodes deliver large energy and power densities of 41.54 W h kg−1 and 44.95 kW kg−1 with excellent cyclic retention (96.12%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Semiconductor nanomaterial-based epitaxial heterostructures with precisely controlled compositions and morphologies are of great importance for various applications in optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, and catalysis. Until now, various kinds of epitaxial heterostructures have been constructed. In this minireview, we will first introduce the synthesis of semiconductor nanomaterial-based epitaxial heterostructures by wet-chemical methods. Various architectures based on different kinds of seeds or templates are illustrated, and their growth mechanisms are discussed in detail. Then, the applications of epitaxial heterostructures in optoelectronics, catalysis, and thermoelectrics are described. Finally, we provide some challenges and personal perspectives for the future research directions of semiconductor nanomaterial-based epitaxial heterostructures.

The volume collapse and slow kinetics reaction of anode materials are two key issues for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an "embryo" strategy is proposed for synthesis of nanorod-embedded MoO 2 /MoS 2 /C network nanoarchitecture as anode for SIBs with high-rate performance. Interestingly, L-cysteine which plays triple roles including sulfur source, reductant, and carbon source can be utilized to produce the sulfur vacancy-enriched heterostructure. Specifically, L-cysteine can combine with metastable monoclinic MoO 3 nanorods at room temperature to encapsulate the "nutrient" of MoO x analogues (MoO 2.5 (OH) 0.5 and MoO 3 ·0.5H 2 O) and hydrogen-deficient L-cysteine in the "embryo" precursor affording for subsequent in situ multistep heating treatment. The resultant MoO 2 /MoS 2 /C presents a high-rate capability of 875 and 420 mAh g -1 at 0.5 and 10 A g -1 , respectively, which are much better than the MoS 2 -based anode materials reported by far. Finite element simulation and analysis results verify that the volume expansion can be reduced to 42.8% from 88.8% when building nanorod-embedded porous network structure. Theoretical calculations reveal that the sulfur vacancies and heterointerface engineering can promote the adsorption and migration of Na + leading to highly enhanced thermodynamic and kinetic reaction. The work provides an efficient approach to develop advanced electrode materials for energy storage., (© 2024 The Authors. Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Plasmon-mediated catalysis utilizing hybrid photocatalytic ensembles promises effective light-to-chemical transformation, but current approaches suffer from weak electromagnetic field enhancements from polycrystalline and isotropic plasmonic nanoparticles as well as poor utilization of precious co-catalyst. Here, efficient plasmon-mediated catalysis is achieved by introducing a unique catalyst-on-hotspot nanoarchitecture obtained through the strategic positioning of co-photocatalyst onto plasmonic hotspots to concentrate light energy directly at the point-of-reaction. Using environmental remediation as a proof-of-concept application, the catalyst-on-hotspot design (edge-AgOcta@Cu 2 O) enhances photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes to achieve superior organic-pollutant degradation at ≈81% albeit having lesser Cu 2 O co-photocatalyst than the fully deposited design (full-AgOcta@Cu 2 O). Mass-normalized rate constants of edge-AgOcta@Cu 2 O reveal up to 20-fold and 3-fold more efficient utilization of Cu 2 O and Ag nanoparticles, respectively, compared to full-AgOcta@Cu 2 O and standalone catalysts. Moreover, this design also exhibits catalytic performance >4-fold better than emerging hybrid photocatalytic platforms. Mechanistic studies unveil that the light-concentrating effect facilitated by the dense electromagnetic hotspots is crucial to promote the generation and utilization of energetic photocarriers for enhanced catalysis. By enabling the plasmonic focusing of light onto co-photocatalyst at the single-particle level, the unprecedented design offers valuable insights in enhancing light-driven chemical reactions and realizing efficient energy/catalyst utilizations for diverse chemical, environmental, and energy applications., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Results of the characterization and numerical analysis of InAsSbP composition strain-induced micro- and nanostructures shape transition are presented. Nucleation is performed from In-As-Sb-P quaternary composition liquid phase in Stranski–Krastanow growth mode. Geometric features and the shape transformation chronology of truncated pyramidal islands, lens-shape and pyramidal quantum dots (QDs) are under consideration, which opens up new possibilities at nanoscale engineering and nanoarchitecture of several types of nanostructures. High-resolution scanning electron (HR-SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes are used for micro- and nanostructures characterization. We show that as the islands volume decreases, the following succession of shape transitions are detected: truncated pyramid, {111} facetted pyramid, {111} and partially {105} facetted pyramid, completely unfacetted 'pre-pyramid', which gradually evolve to hemisphere and then again to pyramidal QD but with higher facet indexes. Critical sizes of islands shape transformation from 'pre-pyramid' to hemisphere (500–550 nm) and then from lens-shape again to pyramidal QDs (5–7 nm) are experimentally detected and theoretically evaluated. It is shown that theoretically calculated values coincide with experimentally obtained data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PB-GQD nanoarchitecture shows high electrochemical catalytic activity and stability for H 2 O 2 reduction reaction. [Display omitted] • As a novel electrocatalyst, PB-GQD nanoarchitecture is fabricated by a one-step electrochemical method. • Smaller and evenly distributed PB NPs in PB-GQD reduce the strain caused by volume changes. • The loss of PB NPs in PB-GQD is effectively suppressed under neutral or higher pH conditions. • The PB-GQD exhibits high electrochemical catalytic activity and stability toward H 2 O 2 reduction. • PB-GQD shows excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability for the determination of H 2 O 2. The reduction reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) stands as a pivotal electrochemical process holding the promise of revolutionizing energy conversion and water treatment applications. Realizing this potential hinges on the development of electrocatalysts that not only exhibit exceptional activity but also demonstrate unwavering stability. Herein, we propose a pioneering electrocatalyst composed of Prussian blue (PB)-graphene quantum dot (GQD) (PB-GQD) nanoarchitecture fabricated through an in-situ electrochemical method. The PB-GQD nanoarchitecture boasts precisely crafted PB nanoparticles (NPs) that exhibit remarkable electrochemical catalytic activity and stability, offering a substantial advancement over conventional PB NPs structure used as a control. The augmentation of electrocatalytic performance in the PB-GQD nanoarchitecture can be attributed to the symbiotic relationship between PB NPs and GQD. This synergy is engendered through electrostatic attraction and/or coordination interactions between PB precursor's iron cations and GQD's multivalent polyanions. This unique arrangement accelerates heterogeneous electron transport, endows the structure with abundant electrochemically active sites, and shortens mass transfer lengths. Notably, GQD's presence, rich with hydroxyl (–OH) and carboxylic (–COOH) groups, mitigates the decomposition of PB NPs into Fe(OH) 3 in neutral or higher pH solutions. This preservation mechanism ensures sustained, elevated electrocatalytic performance for H 2 O 2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing enables the realization of the macro- and microarchitecture of bone substitutes. The macroarchitecture is determined by the bone defect and its shape makes the implant patient specific. The preset distribution of the 3D-printed material in the macroarchitecture defines the microarchitecture. At the lower scale, the nanoarchitecture of 3D-printed scaffolds is dependent on the post-processing methodology such as the sintering temperature. However, the role of microarchitecture and nanoarchitecture of scaffolds for osteoconduction is still elusive. To address these aspects in more detail, we produced lithography-based osteoconductive scaffolds from hydroxyapatite (HA) of identical macro- and microarchitecture and varied their nanoarchitecture, such as microporosity, by increasing the maximum sintering temperatures from 1100 to 1400 °C. The different scaffold types were characterized for microporosity, compression strength, and nanoarchitecture. The in vivo results, based on a rabbit calvarial defect model showed that bony ingrowth, as a measure of osteoconduction, was independent from scaffold’s microporosity. The same applies to in vitro osteoclastic resorbability, since on all tested scaffold types, osteoclasts formed on their surfaces and resorption pits upon exposure to mature osteoclasts were visible. Thus, for wide-open porous HA-based scaffolds, a low degree of microporosity and high mechanical strength yield optimal osteoconduction and creeping substitution. Based on our study, non-unions, the major complication during demanding bone regeneration procedures, could be prevented.

Structural engineering and hybridization of heterogeneous 2D materials can be effective for advanced supercapacitor. Furthermore, architectural design of electrodes particularly with vertical construction of structurally anisotropic graphene nanosheets, can significantly enhance the electrochemical performance. Herein, MXene-derived TiO 2 nanocomposites hybridized with vertical graphene is synthesized via CO 2 laser irradiation on MXene/graphene oxide nanocomposite film. Instantaneous photon energy by laser irradiation enables the formation of vertical graphene structures on nanocomposite films, presenting the controlled anisotropy in free-standing film. This vertical structure enables improved supercapacitor performance by forming an open structure, increasing the electrolyte-electrode interface, and creating efficient electron transport path. In addition, the effective oxidation of MXene nanosheets by instantaneous photon energy leads to the formation of rutile TiO 2 . TiO 2 nanoparticles directly generated on graphene enables the effective current path, which compensates for the low conductivity of TiO 2 and enables the functioning of an effective supercapacitor by utilizing its pseudocapacitive properties. The resulting film exhibits excellent specific areal capacitance of 662.9 mF cm -2 at a current density of 5 mA cm -2 . The film also shows superb cyclic stability during 40 000 repeating cycles, maintaining high capacitance. Also, the pseudocapacitive redox reaction kinetics is evaluated, showing fast redox kinetics with potential for high-performance supercapacitor applications., (© 2023 The Authors. Small published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

• A versatile synthetic method for cefazolin anchored citric acid dendrimers is delineated. • The structural elucidation and its purity are analyzed using various spectroscopic, thermal and microscopic techniques. • The drug membrane interactions are enumerated through confocal microscopy, hemolytic and MTT assay studies. • The drug release kinetics and their significance on various pharmacokinetic parameters are elucidated. The potent bacterial infections serve as the primary cause of mortality due to the absence of novel antibacterial therapy. The present investigation synthesized citric acid dendrimers through the divergent method that serves as a suitable platform in fulfilling the prerequisites of drug delivery. The cytotoxicity studies revealed 5.4 ± 0.3% of cell viability at 0.5 μg/ml and 35±0.3% at 300 μg/ml after 36 h. The IC 50 values on Human Alveolar Epithelial (HAE) cells for unmodified dendrimers were 1.36±0.06 mg ml−1while for PEG CZ G5 dendrimers were 35.19±0.15 mg/mlwith 9 ± 0.18% hemolysis. The significant differences were due to the variations in drug content and PEG shield density at the terminal surface. The Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) uptake and dichlorofluorescein intensity for PEG CZ G2 dendrimers was 24.15 ± 1.24% and 42.3 ± 0.12%whichincreased significantly with the degree of pegylation and revealed 72.5 ± 1.03% and 79.2 ± 0.24%for PEG CZ G5 dendrimers. The increased ROS concentrations altered the mitochondrial functioning and served as a proof for antibacterial effect. Drug release pattern when heuristically fitted into various kinetic models specified zero-order release with non-fickian diffusion. Antibacterial investigations and pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the synthesized generations were quite effective against various bacterial pathogens with optimized concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]