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A new superconducting booster linac, so-called SRILAC, has been constructed at the RIKEN Nishina Center to upgrade the acceleration voltage of the existing linac in order to enable further investigation of new super-heavy elements and the production of useful RIs. The SRILAC consists of 10 TEM quarter-wavelength resonators made from pure niobium sheets which operate at 4.5 K. We succeeded to develop high performance SC-cavities which satisfies the required Q₀ of 1E+9 with a wide margin. Installation of the cryomodule and He refrigerator system was completed by the end of FY2018, and the first cooling test was performed in September 2019. After various tests of the RF system, the beam acceleration was successfully commissioned in January 2020. In June 2020, the beam supply to the experiment was started. In this talk, I will report on the beam commissioning of SRILAC as well as the status of the frequency tuner and the differential pump system., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2021, East Lansing, MI, USA

The superconducting booster linac at RIKEN (SRILAC) has ten 73-MHz quarter-wavelength resonators (QWRs) that are contained in three cryomodules. The beam commissioning of SRILAC was successfully performed in January 2020. Frequency tuning during cold operation is performed by compressing the beam port of the cavity with stainless wires and decreasing the length of each beam gap, similar to the method adopted at ANL and FRIB. However, each tuner is driven by a motor connected to gears, instead of using gas pressure. Since the intervals of the QWRs are small due to the beam dynamics, a compact design for the tuner was adopted. Each cavity was tuned to the design frequency, which required frequency changes of 3 kHz to 7 kHz depending on the cavity. Although no piezoelectric actuator is mounted on the tuning system, phase noise caused by microphonics can be sufficiently reduced by a phase-locked loop using a newly developed digital LLRF. The details of the tuning system as well as the digital LLRF will be presented., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2021, East Lansing, MI, USA

A superconducting Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) for electrons was constructed in 2013 at KEK to demonstrate energy recovery concept with low emittance, high-current CW beams of more than 10 mA for future multi-GeV ERL. Recently this cERL was operated not only to demonstrate energy recovery linac high current beam operation but also to promote and conduct a variety of industrial applications such as FEL, THz operation and Rare Isotope Production and irradiation for some materials. In this talk, I will present the status of the studies to realize the stable high-current low emittance CW beam and some applications with this beam., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2021, East Lansing, MI, USA

A compact energy-recovery linac (cERL) have been operating since 2013 at KEK to develop critical components for ERL facility. Details of design, construction and the result of initial commissioning are already reported*. This paper will describe the details of further improvements and researches to achieve higher averaged beam current of 1 mA with continuous-wave (CW) beam pattern. At first, to keep the small beam emittance produced by 500 kV DC-photocathode gun, tuning of low-energy beam transport is essential. Also, we found some components degrades the beam quality, i.e., a non-metallic mirror which disturbed the beam orbit. Other important aspects are the measurement and mitigation of the beam losses. Combination of beam collimator and tuning of the beam optics can improve the beam halo enough to operate with 1 mA stably. The cERL has been operated with beam energy at 20 MeV or 17.5 MeV and with beam rep-rate of 1300 MHz or 162.5 MHz depending on the purpose of experiments. In each operation, the efficiency of the energy recovery was confirmed to be better than 99.9 %., 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference

The Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) at KEK is a test accelerator in order to develop key components to realize remarkable ERL performance as a future light source. After the beam commissioning in December 2013, the legal current limit has been increased step-by-step like 1 uA, 10 uA, and 100 uA. Survey for the source of beam losses has been conducted in each step, and the study on beam dynamics and tuning has also been carried out. As a next step, 1 mA operation is scheduled in February 2016. In parallel to the increase in beam current, a laser Compton scattering (LCS) system which can provide high-flux X-ray to a beamline has been successfully commissioned. We report recent progress in various kinds of beam tuning: improvement of electron gun performance, high bunch charge operation, mitigation of beam losses, LCS optics tuning and bunch compression for THz radiation., The 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC2016)

A new superconducting booster linac (SRILAC) at the RIKEN heavy-ion linac is under construction. Ten 73-MHz low-beta quarter-wavelength resonators (QWRs) that operate at 4 K have been fabricated from pure niobium sheets. The cavity parts were assembled by electron beam welding. The resonant frequency for each cavity was adjusted by changing the lengths of the straight sections before welding. The performance and frequency were evaluated by vertical tests. All the cavities exceeded the design specifications of Q₀ = 1x10⁹ and E_{acc} = 6.8 MV/m. Details of the fabrication and frequency tuning as well as the performance of the cavities are reported., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany

A prototype cryomodule with a superconducting quarter- wave resonator (SC QWR) has been developed at RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF). During the last SRF conference, we presented the performance of our first SC QWR and the first cool-down test of its cryomodule. Since then, we have continued our efforts to improve cavity performance and succeeded in recovering deteriorated Q₀. In this paper, we report what we constructed and learned from the prototype, including design issues with the cavity and its cryomodule. Design issues related to the new SC QWRs and their cryomodules for the SC linac booster of the RIKEN Heavy-Ion Linac (RILAC) are described as well., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany

KEKB/SuperKEKB cryogenics operation will be introduced. KEKB was built in the tunnel of the TRISTAN accelerator. The TRISTAN accelerator was operated from 1986 to 1995. The superconducting acceleration cavities were installed in 1988 to increase the beam energy. The cryogenic system for superconducting cavities was also established simultaneously. In 1989 superconducting cavities were added, and cryogenic systems were also enhanced from 4kW to 6.5kW. KEKB took over many facilities from TRISTAN. The cryogenic system for superconducting cavities is one of them. This old refrigerator is used also in SuperKEKB. In operation of the cryogenic system, it is necessary to cool down the equipment from room temperature. In KEKB, its cooling rate of cavities are limited to 2.5~3K/h. In the steady state, the pressure and the liquid level in the superconducting cavity cryomodule should be kept constant. To keep the condition in the cryomodule stably, the sum of the heat generated by RF and the heater is controlled as constant. In KEKB/SuperKEKB, superconducting magnets are also used. They have their own refrigerator. In the workshop, they are also introduced., Proceedings of the 62th ICFA ABDW on High Luminosity Circular e$^+$e$^-$ Colliders, eeFACT2018, Hong Kong, China

At RIKEN Nishina Center, the RIKEN Heavy-Ion Linac (RILAC) is undergoing an upgrade of its acceleration voltage in order to allow it further investigation of new super-heavy elements. In this project, a new superconducting (SC) booster linac, so-called SRILAC, is being developed and constructed. The SRILAC consists of 10 TEM quarter-wavelength resonators made of pure niobium sheets which operate at 4 K. The target performance of each cavity is set as Q₀ of 1×10⁹ with its accelerating gradient of 6.8 MV/m. Recently we succeeded to develop high performance SC-cavities which satisfies the requirement with a wide margin. The cryomodule assembly is under way, and installation of cryomodules and He liquefaction system will be completed by the end of FY2018. The cooling-down test is scheduled in the Q1 of FY2019. This contribution makes a report on the construction status of the SRILAC., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany

In the Superconducting RF Test Facility (STF) in KEK, the cooldown test for the STF-2 cryomdoule with 12 cavities has been done totally three times since 2014. In 2016, the 3rd cooldown test for the STF-2 cryomodule including the capture cryomodule with 2 cavities was successfully carried out. The main achievement is the vector-sum operation with 8 cavities at average accelerating gradient of 31 MV/m as the ILC specification (2 of 8 cavities achieved 36 MV/m with piezo compensation), and the others are the measurement for Lorenz Force Detuning (LFD) and unloaded Q value, and Low Level RF (LLRF) study, etc. In this paper, the result for the STF-2 cryomodule in three cooldown tests will be presented in detail., Proceedings of the 18th Int. Conf. on RF Superconductivity, SRF2017, Lanzhou, China

This paper describes the development of a superconduct- ing quarter-wave resonator for use in an intense low-β-ion linear accelerator. The prototype cavity was fabricated from bulk Nb, inner cavity surface processing was per- formed, and vertical testing was carried out. In the vertical test, a Q-value of 8.7·10⁸ was obtained with an operating field gradient of 4.5 MV/m at a frequency of 75.5 MHz. Here, we describe the results of the performance tests and various phenomena we experienced during the tests. After the vertical tests, the helium vessel was assembled and the prototype resonator was integrated into a cryomodule. Initial cooldown testing results are described. Performance testing of the cryomodule is continuing. The situation of upgrade of the RIKEN heavy-ion RIKEN Linac (RILAC) is also reported., Proceedings of the 18th Int. Conf. on RF Superconductivity, SRF2017, Lanzhou, China

An upgrade project of the RIKEN Heavy-Ion Linac, RILAC, is under going, which aims at the further investigation of the super-heavy elements and production of radioactive isotopes for medical applications. In this project, a new superconducting ECR ion source and superconducting RF (SRF) booster linac are being developed and constructed. The SRF linac consists of 10 quarter-wavelength resonator operated at 73 MHz, that are contained in three cryomodules. The construction status, including the first vertical test results, will be given in this paper., Proceedings of the 29\textsuperscript{th} Linear Accelerator Conf., LINAC2018, Beijing, China

In the Superconducting RF Test Facility (STF) in KEK, the cooldown test for the STF-2 cryomodule with 12 cavities has been done totally three times since 2014. In 2016, the 3rd cooldown test for the STF-2 cryomodule including the capture cryomodule with 2 cavities, which was used for Quantum Beam Project in 2012, was successfully done. The main purpose is the vector-sum operation with 8 cavities at average accelerating gradient of 31 MV/m as the ILC specification, and the others are the measurement for Lorenz Force Detuning (LFD) and unloaded Q value, and Low Level RF (LLRF) study, etc. During 8 cavities operation, piezo actuators were used for the compensation of LFD, and the feed-forward and vector-sum control system by LLRF worked perfectly for keeping the lowest forward power and the stable flat-top of accelerating gradient. In this paper, the result for the STF-2 cryomodule in the 3rd cooldown test will be presented in detail., Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

Development of a superconducting quarter-wavelength resonator (SC-QWR) was started at RIKEN Nishina Center to realize a low-velocity part of high-intensity ion linac. First prototype of the SC-QWR, frequency of which is 75.5 MHz, is fabricating now*. Preparation of its partial components such as outer conductor, stem, bottom plate, and top plate was almost completed, and we are now studying a low-power RF property by clamping the every components as an assembly to obtain data for frequency tuning. After the adjustment of geometry of components and welding them, surface treatment by buffered chemical polishing and high-pressure rinsing will be performed in the summer. Preparation of vertical test for the SC-QWR is also in progress at KEK. The first result of vertical test for the prototype of SC-QWR will be presented in this contribution. This work was funded by the ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan)., Proceedings of the 28th Linear Accelerator Conf., LINAC2016, East Lansing, MI, USA

The high power test for STF-2 cryomodule has completed successfully in 2015. Before cooldown of cryomodule, at first, the input coupler conditioning at room temperature is done with detuned cavities. After cooldown, the cavity conditioning, which is the main part in the performance test, is done by monitoring the radiation level measured at three locations around the cryomodule, and the heating and RF output at two HOM (Higher Order Mode) couplers. Consequently, it became clear the average accelerating gradient is 30 MV/m for STF-2 cryomodule (39 MV/m at max. and 15 MV/m at min.), and the second cavity string with four cavities had the significant performance degradation by heavy field emission due to the additional clean room work in the STF tunnel. As the following next steps, there are the LFD (Lorenz Force Detuning) measurement, LFD compensation by piezo, and long run for check of stable operation at high gradient. In the long run around 32 MV/m, each cavity without degradation showed the stable operation with the successful LFD compensation by piezo and RF feedback system. In this paper, the detailed test result will be presented., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea

MHI's activities for development of Superconducting Quarter Wave Resonator (QWR) are reported. MHI has experiences of developments and fabrications of several superconducting ellipse cavities. And now MHI is developing the superconducting QWR for heavy ion accelerators., Proceedings of the 13th Heavy Ion Accelerator Technology Conference, HIAT2015, Yokohama, Japan

At KEK, a proposal is being prepared for a new linac-based proton driver that can accelerate the proton beam up to 9 GeV with 9 MW beam power and 100 mA peak current. In this report, we present the study on the front end design of the linac, which will accelerate the beam to 1.2 GeV: The baseline layout, the acceleration energy structure, RF characteristics of components, cryomodule configurations, and the detailed design of half-wave resonator 1., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea

In RIKEN Nishina Center, for the purpose of development of elemental technology for the superconducting linear accelerator, the designing and construction of accelerator system based on superconducting quarter-wavelength resonator are carried out. The basic designs of the input coupler are as follows: The resonance frequency of the cavity is 75.5 MHz and assumed beam loading is about 1 kW. Double vacuum windows, which are disk-type, are adopted. A thermal anchor of 40 K is installed near the cold-window. The optimum positions of the cold-window and the thermal anchor depending on the effective RRR of copper-plate are being studied. In this contribution, the details of these designs will be reported. This work was funded by ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan)., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada

As the next step of the quantum beam project, the STF2 project is in progress at KEK. Eight 9-cell SC cavities and one superconducting quardrapole magnet were assembled into the cryomodule called CM1. Four 9-cell SC cavities were assembled into the cryomodule called CM2a. These two cryomodules were connected as one unit, and the examination of completion by a prefectural government was carried out. The target value of beam energy in the STF2 accelerator is 400 MeV with a beam current of 6 mA. The first cool down test for low power level RF measurements was performed in autumn of 2014. In this paper, the assembly procedure of the STF2 cryomodules and the results of the low-power measurement are reported., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada

Recently we proposed a new project aimed at intensity upgrade of uranium beams of RIKEN RIBF. In this new project, construction of a superconducting linac is planned replacing the injector cyclotron so called RRC. The RIKEN superconducting linac consists of 14 cryomodules each of which contains four quarter-wave-resonators (QWRs) in each. The QWR operates at an rf frequency of 73 MHz in the continuous wave mode with beta as low as 0.055-1.008. A coaxial probe-type RF fundamental power-coupler which transmits RF power of several kW will be utilized for beam loading of 1.3 kW/resonator at the maximum with Qext of several x10⁶. Tuning of the resonant frequency will be realized with a mechanical tuner pressing the resonator wall in the direction parallel to the beam. This year, we started a development of a test cryomodule with SC-QWRs. In this paper, design studies for a SC-QWR and its cryomodule, e.g., QWR, coupler, and, tuner will be presented together with a construction schedule of the prototype. Prototyping of a superconducting cavity and its test cryomodule was funded by ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan)., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada

The Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) project is ongoing at KEK in order to demonstrate excellent ERL performance as a future light source. The cERL injector was already constructed with its diagnostic beamline and successfully commissioned from April to June in 2013. In the next step, the cERL recirculation loop with a main superconducting linac and merger and dump sections has been constructed and its commissioning is scheduled to start in December 2013. Significant progress is expected by the IPAC14 conference date. In this presentation, we will describe the present status of the cERL including future developments., Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

Superconducting(SC)-linac-based light sources, which can produce ultra-brilliant photon beams in CW operation, are attracting worldwide attention. In KEK, we have been conducting R&D; efforts towards the energy-recovery-linac(ERL)-based light source* since 2006. To demonstrate the key technologies for the ERL, we constructed the Compact ERL (cERL)** from 2009 to 2013. In the cERL, high-brightness CW electron beams are produced using a 500-kV photocathode DC gun. The beams are accelerated using SC cavities, transported through a recirculation loop, decelerated in the SC cavities, and dumped. In the February of 2014, we succeeded in accelerating and recirculating the CW beams of 4.5 micro-amperes in the cERL; the beams were successfully transported from the gun to the beam dump under energy recovery operation in the main linac. Then, precise tuning of beam optics and diagnostics of beam properties are under way. We report our experience on the beam commissioning, as well as the results of initial measurements of beam properties.

A prototype module including a couple of 1.3 GHz superconducting 9-cell cavities has been designed as the main linac of cERL which is the test facility to establish the basic ERL technology at KEK. The shape of 9-cell Nb structure has been optimized to accelerate a CW beam of 100 mA with sufficiently damped higher order modes (HOM) which is achieved by adopting an eccentric fluted beam pipe and a cylindrical beam pipe of a large diameter of 123 mm. Extracted HOMs are absorbed by the ferrite cylinders bonded on the copper beam pipes by HIP process. A power coupler with double disk-ceramics has been developed to transfer an RF of 20 kW CW to the cavity in full reflection. The test results of fabrication, cooling and RF performance for these components are integrated as the prototype module of the main linac for cERL facility., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

We have been developing a system to generate a short pulse X-ray using crab cavities at SPring-8 Storage Ring. The ring holds 30-m long straight sections and the vertical beam size at the center of the straight sections is 6.5 micrometers in standard deviation. If we install four superconducting crab cavities and a mini-pole undulator in one of the straight sections, we can convert the time distribution of the electron bunch into the spatial distribution. After slicing the emitted photons with vertical slits, we can obtain a sub-picosecond X-ray pulse. In this scheme, the maximum repetition rate of the short pulse X-ray is the same as the acceleration frequency of the ring (508MHz) and user experiments at other beam-lines are not disturbed by this short pulse generation. We are planning to install KEKB type crab cavities as vertical deflectors. Phase fluctuation among crab cavities must be reduced less than 14 mdeg in order to avoid residual deflection in the vertical direction. In this paper, we report an overview of the short pulse generation scheme and topics of hardware development for stabilization of the RF phase fluctuation., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Cooling systems in space using superfluid helium require some important devices to accomplish their roles, because there is very small gravitational force. One of them is a phase separator which separates superfluid helium from its vapor. Another device is a thermomechanical pump which tranfers and circulates suprefluid helium in a cooling system. Thermomechanical effect (fountain effect) of superfluid helium with a porous medium gives a simple but effective working principle to such devices. Unfortunately, however, not all situations of the superfluid helium flow through a porous medium are ideal, i. e. , predicted theoretically on the basis of two-fluid equations without appreciable dissipation effects. This study has an objective to understand experimentally the superfluid helium flow through a porous medium, i. e. , a common phenomenon for both porous plug phase separators and thermomechanical pumps. In this experimental study, flow characteristics of superfluid helium through a porous element of a thermomechanical pump are measured precisely with the special emphasis on the observation of a transition from the ideal state to the superfluid turbulent one. It is found that the critical heat input depends on the temperature of superfluid helium. Its temperature dependence is also quantitatively clarified. General flow characteristics of superfluid helium through a porous medium are proposed, concerning with properties of the porous medium, based on the experimental data on the suprefluid helium flows through both porous plug phase separators and porous elements of thermomechanical pumps. They may be a great help to understand the flow of suprefluid helium through a porous medium., 1994