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2. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial

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Abdelhamid, N, Abdul Rahman, D, Abdul-Saheb, M, Abreu, P, Abroskina, M, Abu Ahmad, F, Accassat, S, Acciaresi, M, Adami, A, Ahmad, N, Ahmed, F, Alberto Hawkes, M, Alemseged, F, Ali, A, Altavilla, R, Alwis, L, Amarenco, P, Amaro, S, Amaya Sanchez, LE, Amelia Pinto, A, Ameriso, SF, Amin, H, Amino, T, Amjad, AK, Anagnostou, E, Andersen, G, Anderson, C, Anderson, DC, Andrea Falco, M, Andres Mackinnon, F, Andreu, D, Androulakis, M, Angel Gamero, M, Angel Saredo, G, Angeles Diaz, R, Angels Font, M, Anticoli, S, Arauz, A, Arauz Gongora, AA, Araya, P, Arenillas Lara, JF, Arias Rivas, S, Arnold, M, Augustin, S, Avelar, W, Azevedo, E, Babikian, V, Bacellar, A, Badalyan, K, Bae, HJ, Baez Martinez, EM, Bagelmann, H, Bailey, P, Bak, Z, Baker, M, Balazs, A, Baldaranov, D, Balogun, I, Balueva, T, Bankuti, Z, Bar, M, Baranowska, A, Bardutzky, J, Barker Trejo, S, Barlinn, J, Baronnet, F, Barroso, C, Barteys, M, Bartolottiova, T, Barulin, A, Bas, M, Bashir, S, Basile, V, Bathe-Peters, R, Bathula, R, Batista, C, Batur Caglayan, H, Baumgartner, P, Bazan, R, Bazhenova, O, Beaudry, M, Beer, J, Behnam, Y, Beilei, C, Beinlich, A, Bejot, Y, Belkin, A, Benavente, OR, Benjamin, A, Berardi, V, Bereczki, D, Berkowitz, SD, Berlingieri, J, Berrios, W, Berrouschot, J, Bhandari, M, Bhargavah, M, Bicker, H, Bicsak, T, Bilik, M, Bindila, D, Birchenall, J, Birnbaum, L, Black, T, Blacker, D, Blacquiere, D, Blanc-Labarre, C, Blank, C, Blazejewska-Hyzorek, B, Bloch, S, Bodiguel, E, Bogdanov, E, Boos, L, Borcsik, L, Bornstein, N, Bouly, S, Braga, G, Bragado, I, Bravi, MC, Brokalaki, C, Brola, W, Brouns, R, Bruce, D, Brzoska-Mizgalska, J, Buck, B, Buksinska-Lisik, M, Burke, J, Burn, M, Bustamante, G, Cabrejo, L, Cai, K, Cajaraville, S, Calejo, M, Calvet, D, Campillo, J, Campos Costa, E, Camps, P, Can Alaydin, H, Candeloro, E, Canepa, C, Cantu Brito, CG, Cappellari, M, Carcel, C, Cardona Portela, P, Cardoso, F, Carek, M, Carletti, M, Carlos Portilla, J, Caruso, P, Casado-Naranjo, I, Castellini, P, Castro, D, Castro Meira, F, Cavallini, A, Cayuela Caudevilla, N, Cenciarelli, S, Cereda, C, Cerrone, P, Chakrabarti, A, Chaloulos-Iakovidis, P, Chamorro, A, Chandrasena, D, Chang, DI, Che, C, Chembala, J, Chen, J, Chen, Z, Chen, T, Chen, H, Chen, X, Chen, G, Chen, L, Chen, S, Cheripelli, B, Chin, M, Chiquete Anaya, E, Chorazy, M, Christensen, H, Christensen, T, Christian, L, Chu, F, Chung, CS, Clark, W, Clarke, R, Claverie, S, Clemente Agostoni, E, Clissold, B, Coelho, J, Cohen, D, Colakoglu, S, Collas, D, Condurso, R, Connolly, SJ, Consoli, D, Constantin, C, Constantino Silva, AB, Contardo, L, Corlobe, A, Correia, M, Correia, C, Cortijo Garcia, E, Coull, B, Coutts, S, Coveney, S, Cras, P, Crols, R, Crozier, S, Csanyi, A, Csiba, L, Csontos, K, Csuha, R, Cui, L, Cunha, L, Curtze, S, Czerska, M, Czlonkowska, A, Czurko, M, Czuryszkiewicz, M, Dagnino, M, Dai, C, Daineko, A, Dalek, G, Damgaard, D, Danese, A, Dani, K, Danku, V, Dario Toledo, W, Dávalos, A, De Havenon, A, De Keyser, J, De Klippel, N, De La Torre, J, De Pauw, A, De Smedt, A, De Torres, R, De Vries Basson, MM, Dearborn, J, Deganutto, R, Degeorgia, M, Deguchi, I, Del Giudice, A, Delcourt, C, Delgado-Mederos, R, Della Marca, G, Delpont, B, Deltour, S, Demets, DL, Dennis, M, Desai, J, Devine, J, Dhollander, I, Di Mascio, MT, Diaconu, M, Diaz Otero, F, Dietzel, J, Diez-Tejedor, E, Ding, N, Ding, J, Diomedi, M, Dioszeghy, P, Distefano, M, Domigo, V, Dorodnicov, E, Dossi, D, Doubal, F, Druzenko, I, Du, P, Du, J, Duman, T, Duodu, Y, Dutta, D, Dylewicz, L, Eckstein, J, Ehrensperger, E, Ehrlich, S, Einer Allende, G, Elena Halac, B, Elyas, S, Endres, M, Engelbrecht, JM, Engelter, S, Epinat, M, Eren, F, Esbjornsson, M, Escribano, B, Escudero, I, Esisi, B, Essa, B, Esterbauer, M, Evans, N, Eveson, D, Fabio, S, Fang, L, Fanta, S, Fares, M, Fatar, M, Faust, K, Favate, A, Fazekas, F, Federica Denaro, M, Fedin, A, Felipe Amaya, P, Feng, J, Ferencova, K, Fernanda Gilli, M, Fernandez, MD, Fernandez Pirrone, PN, Fernandez Vera, J, Ferrari, J, Ferreira, A, Ferreira Junior, G, Fidler, M, Field, D, Field, T, Figueroa, C, Fiksa, J, Filipov, A, Firstenfeld, A, Fisch, L, Fischer, U, Fisselier, M, Fiszer, U, Fluri, F, Fortea, G, Fotherby, K, Fraczek, A, France, E, Freitas, G, Frey, S, Frick, M, Friedman, A, Friedrich, M, Frisullo, G, Fryze, W, Fuentes Gimeno, B, Fujigasaki, H, Fukuyama, K, Furlan, A, Furlanis, G, Furnace, J, Gabriel, M, Gabriel Reich, E, Gagliardi, RJ, Galati, F, Galli Giqueauk, E, Gallina, A, Gallinella, E, Gallo, J, Gangadharan, S, Gao, Y, Garcia Lopez, R, Garcia Pastor, A, Garcia Sanchez, SM, Garnauf, M, Garnier, P, Gasecki, D, Gasic, K, Gasiorek, K, Gasser, S, Gaugg, M, Gebreyohanns, M, Gebura, K, Geng, J, Geniz Clavijo, M, Georg Haeusler, K, Geran, R, Geremek, M, Gerocs, Z, Ghia, D, Giannandrea, D, Giatsidis, F, Gien Lopez, JA, Gil Nunez, A, Gimenez, L, Giralt, E, Glabinski, A, Gladstone, D, Gliem, M, Gluszkiewicz, M, Goddeau, R, Gogoleva, E, Gokce, M, Goldemund, D, Golikov, K, Gomes Neto, A, Gomez Schneider, M, Gomez-Choco, M, Gomis, M, Gongora-Rivera, JF, Gonysheva, Y, Gonzalez, L, Gonzalez Toledo, ME, Gottschal, M, Gozdzik, I, Grabowski, S, Graf, S, Green, D, Greer, D, Gregorio, T, Greisenegger, S, Greshnova, I, Griebe, M, Grzesik, M, Guan, J, Guarda, S, Gueguen, A, Guidoux, C, Guillermo Povedano, P, Guillon, B, Guiraudg, V, Gunathilagan, G, Guryanova, N, Gusev, V, Gustavo Persi, G, Gutiérrez, R, Guyler, P, Gyuker, N, Hachinski, V, Hajas, A, Hallevi, H, Hankey, G, Hankey, GJ, Hanouskova, L, Hao, L, Haraguchi, K, Haralur Sreekantaiah, Y, Haratz, S, Hargroves, D, Harkness, K, Harmel, P, Harrasser, M, Hart, RG, Harvey, M, Hasan, R, Hasegawa, Y, Hassan, A, Hattori, M, Hatzitolios, A, Hauk, M, Hayashi, T, Hayhoe, H, Hedna, VS, Heine, M, Held, V, Hellwig, S, Henkner, J, Henninger, N, Hermans, S, Hernandez, J, Herrero, D, Hervieu-Begue, M, Herzig, R, Hicken, L, Hieber, M, Hill, M, Hirose, M, Hobeanu, MC, Hobson, B, Hochstetter, M, Hoe Heo, J, Hoffmann, M, Holmstedt, C, Hon, P, Hong, KS, Honma, Y, Horev, A, Horgan, G, Horvath, L, Horvath, M, Hoyer, C, Huang, D, Huang, H, Huber, B, Huhtakangas, J, Hussain, M, Igarashi, S, Iglesias Mohedano, AM, Ignacio Tembl, J, Impellizzeri, M, Inanc, Y, Ioli, P, Irina Aniculaesei, A, Ishida, K, Itabashi, R, Iversen, H, Jagolino, A, Jakab, K, Jander, S, Janka, H, Jankovych, J, Jansen, J, Jasek, L, Javier Alet, M, Javor, L, Jin, X, Jing, P, Joachim, B, Joan Macleod, M, Johnson, M, Jose Martin, J, Joyner, C, Judit Szabo, K, Jun-Oconnell, A, Jura, R, Kaczorowska, B, Kadlcikova, J, Kahles, T, Kakaletsis, N, Kakuk, I, Kalinowska, K, Kaminska, K, Kaneko, C, Kanellos, I, Kapeller, P, Kapica-Topczewska, K, Karasz, O, Karlinski, M, Karlsson, JE, Kasa, K, Kashaeva, E, Kasner, SE, Kaste, M, Kasza, J, Katalin Iljicsov, A, Katsurayama, M, Kaur, S, Kawanishi, M, Kaygorodtseva, S, Ke, K, Kei, A, Keilitz, J, Kellner, J, Kelly, P, Kelly, S, Kemlink, D, Kerekgyarto, M, Keskinarkaus, I, Khairutdinova, D, Khanna, A, Khaw, A, Kholopov, M, Khoumri, C, Kirpicheva, S, Kirshner, H, Kitagawa, K, Kittner, S, Kivioja, R, Klein, F, Kleindorfer, D, Kleinig, T, Klivenyi, P, Knecht, S, Kobayashi, Y, Kobayashi, A, Koch, M, Koehler, L, Koivu, M, Kolianov, V, Koltsov, I, Kondo, T, Konkov, I, Kopecky, S, Korompoki, E, Korpela, J, Kosarz-Lanczek, K, Koutroubi, A, Kovacs, K, Kovacs, T, Kovacs, H, Kowalczyk, K, Kowalska, M, Krajickova, D, Kral, M, Krarup Hansen, C, Kraska, J, Krebs, S, Krejci, V, Kremer, C, Kreuzpointer, R, Krzyzanowska, M, Kucken, D, Kulakowska, A, Kunzmann, J, Kurenkova, N, Kuris, A, Kurkowska-Jastrzebska, I, Kurtenkova, N, Kurushina, O, Kusnick, G, Kustova, M, Kuwashiro, T, Kwan Cha, J, Lago, A, Lagutenko, M, Lajos, B, Lambeck, J, Lamy, C, Landolfi, A, Lanfranconi, S, Lang, W, Lara Lezama, LB, Lara Rodriguez, B, Largo, T, Lasek-Bal, A, Latte, L, Lauer, V, Lavados, P, Le Bouc, R, Leal Cantu, R, Lechner, H, Lecouturier, K, Leder, S, Lee, J, Lee, BC, Leger, A, Leira, E, Leisse, I, Leker, R, Lembo, G, Lenskaya, L, Leyden, J, Li, G, Li, M, Li, S, Li, J, Liamis, G, Liang, H, Liang, Z, Ligot, N, Lin, H, Lindert, R, Lindgren, A, Linna, M, Litwin, T, Liu, K, Liu, X, Llull, L, Lohninger, B, Longoni, M, Loomis, C, Lopes, D, Lopez Fernandez, M, Lopez Garza, N, Lord, A, Louw, S, Lovasz, R, Lowenkopf, T, Lu, Z, Lubke-Detring, SC, Luder, R, Lujan, S, Luo, B, Lupinogina, L, Luschin, G, Lutsep, H, Lvova, A, Ly, J, Grosse, G.M., Ma, H, Ma, C, Machado, M, Machado, C, Macher, S, Machetanz, J, Macian-Montoro, F, Mackey, E, Mackey, A, Maclean, G, Maestre-Moreno, J, Magadan, A, Magyar, T, Mahagney, A, Majid, A, Majjhoo, A, Makaritsis, K, Mandzia, J, Mangas Guijarro, M, Mangion, D, Manios, E, Mann, S, Manning, L, Manno, C, Manuel Garcia, J, Maqueda, V, Mar Castellanos, M, Mar Freijo, M, Marando, C, Marcela Lepera, S, Marcos Couto, J, Maria Bruera, G, Maria Greco, L, Maria Lorenzo, A, Maria Obmann, S, Maria Roa, A, Marini, C, Marinkovic, I, Mario Sumay, G, Mario Torres, C, Marko, M, Markova, S, Markus, H, Marsh, R, Marsili, E, Marta Esnaola, M, Marta Moreno, J, Marti-Fabregas, J, Martina Angelocola, S, Martínez Sánchez, P, Martinez-Majander, N, Martins, S, Marzelik, O, Mastrocola, S, Matamala, G, Matoltsy, A, Matosevic, B, Matsumoto, S, Maud, A, Mauri Cabdevila, G, May, Z, Mayasi, Y, Mayr, A, Mazzoli, T, Mcarthur, K, Mccullough, L, Medina Pech, CE, Medlin, F, Mehdiratta, M, Mehta, S, Mehta, D, Mehta, B, Melis, M, Melnikova, E, Mendez, B, Mendonca, T, Mengual Chirifie, JJ, Menon, N, Mensch, A, Meseguer, E, Messe, S, Metcalf, K, Meyer, N, Michas, F, Micheletti, N, Mikulik, R, Milionis, H, Miller, B, Milling, T, Minelli, C, Minhas, J, Minns, M, Mircea, D, Mishra, S, Mismas, A, Mistri, A, Mitrovic, N, Miyake, H, Modrau, B, Moey, A, Molina, C, Molina, J, Molis, A, Moller, J, Molnar, S, Moniche, F, Monosi, C, Monzani, V, Moonis, M, Morais, R, Morales, L, Morales, A, Morar-Precup, D, Moreton, F, Moro, C, Morozova, E, Morton, M, Morvan, T, Morvan, E, Motko, T, Mowla, A, Mozhejko, E, Muddegowda, G, Mudhar, O, Mueller, T, Muhl, C, Muir, KW, Mundl, H, Munoz, S, Murphy, C, Murphy, S, Murtuzova, A, Musuka, T, Mutzenbach, J, Myint, M, Mysliwy, W, Naccarato, M, Naeije, G, Nagakane, Y, Natarajan, I, Navaratnam, D, Nave, A, Nazliel, B, Nedeltchev, K, Nel, J, Nell, H, Nemeth, R, Nemeth, L, Neto, O, Ng, K, Ngeh, J, Nicolas Chialvo, L, Nieminen, T, Nikkanen, M, Nikl, J, Nikoforova, M, Nishino, S, Nishiyama, Y, Njovane, X, Nogawa, S, Nombela, F, Norrving, B, Nosek, K, Nowak, B, Nowakowska-Sledz, E, Ntaios, G, Numminen, H, Nunez, F, Obadia, M, Oberndorfer, S, Obrezan, A, Ochiai, J, Oczkowski, W, O'Donnell, MJ, Odyniec, A, Oh, K, Ohira, M, Okamoto, Y, Okpala, M, Okubo, S, Olah, L, Olavarria, V, Oleszek, J, Onat Demirci, N, Ondar, V, Ongun, G, Ooyama, K, Orosz, V, Ortiz, R, Osseby, G, Österlund-Tauriala, E, Ovesen, C, Ozcekic Demirhan, S, Ozdoba-Rot, J, Ozturk, S, Ozyurt, E, Pablo Grecco, M, Pablo Povedano, G, Paciaroni, M, Padiglioni, C, Pagola, J, Palasik, W, Panczel, G, Panos, L, Papadopoulos, G, Papadopoulou, E, Papagiannis, A, Papavasileiou, V, Papina, M, Pardo De Donlebun, JR, Parisi, V, Park, JM, Pasten, J, Patel, N, Pavlik, O, Pawelczyk, M, Peacock, WF, Pei, H, Peisker, T, Pena Sedna, LF, Penn, A, Pentek, S, Pepper, E, Pereira, L, Perera, K, Perez, Y, Perez, S, Perez Leguizamon, P, Pernicka, M, Perry, R, Persico, A, Pesant, Y, Peska, S, Peters, D, Peters, G, Pettigrew, L, Phan, T, Philippi, S, Phinney, T, Pico, F, Pidal, A, Piechowski-Jozwiak, B, Pieroni, A, Pineiro, S, Piras, V, Pizova, N, Polanco, J, Polin, M, Polyakov, A, Polychronopoulou, E, Polymeris, A, Popov, D, Poppe, A, Postorino, P, Pozzerese, C, Pradhan, M, Prats, L, Prazdnichkova, E, Prendl, B, Pretorius, M, Profice, P, Prokopenko, S, Pudov, E, Pujol Lereis, V, Punzo Bravo, G, Purroy, F, Qiu, J, Qu, X, Quenardelle, V, Quesada Garcia, H, Radrizzani, L, Radtke, A, Raffelsberger, T, Ramirez Moreno, JM, Ramos-Estebanez, C, Rani, A, Rapantova, P, Rashed, K, Rasheed Nihara, A, Rasmussen, J, Redondo Robles, L, Reif, M, Reiner, P, Rekova, P, Renu, A, Repetto, M, Reyes, P, Reyes Morales, S, Rha, JH, Ribeiro, J, Ricci, S, Richard, C, Rigual, R, Rinaldi, C, Riveira Rodriguez, C, Rizzato, B, Robinson, TG, Rocco, A, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, G, Rodriguez Campello, A, Rodriguez Lucci, F, Rodriguez Yanez, M, Roesler, C, Roffe, C, Roine, R, Roine, S, Roldan, A, Romana Pezzella, F, Romano, M, Roos, JS, Rosso, C, Rostrup Kruuse, C, Roth, Y, Roukens, R, Roveri, L, Rozanski, D, Rozniecki, J, Rozsa, C, Rudilosso, S, Ruiz Ares, G, Ruiz Franco, A, Rum, G, Ruuskanen, J, Rybinnik, I, Ryota, K, Saarinen, J, Saavedra, V, Sabben, C, Sabet, A, Sagris, D, Sahlas, J, Sakai, N, Salamanca, P, Salgado, P, Salig, S, Salletmayr, T, Salnikov, M, Samoshkina, O, Samson, Y, Sanak, D, Sànchez Cerón, M, Santalucia, P, Santamaria Cadavid, M, Santiago, P, Santo, G, Sanz Cuesta, B, Sargento, J, Sarraj, A, Sas, K, Sas, A, Satoshi, O, Satsoglou, S, Sattar, N, Savitz, S, Savopoulos, C, Saw, J, Sawicka, M, Sawyer, R, Scandura, T, Schillinger, N, Schindler, J, Schlachetzki, F, Schneider, I, Schuppner, R, Schurig, J, Schwarzbach, CJ, Sebejova, M, Seidel, G, Sekaran, L, Selcuk, D, Selvarajah, J, Semerano, A, Semjen, J, Semushina, D, Sen, S, Seok Park, M, Serena, J, Serhat Tokgoz, O, Serles, W, Serrano, F, Sevin, M, Seynaeve, L, Shah, S, Shamalov, N, Shang, T, Sharma, M, Sharrief, A, Shazam Hussain, M, Shchukin, I, Shen, W, Shepeleva, E, Shinsuke, I, Shmonin, A, Shoamanesh, A, Shuaib, A, Shulga, A, Sibolt, G, Sibon, I, Sicilia, I, Siebert, M, Sieczkowska, E, Sila, C, Silva, AA, Silva, D, Silva, P, Silva, Y, Silvestrini, M, Simony, Z, Simpkins, A, Singh, B, Sinha, D, Sipos, I, Skoda, O, Skowron, P, Skowronska, M, Sliwinska, B, Slonkova, J, Smolkin, A, Smyth, A, Sobolewski, P, Sobota, A, Sohn, SI, Soldatov, M, Solganov, I, Soloveva, L, Solovyeva, E, Sonntag, N, Soors, P, Sorgun, M, Soriano, C, Spence, D, Spengos, K, Sposato, L, Staaf, G, Stadler, K, Stakhovskaya, L, Stamatelopoulos, K, Steinert, S, Stetkarova, I, Stiehm, M, Stocker, R, Stoinski, J, Stoll, A, Stotts, G, Stumpp, A, Sucapane, P, Suenaga, T, Sun, X, Sundararajan, S, Sung Kim, J, Suzuki, H, Svaneborg, N, Szasz, G, Szczuchniak, W, Szczyrba, S, Szegedi, N, Szekely, A, Szewczyk, Z, Szilagyi, G, Szlufik, S, Szoboszlai, K, Szpisjak, L, Sztajzel, R, Sztriha, L, Ta Wil, SE, Taggeselle, J, Takamatsu, K, Takao, M, Taki, W, Takizawa, S, Talahma, M, Tamayo, A, Tan, J, Tanne, D, Tapanainen, A, Tapiola, T, Tarasiuk, J, Tatlisumak, T, Tayal, A, Tcvetkova, S, Teal, P, Tejada Garcia, J, Tejada Meza, H, Tenora, D, Terceno, M, Terentiou, A, Tezcan, S, Thaler, D, Thomson, A, Thouvenot, E, Tiainen, M, Timberg, I, Timsit, S, Tinchon, A, Tirschwell, D, Togay Isikay, C, Tokunaga, K, Tolino, M, Toloza, C, Tomelleri, G, Tomoyuki, K, Tomppo, LM, Tong, Z, Tong, L, Toni, D, Torres, J, Tossavainen, C, Toth, G, Tountopoulou, A, Touze, E, Tovar, M, Toyoda, K, Trillo, S, Trommer, A, Tropepi, D, Tryambake, D, Tu, H, Tuetuencue, S, Tumova, R, Tumpula, O, Turc, G, Tutaj, A, Tynkkynen, J, Uchiyama, S, Uchwat, U, Uhrinyakova, L, Ulku Acar, R, Uluduz Ugurlu, D, Urra, X, Urui, S, Usero Ruiz, M, Vaclavik, D, Vahedi, K, Valikovics, A, Valpas, J, Van Acker, P, Van Daele, W, Vanderschueren, G, Vanina Jure, L, Varela, R, Varga, Z, Varvat, J, Varvyanskaya, N, Vasco Salgado, A, Vasko, P, Vass, L, Vassilopoulou, S, Vastagh, I, Vazquez, P, Vecsei, L, Veltkamp, R, Venti, M, Verdugo, M, Verocai, V, Veronica Marroquin, M, Veronica Simonsini, C, Veverka, T, Vigl, M, Vila, A, Vilar, C, Villanueva Osorio, JA, Virta, J, Vitkova, E, Voglsperger, B, Volna, J, Von Weitzel-Mudersbach, PA, Vora, N, Voznyuk, I, Wach-Klink, A, Wacongne, A, Walters, D, Wang, Y, Wang, J, Wang, L, Wang, X, Wang, W, Wang, N, Wang, D, Wang, H, Warnack, W, Wartenberg, K, Waters, R, Waters, M, Webb, T, Weber, J, Weiss, G, Weissenborn, K, Weitz, JI, Weller, B, Wen, G, Weng, G, Werner, P, Werring, D, Wester, P, Whiteley, W, Whiting, R, Wijeratne, T, Willems, C, Wilson, L, Wilson, C, Winder, T, Windt, J, Winkler, A, Winska-Tereszkiewicz, A, Wisniewska, A, Wittayer, M, Wlodek, A, Wojnarowska-Arendt, A, Wolf, M, Wolff, V, Wolter, C, Wong, A, Wook Nah, H, Worthmann, H, Wu, W, Wu, S, Wunderlich, S, Wurzinger, H, Wyse, DG, Xiao, B, Xiaopeng, W, Ximenez-Carrillo, A, Xiong, L, Xiong, Y, Xiong, W, Xu, Y, Xu, J, Xu, Z, Yalo, B, Yamada, T, Yamasaki, M, Yang, L, Yang, Y, Yang, X, Yang, Q, Yang, B, Yang, J, Yasuhiro, I, Yee Lam, M, Yegappan, C, Yip, S, Ylikallio, E, Ylikotila, P, Yongwon Jin, A, Yoon, BW, Yoshida, Y, Yperzeele, L, Yuan, H, Yuasa, H, Zalewska, J, Zanferrari, C, Zapata, E, Zboznovits, D, Zelenka, I, Zhang, C, Zhang, B, Zhang, S, Zhang, M, Zhang, X, Zhang, J, Zhao, L, Zhirnova, O, Zhou, L, Zielinska-Turek, J, Zinchenko, I, Ziomek, M, Zitzmann, A, Zweifler, R, Zwiernik, J, Kasner, Scott E, Swaminathan, Balakumar, Lavados, Pablo, Sharma, Mukul, Muir, Keith, Veltkamp, Roland, Ameriso, Sebastian F, Endres, Matthias, Lutsep, Helmi, Messé, Steven R, Spence, J David, Nedeltechev, Krassen, Perera, Kanjana, Santo, Gustavo, Olavarria, Veronica, Lindgren, Arne, Bangdiwala, Shrikant, Shoamanesh, Ashkan, Berkowitz, Scott D, Mundl, Hardi, Connolly, Stuart J, and Hart, Robert G

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2018
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4. Oral anticoagulants in the oldest old with recent stroke and atrial fibrillation

Author

Polymeris, A. A., Macha, K., Paciaroni, M., Wilson, D., Koga, M., Cappellari, M., Schaedelin, S., Zietz, A., Peters, N., Seiffge, D. J., Haupenthal, D., Gassmann, L., De Marchis, G. M., Wang, R., Gensicke, H., Stoll, S., Thilemann, S., Avramiotis, N. S., Bonetti, B., Tsivgoulis, G., Ambler, G., Alberti, A., Yoshimura, S., Brown, M. M., Shiozawa, M., Lip, G. Y. H., Venti, M., Acciarresi, M., Tanaka, K., Mosconi, M. G., Takagi, M., Jager, R. H., Muir, K., Inoue, M., Schwab, S., Bonati, L. H., Lyrer, P. A., Toyoda, K., Caso, V., Werring, D. J., Kallmunzer, B., Engelter, S. T., Traenka, C., Hert, L., Wagner, B., Schaub, F., Meya, L., Fladt, J., Dittrich, T., Fisch, U., Volbers, B., Siedler, G., Bovi, P., Tomelleri, G., Micheletti, N., Zivelonghi, C., Emiliani, A., Parry-Jones, A., Patterson, C., Price, C., Elmarimi, A., Parry, A., Nallasivam, A., Nor, A. M., Esis, B., Bruce, D., Bhaskaran, B., Roffe, C., Cullen, C., Holmes, C., Cohen, D., Hargroves, D., Mangion, D., Chadha, D., Vahidassr, D., Manawadu, D., Giallombardo, E., Warburton, E., Flossman, E., Gunathilagan, G., Proschel, H., Emsley, H., Anwar, I., Burger, I., Okwera, J., Putterill, J., O'Connell, J., Bamford, J., Corrigan, J., Scott, J., Birns, J., Kee, K., Saastamoinen, K., Pasco, K., Dani, K., Sekaran, L., Choy, L., Iveson, L., Mamun, M., Sajid, M., Cooper, M., Burn, M., Smith, M., Power, M., Davis, M., Smyth, N., Veltkamp, R., Sharma, P., Guyler, P., O'Mahony, P., Wilkinson, P., Datta, P., Aghoram, P., Marsh, R., Luder, R., Meenakishundaram, S., Subramonian, S., Leach, S., Ispoglou, S., Andole, S., England, T., Manoj, A., Harrington, F., Rehman, H., Sword, J., Staals, J., Mahawish, K., Harkness, K., Shaw, L., Mccormich, M., Sprigg, N., Mansoor, S., Krishnamurthy, V., Giustozzi, M., Agnelli, G., Becattini, C., D'Amore, C., Cimini, L. A., Bandini, F., Liantinioti, C., Chondrogianni, M., Yaghi, S., Furie, K. L., Tadi, P., Zedde, M., Abdul-Rahim, A. H., Lees, K. R., Carletti, M., Rigatelli, A., Putaala, J., Tomppo, L., Tatlisumak, T., Marcheselli, S., Pezzini, A., Poli, L., Padovani, A., Vannucchi, V., Masotti, L., Sohn, S. -I., Lorenzini, G., Tassi, R., Guideri, F., Acampa, M., Martini, G., Ntaios, G., Athanasakis, G., Makaritsis, K., Karagkiozi, E., Vadikolias, K., Mumoli, N., Galati, F., Sacco, S., Tiseo, C., Corea, F., Ageno, W., Bellesini, M., Colombo, G., Silvestrelli, G., Ciccone, A., Lanari, A., Scoditti, U., Denti, L., Mancuso, M., Maccarrone, M., Ulivi, L., Orlandi, G., Giannini, N., Tassinari, T., De Lodovici, M. L., Rueckert, C., Baldi, A., Toni, D., Letteri, F., Pieroni, A., Giuntini, M., Lotti, E. M., Flomin, Y., Kargiotis, O., Karapanayiotides, T., Monaco, S., Baronello, M. M., Csiba, L., Szabo, L., Chiti, A., Giorli, E., Del Sette, M., Imberti, D., Zabzuni, D., Doronin, B., Volodina, V., Michel, P., Vanacker, P., Barlinn, K., Pallesen, L. -P., Barlinn, J., Deleu, D., Melikyan, G., Ibrahim, F., Akhtar, N., Gourbali, V., Todo, K., Kimura, K., Shibazaki, K., Yagita, Y., Furui, E., Itabashi, R., Terasaki, T., Shiokawa, Y., Hirano, T., Suzuki, R., Kamiyama, K., Nakagawara, J., Takizawa, S., Homma, K., Okuda, S., Okada, Y., Maeda, K., Kameda, T., Kario, K., Nagakane, Y., Hasegawa, Y., Akiyama, H., Shibuya, S., Mochizuki, H., Ito, Y., Nakashima, T., Matsuoka, H., Takamatsu, K., Nishiyama, K., Endo, K., Miyagi, T., Osaki, M., Kobayashi, J., Okata, T., Tanaka, E., Sakamoto, Y., Tokunaga, K., Takizawa, H., Takasugi, J., Matsubara, S., Higashida, K., Matsuki, T., Kinoshita, N., Ide, T., Yoshimoto, T., Ando, D., Fujita, K., Kumamoto, M., Kamimura, T., Kikuno, M., Mizoguchi, T., and Sato, T.

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Vitamin K, medicine.drug_class, 610 Medicine & health, Aged, 80 and over, Atrial Fibrillation, Factor Xa Inhibitors, Female, Humans, Stroke, Continuous variable, Internal medicine, 80 and over, medicine, Aged, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, Anticoagulant, Confounding, Atrial fibrillation, Patient data, medicine.disease, Oldest old, Neurology, Neurology (clinical), 610 Medizin und Gesundheit, business
Abstract

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) versus vitamin K antagonists (VKA) after recent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) aged ≥85 years. Methods: Individual patient data analysis from seven prospective stroke cohorts. We compared DOAC versus VKA treatment among patients with AF and recent stroke (≥85y = 0.65, 95%-CI [0.52, 0.81]) and < 85 years (HR = 0.79, 95%-CI [0.66, 0.95]) in simple (p interaction = 0.129), adjusted (p interaction = 0.094) or weighted (p interaction = 0.512) models. Analyses on recurrent stroke, ICH and death separately were consistent with the primary analysis, as were sensitivity analyses using age dichotomized at 90 years and as a continuous variable. DOAC had a similar net clinical benefit in patients aged ≥85 (+1.73 to +2.66) and < 85 years (+1.90 to +3.36 events/100 patient-years for ICH-weights 1.5 to 3.1). Interpretation: The favorable profile of DOAC over VKA in patients with AF and recent stroke was maintained in the oldest old. ANN NEUROL 2021.

Published
2022
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5. Oral Anticoagulants in the Oldest Old with Recent Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation

Author

Polymeris, A.A. Macha, K. Paciaroni, M. Wilson, D. Koga, M. Cappellari, M. Schaedelin, S. Zietz, A. Peters, N. Seiffge, D.J. Haupenthal, D. Gassmann, L. De Marchis, G.M. Wang, R. Gensicke, H. Stoll, S. Thilemann, S. Avramiotis, N.S. Bonetti, B. Tsivgoulis, G. Ambler, G. Alberti, A. Yoshimura, S. Brown, M.M. Shiozawa, M. Lip, G.Y.H. Venti, M. Acciarresi, M. Tanaka, K. Mosconi, M.G. Takagi, M. Jäger, R.H. Muir, K. Inoue, M. Schwab, S. Bonati, L.H. Lyrer, P.A. Toyoda, K. Caso, V. Werring, D.J. Kallmünzer, B. Engelter, S.T. Engelter, S.T. Lyrer, P.A. Bonati, L.H. Seiffge, D.J. Traenka, C. Polymeris, A.A. Zietz, A. Peters, N. De Marchis, G.M. Thilemann, S. Avramiotis, N.S. Gensicke, H. Hert, L. Wagner, B. Schaub, F. Meya, L. Fladt, J. Dittrich, T. Fisch, U. Macha, K. Haupenthal, D. Gassmann, L. Wang, R. Stoll, S. Schwab, S. Volbers, B. Siedler, G. Kallmünzer, B. Cappellari, M. Bonetti, B. Bovi, P. Tomelleri, G. Micheletti, N. Zivelonghi, C. Emiliani, A. Parry-Jones, A. Patterson, C. Price, C. Elmarimi, A. Parry, A. Nallasivam, A. Nor, A.M. Esis, B. Bruce, D. Bhaskaran, B. Roffe, C. Cullen, C. Holmes, C. Cohen, D. Hargroves, D. Mangion, D. Chadha, D. Vahidassr, D. Manawadu, D. Giallombardo, E. Warburton, E. Flossman, E. Gunathilagan, G. Proschel, H. Emsley, H. Anwar, I. Burger, I. Okwera, J. Putterill, J. O’Connell, J. Bamford, J. Corrigan, J. Scott, J. Birns, J. Kee, K. Saastamoinen, K. Pasco, K. Dani, K. Sekaran, L. Choy, L. Iveson, L. Mamun, M. Sajid, M. Cooper, M. Burn, M. Smith, M. Power, M. Davis, M. Smyth, N. Veltkamp, R. Sharma, P. Guyler, P. O’Mahony, P. Wilkinson, P. Datta, P. Aghoram, P. Marsh, R. Luder, R. Meenakishundaram, S. Subramonian, S. Leach, S. Ispoglou, S. Andole, S. England, T. Manoj, A. Harrington, F. Rehman, H. Sword, J. Staals, J. Mahawish, K. Harkness, K. Shaw, L. McCormich, M. Sprigg, N. Mansoor, S. Krishnamurthy, V. Giustozzi, M. Acciarresi, M. Agnelli, G. Becattini, C. Alberti, A. D’Amore, C. Cimini, L.A. Bandini, F. Tsivgoulis, G. Liantinioti, C. Chondrogianni, M. Yaghi, S. Furie, K.L. Tadi, P. Zedde, M. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Lees, K.R. Bovi, P. Carletti, M. Rigatelli, A. Cappellari, M. Putaala, J. Tomppo, L. Tatlisumak, T. Marcheselli, S. Pezzini, A. Poli, L. Padovani, A. Vannucchi, V. Masotti, L. Sohn, S.-I. Lorenzini, G. Tassi, R. Guideri, F. Acampa, M. Martini, G. Ntaios, G. Athanasakis, G. Makaritsis, K. Karagkiozi, E. Vadikolias, K. Mumoli, N. Galati, F. Sacco, S. Tiseo, C. Corea, F. Ageno, W. Bellesini, M. Colombo, G. Silvestrelli, G. Ciccone, A. Lanari, A. Scoditti, U. Denti, L. Mancuso, M. Maccarrone, M. Ulivi, L. Orlandi, G. Giannini, N. Tassinari, T. De Lodovici, M.L. Rueckert, C. Baldi, A. Toni, D. Letteri, F. Pieroni, A. Giuntini, M. Lotti, E.M. Flomin, Y. Kargiotis, O. Karapanayiotides, T. Monaco, S. Baronello, M.M. Csiba, L. Szabó, L. Chiti, A. Giorli, E. Del Sette, M. Imberti, D. Zabzuni, D. Doronin, B. Volodina, V. Michel, P. Vanacker, P. Barlinn, K. Pallesen, L.-P. Barlinn, J. Deleu, D. Melikyan, G. Ibrahim, F. Akhtar, N. Gourbali, V. Todo, K. Kimura, K. Shibazaki, K. Yagita, Y. Furui, E. Itabashi, R. Terasaki, T. Shiokawa, Y. Hirano, T. Suzuki, R. Kamiyama, K. Nakagawara, J. Takizawa, S. Homma, K. Okuda, S. Okada, Y. Maeda, K. Kameda, T. Kario, K. Nagakane, Y. Hasegawa, Y. Akiyama, H. Shibuya, S. Mochizuki, H. Ito, Y. Nakashima, T. Matsuoka, H. Takamatsu, K. Nishiyama, K. Tanaka, K. Endo, K. Miyagi, T. Osaki, M. Kobayashi, J. Okata, T. Tanaka, E. Sakamoto, Y. Tokunaga, K. Takizawa, H. Takasugi, J. Matsubara, S. Higashida, K. Matsuki, T. Kinoshita, N. Shiozawa, M. Ide, T. Yoshimoto, T. Ando, D. Fujita, K. Kumamoto, M. Kamimura, T. Kikuno, M. Mizoguchi, T. Sato, T. NOACISP-LONGTERM, Erlangen Registry, CROMIS-2, RAF, RAF-DOAC, SAMURAI-NVAF Verona Registry Collaborators

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) versus vitamin K antagonists (VKA) after recent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) aged ≥85 years. Methods: Individual patient data analysis from seven prospective stroke cohorts. We compared DOAC versus VKA treatment among patients with AF and recent stroke (

Published
2022

7. Diffusion tensor imaging may help the determination of time at onset in cerebral ischaemia

Author

Sakai, K., Yamada, K., Nagakane, Y., Mori, S., Nakagawa, M., and Nishimura, T.

Subjects
Cerebral ischemia -- Development and progression, Cerebral ischemia -- Diagnosis, Cerebral ischemia -- Research, Magnetic resonance imaging -- Usage, Magnetic resonance imaging -- Research, Anisotropy -- Usage, Anisotropy -- Research, Health, Psychology and mental health
Published
2009

15. Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention after embolic stroke of undetermined source

Author

Hart, Robert G, Sharma, Mukul, Mundl, Hardi, Kasner, Scott E, Bangdiwala, Shrikant I, Berkowitz, Scott D, Swaminathan, Balakumar, Lavados, Pablo, Wang, Yongjun, Wang, Yilong, Davalos, Antonio, Shamalov, Nikolay, Mikulik, Robert, Cunha, Luis, Lindgren, Arne, Arauz, Antonio, Lang, Wilfried, Czlonkowska, Anna, Eckstein, Jens, Gagliardi, Rubens J, Amarenco, Pierre, Ameriso, Sebastian F, Tatlisumak, Turgut, Veltkamp, Roland, Hankey, Graeme J, Toni, Danilo, Bereczki, Daniel, Uchiyama, Shinichiro, Ntaios, George, Yoon, Byung-Woo, Brouns, Raf, Endres, Matthias, Muir, Keith W, Bornstein, Natan, Ozturk, Serefnur, O'Donnell, Martin J, De Vries Basson, Matthys M, Pare, Guillaume, Pater, Calin, Kirsch, Bodo, Sheridan, Patrick, Peters, Gary, Weitz, Jeffrey I, Peacock, W Frank, Shoamanesh, Ashkan, Benavente, Oscar R, Joyner, Campbell, Themeles, Ellison, Connolly, Anderson DC, Stuart J., Demets, Dl, Kaste, M, Norrving, B, Wyse, Dg, Alet, M, Allende, G, Beinlich, A, Berrios, W, Bruera, G, Castro, D, Chialvo, L, Claverie, S, Contardo, L, Couto, J, Deganutto, R, Diaz, R, Dossi, D, Esnaola, M, Falco, M, Fernandez Pirrone, P, Ferrari, J, Firstenfeld, A, Galli Giqueauk, E, Gilli, M, Gonzalez, L, Gonzalez Toledo, M, Grecco, M, Halac, B, Hawkes, M, Ioli, P, Jure, L, Klein, F, Lepera, S, Lujan, S, Mackinnon, F, Marroquin, M, Martin, J, Parisi, V, Perez Leguizamon, P, Persi, G, Povedano, P, Povedano, G, Pujol Lereis, V, Radrizzani, L, Reich, E, Repetto, M, Rodriguez Lucci, F, Romano, M, Saredo, G, Schneider, M, Simonsini, C, Sumay, G, Thomson, A, Toledo, W, Torres, C, Vila, A, Abdul Rasheed, N, Anderson, C, Bailey, P, Blacker, D, Carcel, C, Clissold, B, Delcourt, C, Field, D, Gangadharan, S, Ghia, D, Kleinig, T, Leyden, J, Ly, J, Ma, H, Mackey, E, Mishra, S, Moey, A, Musuka, T, Pepper, E, Phan, T, Sabet, A, Saw, J, Singh, B, Tryambake, D, Tu, H, Wijeratne, T, Wong, A, Augustin, S, Esterbauer, M, Garnauf, M, Gasiorek, K, Gasser, S, Gaugg, M, Greisenegger, S, Harrasser, M, Heine, M, Huber, B, Joachim, B, Kapeller, P, Krebs, S, Kreuzpointer, R, Kunzmann, J, Lechner, H, Lohninger, B, Luschin, G, Macher, S, Marko, M, Matosevic, B, Mayr, A, Mismas, A, Mitrovic, N, Mutzenbach, J, Oberndorfer, S, Obmann, S, Raffelsberger, T, Roesler, C, Salletmayr, T, Serles, W, Stadler, K, Tinchon, A, Tolino, M, Verocai, V, Vigl, M, Voglsperger, B, Weber, J, Werner, P, Windt, J, Winkler, A, Wurzinger, H, Zelenka, I, Cras, P, Crols, R, De Keyser, J, De Klippel, N, De Pauw, A, De Smedt, A, Dhollander, I, Hermans, S, Ligot, N, Maqueda, V, Maqueda Maqueda, V, Naeije, G, Seynaeve, L, Soors, P, Van Daele, W, Vanacker, P, Vanderschueren, G, Willems, C, Yperzeele, L, Avelar, W, Bacellar, A, Batista, C, Bazan, R, Braga, G, Cardoso, F, Dagnino, M, Fabio, S, Ferreira Junior, G, Freitas, G, Friedrich, M, Gomes Neto, A, Guarda, S, Katsurayama, M, Machado, M, Martins, S, Meira, F, Minelli, C, Morais, R, Moro, C, Neto, O, Polin, M, Silva, D, Weiss, G, Basile, V, Beaudry, M, Berlingieri, J, Blacquiere, D, Buck, B, Chan, R, Coutts, S, Das, S, Desai, J, Ehrensperger, E, Field, T, Gladstone, D, Hachinski, V, Hassan, A, Hegedus, J, Hill, M, Jin, A, Khaw, A, Mackey, A, Maclean, G, Mandzia, J, Mann, S, Mehdiratta, M, Murphy, C, Ng, K, Oczkowski, W, Penn, A, Perera, K, Perez, Y, Pesant, Y, Phillips, S, Poppe, A, Sahlas, J, Shuaib, A, Spence, D, Sposato, L, Stotts, G, Tamayo, A, Teal, P, Wilson, L, Winder, T, Yegappan, C, Yip, S, Andreu, D, Araya, P, Bustamante, G, Figueroa, C, Gasic, K, Herrero, D, Matamala, G, Munoz, S, Olavarria, V, Pasten, J, Polanco, J, Reyes, P, Roldan, A, Salamanca, P, Silva, P, Toloza, C, Verdugo, M, Cai, K, Che, C, Chen, J, Chen, Z, Chen, T, Chen, H, Chen, X, Chen, B, Chen, G, Chen, L, Chu, F, Cui, L, Dai, C, Ding, N, Ding, J, Du, P, Du, J, Fang, L, Feng, J, Gao, Y, Geng, J, Guan, J, Hao, L, Huang, D, Huang, H, Jin, X, Jing, P, Ke, K, Li, G, Li, M, Li, S, Li, J, Liang, Z, Lin, H, Liu, K, Liu, X, Lu, Z, Ma, C, Pei, H, Qiu, J, Qu, X, Shen, W, Sun, X, Tian, J, Tong, L, Tong, Z, Wang, J, Wang, L, Wang, X, Wang, W, Wang, N, Wang, D, Wang, H, Wen, G, Weng, G, Wu, W, Wu, S, Xiao, B, Xiaopeng, W, Xiong, L, Xiong, Y, Xu, Y, Xu, J, Xu, Z, Yang, L, Yang, Y, Yang, X, Yang, J, Yang, Q, Yang, B, Zhang, C, Zhang, B, Zhang, Y, Zhang, S, Zhang, M, Zhang, X, Zhang, J, Zhao, L, Zhou, L, Bar, M, Barteys, M, Bartolottiova, T, Carek, M, Ferencova, K, Fiksa, J, Gallo, J, Goldemund, D, Hanouskova, L, Herzig, R, Hon, P, Jankovych, J, Jura, R, Kadlcikova, J, Kemlink, D, Kopecky, S, Krajickova, D, Kral, M, Krejci, V, Pavlik, O, Peisker, T, Pernicka, M, Peska, S, Rapantova, P, Reif, M, Rekova, P, Sanak, D, Sebejova, M, Skoda, O, Slonkova, J, Stetkarova, I, Tenora, D, Tumova, R, Vaclavik, D, Vasko, P, Veverka, T, Vitkova, E, Volna, J, Andersen, G, Christensen, H, Christensen, T, Damgaard, D, Iversen, H, Krarup Hansen, C, Kruuse, C, Martinussen, M, Modrau, B, Murtuzova, A, Ovesen, C, Papina, M, Svaneborg, N, Von Weitzel-Mudersbach, P, Curtze, S, Fanta, S, Huhtakangas, J, Keskinarkaus, I, Kivioja, R, Koivu, M, Korpela, J, Larjo, T, Linna, M, Marinkovic, I, Martinez-Majander, N, Nieminen, T, Nikkanen, M, Numminen, H, Ortiz, R, Österlund-Tauriala, E, Roine, R, Roine, S, Ruuskanen, J, Saarinen, J, Shulga, A, Sibolt, G, Tapanainen, A, Tapiola, T, Tiainen, M, Tomppo, L, Tumpula, O, Tuomainen, P, Tynkkynen, J, Vainikka, S, Valpas, J, Virta, J, Ylikallio, E, Ylikotila, P, Accassat, S, Aniculaesei, A, Baronnet, F, Bejot, Y, Bindila, D, Birchenall, J, Blanc-Labarre, C, Bodiguel, E, Bouly, S, Cabrejo, L, Calvet, D, Corlobe, A, Crozier, S, Delpont, B, Deltour, S, Diaconu, M, Domigo, V, Epinat, M, Ferreira, A, Fisselier, M, Garnier, P, Gimenez, L, Gueguen, A, Guidoux, C, Guillon, B, Guiraudg, V, Hervieu-Begue, M, Hobeanu, M, Khoumri, C, Lamy, C, Lauer, V, Le Bouc, R, Lecouturier, K, Leder, S, Leger, A, Macian-Montoro, F, Meseguer, E, Morar-Precup, D, Morvan, T, Morvan, E, Obadia, M, Osseby, G, Philippi, S, Pico, F, Quenardelle, V, Reiner, P, Rigual, R, Rosso, C, 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Hedna, V, Henninger, N, Holmstedt, C, Ishida, K, Jagolino, A, Johnson, M, Jun-Oconnell, A, Kaur, S, Khanna, A, Kirshner, H, Kittner, S, Kleindorfer, D, Leira, E, Loomis, C, Lord, A, Lowenkopf, T, Lutsep, H, Magadan, A, Majjhoo, A, Maud, A, Mayasi, Y, Mccullough, L, Mckinney, J, Mehta, S, Mehta, D, Mehta, B, Messe, S, Miller, B, Milling, T, Moonis, M, Navaratnam, D, Okpala, M, Patel, N, Pettigrew, L, Phinney, T, Ramos-Estebanez, C, Rasmussen, J, Rodriguez, G, Rybinnik, I, Santiago, P, Sarraj, A, Savitz, S, Sawyer, R, Scandura, T, Schindler, J, Sen, S, Shang, T, Sharrief, A, Sila, C, Simpkins, A, Sundararajan, S, Talahma, M, Tayal, A, Thaler, D, Tirschwell, D, Torres, J, Vora, N, Warnack, W, Waters, M, Wilson, C, Xiong, W, Zweifler, R, Zanferrari, C., St Marys Development Trust, Servicio de Neurologia (SANTIAGO - Neurologie), Universidad del Desarrollo, Department of Neurology (Dep Neuro - BEIJING), Tiantan Hospital, Neurology department, Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel [Basel], Laboratoire de Recherche Vasculaire Translationnelle (LVTS (UMR_S_1148 / U1148)), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Neurological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Institute of Neurosciences and Psychology [Glasgow], University of Glasgow, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, CIC Brest, Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, Yperzeele, Laetitia, NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators, and Selçuk Üniversitesi

Subjects
Stroke/etiology, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Kaplan-Meier Estimate, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Brain Ischemia, Brain ischemia, 0302 clinical medicine, DESIGN, Rivaroxaban, Hemorrhage/chemically induced, Secondary Prevention, Medicine, Factor Xa Inhibitors/adverse effects, Stroke, Rivaroxaban/adverse effects, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Aspirin, Atrial fibrillation, General Medicine, FORAMEN OVALE CLOSURE, Middle Aged, TRIALS, Intracranial Embolism, SAFETY, Aged, Factor Xa Inhibitors, Female, Hemorrhage, Humans, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Medicine (all), Cardiology, Foramen ovale closure, Platelet aggregation inhibitor, Settore MED/26 - Neurologia, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/adverse effects, ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY, Aspirin/adverse effects, WARFARIN, 03 medical and health sciences, Secondary Prevention/methods, Medicine, General & Internal, Internal medicine, Intracranial Embolism/drug therapy, General & Internal Medicine, NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators, METAANALYSIS, Science & Technology, CRYPTOGENIC STROKE, business.industry, Warfarin, medicine.disease, EFFICACY, ATRIAL-FIBRILLATION, Human medicine, business, Brain Ischemia/prevention & control, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

WOS: 000434263000007, PubMed: 29766772, BACKGROUND Embolic strokes of undetermined source represent 20% of ischemic strokes and are associated with a high rate of recurrence. Anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, may result in a lower risk of recurrent stroke than aspirin. METHODS We compared the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban (at a daily dose of 15 mg) with aspirin (at a daily dose of 100 mg) for the prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with recent ischemic stroke that was presumed to be from cerebral embolism but without arterial stenosis, lacune, or an identified cardioembolic source. The primary efficacy outcome was the first recurrence of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism in a time-to-event analysis; the primary safety outcome was the rate of major bleeding. RESULTS A total of 7213 participants were enrolled at 459 sites; 3609 patients were randomly assigned to receive rivaroxaban and 3604 to receive aspirin. Patients had been followed for a median of 11 months when the trial was terminated early because of a lack of benefit with regard to stroke risk and because of bleeding associated with rivaroxaban. The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 172 patients in the rivaroxaban group (annualized rate, 5.1%) and in 160 in the aspirin group (annualized rate, 4.8%) (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 1.33; P=0.52). Recurrent ischemic stroke occurred in 158 patients in the rivaroxaban group (annualized rate, 4.7%) and in 156 in the aspirin group (annualized rate, 4.7%). Major bleeding occurred in 62 patients in the rivaroxaban group (annualized rate, 1.8%) and in 23 in the aspirin group (annualized rate, 0.7%) (hazard ratio, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.68 to 4.39; P, BayerBayer AG; Janssen Research and Development, Supported by Bayer and Janssen Research and Development.

Published
2018
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16. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial

Author

Kasner, S. E., Swaminathan, B., Lavados, P., Sharma, M., Muir, K., Veltkamp, R., Ameriso, S. F., Endres, M., Lutsep, H., Messe, S. R., Spence, J. D., Nedeltechev, K., Perera, K., Santo, G., Olavarria, V., Lindgren, A., Bangdiwala, S., Shoamanesh, A., Berkowitz, S. D., Mundl, H., Connolly, S. J., Hart, R. G., Abdelhamid, N., Abdul Rahman, D., Abdul-Saheb, M., Abreu, P., Abroskina, M., Abu Ahmad, F., Accassat, S., Acciaresi, M., Adami, A., Ahmad, N., Ahmed, F., Alberto Hawkes, M., Alemseged, F., Ali, A., Altavilla, R., Alwis, L., Amarenco, P., Amaro, S., Amaya Sanchez, L. E., Amelia Pinto, A., Amin, H., Amino, T., Amjad, A. K., Anagnostou, E., Andersen, G., Anderson, C., Anderson, D. C., Andrea Falco, M., Andres Mackinnon, F., Andreu, D., Androulakis, M., Angel Gamero, M., Angel Saredo, G., Angeles Diaz, R., Angels Font, M., Anticoli, S., Arauz, A., Arauz Gongora, A. A., Araya, P., Arenillas Lara, J. F., Arias Rivas, S., Arnold, M., Augustin, S., Avelar, W., Azevedo, E., Babikian, V., Bacellar, A., Badalyan, K., Bae, H. J., Baez Martinez, E. M., Bagelmann, H., Bailey, P., Bak, Z., Baker, M., Balazs, A., Baldaranov, D., Balogun, I., Balueva, T., Bankuti, Z., Bar, M., Baranowska, A., Bardutzky, J., Barker Trejo, S., Barlinn, J., Baronnet, F., Barroso, C., Barteys, M., Bartolottiova, T., Barulin, A., Bas, M., Bashir, S., Basile, V., Bathe-Peters, R., Bathula, R., Batista, C., Batur Caglayan, H., Baumgartner, P., Bazan, R., Bazhenova, O., Beaudry, M., Beer, J., Behnam, Y., Beilei, C., Beinlich, A., Bejot, Y., Belkin, A., Benavente, O. R., Benjamin, A., Berardi, V., Bereczki, D., Berlingieri, J., Berrios, W., Berrouschot, J., Bhandari, M., Bhargavah, M., Bicker, H., Bicsak, T., Bilik, M., Bindila, D., Birchenall, J., Birnbaum, L., Black, T., Blacker, D., Blacquiere, D., Blanc-Labarre, C., Blank, C., Blazejewska-Hyzorek, B., Bloch, S., Bodiguel, E., Bogdanov, E., Boos, L., Borcsik, L., Bornstein, N., Bouly, S., Braga, G., Bragado, I., Bravi, M. C., Brokalaki, C., Brola, W., Brouns, R., Bruce, D., Brzoska-Mizgalska, J., Buck, B., Buksinska-Lisik, M., Burke, J., Burn, M., Bustamante, G., Cabrejo, L., Cai, K., Cajaraville, S., Calejo, M., Calvet, D., Campillo, J., Campos Costa, E., Camps, P., Can Alaydin, H., Candeloro, E., Canepa, C., Cantu Brito, C. G., Cappellari, M., Carcel, C., Cardona Portela, P., Cardoso, F., Carek, M., Carletti, M., Carlos Portilla, J., Caruso, P., Casado-Naranjo, I., Castellini, P., Castro, D., Castro Meira, F., Cavallini, A., Cayuela Caudevilla, N., Cenciarelli, S., Cereda, C., Cerrone, P., Chakrabarti, A., Chaloulos-Iakovidis, P., Chamorro, A., Chandrasena, D., Chang, D. I., Che, C., Chembala, J., Chen, J., Chen, Z., Chen, T., Chen, H., Chen, X., Chen, G., Chen, L., Chen, S., Cheripelli, B., Chin, M., Chiquete Anaya, E., Chorazy, M., Christensen, H., Christensen, T., Christian, L., Chu, F., Chung, C. S., Clark, W., Clarke, R., Claverie, S., Clemente Agostoni, E., Clissold, B., Coelho, J., Cohen, D., Colakoglu, S., Collas, D., Condurso, R., Consoli, D., Constantin, C., Constantino Silva, A. B., Contardo, L., Corlobe, A., Correia, M., Correia, C., Cortijo Garcia, E., Coull, B., Coutts, S., Coveney, S., Cras, P., Crols, R., Crozier, S., Csanyi, A., Csiba, L., Csontos, K., Csuha, R., Cui, L., Cunha, L., Curtze, S., Czerska, M., Czlonkowska, A., Czurko, M., Czuryszkiewicz, M., Dagnino, M., Dai, C., Daineko, A., Dalek, G., Damgaard, D., Danese, A., Dani, K., Danku, V., Dario Toledo, W., Davalos, A., De Havenon, A., De Keyser, J., De Klippel, N., De La Torre, J., De Pauw, A., De Smedt, A., De Torres, R., De Vries Basson, M. M., Dearborn, J., Deganutto, R., Degeorgia, M., Deguchi, I., Del Giudice, A., Delcourt, C., Delgado-Mederos, R., Della Marca, Giacomo, Delpont, B., Deltour, S., Demets, D. L., Dennis, M., Desai, J., Devine, J., Dhollander, I., Di Mascio, M. 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Abstract

Background: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a contributor to embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Subgroup analyses from previous studies suggest that anticoagulation could reduce recurrent stroke compared with antiplatelet therapy. We hypothesised that anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, would reduce the risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke compared with aspirin among patients with PFO enrolled in the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. Methods: NAVIGATE ESUS was a double-blinded, randomised, phase 3 trial done at 459 centres in 31 countries that assessed the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus aspirin for secondary stroke prevention in patients with ESUS. For this prespecified subgroup analysis, cohorts with and without PFO were defined on the basis of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). The primary efficacy outcome was time to recurrent ischaemic stroke between treatment groups. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding, according to the criteria of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The primary analyses were based on the intention-to-treat population. Additionally, we did a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies in which patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO were randomly assigned to receive anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. Findings: Between Dec 23, 2014, and Sept 20, 2017, 7213 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive rivaroxaban (n=3609) or aspirin (n=3604). Patients were followed up for a mean of 11 months because of early trial termination. PFO was reported as present in 534 (7·4%) patients on the basis of either TTE or TOE. Patients with PFO assigned to receive aspirin had a recurrent ischaemic stroke rate of 4·8 events per 100 person-years compared with 2·6 events per 100 person-years in those treated with rivaroxaban. Among patients with known PFO, there was insufficient evidence to support a difference in risk o

Published
2018

17. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial

Author

Kasner, Scott E, primary, Swaminathan, Balakumar, additional, Lavados, Pablo, additional, Sharma, Mukul, additional, Muir, Keith, additional, Veltkamp, Roland, additional, Ameriso, Sebastian F, additional, Endres, Matthias, additional, Lutsep, Helmi, additional, Messé, Steven R, additional, Spence, J David, additional, Nedeltechev, Krassen, additional, Perera, Kanjana, additional, Santo, Gustavo, additional, Olavarria, Veronica, additional, Lindgren, Arne, additional, Bangdiwala, Shrikant, additional, Shoamanesh, Ashkan, additional, Berkowitz, Scott D, additional, Mundl, Hardi, additional, Connolly, Stuart J, additional, Hart, Robert G, additional, Abdelhamid, N, additional, Abdul Rahman, D, additional, Abdul-Saheb, M, additional, Abreu, P, additional, Abroskina, M, additional, Abu Ahmad, F, additional, Accassat, S, additional, Acciaresi, M, additional, Adami, A, additional, Ahmad, N, additional, Ahmed, F, additional, Alberto Hawkes, M, additional, Alemseged, F, additional, Ali, A, additional, Altavilla, R, additional, Alwis, L, additional, Amarenco, P, additional, Amaro, S, additional, Amaya Sanchez, LE, additional, Amelia Pinto, A, additional, Ameriso, SF, additional, Amin, H, additional, Amino, T, additional, Amjad, AK, additional, Anagnostou, E, additional, Andersen, G, additional, Anderson, C, additional, Anderson, DC, additional, Andrea Falco, M, additional, Andres Mackinnon, F, additional, Andreu, D, additional, Androulakis, M, additional, Angel Gamero, M, additional, Angel Saredo, G, additional, Angeles Diaz, R, additional, Angels Font, M, additional, Anticoli, S, additional, Arauz, A, additional, Arauz Gongora, AA, additional, Araya, P, additional, Arenillas Lara, JF, additional, Arias Rivas, S, additional, Arnold, M, additional, Augustin, S, additional, Avelar, W, additional, Azevedo, E, additional, Babikian, V, additional, Bacellar, A, additional, Badalyan, K, additional, Bae, HJ, additional, Baez Martinez, EM, additional, Bagelmann, H, additional, Bailey, P, additional, Bak, Z, additional, Baker, M, additional, Balazs, A, additional, Baldaranov, D, additional, Balogun, I, additional, Balueva, T, additional, Bankuti, Z, additional, Bar, M, additional, Baranowska, A, additional, Bardutzky, J, additional, Barker Trejo, S, additional, Barlinn, J, additional, Baronnet, F, additional, Barroso, C, additional, Barteys, M, additional, Bartolottiova, T, additional, Barulin, A, additional, Bas, M, additional, Bashir, S, additional, Basile, V, additional, Bathe-Peters, R, additional, Bathula, R, additional, Batista, C, additional, Batur Caglayan, H, additional, Baumgartner, P, additional, Bazan, R, additional, Bazhenova, O, additional, Beaudry, M, additional, Beer, J, additional, Behnam, Y, additional, Beilei, C, additional, Beinlich, A, additional, Bejot, Y, additional, Belkin, A, additional, Benavente, OR, additional, Benjamin, A, additional, Berardi, V, additional, Bereczki, D, additional, Berkowitz, SD, additional, Berlingieri, J, additional, Berrios, W, additional, Berrouschot, J, additional, Bhandari, M, additional, Bhargavah, M, additional, Bicker, H, additional, Bicsak, T, additional, Bilik, M, additional, Bindila, D, additional, Birchenall, J, additional, Birnbaum, L, additional, Black, T, additional, Blacker, D, additional, Blacquiere, D, additional, Blanc-Labarre, C, additional, Blank, C, additional, Blazejewska-Hyzorek, B, additional, Bloch, S, additional, Bodiguel, E, additional, Bogdanov, E, additional, Boos, L, additional, Borcsik, L, additional, Bornstein, N, additional, Bouly, S, additional, Braga, G, additional, Bragado, I, additional, Bravi, MC, additional, Brokalaki, C, additional, Brola, W, additional, Brouns, R, additional, Bruce, D, additional, Brzoska-Mizgalska, J, additional, Buck, B, additional, Buksinska-Lisik, M, additional, Burke, J, additional, Burn, M, additional, Bustamante, G, additional, Cabrejo, L, additional, Cai, K, additional, Cajaraville, S, additional, Calejo, M, additional, 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additional, Stotts, G, additional, Stumpp, A, additional, Sucapane, P, additional, Suenaga, T, additional, Sun, X, additional, Sundararajan, S, additional, Sung Kim, J, additional, Suzuki, H, additional, Svaneborg, N, additional, Szasz, G, additional, Szczuchniak, W, additional, Szczyrba, S, additional, Szegedi, N, additional, Szekely, A, additional, Szewczyk, Z, additional, Szilagyi, G, additional, Szlufik, S, additional, Szoboszlai, K, additional, Szpisjak, L, additional, Sztajzel, R, additional, Sztriha, L, additional, Ta Wil, SE, additional, Taggeselle, J, additional, Takamatsu, K, additional, Takao, M, additional, Taki, W, additional, Takizawa, S, additional, Talahma, M, additional, Tamayo, A, additional, Tan, J, additional, Tanne, D, additional, Tapanainen, A, additional, Tapiola, T, additional, Tarasiuk, J, additional, Tatlisumak, T, additional, Tayal, A, additional, Tcvetkova, S, additional, Teal, P, additional, Tejada Garcia, J, additional, Tejada Meza, H, additional, Tenora, D, additional, Terceno, M, additional, Terentiou, A, additional, Tezcan, S, additional, Thaler, D, additional, Thomson, A, additional, Thouvenot, E, additional, Tiainen, M, additional, Timberg, I, additional, Timsit, S, additional, Tinchon, A, additional, Tirschwell, D, additional, Togay Isikay, C, additional, Tokunaga, K, additional, Tolino, M, additional, Toloza, C, additional, Tomelleri, G, additional, Tomoyuki, K, additional, Tomppo, LM, additional, Tong, Z, additional, Tong, L, additional, Toni, D, additional, Torres, J, additional, Tossavainen, C, additional, Toth, G, additional, Tountopoulou, A, additional, Touze, E, additional, Tovar, M, additional, Toyoda, K, additional, Trillo, S, additional, Trommer, A, additional, Tropepi, D, additional, Tryambake, D, additional, Tu, H, additional, Tuetuencue, S, additional, Tumova, R, additional, Tumpula, O, additional, Turc, G, additional, Tutaj, A, additional, Tynkkynen, J, additional, Uchiyama, S, additional, Uchwat, U, additional, Uhrinyakova, L, additional, Ulku Acar, R, additional, Uluduz Ugurlu, D, additional, Urra, X, additional, Urui, S, additional, Usero Ruiz, M, additional, Vaclavik, D, additional, Vahedi, K, additional, Valikovics, A, additional, Valpas, J, additional, Van Acker, P, additional, Van Daele, W, additional, Vanderschueren, G, additional, Vanina Jure, L, additional, Varela, R, additional, Varga, Z, additional, Varvat, J, additional, Varvyanskaya, N, additional, Vasco Salgado, A, additional, Vasko, P, additional, Vass, L, additional, Vassilopoulou, S, additional, Vastagh, I, additional, Vazquez, P, additional, Vecsei, L, additional, Veltkamp, R, additional, Venti, M, additional, Verdugo, M, additional, Verocai, V, additional, Veronica Marroquin, M, additional, Veronica Simonsini, C, additional, Veverka, T, additional, Vigl, M, additional, Vila, A, additional, Vilar, C, additional, Villanueva Osorio, JA, additional, Virta, J, additional, Vitkova, E, additional, Voglsperger, B, additional, Volna, J, additional, Von Weitzel-Mudersbach, PA, additional, Vora, N, additional, Voznyuk, I, additional, Wach-Klink, A, additional, Wacongne, A, additional, Walters, D, additional, Wang, Y, additional, Wang, J, additional, Wang, L, additional, Wang, X, additional, Wang, W, additional, Wang, N, additional, Wang, D, additional, Wang, H, additional, Warnack, W, additional, Wartenberg, K, additional, Waters, R, additional, Waters, M, additional, Webb, T, additional, Weber, J, additional, Weiss, G, additional, Weissenborn, K, additional, Weitz, JI, additional, Weller, B, additional, Wen, G, additional, Weng, G, additional, Werner, P, additional, Werring, D, additional, Wester, P, additional, Whiteley, W, additional, Whiting, R, additional, Wijeratne, T, additional, Willems, C, additional, Wilson, L, additional, Wilson, C, additional, Winder, T, additional, Windt, J, additional, Winkler, A, additional, Winska-Tereszkiewicz, A, additional, Wisniewska, A, additional, Wittayer, M, additional, Wlodek, A, additional, Wojnarowska-Arendt, A, additional, Wolf, M, additional, Wolff, V, additional, Wolter, C, additional, Wong, A, additional, Wook Nah, H, additional, Worthmann, H, additional, Wu, W, additional, Wu, S, additional, Wunderlich, S, additional, Wurzinger, H, additional, Wyse, DG, additional, Xiao, B, additional, Xiaopeng, W, additional, Ximenez-Carrillo, A, additional, Xiong, L, additional, Xiong, Y, additional, Xiong, W, additional, Xu, Y, additional, Xu, J, additional, Xu, Z, additional, Yalo, B, additional, Yamada, T, additional, Yamasaki, M, additional, Yang, L, additional, Yang, Y, additional, Yang, X, additional, Yang, Q, additional, Yang, B, additional, Yang, J, additional, Yasuhiro, I, additional, Yee Lam, M, additional, Yegappan, C, additional, Yip, S, additional, Ylikallio, E, additional, Ylikotila, P, additional, Yongwon Jin, A, additional, Yoon, BW, additional, Yoshida, Y, additional, Yperzeele, L, additional, Yuan, H, additional, Yuasa, H, additional, Zalewska, J, additional, Zanferrari, C, additional, Zapata, E, additional, Zboznovits, D, additional, Zelenka, I, additional, Zhang, C, additional, Zhang, B, additional, Zhang, S, additional, Zhang, M, additional, Zhang, X, additional, Zhang, J, additional, Zhao, L, additional, Zhirnova, O, additional, Zhou, L, additional, Zielinska-Turek, J, additional, Zinchenko, I, additional, Ziomek, M, additional, Zitzmann, A, additional, Zweifler, R, additional, and Zwiernik, J, additional

Published
2018
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21. Incidental Acute Infarcts Identified on Diffusion-Weighted Images: A University Hospital-Based Study

Author

Yamada, K., Nagakane, Y., Sasajima, H., Nakagawa, M., Mineura, K., Masunami, T., Akazawa, K., and Nishimura, T.

Subjects
Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Incidental Findings, Incidence, Brain, Cerebral Infarction, Middle Aged, Hospitals, University, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Japan, Humans, Female, cardiovascular diseases, Aged
Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis is incompletely understood and accumulation of small infarctions may be one of the possible sources of such white matter lesions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the rate of incident infarction as depicted on diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) obtained from a general patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the 4-year study period, a total of 60 patients (36 men and 24 women) had an incidental DWI-defined infarction without overt clinical symptoms suggestive of a stroke or a transient ischemic attack. All of the MR images were obtained by using a similar protocol on 2 identical 1.5T whole-body scanners. The patient's vascular risk factors, as well as the presence of white matter lesions (WMLs) on MR imaging and atheromatous changes on MR angiography, were assessed retrospectively. The incidental DWI-defined infarcts were also characterized in terms of their lateralization, lobe, and specific location. RESULTS: A total of 16,206 consecutive brain MR images were done during the study period; the overall incidence of incidental infarcts was 0.37%. Most of these patients with an incidental infarct had vascular risk factors and WMLs on MR images. Most of these patients (80%) had a single lesion on DWI. A total of 88 lesions were identified; most were located in the white matter of the supratentorial brain, primarily in the frontoparietal lobes. There were also lesions involving the brain stem (n = 2). The lesions involving cerebrum were more commonly located in the right side (right to left = 52:34). CONCLUSION: Small, DWI-defined acute brain infarctions can be found incidentally in an asymptomatic population; this finding may account, at least in part, for the pathogenesis of WMLs identified on MR imaging.

Published
2008

22. The effects of alteplase 3 to 6 hours after stroke in the epithet-defuse combined dataset: Post Hoc case-control study.

Author

Davis S.M., Bammer R., Olivot J.-M., Desmond P.M., Albers G.W., Donnan G.A., Ogata T., Christensen S., Nagakane Y., Ma H., Campbell B.C.V., Churilov L., Lansberg M.G., Straka M., De Silva D.A., Mlynash M., Davis S.M., Bammer R., Olivot J.-M., Desmond P.M., Albers G.W., Donnan G.A., Ogata T., Christensen S., Nagakane Y., Ma H., Campbell B.C.V., Churilov L., Lansberg M.G., Straka M., De Silva D.A., and Mlynash M.

Abstract

Background and Purpose-: Two phase 2 studies of alteplase in acute ischemic stroke 3 to 6 hours after onset, Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET; a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial), and Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution Study (DEFUSE; open-label, treatment only) using MR imaging-based outcomes have been conducted. We have pooled individual patient data from these to assess the response to alteplase. The primary hypothesis was that alteplase would significantly attenuate infarct growth compared with placebo in mismatch-selected patients using coregistration techniques. Methods-: The EPITHET-DEFUSE study datasets were pooled while retaining the original inclusion and exclusion criteria. Significant hypoperfusion was defined as a Tmax delay >6 seconds), and coregistration techniques were used to define MR diffusion-weighted imaging/perfusion-weighted imaging mismatch. Neuroimaging, parameters including reperfusion, recanalization, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Alteplase and placebo groups were compared for the primary outcome of infarct growth as well for secondary outcome measures. Results-: From 165 patients with adequate MR scans in the EPITHET-DEFUSE pooled data, 121 patients (73.3%) were found to have mismatch. For the primary outcome analysis, 60 patients received alteplase and 41 placebo. Mismatch patients receiving alteplase had significantly attenuated infarct growth compared with placebo (P=0.025). The reperfusion rate was also increased (62.7% vs 31.7%; P=0.003). Mortality and clinical outcomes were not different between groups. Conclusions-: The data provide further evidence that alteplase significantly attenuates infarct growth and increases reperfusion compared with placebo in the 3-to 6-hour time window in patients selected based on MR penumbral imaging. Clinical Trial Registration-: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique ident

Published
2013

23. EPITHET: Positive result after reanalysis using baseline diffusion-weighted imaging/perfusion-weighted imaging co-registration

Author

Nagakane, Y, Christensen, S, Brekenfeld, C, Ma, H, Churilov, L, Parsons, MW, Levi, CR, Butcher, KS, Peeters, Anna, Barber, PA, Bladin, CF, De Silva, DA, Fink, J, Kimber, TE, Schultz, DW, Muir, KW, Tress, BM, Desmond, PM, Davis, SM, Donnan, GA, Nagakane, Y, Christensen, S, Brekenfeld, C, Ma, H, Churilov, L, Parsons, MW, Levi, CR, Butcher, KS, Peeters, Anna, Barber, PA, Bladin, CF, De Silva, DA, Fink, J, Kimber, TE, Schultz, DW, Muir, KW, Tress, BM, Desmond, PM, Davis, SM, and Donnan, GA

Published
2011

24. Prior antiplatelet therapy and outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review

Author

Thompson, B B, Béjot, Y, Caso, V, Castillo, Jaime, Christensen, Hanne Krarup, Flaherty, M L, Foerch, C, Ghandehari, K, Giroud, M, Greenberg, S M, Hallevi, H, Hemphill, J C, Heuschmann, P, Juvela, S, Kimura, K, Myint, P K, Nagakane, Y, Naritomi, H, Passero, S, Rodríguez-Yáñez, M R, Roquer, J, Rosand, J, Rost, N S, Saloheimo, P, Salomaa, V, Sivenius, J, Sorimachi, T, Togha, M, Toyoda, K, Turaj, W, Vemmos, K N, Wolfe, C D A, Woo, D, Smith, E E, Thompson, B B, Béjot, Y, Caso, V, Castillo, Jaime, Christensen, Hanne Krarup, Flaherty, M L, Foerch, C, Ghandehari, K, Giroud, M, Greenberg, S M, Hallevi, H, Hemphill, J C, Heuschmann, P, Juvela, S, Kimura, K, Myint, P K, Nagakane, Y, Naritomi, H, Passero, S, Rodríguez-Yáñez, M R, Roquer, J, Rosand, J, Rost, N S, Saloheimo, P, Salomaa, V, Sivenius, J, Sorimachi, T, Togha, M, Toyoda, K, Turaj, W, Vemmos, K N, Wolfe, C D A, Woo, D, and Smith, E E

Abstract

Antiplatelet therapy (APT) promotes bleeding; therefore, APT might worsen outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to address the hypothesis that pre-ICH APT use is associated with mortality and poor functional outcome following ICH.

Published
2010

27. Prior antiplatelet therapy and outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review

Author

Thompson, B. B., primary, Bejot, Y., additional, Caso, V., additional, Castillo, J., additional, Christensen, H., additional, Flaherty, M. L., additional, Foerch, C., additional, Ghandehari, K., additional, Giroud, M., additional, Greenberg, S. M., additional, Hallevi, H., additional, Hemphill, J. C., additional, Heuschmann, P., additional, Juvela, S., additional, Kimura, K., additional, Myint, P. K., additional, Nagakane, Y., additional, Naritomi, H., additional, Passero, S., additional, Rodriguez-Yanez, M. R., additional, Roquer, J., additional, Rosand, J., additional, Rost, N. S., additional, Saloheimo, P., additional, Salomaa, V., additional, Sivenius, J., additional, Sorimachi, T., additional, Togha, M., additional, Toyoda, K., additional, Turaj, W., additional, Vemmos, K. N., additional, Wolfe, C. D. A., additional, Woo, D., additional, and Smith, E. E., additional

Published
2010
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35. Losartan, an angiotensin II (AT1) receptor antagonist, preserves cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients with a history of stroke.

Author

Moriwaki, H., Uno, H., Nagakane, Y., Hayashida, K., Miyashita, K., and Naritomi, H.

Subjects
ANGIOTENSIN-receptor blockers, CEREBRAL circulation, HYPERTENSION, CEREBROVASCULAR disease patients, BLOOD circulation disorders, DRUG therapy
Abstract

In patients with severe hypertension, chronic heart failure or a history of stroke, the lower limit of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is shifted to higher levels of blood pressure (BP) than those observed in healthy subjects. The aim of pharmacotherapy for hypertensive patients with an impaired autoregulation of CBF should be to reduce BP while preserving an appropriate CBF. In the present study, 16 hypertensive patients who had had an episode of stroke more than 4 weeks previously were administered the angiotensin II (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan at daily doses of 25-100?mg for 4 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded for 24?h using an ambulatory BP monitoring system. CBF in both hemispheres of the cerebrum and cerebellum was quantified using single photon emission tomography with N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine. At baseline, CBF was 29.7±6.7?ml/min/100?g in the cerebrum and 31.5±7.5?ml/min/100?g in the cerebellum. At the end of treatment, BP was lower, while CBF increased by 7.7%in the cerebrum, and remained at the baseline level in the cerebellum. Thus, CBF was preserved despite the reduction in BP. We consider the use of losartan is advantageous for hypertensive patients with a history of stroke in whom autoregulation of CBF is potentially impaired.Journal of Human Hypertension (2004) 18, 693-699. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001735 Published online 6 May 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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37. [Five-year outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack after widespread use of direct oral anticoagulants].

Author

Nagakane Y, Tanaka E, Yamada T, Hamanaka M, Fujinami J, Ashida S, Kojima Y, Maezono-Kandori K, Ogura S, and Yamamoto Y

Subjects
Humans, Male, Aged, Female, Administration, Oral, Time Factors, Follow-Up Studies, Aged, 80 and over, Risk, Treatment Outcome, Prospective Studies, Stroke etiology, Stroke mortality, Middle Aged, Ischemic Attack, Transient etiology, Anticoagulants administration & dosage, Anticoagulants adverse effects, Recurrence, Ischemic Stroke etiology, Ischemic Stroke mortality
Abstract

The long-term outcomes of patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) after widespread use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were investigated. Patients with ischemic stroke or TIA admitted between April 2014 and September 2015 were prospectively enrolled and followed for up to 5 years after the index stroke or TIA. Primary outcome measures were any cause of death and stroke recurrence. A total of 555 consecutive patients (323 men; mean age, 75 years; ischemic stroke, n = 520; TIA, n = 35) were analyzed. The follow-up rate was 93%, and the mean follow-up period was 48 ± 20 months. DOACs accounted for 52% of anticoagulants at discharge. During follow-up, 162 patients died, for cumulative mortality rates of 30% (particularly, 53% in cardioembolism) at 5 years. Recurrent stroke occurred in 90 patients, with cumulative risks of stroke recurrence of 19% at 5 years. The 5-year mortality rate remain even after widespread use of DOACs, and further treatment approaches are warranted.

Published
2024
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38. Magnetic resonance imaging features and stroke etiology of ischemic stroke in essential thrombocythemia.

Author

Fukunaga D, Ohara T, Fujinami J, Tanaka E, Nagakane Y, and Mizuno T

Abstract

Background: Various essential thrombocythemia (ET)-related stroke mechanisms have been proposed, including microcirculatory disturbance due to coagulopathy, vasculitis, and embolism due to thrombus formation in large vessels. However, the stroke mechanism in ET remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate magnetic resonance image (MRI) features of ischemic stroke in ET and determine the potential stroke mechanism., Methods: We retrospectively collected data from 21 acute ischemic stroke patients with ET who were admitted to two stroke centers between 2010 and 2023. ET was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria. We evaluated MRI features including the diffusion-weighted image (DWI) lesion pattern, and the presence of hemorrhagic transformation and intracranial artery steno-occlusive lesion, as well as other etiological workup results., Results: Of 21 patients, 20 exhibited multiple ischemic lesions on DWI, mainly within a single vascular territory. Cortical infarcts were observed in 19 patients. Hemorrhagic transformation occurred in 15 patients. Additionally, 15 patients had intracranial steno-occlusive arteries, which regressed to normal in 11 patients during follow-up. Out of all patients, only 2 had potential causes of stroke other than ET (1 with atrial fibrillation and 1 with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis). The remaining 19 patients had ET as the only identified potential cause., Conclusions: MRI features, including DWI lesion pattern in ischemic stroke patients with ET, suggested embolic etiology despite the absence of major embolic sources. Intra-arterial thrombus appears to be part of the stroke mechanism related to ET and may contribute to ischemic stroke in ET., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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39. Absence of the Susceptibility Vessel Sign with Cancer-Associated Hypercoagulability-Related Stroke.

Author

Fukunaga D, Fujinami J, Kishitani T, Tokuda N, Numa S, and Nagakane Y

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Retrospective Studies, Aged, Middle Aged, Magnetic Resonance Angiography methods, Stroke diagnostic imaging, Stroke etiology, Aged, 80 and over, Diagnosis, Differential, Embolic Stroke diagnostic imaging, Embolic Stroke etiology, Neoplasms complications, Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Thrombophilia diagnostic imaging, Thrombophilia blood, Thrombophilia complications
Abstract

Background and Purpose: The susceptibility vessel sign, a hypointense signal on MR T2-weighted gradient-recalled echo images, is associated with erythrocyte-predominant thrombi, which are often present in cardioembolism. In contrast, cancer-associated hypercoagulability (CAH)-related stroke, which is presumably caused by fibrin-predominant thrombi, is associated with the absence of the susceptibility vessel sign. We hypothesized that the prevalence of the susceptibility vessel sign may be helpful in distinguishing CAH-related stroke from cardioembolism. This study attempted to validate this hypothesis and investigated the usefulness of the susceptibility vessel sign in differentiating CAH-related stroke from cardioembolism., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied patients with both CAH-related stroke (CAH group) and cardioembolism (cardioembolism group) who had major cerebral artery occlusion on MRA that was performed within 6 hours of stroke onset. All patients visited our department from 2015 to 2021. CAH-related stroke was defined as the following: 1) complication of active cancer, 2) pretreatment D-dimer value of >3 μg/mL, 3) multiple vascular territory infarctions, and 4) lack of any other specifically identified causes of stroke. We compared susceptibility vessel sign positivity rates within each group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between the absence of the susceptibility vessel sign and CAH-related stroke., Results: Of 691 patients with CAH-related stroke or cardioembolism, major cerebral artery occlusion was observed in 10 patients in the CAH group and 198 patients in the cardioembolism group. The absence of the susceptibility vessel sign was identified in 55 of 208 patients and was significantly more frequent in the CAH group versus the cardioembolism group (90% versus 24%, P  < .05). For predicting CAH-related stroke, the absence of the susceptibility vessel sign demonstrated a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI, 59%-99%), specificity of 78% (95% CI, 71%-83%), a positive predictive value of 18% (95% CI, 10-31), a negative predictive value of 99% (95% CI, 96%-99%), and a likelihood ratio of 4.06. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the absence of the susceptibility vessel sign was independently associated with CAH-related stroke (OR, 43; 95% CI, 6.8-863; P  < .01)., Conclusions: The absence of the susceptibility vessel sign was more frequent in CAH-related stroke than in cardioembolism. These findings could potentially be helpful for clinical management and differentiating cardioembolism and CAH-related stroke., (© 2024 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.)

Published
2024
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40. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden for Bleeding Risk during Antithrombotic Therapy: Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy 2 Study.

Author

Tanaka K, Miwa K, Koga M, Yoshimura S, Kamiyama K, Yagita Y, Nagakane Y, Hoshino H, Terasaki T, Okada Y, Yakushiji Y, Takahashi S, Ueda T, Hasegawa Y, Shiozawa M, Sasaki M, Kudo K, Tanaka J, Nishihara M, Yamaguchi Y, Fujita K, Honda Y, Kawano H, Ide T, Yoshimoto T, Ihara M, Hirano T, and Toyoda K

Subjects
Aged, Female, Humans, Anticoagulants, Fibrinolytic Agents adverse effects, Hemorrhage, Intracranial Hemorrhages chemically induced, Intracranial Hemorrhages epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Male, Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases epidemiology, Stroke epidemiology
Abstract

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the excess risk of antithrombotic-related bleeding due to cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) burden., Methods: In this observational, prospective cohort study, patients with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular diseases taking oral antithrombotic agents were enrolled from 52 hospitals across Japan between 2016 and 2019. Baseline multimodal magnetic resonance imaging acquired under prespecified conditions was assessed by a central diagnostic radiology committee to calculate total SVD score. The primary outcome was major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included bleeding at each site and ischemic events., Results: Of the analyzed 5,250 patients (1,736 women; median age = 73 years, 9,933 patient-years of follow-up), antiplatelets and anticoagulants were administered at baseline in 3,948 and 1,565, respectively. Median SVD score was 2 (interquartile range = 1-3). Incidence rate of major bleeding was 0.39 (per 100 patinet-years) in score 0, 0.56 in score 1, 0.91 in score 2, 1.35 in score 3, and 2.24 in score 4 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] for score 4 vs 0 = 5.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.26-13.23), that of intracranial hemorrhage was 0.11, 0.33, 0.58, 0.99, and 1.06, respectively (aHR = 9.29, 95% CI = 1.99-43.35), and that of ischemic event was 1.82, 2.27, 3.04, 3.91, and 4.07, respectively (aHR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.08-2.86). In addition, extracranial major bleeding (aHR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.13-10.38) and gastrointestinal bleeding (aHR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.02-6.35) significantly increased in SVD score 4 compared to score 0., Interpretation: Total SVD score was predictive for intracranial hemorrhage and probably for extracranial bleeding, suggesting the broader clinical relevance of cerebral SVD as a marker for safe implementation of antithrombotic therapy. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:774-787., (© 2023 The Authors. Annals of Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Neurological Association.)

Published
2024
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41. Effects of preceding antiplatelet agents on severity of ischemic stroke in patients with a history of stroke.

Author

Yamada T, Tanaka E, Kishitani T, Kojima Y, Nakashima D, Kitaoji T, Teramukai S, and Nagakane Y

Subjects
Humans, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors therapeutic use, Prospective Studies, Ischemic Stroke, Brain Ischemia complications, Brain Ischemia drug therapy, Brain Ischemia prevention & control, Stroke drug therapy, Stroke etiology, Stroke prevention & control
Abstract

Introduction: Antiplatelet agents are effective for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and can reduce the severity of first-ever ischemic stroke. However, it is uncertain if prophylactic antiplatelet therapy reduces the severity of recurrent ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preceding antiplatelet treatment on the severity of thrombotic stroke (TS) in patients with a prior history of stroke., Methods: From a prospective hospital registry of 1338 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke, we identified patients with a prior history of stroke who were admitted for cardioembolic stroke (CE); TS including large-artery atherosclerosis, small vessel occlusion, and branch atheromatous disease; or other cause or cryptogenic stroke (OCS). Cases in each subtype were categorized based on preceding medication: antiplatelet agents (AP) and none (N). Severity of stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: NIHSS) on admission was compared between AP and N cases., Results: The total cohort of 252 patients included 83 with CE, 102 with TS, and 67 with OCS. After excluding those with prior anticoagulants, the median NIHSS on admission was lower in AP cases than in N cases (3 vs. 5, p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, preceding AP treatment was independently associated with minor stroke (NIHSS ≤4) on admission in CE group (OR 8.48, 95% CI 1.71-62.9, p = 0.008) and TS group (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.44-13.4, p = 0.009)., Conclusion: Preceding antiplatelet treatment in patients with a prior history of stroke may reduce the severity of subsequent thrombotic and cardiogenic stroke., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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42. D-Dimer Trends Predict Recurrent Stroke in Patients with Cancer-Related Hypercoagulability.

Author

Fujinami J, Nagakane Y, Fujikawa K, Murata S, Maezono K, Ohara T, and Mizuno T

Subjects
Humans, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products analysis, Cerebral Infarction, Anticoagulants adverse effects, Ischemic Stroke complications, Stroke diagnosis, Stroke epidemiology, Stroke complications, Thrombophilia diagnosis, Thrombophilia drug therapy, Thrombophilia complications, Neoplasms complications, Neoplasms diagnosis, Neoplasms drug therapy
Abstract

Introduction: In patients with cancer-associated hypercoagulability (CAH)-related stroke, D-dimer trends after anticoagulant therapy may offer a biomarker of treatment efficacy. The purpose of this study was to clarify the association between D-dimer trends and recurrent stroke after anticoagulant therapy in patients with CAH-related stroke., Methods: We performed retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with CAH-related stroke at two stroke centers from 2011 to 2020. The ratio of posttreatment to pretreatment D-dimer levels (post/pre ratio) was used as an indicator of D-dimer trends after anticoagulant therapy. Fine-Gray models were used to evaluate the association between post/pre ratio and recurrent stroke., Results: Among 360 acute ischemic stroke patients with active cancer, 73 patients with CAH-related stroke were included in this study. Recurrent stroke occurred in 13 patients (18%) during a median follow-up time of 28 days (interquartile range, 11-65 days). Multivariate analysis revealed that high post/pre ratio was independently associated with recurrent stroke (per 0.1 increase: hazard ratio 2.20, 95% confidence interval 1.61-3.01, p = 0.012)., Conclusion: D-dimer levels after anticoagulant therapy were associated with recurrent stroke in CAH-related stroke patients. Patients with neutral trends in high D-dimer levels after anticoagulant therapy were at high risk of recurrent stroke., (© 2023 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Published
2024
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43. Thrombolysis for Acute Wake-Up and Unclear-Onset Strokes with Alteplase at 0.6 mg/kg in Clinical Practice: THAWS2 Study.

Author

Yoshimura S, Koga M, Okada T, Inoue M, Miwa K, Fukuda-Doi M, Kondo R, Inoue T, Ichijo M, Ohtaki M, Nagakane Y, Itabashi R, Sakai N, Kimura K, Kamiyama K, Shiokawa Y, Yagita Y, Iwama T, Yakushiji Y, Kusumi M, Yamaki T, Uemura J, Yasuura A, Noshiro S, Fukunaga D, Yazawa Y, Aoki J, Yoshikawa M, Ihara M, and Toyoda K

Subjects
Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Tissue Plasminogen Activator adverse effects, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Treatment Outcome, Intracranial Hemorrhages chemically induced, Intracranial Hemorrhages drug therapy, Thrombolytic Therapy adverse effects, Fibrinolytic Agents adverse effects, Ischemic Stroke drug therapy, Stroke diagnostic imaging, Stroke drug therapy, Brain Ischemia drug therapy
Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) alteplase at 0.6 mg/kg for patients with acute wake-up or unclear-onset strokes in clinical practice., Methods: This multicenter observational study enrolled acute ischemic stroke patients with last-known-well time &gt;4.5 h who had mismatch between DWI and FLAIR and were treated with IV alteplase. The safety outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) after thrombolysis, all-cause deaths, and all adverse events. The efficacy outcomes were favorable outcome defined as an mRS score of 0-1 or recovery to the same mRS score as the premorbid score, complete independence defined as an mRS score of 0-1 at 90 days, and change in NIHSS at 24 h from baseline., Results: Sixty-six patients (35 females; mean age, 74 ± 11 years; premorbid complete independence, 54 [82%]; median NIHSS on admission, 11) were enrolled at 15 hospitals. Two patients (3%) had sICH. Median NIHSS changed from 11 (IQR, 6.75-16.25) at baseline to 5 (3-12.25) at 24 h after alteplase initiation (change, -4.8 ± 8.1). At discharge, 31 patients (47%) had favorable outcome and 29 (44%) had complete independence. None died within 90 days. Twenty-three (35%) also underwent mechanical thrombectomy (no sICH, NIHSS change of -8.5 ± 7.3), of whom 11 (48%) were completely independent at discharge., Conclusions: In real-world clinical practice, IV alteplase for unclear-onset stroke patients with DWI-FLAIR mismatch provided safe and efficacious outcomes comparable to those in previous trials. Additional mechanical thrombectomy was performed safely in them., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Published
2024
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44. Long-term effectiveness of anticoagulants in oldest-old stroke survivors with atrial fibrillation.

Author

Hamanaka M, Tanaka E, Yamada T, Kishitani T, Fujinami J, and Nagakane Y

Subjects
Administration, Oral, Aged, 80 and over, Anticoagulants adverse effects, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Survivors, Warfarin therapeutic use, Atrial Fibrillation complications, Atrial Fibrillation drug therapy, Atrial Fibrillation epidemiology, Ischemic Stroke, Stroke etiology
Abstract

Background: Long-term anticoagulant therapy in oldest-old persons poses the risk of bleeding complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term benefits of anticoagulant therapy for oldest-old stroke survivors with AF., Methods: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who were 90 years of age or older and were prescribed an anticoagulant on discharge were identified from a set of data from a prospective follow-up registry of 1,484 consecutive patients admitted for ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack over a 4-year period beginning in 2014. The outcome measures were stroke and death following discharge., Results: Of the 77 identified patients with AF who were 90 years of age or older, 71 were prescribed an anticoagulant (median age 93 years, 73% women). Thirty-nine patients were given a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) (median age 92 years, 69% women), and 32 were given warfarin (median age 93 years, 78% women). During the follow-up period (median 466 days), 9 patients (13%) had stroke recurrence (recurrence rate: 14%/year), and 25 patients (35%) died (mortality rate: 33%/year). The type of all recurrent strokes was ischemic, and no fatal bleeding occurred. There was no difference in the incidence of recurrent strokes according to anticoagulant type (DOAC 15%/year, warfarin 13%/year, P = 0.743), but a higher proportion of patients on warfarin died (21% vs. 47%, P = 0.002)., Conclusions: Given that a higher proportion of oldest-old stroke survivors with AF on anticoagulant therapy have recurrent ischemic stroke rather than hemorrhagic stroke, long-term anticoagulant therapy may be justified for secondary stroke prevention., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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45. Early Recurrence in Patients with Symptomatic, Non-Cardioembolic, Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion.

Author

Tanaka E, Nagakane Y, Yamada T, and Kishitani T

Subjects
Carotid Artery, Internal diagnostic imaging, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Carotid Artery Diseases complications, Carotid Artery Diseases diagnostic imaging, Carotid Artery Diseases therapy, Embolism complications, Stroke diagnostic imaging, Stroke etiology, Stroke therapy
Abstract

Introduction: There are limited data on the clinical course of patients with non-cardioembolic, mostly atherosclerotic, internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the frequency and underlying pathogenesis of early recurrent ischemic stroke in symptomatic non-cardioembolic ICAO., Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients with symptomatic non-cardioembolic ICAO were retrospectively reviewed. Those who had a tandem occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) or underwent endovascular thrombectomy were excluded. Early recurrent stroke was defined as deterioration of the NIHSS score by ≥1 point with new lesions on magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the ipsilateral territory of the ICAO within 30 days of the index stroke onset. Patients were classified into two groups on carotid ultrasonography: cervical occlusion and intracranial occlusion. The presumed pathogenesis of recurrent stroke was categorized as embolic or hemodynamic according to the topographical features of subsequent lesions on DWI., Results: Of 36 consecutive medically treated patients with symptomatic non-cardioembolic ICAO without tandem MCA occlusion, 23 patients had cervical occlusion, and 13 had intracranial occlusion. Early recurrent stroke occurred in 16 patients (44.4%), which happened much more with intracranial occlusion than with cervical occlusion (69.2% vs 30.4%, p<0.02). Focusing on the presumed pathogenesis, hemodynamic was more common than embolic (68.8% vs 31.2%), especially with intracranial occlusion (77.8%)., Conclusions: Early recurrent stroke occurs at a high frequency in symptomatic non-cardioembolic ICAO, and intracranial occlusion may be a risk factor for early recurrent stroke. The pathogenesis of recurrence is more often hemodynamic than embolic., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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46. Cerebral microbleeds development after stroke thrombolysis: A secondary analysis of the THAWS randomized clinical trial.

Author

Miwa K, Koga M, Inoue M, Yoshimura S, Sasaki M, Yakushiji Y, Fukuda-Doi M, Okada Y, Nakase T, Ihara M, Nagakane Y, Takizawa S, Asakura K, Aoki J, Kimura K, Yamamoto H, and Toyoda K

Subjects
Cerebral Hemorrhage complications, Cerebral Hemorrhage etiology, Female, Fibrinolytic Agents adverse effects, Humans, Thrombolytic Therapy adverse effects, Thrombolytic Therapy methods, Tissue Plasminogen Activator adverse effects, Treatment Outcome, Brain Ischemia drug therapy, Stroke complications
Abstract

Background and Aim: We determined to investigate the incidence and clinical impact of new cerebral microbleeds after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke., Methods: The THAWS was a multicenter, randomized trial to study the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in patients with wake-up stroke or unknown onset stroke. Prescheduled T2*-weighted imaging assessed cerebral microbleeds at three time points: baseline, 22-36 h, and 7-14 days. Outcomes included new cerebral microbleeds development, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≥3 at 90 days, and change in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score from 24 h to 7 days., Results: Of all 131 patients randomized in the THAWS trial, 113 patients (mean 74.3 ± 12.6 years, 50 female, 62 allocated to intravenous thrombolysis) were available for analysis. Overall, 46 (41%) had baseline cerebral microbleeds (15 strictly lobar cerebral microbleeds, 14 mixed cerebral microbleeds, and 17 deep cerebral microbleeds). New cerebral microbleeds only emerged in the intravenous thrombolysis group (seven patients, 11%) within a median of 28.3 h, and did not additionally increase within a median of 7.35 days. In adjusted models, number of cerebral microbleeds (relative risk (RR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.44), mixed distribution (RR 19.2, 95% CI: 3.94-93.7), and cerebral microbleeds burden ≥5 (RR 44.9, 95% CI: 5.78-349.8) were associated with new cerebral microbleeds. New cerebral microbleeds were associated with an increase in NIHSS score ( p  = 0.023). Treatment with alteplase in patients with baseline ≥5 cerebral microbleeds resulted in a numerical shift toward worse outcomes on ordinal mRS (median [IQR]; 4 [3-4] vs. 0 [0-3]), compared with those with <5 cerebral microbleeds (common odds ratio 17.1, 95% CI: 0.76-382.8). The association of baseline ≥5 cerebral microbleeds with ordinal mRS score differed according to the treatment group ( p interaction = 0.042)., Conclusion: New cerebral microbleeds developed within 36 h in 11% of the patients after intravenous thrombolysis, and they were significantly associated with mixed-distribution and ≥5 cerebral microbleeds. New cerebral microbleeds development might impede neurological improvement. Furthermore, cerebral microbleeds burden might affect the effect of alteplase.

Published
2022
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47. [Brain infarction and cerebral venous thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: case report].

Author

Maezono K, Tanaka E, Ashida S, Ogura S, Nakahara Y, and Nagakane Y

Subjects
Aged, Brain Infarction, Female, Heparin, Humans, Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal complications, Intracranial Thrombosis diagnostic imaging, Intracranial Thrombosis etiology, Venous Thrombosis diagnostic imaging, Venous Thrombosis etiology
Abstract

A 65-year-old woman with a six-year history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) was admitted due to weakness in the right leg following a seven-day history of fever and upper respiratory infection. MRI revealed several high-intensity areas in bilateral frontal lobe cortices and the left cerebellum on diffusion-weighted imaging, and signal hypointensity along the course of the cortical vein in the left frontal lobe on T 2 *-weighted imaging. We diagnosed cerebral venous thrombosis and brain infarction, and commenced heparin infusion. She developed right-sided dens hemiparesis on hospital day 6, when brain CT showed subcortical hemorrhage in the left frontal lobe. Despite eculizumab administration and decompressive craniectomy for hematoma, she died on hospital day 26. Thrombosis in PNH has been recognized as a life-threating complication, and intensive treatment including emergent administration of eculizumab is warranted if this situation arises.

Published
2022
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48. Prediction of recurrent stroke among ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation: Development and validation of a risk score model.

Author

Kim BJ, Lee KJ, Park EL, Tanaka K, Koga M, Yoshimura S, Itabashi R, Cha JK, Lee BC, Akiyama H, Nagakane Y, Lee J, Toyoda K, and Bae HJ

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Aged, Republic of Korea epidemiology, Aged, 80 and over, Risk Assessment methods, Risk Factors, Japan epidemiology, Registries, Middle Aged, Atrial Fibrillation complications, Ischemic Stroke epidemiology, Ischemic Stroke complications, Recurrence
Abstract

Background: There is currently no validated risk prediction model for recurrent events among patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Considering that the application of conventional risk scores has contextual limitations, new strategies are needed to develop such a model. Here, we set out to develop and validate a comprehensive risk prediction model for stroke recurrence in AIS patients with AF., Methods: AIS patients with AF were collected from multicenter registries in South Korea and Japan. A developmental dataset was constructed with 5648 registered cases from both countries for the period 2011‒2014. An external validation dataset was also created, consisting of Korean AIS subjects with AF registered between 2015 and 2018. Event outcomes were collected during 1 year after the index stroke. A multivariable prediction model was developed using the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard model with non-stroke mortality as a competing risk. The model incorporated 21 clinical variables and was further validated, calibrated, and revised using the external validation dataset., Results: The developmental dataset consisted of 4483 Korean and 1165 Japanese patients (mean age, 74.3 ± 10.2 years; male 53%); 338 patients (6%) had recurrent stroke and 903 (16%) died. The clinical profiles of the external validation set (n = 3668) were comparable to those of the developmental dataset. The c-statistics of the final model was 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.66 ‒0.71). The developed prediction model did not show better discriminative ability for predicting stroke recurrence than the conventional risk prediction tools (CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and ATRIA)., Conclusions: Neither conventional risk stratification tools nor our newly developed comprehensive prediction model using available clinical factors seemed to be suitable for identifying patients at high risk of recurrent ischemic stroke among AIS patients with AF in this modern direct oral anticoagulant era. Detailed individual information, including imaging, may be warranted to build a more robust and precise risk prediction model for stroke survivors with AF., Competing Interests: This study was supported by Bristol‒Myers Squibb Korea and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (no. 2020ER620200#) and a Grant-in-Aid (H23-Junkanki-Ippan-010) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The funding sources did not participate in any part of the study, from conception to article preparation.

Published
2021
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49. FLAIR vascular hyperintensity with DWI for regional collateral flow and tissue fate in recanalized acute middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Author

Maruyama D, Yamada T, Murakami M, Fujiwara G, Komaru Y, Nagakane Y, Murakami N, and Hashimoto N

Subjects
Humans, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Retrospective Studies, Brain Ischemia, Stroke diagnostic imaging
Abstract

Purpose: Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) vascular hyperintensity (FVH) extent or FVH-DWI mismatch as a primary influencing factor of clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke is controversial. This study elucidated the regional pathophysiology and tissue fate in four types of cortical territories classified by the initial FVH and DWI findings in patients with acute proximal middle cerebral artery (M1) occlusion successfully recanalized using mechanical thrombectomy., Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 35 patients successfully recanalized within 24 h of acute M1 occlusion onset between 2016 and 2019. Each Alberta stroke program early CT score area of M1-M6 were categorized as group A (DWI-, FVH-), B (DWI-, FVH+), C (DWI+, FVH+), or D (DWI+, FVH-). Territorial collateral status was graded on a 4-point scale by initial angiogram. Follow-up head computed tomography (CT) findings on days 2-9 were assessed for the territorial outcome., Results: Overall, 210 cortical territories were identified; of these, 88 (41.9 %) were categorized into group A; 72 (34.3 %), group B; 37 (17.6 %), group C; and 13 (6.2 %), group D. The rate of territories with good collaterals (grade 2 or 3) significantly decreased in the order of groups as 78.3 %, 62.7 %, 27.6 %, and 0%, respectively (P trend <.001). Conversely, the rate of territories with any hypo- or hyper-density on follow-up CT significantly increased in the order of groups as 13.4 %, 23.1 %, 88.5 %, and 85.7 %, respectively (P trend <.001)., Conclusion: Categorization of cortical areas based on the FVH and DWI findings can stratify territorial collateral status and tissue fate., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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50. Attack Interval Is the Key to the Likely Pathogenesis of Multiple Transient Ischemic Attacks.

Author

Nagakane Y, Ohara T, Tanaka E, Yamada T, Ashida S, Kojima Y, Maezono K, Ogura S, Nakashima D, Kitaoji T, and Yamamoto Y

Subjects
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Ischemic Attack, Transient diagnostic imaging, Ischemic Attack, Transient epidemiology, Stroke diagnostic imaging, Stroke epidemiology
Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the attack interval of multiple transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) is correlated with the underlying pathogenesis of ischemia., Methods: Patients with multiple TIAs, defined as 2 or more motor deficits within 7 days, were studied. The attack interval between the last 2 episodes was classified into 3 groups: 2 episodes within an hour (Hour group), over hours within a day (Day group), and over days within a week (Week group). Patients with a lacunar syndrome, no cortical lesions, and no embolic sources were recognized as having a small vessel disease (SVD) etiology for their multiple events., Results: Of 312 TIA patients admitted over a 9-year period, 50 (37 males, 13 females, mean 67.6 years) had multiple TIAs. Twelve patients were classified as being within the Hour group, 23 within the Day group, and 15 within the Week group. Lacunar syndromes were observed in 30 (75%, 35%, and 67%), embolic sources were detected in 28 (25%, 65%, and 67%), and a high signal lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging was depicted in 30 (75%, 48%, and 67%) patients (18 cortical, 11 subcortical, and one cerebellar). Patients in the Hour group had a significantly higher prevalence of SVD etiology (75%) than those in the Day and Week groups (30%, p = 0.0165; 27%, p = 0.0213, respectively). Four patients had a subsequent stroke within 7 days., Conclusion: Attack intervals of multiple TIAs may be correlated with the underlying pathogenesis of ischemia. Two motor deficits within an hour are more likely to suggest a SVD etiology., (© 2021 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Published
2021
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