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The COVID-19 pandemic placed the field of vaccinology squarely at the center of global consciousness, emphasizing the vital role of vaccines as transformative public health tools. The impact of vaccines was recently acknowledged by the award of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman for their seminal contributions to the development of mRNA vaccines. Here, we provide a historic perspective on the key innovations that led to the development of some 27 licensed vaccines over the past two centuries and recent advances that promise to transform vaccines in the future. Technological revolutions such as reverse vaccinology, synthetic biology, and structure-based design transformed decades of vaccine failures into successful vaccines against meningococcus B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Likewise, the speed and flexibility of mRNA vaccines profoundly altered vaccine development, and the advancement of novel adjuvants promises to revolutionize our ability to tune immunity. Here, we highlight exciting new advances in the field of systems immunology that are transforming our mechanistic understanding of the human immune response to vaccines and how to predict and manipulate them. Additionally, we discuss major immunological challenges such as learning how to stimulate durable protective immune response in humans. Vaccines are transformative health tools that have saved lives from otherwise deadly pathogens. This review provides a historical perspective on the field of vaccinology, focusing on vaccine development and innovations, and calls for a framework to better understand determinants of protection and durability to prepare us for future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nobel Prize is an annual honor awarded to the researchers who have made the greatest contribution to humanity with their work in the year in question. Nobel Prizes for physiology or medicine and chemistry most often have direct or indirect pharmacological relevance. In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis of Nobel Prize laureates from 2006 to 2022. The parameters include the nationalities and age of the laureates, age at their productivity peaks, the research locations, the H-index, the age-adjusted H-index, and the number of citations and publications, and, for each parameter, a comparison of female and male award laureates. Men were much more often awarded the Nobel Prize than women. Surprisingly, women were younger than their male colleagues at the time of the award although the productivity peak was similar. There was a correlation between all publications and the H-index, which was slightly stronger for women than for men. The age-adjusted H-index showed no difference among genders. The USA were the country with the highest number of Nobel Prize laureates, both male and female. Overall, the bibliometric characteristics of male and female Nobel Prize laureates are similar, indicating that among the group of Nobel Prize laureates, there is no bias against women. Rather, the achievements of women are recognized earlier than those of men. The major difference is that the number of women becoming Nobel Prize laureates is much smaller than the number of men. This study provides a starting for future studies with larger populations of scientists to analyze disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant tumors remain a primary cause of human mortality. Among the various treatment modalities for neoplasms, tumor vaccines have consistently shown efficacy and promising potential. These vaccines offer advantages such as specificity, safety, and tolerability, with mRNA vaccines representing promising platforms. By introducing exogenous mRNAs encoding antigens into somatic cells and subsequently synthesizing antigens through gene expression systems, mRNA vaccines can effectively induce immune responses. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their great contributions to mRNA vaccine research. Compared with traditional tumor vaccines, mRNA vaccines have several advantages, including rapid preparation, reduced contamination, nonintegrability, and high biodegradability. Tumor-targeted therapy is an innovative treatment modality that enables precise targeting of tumor cells, minimizes damage to normal tissues, is safe at high doses, and demonstrates great efficacy. Currently, targeted therapy has become an important treatment option for malignant tumors. The application of mRNA vaccines in tumor-targeted therapy is expanding, with numerous clinical trials underway. We systematically outline the targeted delivery mechanism of mRNA vaccines and the mechanism by which mRNA vaccines induce anti-tumor immune responses, describe the current research and clinical applications of mRNA vaccines in tumor-targeted therapy, and forecast the future development trends of mRNA vaccine application in tumor-targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry related to computational chemistry. It explores the history and development of the field, highlighting the contributions of notable scientists and their groundbreaking work in areas such as chemical dynamics, molecular structure, and electronic structure calculations. The article also discusses the Nobel Prizes awarded in specific years, recognizing the achievements of laureates and their significant research contributions. It acknowledges the underrepresentation of women in Nobel Prizes and reflects on the author's personal experiences and hopes for the future of computational chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: This perspective article examines the differences between memory, information, and knowledge. It is proposed that the creation of knowledge is not simply the extraction of information or sequencing and storage of memories, but its contextualization that offers a point of advantage for survival within a decision-making framework; outside these contexts there are no useful memories and therefore no relevant knowledge. A constellation of neural networks spread across multiple brain regions must work together to grow knowledge over time. Knowledge must be stored in such a way that it can be accessed by multiple tokens, or handles, at any time. The emergence of knowledge networks underlies the evolution of complex brains that can predict outcomes, induce imagination and expand knowledge. Attention and sleep play important roles in creating and protecting knowledge. The brain receives information via sensory inputs through the peripheral nervous system and stores a small subset as memories within the central nervous system. Short-term, working memory is present in the hippocampus whereas long-term memories are distributed within neural networks throughout the brain. Elegant studies on the mechanisms for memory storage and the neuroeconomic formulation of human decision making have been recognized with Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine and in Economics, respectively. There is a wide gap, however, in our understanding of how memories of disparate bits of information translate into "knowledge", and the neural mechanisms by which knowledge is used to make decisions. I propose that the conceptualization of a "knowledge network" for the creation, storage and recall of knowledge is critical to start bridging this gap. Knowledge creation involves value-driven contextualization of memories through cross-validation via certainty-seeking behaviors, including rumination or reflection. Knowledge recall, like memory, may occur via oscillatory activity that dynamically links multiple networks. These networks may show correlated activity and interactivity despite their presence within widely separated regions of the nervous system, including the brainstem, spinal cord and gut. The hippocampal–amygdala complex together with the entorhinal and prefrontal cortices are likely components of multiple knowledge networks since they participate in the contextual recall of memories and action selection. Sleep and reflection processes and attentional mechanisms mediated by the habenula are expected to play a key role in knowledge creation and consolidation. Unlike a straightforward test of memory, determining the loci and mechanisms for the storage and recall of knowledge requires the implementation of a naturalistic decision-making paradigm. By formalizing a neuroscientific concept of knowledge networks, we can experimentally test their functionality by recording large-scale neural activity during decision making in awake, naturally behaving animals. These types of studies are difficult but important also for advancing knowledge-driven as opposed to big data-driven models of artificial intelligence. A knowledge network-driven understanding of brain function may have practical implications in other spheres, such as education and the treatment of mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a concise summary of the life and scientific career of Roger Guillemin, a neuroendocrinologist and Nobel Prize winner in physiology or medicine. Guillemin was born in France and began his medical studies in Burgundy before moving to Montreal to work with Hans Selye. He later moved to Houston, Texas, and then to the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California. Guillemin made significant contributions to the field of neuroendocrinology, including the discovery and characterization of several important neuropeptides. He maintained strong ties with the French research community throughout his career and was known for his generosity in sharing reagents and supporting other scientists. Guillemin was also an artist and had a passion for both science and family. [Extracted from the article]

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine has been awarded to numerous individuals for their outstanding contributions. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the Nobel Prize recipients, focusing on gender, race, and nationality. We observe that an alarming disparity emerges when we examine the underrepresentation of Black scientists among Nobel laureates. Furthermore, trends in nationalities show how Americans make up the majority of Nobel Prize winners, while there is a noticeable lack of gender and racial minority winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Together, this highlights the importance of diversity and inclusion in scientific achievement. We offer suggestions and techniques, including funding opportunities and expanding nominators, to improve the gender, racial, and geographical diversity of Nobel Prizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frans de Waal, the Editor-in-Chief of Behaviour from 2011 to 2024, was a highly influential biologist known for his groundbreaking work on primate behavior and evolution. His research revolutionized the field of behavioral biology and had far-reaching implications for other scientific disciplines such as ecology, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and economics. De Waal's comparative approach to studying behavior among chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans provided valuable insights into the fundamental basis of human nature and the evolution of moral codes. He also effectively communicated his work to general audiences through popular books and speaking engagements. De Waal's contributions to primatology were widely recognized, and he received numerous awards and honors for his work. His impact was felt so widely that he was listed among Time magazine's top 100 most influential people in 2007. [Extracted from the article]

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In the mid-1950s, Arthur Kornberg elucidated the enzymatic synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase, for which he was recognized with the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He then identified many of the proteins that cooperate with DNA polymerase to replicate duplex DNA of small bacteriophages. However, one major unanswered problem was understanding the mechanism and control of the initiation of chromosome replication in bacteria. In a seminal paper in 1981, Fuller, Kaguni, and Kornberg reported the development of a cell-free enzyme system that could replicate DNA that was dependent on the bacterial origin of DNA replication, oriC. This advance opened the door to a flurry of discoveries and important papers that elucidated the process and control of initiation of chromosome replication in bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Dr. William G. Kaelin Jr, Dr. Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Dr. Gregg L. Semenza for their elucidation of new physiological mechanisms "How cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability". Moreover, two different drugs, HIF-PH inhibitors and HIF-2 inhibitors were also developed based on the discovery. Interestingly, those three doctors have different backgrounds as a medical oncologist, a nephrologist, and a pediatrician, respectively. They have started the research based on their own unique perspectives and eventually merged as "the elucidation of the response mechanism of living organisms to hypoxic environments". In this review, we will explain how the translational research that has begun to solve unmet clinical needs successfully contributed to the development of innovative therapeutic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Editorial: Women in cancer immunity and immunotherapy," discusses the contributions and challenges faced by women scientists in the field of cancer immunity and immunotherapy. It highlights the achievements of women scientists throughout history and acknowledges the gender gap that still exists in the field. The article also presents several original research articles and reviews that focus on various aspects of cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Overall, the article aims to encourage more women to pursue careers in scientific research and contribute to the advancement of the field. [Extracted from the article]

This document discusses the importance of oxygen for cells and tissues and how they sense a lack of oxygen, known as hypoxia, in order to adapt to this life-threatening condition. The discovery of the hormone erythropoietin and the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) has shed light on how cells sense oxygen availability through enzymes called HIF hydroxylases. These findings were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2019. Small molecule inhibitors of HIF hydroxylases have been developed for clinical use in anemias caused by erythropoietin deficiency. This special issue of Pflugers Archive explores other potential applications of HIF hydroxylase inhibitors and their effects on cellular functions beyond erythropoietin production. These include effects on metabolism, glycolysis, immune response, steroidogenesis, intercellular communication, and the role of reactive oxygen species in oxygen sensing. [Extracted from the article]

Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet, an innovative paediatrician, basic researcher, and teacher, made significant contributions to the fields of paediatrics, immunology, bacteriology, and allergology. He was born in 1874 in Vienna, Austria, and began his medical studies at the University of Vienna. Pirquet's research on infectious diseases and allergies led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and the identification of hypersensitivity reactions. Despite being nominated for the Nobel Prize multiple times, Pirquet was never awarded the prize. He received other honors and held important positions in academia, but tragically, he and his wife died by suicide in 1929. [Extracted from the article]

This paper describes the scientific figure of Roger Sperry as a maverick researcher, an original thinker who arrived at definitive notions about the working of the brain mostly by distancing himself from the prevalent views of his peers. After solving the riddle of the functions of the corpus callosum, he won a Nobel prize in physiology or medicine for identifying the different cognitive abilities of the disconnected right and left hemispheres of the human brain. He could have won another Nobel prize for his work on the prenatal formation of behavioral neuronal networks and their growth and development after birth. In the last part of his life, he fought a courageous but inconclusive battle for demonstrating that mental and spiritual factors can direct brain activity and behavior without violating the laws of orthodox neurophysiology. Some nodal points in his scientific career and some sources of inspirations for his thinking are identified and discussed within the historical background of the neurosciences of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine 2023 was awarded jointly to two researchers, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, for their discoveries taking part in the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. The accelerated development of the novel mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines provided highly effective protection against severe disease or death, and reduction in symptomatic illness, before a full year had passed from the beginning of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Matlin's book, "Crossing the Boundaries of Life," explores the history of modern cell biology and the contributions of Günter Blobel. While the subtitle suggests a focus on Blobel, the book covers a broader range of topics. Matlin begins with the early history of cell biology and the invention of the electron microscope, which allowed scientists to study the internal structures of cells. The book then delves into the intracellular transport of proteins and the mechanisms by which they are delivered to their correct destinations within the cell. Matlin provides a detailed account of Blobel's work and the development of the signal hypothesis, which posits that proteins carry a specific sequence of amino acids to determine their destination within the cell. The book also explores the wider impact of Blobel's work and the epistemic strategy of cell biology. While the book is dense and complex, it offers a wealth of information for readers interested in the history and epistemology of biology. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Nobel Prize 2023" from the journal "Scientific Israel - Technological Advantages" announces the recipients of the Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine for the year 2023. Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L'Huillier from the USA, Germany, and Sweden respectively, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for studying electron dynamics in matter. Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, and Aleksey Yekimov from the USA received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery and synthesis of quantum dots. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman from Hungary and the USA were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries related to nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. [Extracted from the article]

An interview with Stanley Prusiner, is presented, discussing, insights into his groundbreaking work and personal journey. Topics include the discovery of prions and their role in neurodegenerative diseases, Prusiner's early life and career decisions, and his transition from medical school to pioneering research at UCSF and the NIH.

This article discusses the 1981 PNAS article by Arthur Kornberg, Roberta S. Fuller, and Jon M. Kaguni, which focused on the initiation of bacterial chromosomal replication. The authors developed an enzyme system capable of initiating DNA replication in a plasmid containing the replication origin of the E. coli chromosome. They identified key proteins involved in the initiation process, including RNA polymerase and DnaA. This research led to a better understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of replication and had a significant impact on subsequent discoveries in the field. [Extracted from the article]

The Journal of Comparative Physiology is celebrating its 100th anniversary this year. Founded in 1924, the journal focuses on the publication of articles in neurophysiology, sensory physiology, metabolic physiology, and environmental adaptation. Comparative physiology aims to understand the diversity and plasticity of physiological mechanisms among animal species, and its research contributes to a better understanding of human biology and medicine. The journal has published numerous articles on a wide range of topics, including glucose metabolism in fish, the evolution of brown adipose tissue, and the role of membrane lipids in animal longevity. The editorial board has changed over the years, and the current editors are from various countries. The journal also published a special issue on the comparative physiology of sleep and circadian rhythms for its 100th anniversary. Overall, the journal continues to support basic research in animal physiology. [Extracted from the article]

Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs due to insufficient production of erythropoietin to compensate for the decrease in hemoglobin. Anemia in CKD has traditionally been treated with periodic injections of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), which are recombinant human erythropoietin preparations. Although ESA improved anemia in CKD and dramatically improved the quality of life of patients, there are some patients who are hyporesponsive to ESA, and the use of large doses of ESA in these patients may have a negative impact on patient prognosis. Currently, HIF prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors have been approved in Japan as a new treatment for anemia in CKD. HIF-PH inhibitors activate HIF and promote the production of endogenous erythropoietin. The 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for groundbreaking research that uncovered the HIF pathway. Because HIF-PH inhibitors improve both erythropoietin production and iron metabolism, they are expected to be effective in treating ESA hyporesponsiveness and solve the inconvenience of injectable preparations. On the other hand, its effects are systemic and multifaceted, and long-term effects must be closely monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the process of establishing an experimental lab alongside computational research. It provides ten simple rules for researchers who are interested in moving into experimental studies, including the importance of collaborating with experimentalists, staying up to date with experimental techniques, finding lab space, keeping computational research ongoing, securing funding, organizing the lab, writing ethics applications, expecting a three-year timeline, documenting experiments, and publishing in experimental journals. The article emphasizes the benefits of combining computational and experimental research and offers practical advice for researchers considering this transition. [Extracted from the article]

Katalin Karikó, affiliated with Szeged University, Szeged, Hungary and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, and Drew Weissman, affiliated with Penn Institute for RNA Innovations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to the foundational work of nucleoside base modifications that supported the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. They identified modifications of nucleoside bases of in vitro mRNA that enabled efficient protein production without undesired inflammatory responses. Their work allowed for the advancement of future mRNA applications, including the COVID-19 vaccines. Following a general overview of mRNA modifications and mRNA vaccines is a bibliometric analysis of each of this year's laureates and their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a brief overview of various individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of neuroscience throughout history. It highlights the achievements of Sir William Macewen, Arnold Pick, Jacques Loeb, Juhn A. Wada, Roger Guillemin, Allan MacLeod Cormack, Torsten Wiesel, Jean Jacques Lhermitte, Josef Gerstmann, Ilya Wolpert, Jean Cruveilhier, Roberts Bartholow, Vladimir Betz, Joseph Erlanger, Egas Moniz, Shepherd Ivory Franz, Carl Wernicke, John Hughlings Jackson, James Parkinson, Pierre Paul Broca, Bernhard von Gudden, Richard Heschl, Marie Jean Pierre Flourens, Sir Charles Bell, and Franz Anton Mesmer. The article also mentions Bartolomeo Eustachio and his contributions to anatomical research. [Extracted from the article]

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch in 1973 for their pioneering work during the 1930s and 1940s, in the study of animal behaviour. Lorenz established the foundations of ethology in 1935 in what has become known as his "Kumpan paper". The paper focussed on the social relationships between conspecifics (i.e. 'kumpans', companions) and provided a much-needed conceptual framework for the study of animal behaviour. We describe the origins and immediate reception of Lorenz's paper using his correspondence with colleagues, mainly Erwin Stresemann who was then the influential editor of Journal für Ornithologie. The Kumpan paper was notable for its extraordinary originality, but also for its length and—in parts—its incomprehensible language. Most of Lorenz's concepts were rapidly superseded as the field of Ethology/Animal Behaviour developed over the following decades. The paper (translated in full into English only in 1970) is rarely read today, but as we show, many of Lorenz's observations of birds are both timeless and highly original and have the potential to inspire further research today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been 50 years since Peter Charles Doherty and Rolf M Zinkernagel proposed the principle of "simultaneous dual recognition", according to which adaptive immune cells recognized "self" and "non-self" simultaneously to establish immunological efficacy. These two scientists shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery. Their basic immunological principle became the foundation for the development of numerous vaccine approaches against infectious diseases and tumors, including promising strategies grounded on the use of recombinant gp96-Ig developed by our lab over the last two decades. In this review, we will highlight three major principles of the gp96-Ig vaccine strategy: (1) presentation of pathogenic antigens to T cells (specificity); (2) activation of innate immune responses (adjuvanticity); (3) priming of T cells to home to the epithelial compartments (mucosal immunity). In summary, we provide a paradigm for a vaccine approach that can be rapidly engineered and customized for any future pathogens that require induction of effective tissue-resident memory responses in epithelial tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their nucleoside base modifications research that later enabled mRNA vaccine development against COVID-19. This paper briefly reviews these achievements in the context of the development of mRNA technology and its enormous potential for medicine in the prevention of various infectious diseases and cancer treatment, including personalised therapies. It is beyond any doubt that discoveries made by Karikó and Weissman were pivotal in overcoming one of the major hurdles in the practical application of mRNA molecules, i.e., the recognition of exogenous mRNAs by endosomal Toll-like receptors and downstream innate immune response, ultimately leading to the decreased translational activity of delivered mRNA and its degradation. Although the Nobel Prize for Karikó and Weissman is fully justified, it must be stressed that mRNA technology would never unfold its potential for public health without a collective scientific effort encompassing over 40 years of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2023 awarded to Dr. Katalin Karikó and Dr. Drew Weissman recognized their seminal discoveries in nucleoside modifications of messenger RNA that were pivotal to developing the first mRNA vaccines for clinical use in humans. These novel vaccines were key for prophylactic control of a pandemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged abruptly in late 2019/early 2020. This breakthrough capped years of previous research in coronaviruses that included SARSCoV and MERS-CoV associated with earlier human outbreaks, developments of more efficient formulations to deliver nucleic acids in vivo, and applications of a novel mRNA technology to generate a new generation of better vaccines cost-effectively. Such successful outcomes herald a wide range of advances with this highly adaptable mRNA technology. These include vaccines against existing infectious agents of medical significance but also emerging pathogens, cancer immunotherapies, and protein-replacement therapies, while at the same time, other uses are also under active investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccines have stemmed many infectious diseases, but when SARS-CoV-2 emerged, traditional vaccine development would not have been fast enough. This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recognizes work that enabled the rapid development of mRNA vaccines, which halted the COVID-19 pandemic. The feat was a product of basic biological insights coupled with technological innovations, which have transformed vaccine design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were given the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their findings of nucleoside base modifications that lead to the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. This was a remarkable achievement, given that their initial manuscript was rejected by Nature and Science in 2005. The development of mRNA vaccines lagged for more than a decade for several reasons, including the lack of funding, the perceived risks of the technology, and the scepticism of many scientists. Furthermore, Karikó and Weissman's study appeared to be technical and difficult to understand. The COVID-19 pandemic, on the other hand, has shown the importance of mRNA vaccine technology. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have been highly effective in preventing serious illness, hospitalization, and death. The Nobel Prize for Karikó and Weissman highlights the importance of perseverance, diversity, and inclusion in translational immunology. We need to build a more inclusive scientific community, where scientists from all backgrounds are supported and their work is valued. This will result in more scientific breakthroughs and better healthcare for everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Since the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1923 to FG Banting and JJR Macleod, many voices have been raised against this decision. The bitterest protest was that of the Romanian scientist Nicolae C. Paulescu. In 2002, The Romanian Academy of Sciences, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) planned to hold a series of academic events the following year in Paris to acknowledge Paulescu's scientific merits in the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone. However, the initiative was cancelled in August 2003, when the European Center of the Simon Wiesenthal Foundation (SWC) accused Paulescu of being antisemitic. The authors of this manuscript have decided to approach "the Paulescu case" from its double aspect, scientific and sociopolitical, to analyze the circumstances surrounding the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone, and Paulescu's alleged antisemitic past in the historical context of the Romanian nation in the interwar period. Methods: We contacted the SWC and people related to the 2003 events in Paris. We performed a comparative review of the documents published by the Toronto group and by Paulescu and analyzed the correspondence and articles generated by international experts from the scientific community interested in the controversy. We carried out an exhaustive bibliographic search through several online catalogs (INDEXCAT, NLM Gateway, EUREKA, MEDHIST). We travelled to Bucharest, where we visited Paulescu's house-museum, interviewed a former student of the Romanian professor, and a prominent medical historian who was knowledgeable about Paulescu's scientific and political biography. Dan Angelescu†, son of Dr. Constantin Angelescu (1904–1990), Paulescu's nephew and collaborator, provided us with a copy of all the available documentation from Paulescu's personal archive. It constitutes an essential source for understanding Paulescu's personal, political and academic biography. Archives consulted: Românǎ Academy (Bucharest). Personal Archive of Paulescu, House -Museum (Bucharest)*. Romanian Jewish Heritage (Bucharest). http://romanianjewish.org/ **. Simon Wiesenthal Center (Los Angeles, CA) http://www.wiesenthal.com **. Romanian Patent Office. Oficiul de Stat pentru Invenții şi Mǎrci (OSIM) (Bucharest)***. Nobel Archives (Stockholm) https://www.nobelprize.org. Internet Archive (San Francisco, CA) https://archive.org **. Wellcome Library (London) https://wellcomelibrary.org **. The European Library https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/ **. US National Library of Medicine, NLM historical collections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/index.html **. US. Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/ (*: archive consulted on site; **: material found in the online catalog of the archive; ***: archivists sent us digitized copies of archival material). Books consulted for information on the history of Romania and antisemitism: "Nationalist ideology and antisemitism. The case of Romanian intellectuals in the 1930s", by Leon Volovici; "The mystique of ultranationalism: History of the Iron Guard, Romania, 1919–1941" by Francisco Vega; "Romania 1866–1947", by Keith Hitchins; "History of Romania. Compendium", by Ioan-Aurel Pop and Joan Bolovan; "The Holocaust in Romania. The destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu regime, 1940–1944", by Radu Ioanid; "The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars", by Ezra Mendelson; "Cultural Politics in Greater Romania. Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930", by Irina Livezeanu, and "Judeophobia. How and when it is born, where and why it survives", by Gustavo Daniel Perednik. Articles are referenced in the bibliography section at the end of the manuscript. Results: A-Nicolae Paulescu developed an intense long-term research activity, which included complete pancreatectomy and preparation of a pancreatic extract (PE) containing the antidiabetic hormone he called pancreina. Parenteral administration of the PE achieved excellent results in the treatment of experimental diabetes in dogs and induction of hypoglycemia in the healthy animal. This work was initiated before 1916 and published at least eight months antedating the publication of the first article by Banting and Best (February 1922), who were acquainted with Paulescu's results, but misinterpreted them. The pancreatic extract of the two Canadian researchers, -iletin/insulin-, only achieved similar results to that of the Romanian scientist once they abandoned the use of the "degenerated pancreas" extract (ligation of the ductal system), replacing it with the pancreas of adult or fetal bovine. Pancreina and insulin were very similar. The award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to FG Banting and JJR Macleod in October 1923 honored the successful clinical use of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Paulescu's achievements were ignored. B-Nicolae Paulescu publicly manifested his Judeophobic ideology on multiple occasions in academic and political interventions and in publications and participated with other figures from the Romanian intellectual sphere in the founding of the Uniunea Național Crestinǎ (UNC, National Christian Union) in 1922 and of the Liga Apǎrǎrii Național Cresține (LANC, League for Christian National Defense) in 1923, antisemitic far-right political parties, associated with an irrational Christian orthodoxy and hatred of Jews. Paulescu played a pivotal role in the spread of antisemitism. Conclusions: A-The Romanian scientist NC Paulescu started an intense research program aimed at the isolation of the antidiabetic hormone before 1916, including an original procedure of pancreatectomy in the dog and the elaboration of a pancreatic extract that achieved excellent results in the treatment of experimental diabetes, demonstrating its beneficial effects on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and reducing both glycosuria and glycemia and the urinary excretion of ketone bodies of depancreatized dogs toward normality. The results of these investigations were published in 1920 and 1921, predating the first report published by FG ​​Banting and CH Best in February 1922. It has been sufficiently demonstrated that Canadian researchers were aware of Paulescu's excellent results, mentioning them only in passing, albeit erroneously misrepresenting key results of the Romanian scientist's publication in the aforementioned seminal Canadian article. Expert historians and international scientists have recognized that the pancreatic extract that Paulescu called pancreina and that obtained by Banting and Best, insulin, were very similar. The October 1923 award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to FG Banting and JJR Macleod ignored Paulescu's scientific achievements in the treatment of experimental diabetes and rewarded the extraordinary advance of insulin treatment in human diabetes. B-At the end of August 2003, a few days before the date of the celebration at the Hôtel Dieu in Paris of the scheduled program of tribute to the scientific merits of NC Paulescu and his important contribution to the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone, convened by the Romanian Academy and the International Diabetes Federation, the Wiesenthal Foundation publicly accused the Romanian scientist of being an antisemite, an act that determined the cancellation of the announced events. The exhaustive investigation of the personal convictions and antisemitic behavior of Nicolae C. Paulescu has undoubtedly documented the Judeophobic ideology of the Romanian scientist, linked to his orthodox religious radicalism, manifested in multiple documents (mostly pamphlets) and interventions in collaboration with other relevant personalities of the Romanian intelligentsia of his time. Furthermore, Paulescu participated in the creation of political organizations of the most radical extreme right that played a fundamental role in the spread of antisemitism amongst the Romanian population and the university community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prof. Dr. Sebastian Kobold is awarded the prize for his work in the field of tumor immunology with a special focus on the development and implementation of cellular and antibody-mediated therapies. The prize is named after Prof. Dr. Otto Westphal (1913-2004), founding director of the Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology in Freiburg as well as founding member and long-standing president (1967-1976) of the German Society for Immunology e.V. as a chemist Otto Westphal was particularly interested in the structure and function of bacterial cell wall components. Fritz Melchers was longstanding director of the "Basel Institute for Immunology" and is a founding and honorary member of the German Society for Immunology e.V. Every year, the German Society for Immunology (DGfI) awards PhD and Early Career Prizes to young scientists who have made an outstanding contribution to the field of immunology. [Extracted from the article]

Dr. Rafael Laguens, the President of the World Veterinary Association (WVA), discusses his perspectives on global health leadership, the future of veterinary medicine, challenges in veterinary medical education, and key priorities for WVA and World Medical Association (WMA) members. He emphasizes the interconnectedness between humans, animals, and the environment in protecting public health and highlights the importance of collaboration between different international organizations. Dr. Laguens envisions that veterinary medicine will gain more attention in terms of care for companion animals and biodiversity conservation, and he identifies challenges such as zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety, climate change, and weak healthcare infrastructure. He suggests that veterinary medicine professionals can lead efforts to address these challenges through education, surveillance, and a multisectoral approach. Finally, he outlines three key priorities for WVA and WMA members in the next five years, including strengthening professional relationships, organizing global conferences, and collaborating on joint working groups. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the influence of circadian rhythms on cardiac physiology and disease. The circadian clock, which generates oscillations in gene and protein expression with a period of approximately 24 hours, regulates various physiological processes including cardiovascular function. Disruptions in circadian rhythms can lead to cardiovascular disorders such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Aging is also associated with alterations in circadian rhythms, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Non-pharmacological interventions such as physical exercise, meal timing, and light therapy, as well as pharmacological interventions like chronotherapy, can help promote circadian resynchronization and improve patient outcomes. Advancements in omics technology and data analytics may contribute to the development of personalized chronotherapy for individuals at risk of cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the interplay between circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health offers potential strategies for promoting heart health and healthy aging. [Extracted from the article]

"Physick to Physiology: Tales from an Oxford Life in Medicine" by Keith Dorrington is a historical book that explores various topics in medicine and physiology. The author, a medical tutor at University College in Oxford, provides insights into medical practice, the history of medical sciences, evidence-based medicine, and the future of clinical practice. The book covers a range of subjects, including altitude acclimatization, autonomic learning in exercise, the central nervous system and hypertension, congenital absence of pain, pharmacology of anesthesia, awareness during surgery, cognitive decline from anesthesia, and knowledge acquisition at university. It uses historical examples to provide context to modern-day clinical practice and presents diverse perspectives on medical controversies. The book is accessible to general readers and offers thought-provoking insights into the field of medicine. [Extracted from the article]

"Breaking through, my life in science" is an autobiography by Katalin Karikó, a scientist whose groundbreaking work on mRNA paved the way for the development of revolutionary vaccine technology. The book provides an insight into Karikó's career and her journey towards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023. It explores her experiences as a scientist, her dedication to understanding how the world works, and the challenges she faced along the way. Karikó's autobiography is a compelling read for anyone interested in the field of science, particularly those researching COVID-19 and mRNA therapies. [Extracted from the article]

Aims: To analyze the main contributions to the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone in the period between 1889, the year in which Oskar Minkowski demonstrated that complete pancreatectomy in dogs caused diabetes, and the year 1923, the date in which the clinical use of insulin was consolidated. A main objective has been to review the controversies that followed the Nobel Prize and to outline the role of the priority rule in Science. Methods: We have considered the priority rule defined by Robert Merton in 1957, which takes into account the date of acceptance of the report of a discovery in an accredited scientific journal and/or the granting of a patent, complemented by the criteria set out by Ronald Vale and Anthony Hyman (2016) regarding the transfer of information to the scientific community and its validation by it. The awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in October 1923 has represented a frame of reference. The claims and disputes regarding the prioritization of the contributions of the main researchers in the organotherapy of diabetes have been analyzed through the study of their scientific production and the debate generated in academic institutions. Main results and conclusions: (1) According to the criteria of Merton, Vale and Hyman, the priority of the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone corresponds to the investigations developed in Europe by E. Gley (1900), GL Zülzer (1908) and NC Paulescu (1920). (2) The active principle of the pancreatic extracts developed by Zülzer (acomatol), Paulescu (pancreina) and Banting and Best (insulin) was the same. (3) JB Collip succeeded in isolating the active ingredient from the pancreatic extract in January 1922, eliminating impurities to the point of enabling its use in the clinic. (4) In 1972, the Nobel Foundation modified the purpose of the 1923 Physiology or Medicine award to Banting and Macleod by introducing a new wording: "the credit for having produced the pancreatic hormone in a practical available form" (instead of "for the discovery of insulin"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black was ahead of Carlsson, but the drug beta-blocker that was still the main one on the market at the time of our conversation was developed in Gothenburg and Carlsson had a patent on it. Other combinations of the awardees might have been easier to justify, for example, to combine Carlsson and Oleh Hornykiewicz for their discoveries in the use of dopamine [[6]], or even Carlsson, Greengard, and Hornykiewicz. See, Arvid Carlsson - Nobel Lecture (nobelprize.org), p 308 8 Carlsson A, Hillarp N- . Carlsson told me that he had nominated Brodie for the Nobel Prize several times. [Extracted from the article]

In early October, the Nobel Prizes will honor groundbreaking discoveries. After the anticipated recognition of Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman in 2023 for the development of RNA modifications that enabled the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, we eagerly consider the next topics to be awarded. In the September 30th anniversary special issue of Cell Chemical Biology , we ask researchers from a range of backgrounds, what topic do you think deserves the next Nobel Prize in chemistry or in physiology or medicine, and why? [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the recent advancements in uterus transplant as a treatment for uterine-factor infertility. The study by Testa et al. highlights the potential for patients with dysfunctional or absent uteruses to carry their own biological child. The article draws parallels between the initial skepticism towards in vitro fertilization (IVF) and the current skepticism towards uterus transplant. It emphasizes the need to address concerns regarding cost, morality, and medical necessity, while also acknowledging the potential benefits and advancements in reproductive medicine that these treatments offer. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing infertility as a common disease that causes significant psychological and social morbidity. [Extracted from the article]

Even the most effective targeted medicines or debulking surgery may not always result in a full tumor response, leaving patients with residual disease and tumor growth that restricts patient survival. By utilizing MEXPRESS, we investigated the influence of residual HGSOC tumors on patients' overall survival and CTLA-4 expression in residual HGSOC tumors. Keywords: Ovarian cancer; High-grade serous; Debulking surgery; CTLA-4; Residual tumors EN Ovarian cancer High-grade serous Debulking surgery CTLA-4 Residual tumors 2281 2283 3 10/26/23 20231101 NES 231101 To the Editor, Ovarian Cancer (OC) is a global concern, and according to Globocan 2020 projections, the number of women diagnosed with OC worldwide would increase by over 42% by 2040. [Extracted from the article]