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Rare‐earth (RE)‐doped laser glasses meet urgent needs in national security and scientific fields, and their optimization has garnered extensive attention. However, the design of these laser glasses often relies excessively on trial‐and‐error experimentation, leading to significant costs and a lack of scientific guidance. Herein, we propose an integrated method that combines structural descriptors determined from molecular dynamics simulations, a self‐constructed luminescent database, and a machine learning algorithm to establish the composition–structure–luminescent property (CSLP) relationship. Using an Nd3+‐doped commercial silicate laser glass system as an example, the effectiveness of this approach has been demonstrated. The developed CSLP model enables highly accurate predictions of spectral properties, achieving a determination coefficient (R2) greater than 0.94, based on eight structural descriptors. The importance of different structural descriptors on spectral characteristics is ranked and thoroughly discussed, revealing an intrinsic relationship between the first and second coordination shells around RE ions and luminescent behaviors. Furthermore, the generic structural descriptors identified in the CSLP model can be extrapolated to other systems involving different network formers (e.g., silicate and phosphate) and modifier cations (e.g., Li, Na, K, Ba, and Ca). This capability facilitates the design of laser glasses tailored to specific targets, such as large emission cross‐sections, extended lifetimes, or reduced quenching effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is proposed to achieve high beam quality 1 064 nm laser output by using an 878.6 nm LD end-pumped Nd: YVO4 crystal. Matlab software is utilized for simulating and analyzing the thermal lens focal length of the crystal, and an appropriate plano-convex resonator cavity configuration is selected through software calculation to alleviate thermal effects and achieve optimal output conditions. At a pump power of 48 W, an average output power of 15.03 W of 1 064 nm continuous light output is obtained. By employing RTP electro-optic Q-switching, stable 1 064 nm pulsed laser output is achieved at a repetition rate of 10 kHz, with a maximum average output power of 8.78 W, a dynamic-to-static conversion efficiency of 72.9%, a pulse width of 8.70 ns, and a beam quality factor of 1.2. The experiments demonstrate that using a pump source at 878.6 nm and employing a flat-convex resonator cavity configuration are beneficial for mitigating crystal thermal effects, improving beam quality, and obtaining fundamental mode pulsed laser output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main targets within the oil and gas industry is mainly the prediction of both fluids and lithology. Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) technique is strongly recommended in facilitating reservoir characterization and in distinguishing between seismic amplitude anomalies caused by lithology and those caused by hydrocarbon. Chi angle scan range from 0° to 90° has been conducted to investigate a Pliocene prospect in the offshore East Nile Delta (ND), Egypt. The presence of a remarkable Gas Water Contact (GWC) in the study area helped in investigating the generated EEI volumes. The projections of Chi angles were either affected by lithology only or fluids only, or both lithology and fluids. The fluid volume was estimated at EEI35°, where the top of the gas sand is continuous because of the huge contrast with the overlaying shale and the high amplitude of the gas sand was shut off because of the variation of the fluid type from gas to water. This volume could clearly demonstrate the variation of different fluids with minimum lithology effect. The lithology volume with minimum effect of fluid was estimated at EEI90° (gradient volume), the bottom of the sand was shown on this volume regardless the type of the fluid. However, the base was challenging because of the insignificant contrast between the brine sand and the underlaying shale. The findings of this study can help in better understanding the implication of EEI technique in investigating a Pliocene gas prospect and delineating possible recommended locations for drilling in this field. Moreover, the results show how the technique successfully discriminates between different lithology and fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu alloys have been widely used in the manufacture of liners because of their high density, good plasticity, and excellent thermal conductivity. In order to achieve excellent jet stability and penetration performance, it is necessary to further improve the mechanical properties of Cu-based liners. Nevertheless, the simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility of the Cu alloys remains a huge challenge due to the strength–ductility trade-off phenomenon of metals/alloys. In this study, the microstructure evolution of rare earth Nd-modified Cu alloy and its effect on mechanical properties were investigated using OM, SEM, EBSD, and TEM techniques. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength (218 MPa) and elongation (50.7%) of sample 1 without Nd are the lowest. With increasing Nd content; the tensile strength and elongation of the samples increase; and the mechanical properties of sample 4 are the best, with a tensile strength of 278.6 MPa and elongation of 65.2%. In addition, with the increase in Nd content, not only is the grain size of the Cu-Nd alloy refined, but also the strength and plasticity are improved so that the strength–ductility trade-off phenomenon is improved. The strength improvement is mainly attributed to grain refinement strengthening, dispersion strengthening, and strain hardening. The increase in ductility is mainly related to the improvement of the microstructure heterogeneity by the Nd element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of Nd: YAG laser vitreolysis of the Weiss ring in the management of symptomatic vitreous floaters in patients with posterior vitreous detachment in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: This quasi-experimental trial was conducted in the out-patient department (OPD) of The Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust (LRBT) Tertiary Teaching Eye Hospital, Korangi, Karachi from February 2023 to July 2023. Methods: In this study, 75 eyes of 75 patients were selected using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Dilated fundus examination was performed and The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI VFQ-25) was used and compared pre and post Laser Floater Treatment (LFT). Results: Out of 75 eyes, 65 patients were included in final analysis. Mean age was 54.63±4.1 years. Out of these, 69.2% were 48--56 years old and 56.9% were females. Mean number of shots were 160±15.53. Mean Pre- LFT, VFQ was 56±5.89 and post-LFT was 74±13.2. The mean difference pre versus post treatment was -18 units with p<0.001. Twenty patients complained of blurring of vision and one patient suffered mild retinal hemorrhage which resolved spontaneously, two patients were lost to follow up. Conclusion: Nd: YAG laser vitreolysis of the Weiss ring can be a quick, and effective treatment option in patients suffering from symptoms of vitreous floaters after a posterior vitreous detachment. However, more trials with large number of patients and longer follow up durations are required for generalization of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Every commercial NiTi (Nitinol) Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) has its own transformation temperatures, which may cause limitations in ever-growing demands for the application of these alloys in novel engineering design. Among various methods proposed to achieve multiple functional characteristics, laser processing offers effective solutions in locally controlling the transformation properties of NiTi parts. The current work describes the application of laser technique followed by post processing to locally alter transformation temperatures and impose phase transition for thick NiTi wires. To this end, various laser parameters are applied, and the influences of peak power and pulse width on the functional, microstructural and mechanical properties of laser processed samples are studied. A four-sided laser processing protocol is proposed to process almost the whole cross section of thick Nitinol wires. It is also shown that post-processing heat treatment is required to recover the shape memory properties of as-processed Nitinol specimen. The transformation temperatures of final processed Nitinol wire increase by about 50 °C compared to those of the unprocessed base material.

The effect of Nd microalloying on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of extruded Mg-6Al-3Sn-2Zn (ATZ632) alloys was investigated. The addition of Nd (0.45 wt.%) into the ATZ632 alloy resulted in the formation of a NdZn1.66Al2.34 phase with a relatively low Volta potential of 68 ~ 78 mV. The polarization resistance of this alloy was calculated to be 564.33 ohm cm2, which is approximately 7.7 times slower than that of the ATZ632 alloy. The main factors for improving the corrosion resistance of the extruded ATZ632 alloy with 0.45 wt.% Nd addition are: (1) the Nd2O3 prevention of Cl− from passing through the corrosion film; (2) the formation of denser and more uniform corrosion films; and (3) the grain refinement and wakening of the (0001) base-plane texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cataract surgery, despite its high success rate, often results in posterior capsule opacification (PCO), a common postoperative complication leading to vision impairment. Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is the definitive treatment for PCO. This study evaluates the visual outcomes and complications following this procedure Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 12 months, including 250 patients who developed PCO after cataract surgery and underwent Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Patients' demographic data, pre- and post-procedural BCVA, and complications were collected. Statistical analysis involved paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signedrank tests for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. Results: Pre-laser BCVA: 48% had BCVA <6/60; 52% had BCVA 6/60-6/18. Post-laser BCVA: 78% achieved BCVA of 6/60-6/18. The most common complication was a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP), noted in 16% of patients. Other complications included IOL pitting (4%), corneal edema (3.2%), pupillary block glaucoma (1.2%), and cystoid macular edema (2.4%). Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy effectively improves visual acuity in patients with PCO post-cataract surgery. While complications such as transient IOP rise and IOL pitting are common, they are generally manageable. Careful patient selection, procedural expertise, and post-procedural monitoring are crucial for optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron sword and knife industry was highly developed during the Han dynasties in Chinese history. However, there is not much clarity regarding its presence in the capital. In this paper, we analyzed fragments of seven iron swords and three iron knives excavated in Xi’an city (the capital of Han dynasties) using non-destructive neutron techniques of neutron resonance capture analysis (NRCA) and neutron diffraction (ND) for the first time in China. The results indicate that the hand guards were cast from Cu-Sn-Pb-As alloys, while one knife’s scabbard was made of pure copper. Furthermore, we obtained quantitative results for carbon content, micro-strain and texture effect in different regions of each sword or knife for the first time. This suggests that these iron blades are hypoeutectoid steel, and likely underwent intentional processing such as carburization, decarburizaition and hammering. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the archaeometallurgy related to Han iron swords and knives, which supplements the results obtained from traditional experimental methods. Additionally, it is also significant for further application of neutron techniques in China’s cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many reasons associated with stress, long term stress induces neurological and psychosomatic disorders like hypertension, hypothyroidism, diabetes, anxiety and depression which affect the lifestyle of human beings. Consequently, behavioural activity and action gradually change in their surrounding environment and also perceived by others. In general, stressful respiration is relatively different from normal. To release stress and control all the neuropsychological hormones, multiple activities like playing games, watching a movie, listening to songs and music, etc. or intake of medicine/drugs such as (Allopathic /Homeopathic/Ayurvedic) are used. Medicines can provide easy stress evasion, but relief is only temporary. Thus, yoga and Sudarshan kriya (SK) meditation is a unique and alternate therapy identified by Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar by Art of living. It would be a healthy way to get rid of stress in peoples’ lives. Study of long-term effects of (SKY) Sudarshan kriya Yoga before and after and response of the brain regions in experienced (10–15 yrs) practitioners, mediocre (3–5 yrs) and novice(non-practitioners) is the main objective of this work. This study is planned in three phases, the first phase is an experiment on SKY practitioners for more than 10–15 years, in which their (EEG) Electroencephalogram is recorded just after a session of meditation and the common portion of excitation amongst the three subjects is mined and analysed, to draw inferences. This inference would help us draw a conclusion about (BLOC) base level of consciousness considered as benchmark. In the second phase, comparison of benchmark data with the Mediocre (3–5 yrs) measurement and in third phase, benchmark versus Novice data, is done. Next is the phase of interpretation of the response in the form of EEG spectral waves as Type I- 10 to 15 years SKY Practitioners (Superconscious), Type II- SKY practitioners 3 to 5 years (mediocre/semiconscious) and Type. III- Non-practitioner subjects (Novice/Un-conscious). The unconsciousness here means a state of complete unawareness of the self, though conscious of the external, physical world. Thus, power spectrum analysis (PSA) is carried out and frequency of each electrode is computed through segment analysis, Power Spectrum Density (PSD), Correlation coefficient, Mean and Standard Deviation, for finding the level of consciousness. The spectral waveform of these recordings is analysed programmatically using machine learning techniques (used Python Language run on the Jupyter notebook, Spyder, Google colab environment).Frequency analysis results are obtained by placing 21 electrodes in human brain in different lobes that is (Fz, C2, P2, FP1, FP2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T3, T4, T5, BP4, E.G, T6) those are frequency measuring electrodes/channels placed on the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe over skull and brainwaves alpha (α)[8–12 Hz], beta (β)[12–16 Hz], delta (δ)[0.5–4 Hz], theta (Θ)[4–8 Hz], gamma (γ)[16–32 Hz] are synthesized. The interpretation of these analyses suggests alternative therapeutic techniques, to improve both mentally and psychologically and thus become socially acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of rare-earth titanates, specifically Re 2 TiO 5 (Re La, Nd, Sm), with a particular emphasis on their microwave dielectric properties. The factors influencing the synthesis of La 2 TiO 5 compound through the traditional solid-state method were thoroughly investigated, with a significant finding being the notable impact of moisture absorption in La 2 O 3. The impact of variations in rare-earth cation radii on the structure and dielectric properties was systematically analyzed. Re 2 TiO 5 (Re La, Nd, Sm) ceramics crystallized into an orthorhombic structure with space group Pnam, which was confirmed through Rietveld refinement. The resulting materials demonstrated exceptional microwave dielectric properties characterized by a low permittivity range of 13.72–17.39, high-quality factors ranging from 8331 to 17,795 GHz, and a significantly reduced temperature coefficient of resonance frequency (−33.2∼-12.6 ppm/°C). The correlation between microwave dielectric properties and structural characteristics (including ionic polarizability, packing fraction, and bond valence) was investigated. The exceptional potential of these rare-earth titanates lies in their ability to meet the stringent requirements for low signal transmission delay in wireless communication systems, owing to their advantageous low permittivity within the microwave frequency spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) is most commonly used in patients with neovascular glaucoma (NVG) associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in whom maximal hypotensive medications have failed to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) to the desired level, and glaucoma surgery cannot be carried out. Options for CPC can be performed using a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser or diode laser. Purpose: To compare the efficacy of TSCPC performed with the 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser versus 810-nm diode laser in patients with painful NVG associated with PDR over a 12-month follow-up period. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out on 58 type 2 diabetics (58 eyes) who received a 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser TSCPC or 810-nm diode laser TSCPC for painful NVG associated with PDR, with regular follow-up visits over 12 months and had no previous history of treatment with CPC. IOP between 6 and 21 mmHg (or a reduction in IOP of ≥ 30% from baseline IOP) and no ocular pain at 12 months was the primary outcome measure. Results: The success rate at 12 months was 75% and 77% for eyes that received Nd:YAG laser TSCPC and diode laser TSCPC, respectively (p = 0.86). In the Nd:YAG laser TSCPC and diode laser TSCPC groups, the IOP reduced by 46% and 45%, respectively (p = 0.34) from baseline values of 38.0 mmHg and 36.0 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.96) at month 12 after TSCPC. At month 12 after CPC, the BCVA in patients with preserved pattern vision improved in both groups (p = 0.41). The rate of ocular complications was, however, higher in the diode laser TSCPC group (71% versus 33%, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser TSCPC resulted in a reduction in IOP to ≤ 21 mmHg at month 12 in 75%, and diode laser TSCPC, in 77% of patients with NVG associated with PDR. The number of sessions required for treatment success was 3.2 times larger for Nd:YAG laser CPC than for diode laser CPC. Both these types of CPC are safe and can be repeatedly used to improve treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of late Capsular Block Syndrome (CBS) in a patient who underwent cataract surgery 12 years back. It was diagnosed with slit-lamp examination and by using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) that showed hyper-reflective material trapped in the capsular bag, between the IOL posterior surface and the posterior capsule. Anterior capsule fibrosis was seen in both eyes but in the left eye capsulorhexis showed irregular margins and had a smaller diameter compared to the right eye. The CBS was treated with Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy allowing rapid evacuation of liquid towards the vitreous chamber. Complete resolution of CBS was confirmed by AS-OCT. Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) of left eye improved from 0.2 logMAR before treatment to 0.0 logMAR one week after treatment. BCVA remained unchanged after one year of follow-up with no sign of new posterior capsular fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses spectroscopic analysis Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) of chromium (Cr) plasma at atmospheric pressure. The researchers used a Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser with a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm, an energy range of 400–700 mJ, and a frequency of 6 Hz to generate the chromium plasma. They employed laser pulses ranging from 10 to 30 pulses. By analyzing the emitted light, they calculated various plasma parameters including electron temperature, electron density, Debye length, and plasma frequency. The results indicated that the emission spectrum of chromium plasma at 532 nm spanned from 180 to 1100 nm. At 1064 nm, the wavelength range of the chromium plasma extended from 170 to 1100 nm. These emission spectra allowed the determination of plasma parameters, with temperature being the most crucial one. The temperature of the chromium plasma increased as the laser energy was raised, ranging from 1.722–1.825 to 4.29–5.672 eV. The electron density in the chromium plasma also increase from 3.08 × 1018 to 3.90×1018 cm-3, while with the 1064 nm wavelength, it increased from 1.65 × 1018 to 4.05 × 1018 cm-3. Additionally, the researchers employed the optical transmission method along with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer to ascertain the optical properties of chromium thin films. The measurements were carried out across a wavelength range spanning from 190 to 1100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plasma characteristics were determined using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique for the zirconium (Zr), zinc oxide (ZnO), and mix between Zr and ZnO with ratios of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4), by applying Nd:YAG laser pulses on them. Pulsed lasers with energies of 200, 240, 280 and 320 mJ (corresponding to wavelengths of 1064 nm) were used to prepare the Zr and ZnO samples, while the energy of 320 mJ at the same wavelength was used to prepare the Zr:ZnO sample. The Boltzmann-Plot method is used to calculate the plasma temperature Te (eV), whereas the Stark broadened method is used to get the electron density ne (cm−3). Debye length λD (cm) and plasma frequency ω pe (Hz) are also examined with respect to laser energy. With increasing energy, the electron temperature of the Zr, ZnO, and Zr:ZnO plasma grew significantly. The outcomes also showed that the optical emission peaks grow along with laser intensity. Note that the experimental steps were done at the atmospheric pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical properties of near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals (NSLN) can be improved by adding magnesium. For example, the light damage threshold of NSLN crystals mixed with a small amount of magnesium ions is higher than that of congruent lithium niobate (CLN) crystals mixed with high magnesium [1]. However, the current difficulties also lie in the deviation of SLN crystals from the congruent point, difficulty in growth, size limitation and uneven doping. SLN crystals are still not commercially available, and the size of the crystals is limited to two inches. We use the partial liquid phase method to synthesize polycrystalline materials of co-doped SLN crystals, and successfully solve the problem of uneven doping. The adjustment of process parameters and the use of continuous feeding technology greatly improved the success rate of SLN crystal growth. Then we characterized the grown NSLN crystal on optical and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser surface melting (LSM) is an environmentally-safe technique in which melting and solidification occur in a very short reaction time, without affecting the bulk of the material. On the other hand, today, the use of magnesium as a very light metal, with excellent specific resistance, excellent sound damping and good casting ability, etc., has been expanded. Also, having low absorption of laser beams, strong tendency to oxidation, high thermal conductivity, etc are important drawbacks of these alloys. Today there is widespread agreement on the better resistance to hot cracking of magnesium alloys with Nd:YAG laser due to its shorter wavelength by comparison with CO2 laser. This research aims to investigate the effect of Nd:YAG laser surface melting parameters on the microstructural, phase changes and hot cracking susceptibility of the AZ80 magnesium base alloy. The results of current research showed that sample 5 with voltage, frequency, pulse duration and gas flow rate of 250V, 10 Hz, 4 ms, 5lit/min, respectively, and constant speed of 1 mms showed a remelted zone with minimum hot cracks and other defects. In conclusion by controlling the laser parameters such as pulse duration, shielding gas flow rate, laser frequency, scanning rate and the laser power, the susceptibility to hot cracking including both solidification and liquation cracking are significantly decreased.

A geochronological and isotope–geochemical study of alkaline basalts from three areas of young magmatism within the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate (Southeastern Turkey), Batman, Kurtalan and Alemdağ, was carried out. The obtained isotope data have indicated that the volcanism in the studied region developed over a 5-Ma period from the end of Miocene to the middle Pleistocene during four pulses separated by breaks in magmatic activity: 6.1–4.9 Ma (Batman area, hawaiites), ~3.0 Ma (Alemdağ plateau, phase I, basalts), 2.0–1.9 Ma (Alemdağ plateau, phase II, tephrites), and 1.5–1.3 Ma (Alemdağ plateau, phase III, basalts; Kurtalan area, basalts). A comparison of spatial–temporal changes of magmatic activity evolution in the studied part of the Arabian Plate and within the largest basalt plateau of Arabian foreland, Karacadağ Plateau, located to the west, was carried out. The results of Sr–Nd–Pb isotope–geochemical studies show that the development of young basalt volcanism in the Arabian Plate was characterized at different time by the contribution of various mantle sources in magma generation under this region. Initial pulses of magmatic activity are associated with melting of Arabian subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The processes of fractional crystallization combined with crustal assimilation (AFC) have played an important role in the petrogenesis of lavas as well. Later, a deep mantle source (PREMA) with a depleted isotopic composition played a leading role in the formation of basaltic magmas of increased alkalinity. The melts generated by this source were mixed with the SCLM material in various proportions at different stages of magmatism with a limited participation of AFC processes in the petrogenesis of the rocks. It was concluded that young basalt volcanism of increased alkalinity in the northeast of the Arabian Plate is not related to the collision of the Eurasian and Arabian plates genetically, but presumably manifested here as a result of the migration of the initial rift geodynamic setting from the Red Sea basin to the north along Levantine and East Anatolian transform faults due to directed convection flows in the lower part of mantle under this part of the Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of Nd-doped TiO2 were fabricated using sol–gel dip-coating. X-ray powder diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer, and LCR meter were used for characterization. The formation of the anatase phase was confirmed by XRD spectra and FTIR spectra. The crystallite size was evaluated by using the Scherer formula that was found to fluctuate between 6.86 and 9.66 nm; it increased from 1 to 4 wt% and then decreased for 5 wt% which is explained in terms of nucleation. The blue shift was observed in transmission spectra with increasing dopant concentration. Antimicrobial testing was carried out against one fungal strain, Aspergillus fumigatus, and four different bacteria S. Aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, and E. coli. 2 and 4 wt% Nd-doped TiO2 showed the highest antibacterial and photocatalytic activity, respectively. The AC conductivity was found to be enhanced by Nd doping. Magnetic analysis reveals that trivalent doping of (Nd3+) ions in the host Ti–O lattice enhanced the ferromagnetic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) offers significant advantages over other techniques when it come to welding Mg alloys. This work shows that the weld quality of Mg alloy plates depends on the control of the laser-arc heat source as interactions between the laser beam and the arc dominate the laser-arc heat source state. Enhancing interactions between the laser beam and the welding arc take place based on mass and energy exchange between laser-induced plasma and the arc. The connection of the two plasmas changes the discharge state of the welding arc and, thus, makes the most efficient use of heat source energy. This leads to significantly improved welding depth of the HLAW heat source. Laser-arc distance is the key factor dominating the interactions between the two plasmas and we demonstrated that with accurate control of the distance, an enhanced hybrid heat source was be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X‐linked recessive disorder characteristic of early childhood blindness. While several mutations in the NDP gene have been reported as causative for ND, the genetic etiology remains unknown for many patients. This study aims to describe a novel mutation and explore the clinical manifestations in a Chinese family with two affected males. Methods: Exome sequencing (ES) was employed to identify the causative gene in a four‐generation pedigree. Sanger sequencing was subsequently utilized to validate the mutation detected by ES in additional family members. Ophthalmologic examination and diagnostic imaging relevant to ND were conducted. Results: The proband (IV:2), an 8‐month‐old male infant, presented with binocular retinal detachment. DNA sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.174G>C) within the NDP gene in the proband. This mutation affected highly conserved residues and was predicted to disrupt the normal protein structure. Furthermore, the variant co‐segregated with the disease phenotypes within the family. Conclusions: Our findings identified a novel missense mutation in the NDP gene associated with Norrie disease in China, expanding the mutation spectrum associated with ND. This discovery holds diagnostic, prognostic, and genetic counseling implications for affected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrogeochemical data on basalts (lithophile elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, liquidus olivine and spinel compositions) from the transition zone of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) in the Du Toit–Andrew Bain fault zone indicate significant differences in their composition. Tholeiites enriched in Na and depleted in Fe (Na-TOR genetic type) are developed within the rift valley adjacent to the faults. Deep-type basalts (TOR-1) are present in the western wall of the Andrew Bain Fault. The outpouring of these magma types reflects a possible change in geodynamic setting during formation of this zone: from deep and high temperature to shallower magma generation conditions (Sushchevskaya et al., 2022). Differences in the primary melts of tholeiites from the rift valley and the Andrew Bain Transform Fault are also traced in the composition of liquidus olivine. The olivines from rift valley are similar to the typical Na-TOR olivines with Mg number of Fo88-87, low Ni and elevated Mn contents. On the contrary, olivines in tholeiite from the Andrew Bain Fault Zone are enriched in Ni and depleted in Mn, which may indicate the involvement of pyroxenite in melt generation. This component is either oceanic lithosphere recycled through the deep mantle or fragments of previously formed oceanic crust, which were subsequently involved in melting during the spreading axes jumping. A similar process is typical of the Bouvet Triple Junction, where the trace-element composition of olivine shows significant heterogeneity. The radiogenic composition of Pb and Sr of the Andrew Bain Fault tholeiites are similar to those of enriched magmas from such Indian Ocean rises as Crozet, Marion and Bouvet, but differ from those of the Conrad and Af. Nikitin rises. The source of such tholeiite melts is close in composition to the model HIMU type (with high U/Pb), which likely contains an admixture of EM-II component (with elevated Rb/Sr). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Nevus of Ota is a hamartoma that present since birth or within the first year of life. Most patients suffer from depression, and laser has become the first-line treatment for this difficult-to-treat condition. There are hardly any studies regarding dermoscopic changes of the Nevus of Ota treated with Nd: YAG laser from Eastern India. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and side effects of 1064 nm Q-button Nd:YAG laser treatment together with dermoscopic changes in patients with Nevus of Ota. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational descriptive study conducted for a period of one year in a tertiary care hospital. We included clinically diagnosed Nevus of Ota patients aged over 18 years. Exclusion criteria were acute infection or chronic diseases, pregnancy or lactation, and history of any treatment with laser or chemo-peeling. Thirty-two cases were included in the study. Photographs and dermoscopic examinations were done at every session for an average of six sessions at an interval of four to six weeks. The response to treatment was graded based on the physician's global assessment scale, and appropriate statistical tests were done using SPSS 18. Results: Very good results with >75% improvement were seen in 12.5% of patients, and a good response i.e., 50-74% was seen in 59.37% of patients. An average response (25-49%) was seen in 18.75% of patients, while a poor response with <25% improvement was found in 9.37% of patients. After completion of laser sessions, dermoscopy was done again to compare changes, but there were no significant changes except a slight lightening of the brown-grey patchy distribution and fewer brown-grey dots. There were no changes in terminal hair, serpentine vessels, and scaling. Conclusion: Most patients noted satisfying improvement after an average of six sessions of Nd: YAG laser therapy. Studies with a greater number of sessions can be conducted, and they may yield more improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is a crop of great global importance in various industries, such as the food and energy sectors. With over 55 million Mg of milling stems produced, Mexico is the eighth largest sugarcane producer in the world. Nevertheless, this crop faces environmental and agronomic challenges that require especial attention. Among the alternatives to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of the production system is biostimulation through beneficial elements, such as neodymium (Nd), which has shown positive effects on some crops. For this study, a hydroponic floating root system was established where 0, 50, 100, and 150 µM Nd were applied for 90 d to sugarcane cv. Mex 69-290. Growth was directly related to the concentration of applied Nd. The 150 µM Nd dose significantly increased the content of N, P, and K in leaves, stems, and roots of sugarcane seedlings. Likewise, it increased the concentration of sugars in shoots and that of amino acids in shoots and roots. Chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were also increased in shoots as a result of Nd applications. In contrast, Nd reduced antioxidant activity. Thus, we conclude that Nd has beneficial effects on sugarcane grown in a hydroponic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrodeposition of neodymium was investigated in betaine-ethylene glycol (Bet-EG) deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) at different temperatures ranging from 353 K to 373 K. The electrochemical behavior of Nd2O3 dissolved in Bet-EG DES was researched by cyclic voltammetry, potentiodynamic polarization and chronoamperometry methods. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) manifest that Nd(III) reduction in Bet-EG is an irreversible process with diffusion-controlled, and the reduction overpotential of Nd(III) decreases with the increase of the temperature. The temperature has an impact on the diffusion coefficient of Nd(III) species, obeying the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy is estimated to be 36.78 kJ mol−1. The cathodic polarization analysis shows that the rise of temperature promotes the reduction of Nd(III). The UV–Vis and ESI-MS analyses show that [Nd2(bet)8(H2O)4]6+ complex anions are formed as Nd2O3 is dissolved in Bet-EG DES. Electrodeposited neodymium with various morphologies were characterized and analyzed by EDX, XPS, XRD and SEM. It is found that the electrodeposition temperature has a great effect on the morphology of Nd electrodeposits. Depending on the deposition temperature, metallic Nd with submicron particles or porous structures were obtained.

BACKGROUND Uranium-series nuclides are one of the three major radioactive decay systems, which are suitable for studying various geological processes at different time scales. In addition, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopes (Sr-Nd isotopes for short) are two commonly used isotopes, for rock dating, chemical weathering assessment and tracing sediment sources. In this case, the combination of Sr-Nd-U isotopes can provide more comprehensively knowledge of the element cycle on the earth's surface and deepen our understanding of the sediment "Source to Sink"processes.Most previous studies involving the Sr-Nd-U isotopes have been established by separating Sr-Nd and U isotopes respectively. In this way, the digestion operation must be performed twice, one for separating Sr-Nd and the other for separating U. Alternatively, if only one sample is digested for measuring all three isotopes, between each element separation, the residue must be dried and dissolved in another solution so as to start a new column work. The former increases the amount of samples, which is not conducive to analysis of precious and trace samples; the latter adds additional drying operation, which is time consuming and increases the risk of sample loss and contamination. OBJECTIVES To establish a new Sr-Nd-U combined separation scheme. In this method, only one sample is dissolved, avoiding solution transfer between each separation, so as to reduce sample amount and improve the efficiency of separation and purification of Sr-Nd-U isotopes. METHODS A new chromatographic scheme of separating Sr-Nd-U with one sample digestion using a tandem column scheme is presented. Three columns were overlain sequentially to separate Sr in Sr Spec column, Nd in AG50W-X8 column and U in UTEVA column. 3mol/L HNO3 was used to pre-condition, load the sample, and rinse the matrix. After rinsing the matrix, the tandem column was separated to 3 independent columns to elute the target elements (Sr, Nd, U) respectively.As the connection sequence of different resin columns may interfere with the recovery of target elements, two different chromatographic schemes were compared. In Scheme 1, U column was placed on top of Sr column, while in Scheme 2 the positions of U column and Sr resin column were exchanged. In both schemes, the AG50W-X8 resin column was set at the bottom as the cationic resin can adsorb the most complex elements.All separated elution was tested for element concentration using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The basalt standard sample (BCR-2) was used to examine the behavior and recovery of each element in the separation procedure. RESULTS A total of 10 fractions were recovered from the tandem column scheme, among which fraction 1 represented the leachate recovered by loading samples and rinsing matrix from the tandem three columns. Fraction 2, 5 and 8 represented the leachate recovered by Sr Spec resin, AG50W-X8 resin and UTEVA resin respectively rinsing matrix after separation of the three columns. Fraction 3, 6 and 9 represented the leachate recovered by Sr, REE and U columns, which was Sr, Nd and U collection. Fraction 4, 7 and 10 represented the leachate from each resin recycle stage.In either Scheme 1 or Scheme 2, most matrix elements (high content of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ti and P and low content of Rb, Hf and Th) were mainly concentrated in fraction 1. The elution rate of Na, Ti, Rb and Hf was up to 99%. The elution rate of K and Ca was slightly lower at about 85% and the elution rate of Fe was about 56%. Sr was mainly concentrated in fraction 3, which contained only a small amount of P and Ba. Nd was mainly concentrated in fraction 6, which also contained both Sm and Ce. U was mainly concentrated in fraction 9, which only contained a very small amount of P and Pb. The column recovery was almost 99.9% for U, 90% for Sr and over 80% for Nd.The removal rate of major matrix elements (K, Ca, Na, Ba, Fe, Rb, etc.) exceeded 99%, which reduced interference with high-precision isotope analysis of Sr, Nd, and U. The recovery and purity of Sr, Nd, U were all quite high. A very small amount of P and Ba in fraction 3 had no interference with Sr isotopes (87Sr/86Sr). The Rb which was isomorphism of Sr was removed completely. With regard to Sm and Ce in fraction 6, previous studies had shown that 142Ce could not interfere with Nd isotope (143Nd/144Nd), and Sm could be further separated by Ln resin, so as not to affect Nd isotopic test. Fraction 9 contained nearly 100% U with no other elements.The sequence of resin column splicing is a crucial consideration which may impact the element separation. Hence, the position of Sr Spec column and UTEVA column was exchanged to compare the influence of different column sequences on eluting target elements. Both Scheme 1 and Scheme 2 can effectively wash off most of the matrix elements, and the target elements Sr, Nd and U can be efficiently adsorbed on the resin. There is no significant difference on target element separation between the two different column sequences. This indicates that Sr Spec and UTEVA resins do not interfere with each other on the target elements. CONCLUSIONS The new chromatographic scheme of separating Sr-Nd-U with one sample digestion using a tandem column scheme can be used to quickly and efficiently separate Sr, Nd and U elements from silicate rock samples. The recovery rate for U, Sr and Nd is 99.9%, 92.5% and 82.1%, respectively, which meet the requirements of subsequent isotope analysis. This Sr-Nd-U combined separation method can be used to reduce the sample consumption by about 50%, which is beneficial to the analysis of precious and trace samples. Meanwhile, as no solution transfer is needed between each column separation, this method can also save time for column work and increase the efficiency of chemical separation. A new idea for Sr-Nd-U multi-isotope separation is provided. If the recovery of Pb in the fraction 4 of this chromatographic scheme can be improved in further studies, the application of this new method may be expanded to more fields in the future.

Viral outbreaks are the leading causes of economic losses in the poultry industries worldwide. Intensive vaccination programs and excellent management are crucial for successful protection. Certainly, the most vital management factors are feed and water quality. This study evaluated the effect of mycotoxins fed or hard water on IBD, ND, and IB vaccines response and performance in broilers. A total of 400 Cobb chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups; not vaccinated negative control (G1), vaccinated positive control (G2), vaccinated mycotoxins fed (G3) and vaccinated hard water (G4). Blood samples were collected at 4, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. Profolk Plus IBD ELISA Kit, Biocheck IB ELISA Kit and Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test were used for titers estimation. The feed intake, body weight and the feed conversion ratio were calculated. For the effect of mycotoxins, the G3 showed significantly lower mean titers than G2 from the 35th day for all tested vaccines. For the effect of hard water on IBD vaccine response, the G4 had significantly lower mean titers than G2 on the 42nd day. For IB vaccine response, from the 28th day G4 had significantly lower mean titers than G2. Regarding feed intake and body weight, the G2 was significantly better than G3 and G4. In conclusion, mycotoxins had adverse effects on the humoral immune response for IBD, ND, and IB titers. The adverse effect of hard water on IB vaccines response was significant from the 28th day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the climate drying during the Holocene within the Nile River Valley System (NRVS) has been the focus of recent debate in the archaeological community. It is argued that the increased contribution of aeolian material from the neighboring Sahara Desert during the last ~7,000 years has changed the isotope compositions of bioavailable Sr relative to the geological background and thus hinders provenance investigations of human remains within the NRVS. This study reports new trace element and strontium (Sr), neodymium (Nd), and lead (Pb) isotope compositions for a combined total of 125 samples consisting of human tooth enamel and various faunal samples from different time periods, and present-day botanical samples from 11 archaeological sites along the NRVS. The new isotope data combined with published data do not support a time-dependent increase in a Saharan aeolian bioavailable Sr component during the Holocene within the NRVS; in general, Sr isotope compositions for human enamel samples match those of their corresponding faunal matrices, and these define a similar range of isotope compositions over the various time periods. The Nd and Pb isotope compositions for human tooth enamel reported here also support the limited contribution of Saharan aeolian dust within the NVRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are the most common fungal species in humans. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser on inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in vitro. Methods: Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis species were cultured in sub-dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol and exposed to Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). The laser was emitted at the pulse frequency of 1 Hz (1 pulse per second) for 7 or 13 seconds. At each pulse duration, the energies of 40, 60, 80, or 100 mJ were delivered to microbial plates. After radiation, the number of colonies was counted and reported as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Results: There was a significant reduction in the number of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis colonies after Nd:YAG laser radiation, compared to the control group (P<0.05). At the pulse duration of 7 seconds, there was a significant difference in the number of Candida albicans colonies between the pulse energy of 40 mJ with other pulse energies (P<0.05). At the pulse duration of 13 seconds, the energies of 80 mJ and 100 mJ were significantly more potent at killing Candida tropicalis than other pulse energies (P<0.05). Increasing the duration of irradiation from 7 to 13 seconds was effective at killing Candida species at most pulse energies (P<0.05). Conclusions: Nd:YAG laser is effective in inhibiting the growth of Candida species. Under the conditions of this study, the antifungal effect of Nd:YAG laser improved with increasing pulse energy and duration of laser irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of this work, the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique was used to deposit nanoparticles of pure titanium oxide (TiO2) onto a glass substrate at temperatures ranging from 100 to 400 degrees Celsius. This experiment made use of a Nd: YAG laser that had its frequency-doubled. The laser had a wavelength of 532 nanometers and an average laser strength of 800 millijoules. To explore the optical properties, transmittance spectrometry measurements were carried out for both visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. These measurements were carried out. The results of the optical transmittance test showed that it was more than 80 percent, which indicates that it is suitable for use in applications involving solar cells. The research was conducted on a number of optical constants, including the refractive index, the absorption coefficient, and the attenuation coefficient, and the values of these optical constants were determined. The value of the refractive index was found to be 2.49 when measured at a temperature of 400 degrees Celsius and a wavelength of 550 nanometers. Additionally, it was feasible to calculate the density of the titanium dioxide coating, which came out to be 3.6881 grams per cubic centimeter after the calculation was complete. The use of a numerical equation was utilized to ascertain the connection that exists between density and base temperature. It is an empirical equation that may be employed in the process of calculating the density of the components that are being used, and it has the potential to do so successfully. This equation is one of a kind since it was produced via the use of a theoretical computer program, and it is specific to the results that were obtained from the research.

Abstract Background Urmia lake, as a national park, is one of the most valuable aquatic ecosystems in the Middle East and quatitative and qualitative changes in Urmia lake water have a great impact on its ecological performance and in the region. Objectives This project was designed to study the effects of the extent of Urmia lake water surface area on the area size and on the number of aquatic birds of the six selected habitats in 2011–2019. The presence of avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses in migratory aquatic birds together with their impacts on poultry farms as well as on rural birds was also under surveillance in 2018–2019. Methods Changes of Urmia lake and its impacts on area size of the six selected birds habitats were monitored by GIS. The small monitoring program with circular plot point counts was used for counting of the number of birds of the six selected habitats. At least, 100 samples (oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs) were collected. each sample was placed in a sterile plastic tube containg transport media and assigned with an number and store untill used. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and real‐time RT‐PCR test were used for detection of AI and ND viruses in the samples. Results The results revealed that changes in the water surface area of Urmia lake had a gsignificat impacts on area size and the number of aquatic birds of the six selected habitats. The surveillance results showed that 5% of the samples were AIV positvie while 25% of the samples were pasitive for NDV including 20% for non‐virulent NDV (lNDV) and 5% for virulent NDV (vNDV) strains. Conclusion This study showed that fluctuation of Urmia lake's water surface area influenced (p

The corrosion resistance of mechanically clinched interstitial free (IF) steel–Mg joints was investigated by potentiodynamic and immersion corrosion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution at 25 C. The initial microstructure influenced the corrosion performance of studied joints due to the formation of secondary phases and their volume fraction changed the galvanic corrosion response of Mg materials. Nd-La addition enhanced the corrosion resistance of IF-Mg joints, where two times higher corrosion resistance was obtained by IF-AZ31B-0.5Nd-0.1La (1110 mils/year (mpy)) joint than IF-AZ31B (3670 mpy). The cross section locations had different secondary phase (SP) volume fraction, SP-distribution and grain orientations which altered the corrosion behavior of joined materials. After the clinching process, the deformed section of IF-AZ31B-0.5Nd-0.1La and IF-AZ31B showed lower corrosion rate than undeformed sections 1040 and 1110 mpy and 2820 and 3670 mpy, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the mineralogy and major and trace element composition (including REE+Y) of bulk samples and in separate size fractions of the ore, the contribution of different REE+Y species to the total REE budget of ironstones from the Kamysh-Burun trough was estimated. Kerch ores have the structure of REE+Y accumulation typical for marine sedimentary iron ore deposits. Light REEs form independent mineralization of authigenic phosphates (rhabdophane-type LREE(PO4)∙nH2O phases) enriched in La, Pr, Nd, and Ca. Medium REEs are mainly adsorbed on Fe3+-(oxy)hydroxides forms. The coexisting Nd and MREE enrichment combined with Th and U depletion allow considering the Kerch ironstones as commercially attractive unconventional resources of rare-earth elements.

We present newly acquired data on the trace element composition and Sr–Nd–Pb-O isotopes of Pliocene – Holocene basalts of the Medvezhiy caldera located on the Iturup Island, Kuril arc. With its unique rhenium mineralization and high-Mg basalt volcanism, it is the largest caldera on the volcanic front of the Kurile Island arc. The calc-alkaline suite of rocks spanning the range from high-Mg basalts to high-Al basalts, has typical arc rock features, such as Nb-Ta depletion and LILE enrichment. The whole set of the caldera geochemical data is divided into two age units, pre- and postcaldera basalts. The precaldera basalts typify low-K, high-Al, basaltic suite of the frontal zones of «cold» subduction. PRIMACALC2 code and Arc Basalt Simulator version 3.1 forward model points to ~21.7% of partial melting of moderately depleted mantle peridotite with relatively high water content (~0.34 wt%) at the pressure of ~1.37 GPa. With similar isotope and trace element signatures, Late Pleistocene–Holocene basalts are marked by the high abundances of MgO (up to 11 wt %), but low Al2O3. The primary magmas were generated from depleted mantle with lower H2O content (~0.13%) and degree of partial melting (~9.5%), but at higher pressure (~1.77 GPa). The decompression scheme reproduces the fractionation trends of postcaldera magnesian basalts for most major elements but fails to explain the composition variations of the precaldera lavas. Their origin has been the matter of some complex processes in the shallow magma chamber. The abrupt change in the type of eruptions and magma composition of the caldera in Late Pleistocene–Holocene were related to a transformation of both the magma-feeding and melt generation systems as the result of geodynamic reorganization of the vast territory adjacent to the Sea of Japan and Kamchatka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, neodymium (Nd) doped transparent ceramics have played a great role as laser gain media. The ceramics with anisotropic structures have more advantages in luminescence. The Nd, Y co-doped Sr 5 (PO 4) 3 F (Nd, Y: S-FAP) nanoparticles were synthesized by a conventional chemical co-precipitation method. The transparent Nd, Y: S-FAP ceramics with high quality were fabricated by the hot-pressed sintering method. Moreover, the Judd-Ofelt (J-O) theory was adopted to further evaluate the spectral properties. The as-synthesized nanoparticles, whose grain size was about 25 nm, were nearly ellipsoidal. The highest transmittance of the ceramic was 2% Nd: S-FAP, reaching 85% at 1000 nm. The calculated absorption cross-section of the 4I 9/2 → 4F 5/2 + 2H 9/2 transition from the measured absorption spectra was 4.58 × 10−20 cm2. With the increase of the concentration of doped Y3+ ions, the intensity of the emission peak at 1057 nm increased gradually. Moreover, the calculated stimulated emission cross-section of 4F 3/2 → 4I 11/2 transitions was 7.61 × 10−20 cm2, which was greatly improved compared to the current matrix. The research, therefore, showed the great promise of Nd, Y: S-FAP as a solid-state laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the effect of DNaseⅠ combined with Nd: YAP laser on the removal of enterococcus faecalis (E.f) biofilm in root canals. Methods The E.f infection model on dentin surface was established and observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). E.f biofilm samples cultured for 48 h were divided into 5 groups by random number table method, with 5 samples in each group. The group A was treated with 0.5%NaOCl, the group B was treated with 0.5%NaOCl+Nd: YAP laser, the group C was treated with DNaseⅠ+ 0.5%NaOCl, the group D was treated with DNaseⅠ+ 0.5%NaOCl+Nd: YAP laser and the group E was treated with 0.9% normal saline. The adhesion of E.f on dentin surface was observed by laser confocal microscope (CLSM), and the amount of green fluorescence was counted, which was the amount of viable bacteria. Results SEM observation showed the dentin tubule opening on the dentin surface. E. f adhesion was observed on the dentin surface, and bacterial adhesion was observed in the deep layer of dentin tubule. CLSM observation showed that living bacteria with green fluorescence were scattered on the dentin surface in the group A, the group B and the group C. Less green fluorescence was observed in the group D. Green fluorescent live bacteria covered all the sample surface in the group E. The amount of bacteria in the group D was significantly less than that in the groups A and the groups E, and the amount of bacteria in the group C was significantly less than that in the group E (P＜0.01). Conclusion Compared with 0.5% NaOCl alone, DNaseⅠ combined with Nd: YAP laser and 0.5% NaOCl can treat E.f biofilms more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/Aim: Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication that develops after cataract surgery, and it can be treated neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different intraocular lenses (IOLs) on the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO), to determine the time between surgery and Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, and to evaluate the efficacy, effectiveness, and complications of capsulotomy in patients who underwent cataract surgery with the phacoemulsification method and subsequently developed PCO. Methods: The cohort study included one eye of each of 153 cases (63 males, 90 females) who underwent cataract surgery with the phacoemulsification method in our clinic from August 1, 2006, through August 1, 2008, and subsequently developed PCO. According to the type of IOL implanted, the cases were divided into three groups: polymethylmethacrylate IOL (Group 1), hydrophilic acrylic IOL (Group 2), and hydrophobic acrylic IOL (Group 3). The control examinations of the patients who underwent Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy were undertaken before capsulotomy and at the first week, first month, and third month after capsulotomy. Results: Visual acuity improvement was detected in 96.7% of the 153 cases. It was determined that 9.1% of the cases had an intraocular pressure (IOP) increase of more than 5 mmHg at the third hour after capsulotomy and approached baseline values at the end of 1 week. The mean total energy used in all the cases was 37.20 (14.70) mjl. The mean total energy used in 14 patients with an IOP elevation of above 5 mmHg was 71.07 (10.59) mjl. Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was performed at an average of 6.29 (4.91) months in Group 1, 7.81 (4.35) months in Group 2, and 17.7 (12.35) months in Group 3. After capsulotomy, clinically significant cystoid macular edema was observed in 1.9% of the cases, IOL damage in 3.9%, and vitreous hemorrhage in 0.6%. Conclusion: In this study, the incidence of PCO development was found to be lower in the patients who underwent hydrophobic acrylic IOL implantation; therefore, this type of lens should be preferred for implantation. Although Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is an outpatient treatment method that can be applied quickly and can increase visual acuity, it can also lead to complications. To eliminate most of these complications, it would be beneficial to minimize the energy used during the laser procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser beam machining (LBM) is used to machine a variety of materials economically and to obtain the required quality metrics. The quality of the surface finish of laser-machined components is affected by the improper selection of process parameters during machining. In this paper, microchannels were machined on Al/TiB2 nanocomposite using an Nd: YAG laser system. An atomic force microscope was used to obtain the surface roughness of microchannels. The aim of this process is to identify the influence of the individual and interactive effect of the process parameters on the surface roughness of the microchannels and to identify the optimum combination of the process parameters for minimum surface roughness. Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array-based Design of Experiment (DoE) was implemented to conduct the experimental study. A statistical analysis of the results was performed for the experimental data. The results are presented in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the catalysts of Nd-modified CeO2/GO were synthesized by a one-step impregnation method, which was used to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. The test results showed that Nd0.5CeOx/GO catalyst exhibited superior SO2 resistance at 300°C. The prepared samples were characterized by TEM, SEM, XPS, XRD, BET and FT-IR. The results showed that the GO carrier provides a large specific surface area, which is beneficial to the adsorption of reactive gas. Nd and Ce are loaded on the two-dimensional sheet GO surface, and formed a strong interaction with GO. The addition of Nd will increase the chemisorbed oxygen content on the catalyst surface, which is conducive to the "fast SCR" reaction. In addition, Nd on the surface of catalyst could preferentially react with SO2 to form corresponding sulfate species and inhibit the sulfation of cerium active species, thus improving the SO2 resistance of the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The control of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection depends solely on vaccination which in most cases is not sufficient to restrain the consequences of such a highly evolving viral disease. Finding out substances for preparing an efficient anti-ND drug would be of high value. n-Docosanol is a saturated fatty alcohol with an inhibitory effect against many enveloped viruses. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of n-docosanol on NDV infection and shedding in chickens. Methods: Chickens infected with a highly virulent NDV were treated with low to high concentrations of n-docosanol (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg body weight) for 4-successive days, once they showed the disease symptoms. Survival and curative rates, virus load, histopathological scoring, and virus shedding were defined. Results: Symptoms development was found to discontinue 24–72 hours post-treatment. Survival rate in the NDV-infected chickens raised 37.4–53.2% after the treatment. n-Docosanol treatment was also found to significantly reduce virus load in the digestive (26.2–33.9%), respiratory (38.3–63%), nervous (26.7–51.1%), and lymphatic (16.4–29.1%) tissues. Histopathological scoring of NDV lesions revealed prominent rescue effects on the histology of different tissues. Importantly, n-docosanol treatment significantly reduced virus shedding in oropharyngeal discharge and feces thereby allowing the restriction of NDV spread. Conclusion: Our findings suggest n-docosanol as a promising remedy in the control strategy of Newcastle disease in the poultry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]