Analytical diagnostics of Zr, ZnO and Zr(1-x): ZnO(x) plasma produced by laser.

The plasma characteristics were determined using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique for the zirconium (Zr), zinc oxide (ZnO), and mix between Zr and ZnO with ratios of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4), by applying Nd:YAG laser pulses on them. Pulsed lasers with energies of 200, 240, 280 and 320 mJ (corresponding to wavelengths of 1064 nm) were used to prepare the Zr and ZnO samples, while the energy of 320 mJ at the same wavelength was used to prepare the Zr:ZnO sample. The Boltzmann-Plot method is used to calculate the plasma temperature T_e (eV), whereas the Stark broadened method is used to get the electron density n_e (cm⁻³). Debye length λ_D (cm) and plasma frequency ω pe (Hz) are also examined with respect to laser energy. With increasing energy, the electron temperature of the Zr, ZnO, and Zr:ZnO plasma grew significantly. The outcomes also showed that the optical emission peaks grow along with laser intensity. Note that the experimental steps were done at the atmospheric pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]