175 results on '"N56"'
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2. The nationalization of the large-scale copper mines in Chile: successful investment or financial failure?
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González, Andrés, Sánchez, Felipe, and Castillo, Emilio
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SUSTAINABLE development , *CASH discounts , *DISCOUNT prices , *OPERATING costs , *VALUATION - Abstract
Between 1967 and 1971, the Chilean government nationalized its large-scale copper mining industry. While this process is widely considered successful given the demonstrated long-term state capacity to profitably operate the assets, the discussion on its net financial convenience has usually been disregarded. Aiming to improve the understanding of this case of resource nationalism, this paper follows two complementary approaches. First, we provide a systematic review of the historical background, development, and short-term impact of the Chilean nationalization, consolidating at the same time the available financial data on fiscal inflows and outflows as part of this process. Secondly, we perform an ex-post NPV assessment using a 10% discount rate over the annual cash flows that the government has perceived from the nationalized mining operations from 1967 to 2022 and compare it with a hypothetical counterfactual scenario in which these mines would have remained privately owned. This yields a higher NPV of the Nationalization compared to the counterfactual. Considering that discount rates above 11.1% or operational cost reductions by 4.5% indicate a net financial loss, the results suggest that, purely from a financial perspective, the nationalization process was marginally positive for the government. We expect that this analysis provides support for a thoughtful mineral policy that contributes to sustainable human and economic development in resource-rich countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. The creative–destructive force of hurricanes: evidence from technological adoption in colonial Jamaican sugar estates: The creative–destructive force of hurricanes...
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Huesler, Joel and Strobl, Eric
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- 2025
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4. THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY DURING THE OLD REGIME CRISIS (1750-1807).
- Author
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Carrara, Angelo Alves, Menz, Maximiliano Mac, Melo, Felipe Souza, and Dominguez, Rodrigo da Costa
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PRECIOUS metals ,RECESSIONS ,SLAVE trade ,FINANCIAL crises ,RHYTHM - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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5. AGRICULTURAL WORKERS' STANDARD OF LIVING DURING CENTRAL CHILE'S AGRARIAN EXPANSION, 1870-1930.
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Robles-Ortiz, Claudio, González-Correa, Ignacio, Reyes Campos, Nora, and González Aliaga, Uziel
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WAGE increases ,AGRICULTURAL wages ,STANDARD of living ,GREAT Depression, 1929-1939 ,LIVING wage movement ,REAL wages - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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6. Innovation as an internationalisation determinant of Brazilian technology-based SMEs.
- Author
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Semensato, Bárbara Ilze, Oliva, Fábio Lotti, and Roehrich, Gilles
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TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,SMALL business ,PANEL analysis ,EMERGING markets ,INTERNATIONAL markets - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of International Entrepreneurship is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Device effects: Results from choice experiments in an agritourism context
- Author
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Tavárez, Héctor S., Cortés, Mildred, Tavárez, Héctor S., and Cortés, Mildred
- Abstract
This study uses a questionnaire to examine device use effects in choice experiments and to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) values for agritourism-related activities. The results indicate that respondents using devices with large screens are more confident of their responses, dedicate more time to the valuation exercise, and select the status quo option less frequently. However, WTP for agritourism and perceived choice experiment complexity are invariant with regards to the device. Respondents’ WTP for selected agritourism activities varies from $5 to $21 per visit., Utilizamos un cuestionario para examinar los efectos del uso de dispositivos en los experimentos de elección y estimar la disposición a pagar (DAP) por actividades relacionadas con el agroturismo. Los resultados indican que los encuestados que utilizan dispositivos con pantallas grandes tienen más confianza en sus respuestas, dedican más tiempo al ejercicio de valoración y seleccionan con menos frecuencia la opción de statu quo. Sin embargo, la DAP por agroturismo y la percepción sobre la complejidad del experimento de elección son invariantes con respecto al dispositivo. La DAP por las actividades de agroturismo seleccionadas varía de $5 a $21 por visita.
- Published
- 2024
8. América Latina y la maldición de los recursos: el debate en la larga duración
- Author
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Rafael Domínguez Martín
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maldición de los recursos ,paradoja de la abundancia ,teoría de la base de exportación ,instituciones ,desarrollo económico ,b15 ,n56 ,o43 ,o44 ,q32 ,q33 ,Economic history and conditions ,HC10-1085 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el debate sobre la maldición de los recursos o la paradoja de la abundancia (la idea de que la dependencia y la abundancia de recursos naturales son un obstáculo para el desarrollo), con el foco puesto en América Latina desde una perspectiva de larga duración. Para ello, se recurre al metaanálisis interpretativo de conceptos de tres cuerpos diferentes de la literatura: 1) la relación entre recursos naturales y desarrollo en la historia del pensamiento económico; 2) la teoría del crecimiento basado en productos básicos -o de la industrialización por diversificación-, y 3) el debate sobre la maldición de los recursos con énfasis en los trabajos seminales latinoamericanos o sobre América Latina. La conclusión del trabajo es doble: las instituciones, entendidas como restricciones de economía política nacional e internacional, han impedido hasta ahora que en América Latina se reproduzca el círculo virtuoso de la industrialización por diversificación a partir de la exportación de productos básicos, y los diseños institucionales son una condición que puede y debe ser modificada por la agencia colectiva del Estado con el fin de que la gobernanza soberana sobre los recursos naturales cumpla sus fines de transformación distributiva y productiva, y sea posible escapar así de la trampa de la especialización empobrecedora.
- Published
- 2021
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9. IS THERE A LATIN AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL GROWTH PATTERN? FACTOR ENDOWMENTS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY.
- Author
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Martín-Retortillo, Miguel, Pinilla, Vicente, Velazco, Jackeline, and Willebald, Henry
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AGRICULTURAL productivity ,LATIN American history ,AGRICULTURE ,PRODUCTION increases ,INDUSTRIAL productivity ,ENDOWMENTS - Abstract
In this article, we discuss whether there was a single Latin American pattern of agricultural growth between 1950 and 2008. We analyse the sources of growth of agricultural production and productivity in ten Latin American countries. Our results show that the differences between these countries are too large to establish a single pattern for this region. However, certain common trends may be observed, such as the growing importance of labour productivity as a component of agricultural production growth and the increasing relevance of total factor productivity as a component of agricultural labour productivity growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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10. CONNECTING THE NORTHERN ANDES AND THE ATLANTIC. THE ROLE OF INLAND PORTS IN NEW GRANADA'S INTERREGIONAL TRADE (1770-1809).
- Author
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Torres-Moreno, James V. and Henao-Giraldo, José L.
- Abstract
This paper analyses the role of Mompox in New Granada's interregional trade during the late colonial period. It focuses on the value, structure and destination of exports of domestic goods from Mompox to markets on the Atlantic and the Andes. By unearthing unexplored sources, this paper provides evidence that will help to understand, indirectly, some issues such as the nature and timing of economic growth, the degree of regional specialisation and, above all, the role of inland ports in the economic geography of the viceroyalty. The paper contends, first, that the region experienced a boom–bust cycle during the late colonial period. The export of domestic goods doubled between 1770 and 1800 but subsequently collapsed during the 1802-1809 years. Second, evidence suggests that the region experienced a process of market deepening and widening. Trade flows, then, played a larger role in shaping the economic history of the region than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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11. COMERCIO DE MERCANCÍAS LOCALES EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1773–1778.
- Author
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Martínez Barraza, Juan José
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Latin America
- Author
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Weller, Leonardo, Deng, Kent, Series Editor, Blum, Matthias, editor, and Colvin, Christopher L., editor
- Published
- 2018
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13. Multicriteria analysis of the sustainability performance between agroecological and conventional coffee farms in the East Region of Minas Gerais (Brazil).
- Author
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Pronti, Andrea and Coccia, Mario
- Subjects
COFFEE beans ,SUSTAINABLE agriculture ,COFFEE plantations ,SQUATTER settlements ,AGROBIODIVERSITY ,AGRICULTURAL policy ,RURAL population - Abstract
The goal of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of agroecological and conventional small coffee farms. We investigated 15 coffee farms in the East region of Minas Gerais, a Brazilian rural region, based on coffee production using a multicriteria analysis with economic, social and environmental factors. The results suggest that agroecological farms perform better than conventional farms in terms of sustainability, reduce labor intensity and improve income stability and the environmental impact, such as agro-biodiversity and forest cover. In particular, the results reveal that agroecological farms, though they have lower levels of coffee productivity than conventional farms, perform better in terms of income stabilization. This result depends on product diversification (such as agri-food products, vegetables or fruits) for local markets, which reduces farmer risks associated with coffee price volatility, improving both the local economy and local food security. Moreover, agroecological farms rely more on labor than capital. Overall, the results of this study reveal that agroecological systems support the socio-economic sustainability of the rural areas under study and suggest the potential of agroecology to boost sustainable development in the East Region of Minas Gerais. In short, the spread of agroecological systems could improve local employment conditions, reducing migration toward large cities and shanty towns in other parts of Brazil. Hence, agroecology systems can represent the main alternative to conventional production systems to improve the well-being and wealth of rural populations in developing countries. The analysis presented in this study is based on a specific case study, but the rural area under study has many similarities with other areas in Latin America regarding all aspects of economic, social and environmental sustainability. Finally, some agricultural policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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14. CONSUMPTION AND LIVING STANDARDS IN BUENOS AIRES. CONSUMER BASKETS AND INCOME BETWEEN THE LATE COLONIAL AGE AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY.
- Author
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Santilli, Daniel, Dobado-González, Rafael, and Schmit, Roberto
- Abstract
Based on primary sources, baskets of consumption for Buenos Aires are reconstructed for the 1780-1820 period, applying current international methodologies. They build on previous work based on 1835 data. It can be seen that the consumption pattern did not vary substantially in the period and, considering the salary of both urban and rural workers, we are able to establish that standards of living were high and experienced a significant increase after 1835, especially during the 1840s. This placed Buenos Aires among the cities of the Western world with highest welfare ratio levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Entre la “constelación oligárquica” y el “Kuwait agropecuario”: la renta de la tierra en el pensamiento económico uruguayo (1960-1984)
- Author
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Messina, Pablo, Oyhantçabal Benelli, Gabriel, Messina, Pablo, and Oyhantçabal Benelli, Gabriel
- Abstract
La teoría de la renta de la tierra fue desarrollada por la economía política clásica para explicar la propiedad capitalista de la tierra. Desde entonces, ha sido utilizada para analizar diversos fenómenos, entre los que destaca el estudio de los países exportadores de commodities agrarios y mineros. Este artículo busca contribuir a la reconstrucción histórica de los usos de la renta de la tierra como categoría analítica, con foco en el pensamiento económico uruguayo en el período 1960-1984. A partir de una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, el análisis evidenció que el auge en los estudios sobre la renta de la tierra se produjo en un contexto marcado por la difusión del marxismo y una fuerte crisis económica asociada a una caída del flujo de renta agraria. Estos estudios ensayaron explicaciones originales sobre la crisis del Uruguay, aunque con importantes diferencias en el uso de la categoría, en el estilo de escritura y en sus posiciones políticas., Ground rent theory was developed by classical political economy to explain the capitalist landed property. Since then, it has been used to analyse several phenomena, among which the study of the countries that export agrarian and mineral commodities stands out. This article tries to contribute to the historical reconstruction of the uses of ground rent as an analytical category, focusing on the Uruguayan economic thought in the period 1960-1984. After an exhaustive bibliographic review, the analysis demonstrated that the rise in the research about ground rent occurred in a context framed by the spread of Marxism and a deep economic crisis associated with a fall in agrarian ground rent flow. Those studies tried to find original explanations about the crisis in Uruguay, although they presented some differences in the use of the category, the writing style, and the political positions., Depto. de Economía Aplicada, Estructura e Historia, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub
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- 2023
16. ES UN MUNDO PEQUEÑO: MOVILIDAD Y REDES EMPRESARIALES EN EL PROCESO DE COLONIZACIÓN AMERICANA.
- Author
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Mena García, Carmen and Cachero Vinuesa, Montserrat
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. MÁS ALLÁ DE PAMPLONA (NUEVA GRANADA): CIRCUITOS CACAOTEROS DEL SUROCCIDENTE DURANTE LA TRANSICIÓN, 1790-1821.
- Author
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Granados, Oscar and Pinto, José Joaquín
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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18. Does financial openness cause the intensification of environmental degradation? New evidence from Latin American and Caribbean countries.
- Author
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Koengkan, Matheus, Santiago, Renato, Fuinhas, José Alberto, and Marques, António Cardoso
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ENVIRONMENTAL degradation , *LATIN Americans , *CARBON dioxide , *ENERGY consumption , *SUSTAINABLE development , *CARBON dioxide mitigation - Abstract
The impact of financial openness on environmental degradation, mainly via carbon dioxide emissions, was investigated for a panel of 21 Latin American and Caribbean countries, throughout 35 years (from 1980 to 2014). An autoregressive distributed lag model was used to decompose the total effects of the variables into their short- and long-run components. The results show that financial openness, economic growth, and primary energy consumption increased environmental degradation, both in the short and long run, while renewable energy consumption decreased it. These findings suggest that policymakers should carry out financial reforms focused on sustainable development, as well as support renewable energy projects. Moreover, the results also lead one to believe that these countries' economic growth strategies should be integrated with the carbon dioxide emissions regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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19. How Argentina became a super-exporter of agricultural and food products during the First Globalisation (1880–1929).
- Author
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Pinilla, Vicente and Rayes, Agustina
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PRODUCE trade ,GLOBALIZATION ,SUPPLY & demand ,ECONOMIC systems ,GRAVITY model (Social sciences) - Abstract
The objective of this paper is to explain, from a cliometric perspective, the determinants of the growth of Argentina's exports between 1880 and 1929. To do this, we have constructed a gravity model with the principal products exported each year by Argentina to its most important trading partners. In this way, we believe that this study constitutes a relevant and original contribution to the analysis of economic growth from a historical perspective and specifically in explaining the factors determining the export success of the settler countries during the first wave of globalisation. Our results show that Argentina's export-led growth must be explained from both the supply and demand sides. We also find that the reduction in trade costs and trade liberalisation, especially the latter, boosted exports. We also support the idea that Argentina had a successful agro-export sector because it offered a diverse basket of products to the different European and American countries that consumed them. To sum up, we can conclude that Argentina took advantage of a multilateral and open economic system. Within this context, the country generally found a demand for its supply, which constitutes the key to explaining the magnitude and speed of Argentina's export growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Livelihood sustainability assessment of coffee and cocoa producers in the Amazon region of Ecuador using household types.
- Author
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Viteri Salazar, Oswaldo, Ramos-Martín, Jesús, and Lomas, Pedro L.
- Subjects
LAND use ,COFFEE manufacturing ,COCOA industry ,HUMAN settlements ,SUSTAINABILITY - Abstract
Supporting small farmer livelihoods in fragile, biodiverse regions, such as tropical forests, is a priority for many development agencies and national governments. These regions tend to be characterized by recent human settlements, increasing populations and infrastructure development, as well as competitive land use activities, which exert pressure on fragile ecosystems. Improvement in livelihood strategies often focuses on increasing yields by improving productivity, but without taking into account alternative methods, such as better agricultural practices and their dependence on agrochemical inputs, changing land use through crop substitution, or improving product commercialization. In this research, we use household types, defined according to different land use patterns, in the Northern Amazon region of Ecuador to explore the limitations of, and identify future options for, improving livelihood strategies based on small-scale coffee and cocoa production. The results of the different types are discussed in order to highlight the methods' utility and identify benefits in terms of environmental and social objectives versus economic profitability. Lessons are drawn that could be useful in applications of public policy aimed at the betterment of small coffee grower and cocoa farmer livelihood strategies, which involve thousands of families in the Amazon region of Ecuador, without compromising the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. La agricultura de los Andes venezolanos: De la intensificación a la crisis, 1960-2019
- Author
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David Leroy
- Subjects
History ,N56 ,050204 development studies ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,intensificación ,Q18 ,O13 ,Q1 ,Venezuelan Andes ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,0506 political science ,crisis ,agricultura ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Andes venezolanos ,0502 economics and business ,050602 political science & public administration ,intensification ,agriculture - Abstract
espanolLos Andes venezolanos eran una de las regiones mas pobres del pais durante las decadas de 1950-1960. Esta region se encontraba afectada por la explotacion petrolera y la urbanizacion acelerada. Sin embargo, con la introduccion de la horticultura de riego en esa epoca se cambiaron radicalmente los sistemas de produccion andinos con el desarrollo de cultivos de alto valor comercial, por lo que durante varias decadas los Andes venezolanos fueron una fuente importante de enriquecimiento y un nuevo polo de crecimiento para el pais. No obstante, a partir de la decada de 1990 con la intensificacion de las actividades de horticultura comenzaron a manifestarse problemas, tanto en terminos socioeconomicos como medioambientales. Este proceso se acentuo a partir de 2013 con la crisis economica, politica y social que sigue afectando a Venezuela. Hoy en dia los agricultores andinos del pais se enfrentan a varios obstaculos (escasez de combustible, dolarizacion de la economia, perdida de poder adquisitivo de los consumidores, altos precios de los insumos) que hacen que la inversion agricola sea particularmente arriesgada. En un contexto de escasez de alimentos e hiperinflacion, la agricultura de subsistencia esta regresando a los Andes venezolanos, lo que permite a los agricultores producir suficientes alimentos para ellos y sus familias. EnglishThe Venezuelan Andes constituted one of the poorest regions of the country during the 1950s-1960s. This region was affected by oil exploitation and rapid urbanization. However, with the introduction of irrigated horticulture at that time, the Andean production systems were radically changed with the development of crops of high commercial value. For several decades, the Venezuelan Andes were an important source of enrichment and a new growth pole for the country. From the 1990s, however, with the intensification of horticultural activities, problems began to manifest themselves in both socio-economic and environmental terms. This process was accentuated from 2013 with the economic, political and social crisis that continues to affect Venezuela. Today the country's Andean farmers face several obstacles (fuel shortages, dollarization of the economy, loss of consumer purchasing power, high input prices) that make agricultural investment particularly risky. In a context of food shortages and hyperinflation, subsistence farming is returning to the Venezuelan Andes, allowing farmers to produce enough food for themselves and their families.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Knowledge Production by the Spanish Royal Crown (1845-1868): From Making Maps to Policing Customary Rights
- Author
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Ignacio Garcia-Pereda
- Subjects
History ,N56 ,forest maps ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Spanish Royal Crown ,N96 ,Q15 ,O13 ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,mapas forestales ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,collective empiricism ,internationalism ,corona real española ,empirismo colectivo ,internacionalismo - Abstract
The Spanish Royal Crown administration collaborated with international experts in the 19th century to produce a pioneering set of forestry maps. Forestry held a privileged place in cameralist thought and had material characteristics that were amenable to standardized classification. Analysis of this project revealed very clearly how national and international communities of experts generated knowledge about the Spanish territory. Producing credible environmental knowledge at that time required an international network of disciplined experts, and the Royal Corps of Forestry Engineers saw forestry maps as a way of producing a new community of experts. The map colors and legends corresponded to a new international classification system and constituted a groundbreaking accomplishment because of their potential to unify Spanish administration practices. The rigorously empirical descriptions of trees also revealed the interplay of the cosmopolitan values of scientific internationalism with the social tensions of that century. La Administración de la corona real española trabajó en conjunto con expertos internacionales para producir un grupo pionero de mapas forestales. Debido a que la selvicultura ocupaba un lugar privilegiado en el pensamiento cameralista del siglo XIX y a sus características materiales, que se pudieron someter a una clasificación estandarizada, el análisis de este proyecto revela con especial claridad cómo los expertos generaron conocimiento sobre el territorio desde comunidades internacionales y nacionales. La producción de un conocimiento ambiental que inspirase confianza requería una red internacional de expertos disciplinados y los ingenieros de Montes de la Casa Real entendieron los mapas forestales como un medio para producir una nueva comunidad de expertos. Los colores y las leyendas, que representaban un nuevo sistema de clasificación internacional, fueron un logro innovador porque prometieron unificar las diferentes prácticas de la Administración española. Las descripciones rigurosamente empíricas de los árboles revelan la interacción entre los valores cosmopolitas del internacionalismo científico y las tensiones sociales del siglo
- Published
- 2022
23. Agrarian, Legal and Military Struggle in the North of Rio Grande do Sul-Southern Brazil: Actions of the Landless Movement (MST) at Fazenda Coqueiros, 2004-08
- Author
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João Carlos Tedesco and Émerson Neves da Silva
- Subjects
judicialization ,History ,N56 ,Q10 ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Q15 ,reforma agrária ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,social movement ,land reform ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,movimento social ,criminalização ,N5 ,judicialização ,criminalization - Abstract
A luta social pela reforma agrária na Fazenda Coqueiros (2004-2008) pelo Movimento dos Sem-terra (MST) tornou-se paradigmático no sul do Brasil em razão de uma série de especificidades. Baseado em notícias de jornais locais e estaduais, inquéritos policiais, dossiês militares e do campo jurídico, conclui que houve uma grande judicialização da luta social e uma intensa criminalização deliberada pela esfera política estadual no sentido de impedir que a Fazenda Coqueiros fosse desapropriada. A referida luta social revelou a organização política dos representantes do grande capital fundiário no Brasil através de suas representações, bem como a interferência de governadores na causa para evitar a desapropriação de um latifúndio para fins sociais, pois isso poderia abrir um grande precedente no país. Para tanto, o uso da polícia e o engajamento político de operadores do direito em nível regional produziram ações de intensa repressão e de expedientes jurídicos de exceção. The social struggle of the Landless Movement (Movimento dos Sem-terra, MST) for agrarian reform at Fazenda Coqueiros (2004-08) has become paradigmatic in southern Brazil. Based on information from local and state newspapers, police inquiries, military documents and legal files, the author concludes that the social struggle was highly judicialized and intensely criminalized in the state political sphere, to prevent Fazenda Coqueiros from being expropriated. This social struggle revealed the political organization of representatives of big land capital in Brazil, and how governors interfered to prevent the expropriation of a latifundium for social purposes, as this could have set a powerful precedent in the country. The police and regional legal operators engaged in actions of intense repression and applied exceptional legal measures.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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24. The impact of shoreline stabilization on economic growth in small island developing states.
- Author
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Corral, Leonardo R. and Schling, Maja
- Subjects
- *
SHORELINES , *ECONOMIC development , *INVESTMENTS , *STATISTICAL bootstrapping , *ENVIRONMENTAL economics - Abstract
This paper assesses the economic growth impact of shoreline stabilization policy in Small Island Developing States. Concentrating on the Barbadian efforts to stem shoreline retreat, it explores whether investments in shoreline stabilization and beach amenity enhancement have beneficial effects on medium-term economic growth. The analysis relies on the synthetic control method as a way to systematically choose comparison units (beach sites), which allows for precise quantitative inference in small-sample studies. Our results indicate that in the first three years after shoreline stabilization works were completed, local economic effects, as measured by nighttime lights data, are positive and indicate a positive trend. Confidence bounds obtained by a bootstrapping method suggest that the positive trend is robust in the last two years post-treatment. Shoreline stabilization works may therefore not only help preserve fragile ecological conditions, but further lead to sustainable growth in the local economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Sustainable development opportunities within corporate social responsibility practices from LSM to ASM in the gold mining industry.
- Author
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Ribeiro-Duthie, A., Domingos, Líllian, Oliveira, Marina, Araujo, Patrícia, Alamino, Renata, Silva, Ricardo, Ribeiro-Duthie, James, and Castilhos, Zuleica
- Subjects
- *
GOLD mining , *MINERAL industries , *SUSTAINABLE development , *SOCIAL responsibility of business , *INDUSTRIAL safety - Abstract
Mining is an important part of the economy of several countries including Brazil. Despite the major role played by large-scale mining (LSM) in the mineral sector, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) also participates in the mining market and plays a crucial social role mainly in developing countries through assuring livelihoods for a great number of people. Both LSM and ASM can cause negative environmental and health impacts. Certification has been in focus for the LSM, following good practices and standards especially to improve health and safety performance. For ASM these issues still constitute a challenge. In some successful cases as corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports demonstrate, health, safety, and environment (HSE) impacts have been addressed through cooperation between LSM and ASM, which can benefit communities as a whole. A question guiding our research was whether there is potential for ASM gold mining certification to be a tool for achieving a win-win outcome within the gold mining sector, and for mercury emission reduction as proposed by the Minamata Convention. Brazilian ASM certification could become a market trend that would receive support from LSM towards the use of cleaner technologies and mining industry better practices? To answer that overarching question, our methodology included a review of CSR reports produced by LSM operating in Brazil and a comparison to their CSR initiatives worldwide. Field interviews with ASM miners were also undertaken. The results from LSM and ASM cooperation are classified with regard to types of initiatives to improve good practices guidance and promotion of sustainable development partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Caloric unequal exchange in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Author
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Falconí, Fander, Ramos-Martin, Jesus, and Cango, Pedro
- Subjects
- *
LABOR costs , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *GLOBALIZATION , *FOOD consumption - Abstract
The existence of an unequal exchange between rich and poor countries has been well studied in the literature, explained by differences in labour costs that were reflected in the prices of traded goods. Research has also demonstrated that the failure to include environmental impacts in prices of traded goods concealed an ecologically unequal exchange. This paper contributes to the discussion with the newly coined concept of caloric unequal exchange that defines the deterioration of terms of trade in food in units of calories. Exports and imports to and from Latin America and the Caribbean are analysed for the period 1961 through 2011 in volume, value, and calories, for different groups of products. The study concludes that although calories exported by the region to the rest of the world are more expensive than those imported, the ratio is deteriorating over time. This trend is found to be dependent of the trading partner involved. The region is helping the rest of the world in supplying their diets at a lower cost. A side result is that globalisation is homogenising diets over time, concentrating most food consumption in a reduced number of products, and therefore increasing interdependency among countries and affecting food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Latin America and the resource curse: The debate in the long run
- Author
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Rafael Domínguez Martín and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
o43 ,Economics and Econometrics ,Latin Americans ,q32 ,n56 ,o44 ,maldición de los recursos ,Economic history and conditions ,HC10-1085 ,q33 ,Collective agency ,paradoja de la abundancia ,desarrollo económico ,Economics as a science ,Political science ,b15 ,teoría de la base de exportación ,Humanities ,instituciones ,HB71-74 - Abstract
The objective of this article is to analyze the resource curse or paradox of plenty debate (the idea that dependence and abundance of natural resources are an obstacle to development), with a focus on Latin America from a long-run perspective. For this purpose, an interpretive meta-analysis of concepts from three different bodies of literature is used: 1) the relationship between natural resources and development in the history of economic thought; 2) the staple theory of growth, or of industrialization by diversification, and 3) the debate on the resource curse with emphasis on seminal Latin American works or the Latin American region. The conclusion of the work is twofold: the institutions, understood as national and international political economy restrictions, have so far prevented Latin America from reproducing the virtuous circle of industrialization by diversification from the export of basic products, and institutional designs are a condition that can and should be modified by the collective agency of the state so that sovereign governance over natural resources fulfills its purposes of distributive and productive transformation, and thus escape the impoverishing specialization trap. RESUMEN. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el debate sobre la maldición de los recursos o la paradoja de la abundancia (la idea de que la dependencia y la abundancia de recursos naturales son un obstáculo para el desarrollo), con el foco puesto en América Latina desde una perspectiva de larga duración. Para ello, se recurre al metaanálisis interpretativo de conceptos de tres cuerpos diferentes de la literatura: 1) la relación entre recursos naturales y desarrollo en la historia del pensamiento económico; 2) la teoría del crecimiento basado en productos básicos ?o de la industrialización por diversificación?, y 3) el debate sobre la maldición de los recursos con énfasis en los trabajos seminales latinoamericanos o sobre América Latina. La conclusión del trabajo es doble: las instituciones, entendidas como restricciones de economía política nacional e internacional, han impedido hasta ahora que en América Latina se reproduzca el círculo virtuoso de la industrialización por diversificación a partir de la exportación de productos básicos, y los diseños institucionales son una condición que puede y debe ser modificada por la agencia colectiva del Estado con el fin de que la gobernanza soberana sobre los recursos naturales cumpla sus fines de transformación distributiva y productiva, y sea posible escapar así de la trampa de la especialización empobrecedora.
- Published
- 2021
28. Milk and meat consumption and production in Chile, c. 1930-2017: A history of a successful nutrition transition
- Author
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Manuel Llorca-Jaña, Ricardo Nazer, Daniel Morales, and Juan Navarrete-Montalvo
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,History ,carnes ,N56 ,I18 ,dairy products ,productos lácteos ,060106 history of social sciences ,Welfare economics ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,N53 ,Q17 ,06 humanities and the arts ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,transición nutricional ,meat ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,nutrition transition ,Political science ,0502 economics and business ,Nutrition transition ,0601 history and archaeology ,Chile ,050207 economics - Abstract
espanolEste articulo muestra que Chile experimento una profunda transicion nutricional en un corto periodo de tiempo. Antes de comienzos de los anos 1990, la mayoria de los chilenos tenia una dieta pobre en calcio y proteina animal. Hoy, sin embargo, los chilenos disfrutan de una dieta caracterizada por un alto consumo de carne y productos lacteos. El aumento subito en el consumo de carnes y productos lacteos esta principalmente asociado a la adopcion en Chile de la revolucion internacional en agronegocios; al apoyo gubernamental entre las decadas de 1930 y 1960; a un aumento del PIB per capita; la estabilidad macroeconomica; los cambios en habitos de consumo; la liberalizacion comercial; y a la caida de precios de los alimentos, que tienen una alta elasticidad de demanda. Estas revoluciones en produccion y consumo han mejorado de gran manera la nutricion de la poblacion chilena, lo que explica parte de las mejoras en bienestar biologico del pais. EnglishThis article shows how Chile experienced a profound nutrition transition within a short period of time. Before the early 1990s, the diet of most Chileans was poor in animal proteins and calcium. Today, Chileans enjoy a diet characterized by high consumption of meat and dairy products. The rapid rise in consumption of these products can be attributed to various factors: Chile belatedly joining the international agribusiness revolution; government support from the 1930s to the 1960s; increasing GDP per capita; macro-economic stability; changes in consumption habits; trade liberalization; and the fall in food prices, as both meat and milk had high income elasticity. These revolutions in both production and consumption have greatly improved the nutrition of the Chilean population and partly explain the improvement in Chile’s biological well-being.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Fostering Agriculture under the Industrializing State: The Caja de Crédito Agrario and Agricultural Credit in Post-Depression Chile, 1926-53
- Author
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Claudio Robles-Ortiz and Ignacio González-Correa
- Subjects
History ,N56 ,Caja de Crédito Agrario ,Geography, Planning and Development ,pequeños agricultores ,crédito agrícola ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,N26 ,small farmers ,Q14 ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,G21 ,agricultural credit ,Chile - Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of the Caja de Crédito Agrario (CCA) in the development of the agricultural credit market in post-depression Chile. Employing its official annual reports, reports from the Superintendency of Banks, and Chile’s Statistical Yearbooks, we constructed the first series of CCA’s credit operations, and established trends in the number, the average amount, and the social, geographic, and specific economic activity distribution of all loans. From 1927 to 1952, CCA loans represented 11.5% of all commercial bank loans, and in the latter year the CCA lent more money to agriculture than any other bank. The CCA became Chile’s largest agricultural bank, right before being merged with other institutions to create the State Bank of Chile. The CCA’s credit was decentralized: its operations evolved towards a fairly balanced distribution of loans among Chile’s main agricultural provinces. This was a micro-credit institution that allocated the vast majority of its loans to small farmers, who otherwise would not have access to formal credit. The CCA was a public policy tool for helping small farmers produce food for domestic consumption. Contrary to conventional views, in Chile the industrialization-promoting state did also foster agricultural growth through CCA public credit. Este trabajo analiza el papel de la Caja de Crédito Agrario (CCA) en el desarrollo del mercado de crédito agrícola en Chile después de la Gran Depresión. Empleando sus memorias anuales, los reportes de la Superintendencia de Bancos y el anuario estadístico de la República de Chile, construimos la primera serie de operaciones de la CCA y establecemos las tendencias en el número, valor promedio, y la distribución social, geográfica y por actividad económica específica de todos los préstamos. Desde 1927 a 1952, los préstamos de la CCA representaron el 11,5% de los préstamos de los bancos comerciales, y en ese último año prestó a la agricultura más dinero que cualquier otro banco. La CCA se convirtió en el principal banco agrícola de Chile, justo antes de ser fusionado con otras instituciones para formar el Banco del Estado de Chile. El crédito de la CCA estaba descentralizado: sus operaciones evolucionaron hacia una equilibrada distribución de los préstamos entre las principales provincias agrícolas de Chile. Esta fue una institución de microcrédito que asignó la vasta mayoría de sus préstamos a pequeños agricultores, quienes de lo contrario no habrían tenido acceso al crédito formal. La CCA fue un instrumento de política pública para ayudar a pequeños agricultores a producir alimentos para el mercado interno. Al contrario de nociones convencionales, en Chile el Estado promotor de la industrialización también fomentó el crecimiento agrícola a través del crédito público de la CCA.
- Published
- 2022
30. Molinos hidráulicos harineros en Coquimbo (Chile, 1544-1750)
- Author
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Alejandro Salas and Pablo Lacoste
- Subjects
History ,molinos harineros hidráulicos ,N56 ,O33 ,economía colonial ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,N96 ,hydraulic flour mills ,traditional industries ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,industrias tradicionales ,Indigenous ,colonial economy ,N16 ,Regional trade ,Geography ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Economy ,Agriculture ,Mill ,business - Abstract
This paper examines the process by which the Corregimiento de Coquimbo become the main mill pole of Chile, when this kingdom was the largest wheat producer in South America. The evolution of hydraulic mills in this township from the foundation of La Serena (1544) to the middle of the 18th century is studied from original documents of the National Archive, especially Royal Audience and Notaries of La Serena. The importance of the legacy of indigenous peoples in the construction of irrigation canal networks for agriculture is detected. On this basis, the Spanish colonizers had advantages to install the European hydraulic mill culture. The role of specialized artisans, both indigenous and Afro-descendant and Spanish-Creole, is identified. It is detected that the mills operated as poles of consolidation of markets and benchmarks for the configuration of regional trade routes. Se examina el proceso por el cual el corregimiento de Coquimbo sentó las bases para convertirse en el principal polo molinero de Chile, cuando este reino era el mayor productor de trigo de América del Sur. Se estudia la evolución de los molinos hidráulicos en este corregimiento desde la fundación de La Serena (1549) hasta mediados del siglo XVIII a partir de documentos originales del Archivo Nacional. Se detecta la importancia del legado de los pueblos indígenas en la construcción de redes de canales de riego para la agricultura. Sobre esta base, los colonizadores españoles tuvieron ventajas para instalar la cultura molinera hidráulica europea. Se identifica el papel de artesanos especializados, tanto indígenas como afrodescendientes e hispanocriollos. Se detecta que los molinos operaron como polos de consolidación de mercados y referentes para la configuración de las rutas del comercio regional.
- Published
- 2021
31. The political economy of agriculture for development today: the 'small versus large' scale debate revisited.
- Author
-
Dürr, Jochen
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL economics ,AGRICULTURAL productivity ,VALUE chains ,FARM size ,FARMS ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The role of agriculture in economic development and the development politics of promoting smallholder versus large-scale agriculture have both been at the center of a long-lasting and controversial debate. Using an innovative methodology which combines a value chain approach with input-output-analysis, the growth multipliers and productivity of both farm types in Guatemala are analyzed. Results show that smallholder agriculture has the same potential to stimulate output growth as large-scale agriculture. Smallholder value chains include mainly informal sectors and create more jobs than commercial agriculture. Therefore, a reorientation of agricultural and land policies toward small-scale food producers and within a comprehensive policy of integrated rural development is not only necessary in terms of social equity but also for boosting economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. PRICES AND WAGES IN THE 1890 CRISIS IN BUENOS AIRES.
- Author
-
Vence Conti, Agustina and Cuesta, Eduardo Martín
- Subjects
FINANCIAL crises ,PRICES ,WAGES ,ECONOMIC development ,MACROECONOMICS ,NINETEENTH century ,ARGENTINIAN economy - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Desempeño relativo de la productividad física de la ganadería de Nueva Zelanda y Uruguay, 1870-2010
- Author
-
Jorge Álvarez Scanniello
- Subjects
History ,060106 history of social sciences ,European settler societies ,Geography, Planning and Development ,economías de nuevo asentamiento europeo ,Aggregation methods ,technological trajectory ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,livestock productivity ,050602 political science & public administration ,Agrarian system ,0601 history and archaeology ,Productivity ,Land productivity ,N56 ,O33 ,N57 ,business.industry ,Welfare economics ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,O13 ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,trayectoria tecnológica ,0506 political science ,Geography ,convergence-divergence ,convergencia-divergencia ,Livestock ,productividad ganadera ,business - Abstract
espanolEn el siglo xix, Nueva Zelanda y Uruguay fueron sociedades de nuevo asentamiento europeo, ricas en recursos naturales, que se insertaron en la economia mundial como productoras y exportadoras de bienes ganaderos, pero que mostraron desempenos divergentes a largo plazo. El objetivo del articulo es identificar las principales tendencias historicas del desempeno relativo de la productividad fisica de la ganaderia de ambos paises y comprender los procesos de convergencia-divergencia, a la luz del concepto de trayectoria tecnologica. Para ello, se realiza una revision de los indicadores sinteticos unidad ganadera y carne equivalente, se proponen correcciones a los metodos de agregacion usuales, teniendo en cuenta las especificidades de cada sistema ganadero, y se comparan las trayectorias tecnologicas involucradas en el crecimiento de la productividad de la ganaderia. EnglishIn the nineteenth century, New Zealand and Uruguay were new European settler societies and rich in natural resources. Both countries engaged with the world economy as producers and exporters of livestock products. However, these countries exhibited divergent long-term development. The aim of this article is to identify the main historical tendencies associated with the relative physical productivity of livestock in both countries and to understand convergent-divergent processes in light of their technological trajectories. The main synthetic indicators used in agrarian sciences, such as Livestock Units and Meat Equivalents, are reviewed and a series of corrections that account for the specific features of each agrarian system is proposed for the usual aggregation methods. The technological trajectories that affected livestock productivity growth are also compared. The main results indicate that Uruguayan livestock production fell behind that of New Zealand due to the technological trajectory followed by each country. In the nineteenth century, Uruguay had very favourable natural conditions for livestock production. It did not develop technologies to improve soil and land productivity until the second half of the twentieth century. In contrast, New Zealand began to improve grassland productivity during the nineteenth century in order to increase and diversify livestock production.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Tracing the metabolic riftin Colombia's greengrocer: an environmental historyof the Anaime Valley
- Author
-
Richard Doughman
- Subjects
History ,N56 ,N96 ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,06 humanities and the arts ,environmental history ,O13 ,Metabolic rift ,metabolic rift ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,O15 ,0506 political science ,060104 history ,Geography ,Arracacha ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,050602 political science & public administration ,brecha metabólica ,0601 history and archaeology ,Cajamarca (Colombia) ,Environmental history ,historia ambiental ,Humanities - Abstract
espanolEste articulo nace de una investigacion que busca reconstruir la historia ambiental de la agricultura en el canon de Anaime, para entender las consecuencias ambientales de su conversion en la despensa agricola de Colombia. Rastrea la produccion agroalimentaria en el canon hasta sus inicios y explora como la agricultura comercial y la produccion de lacteos han transformado el paisaje y los ecosistemas locales. Las transformaciones en el paisaje de Anaime se analizan a la luz del concepto de brecha metabolica de Marx. La investigacion se nutre de datos procedentes de fuentes de archivo y de una reconstruccion participativa del paisaje anaimuno, a partir de la memoria historica de sus habitantes campesinos. Los datos muestran que la migracion interna, la rapida urbanizacion y las mejoras en la infraestructura de transporte a mediados del siglo xx aceleraron la intensificacion de la agricultura en el canon. La creciente integracion de Anaime a los mercados urbanos de Colombia condujo a la intensificacion agricola y a la especializacion en la produccion de arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza). Como resultado, los suelos y los ecosistemas se han deteriorado, y la agricultura depende cada vez mas de insumos quimicos, incluidos fertilizantes, lo que evidencia una creciente brecha metabolica. EnglishThis paper stems from research to reconstruct an environmental history of agriculture in the Anaime Canyon Valley and better understand the environmental consequences of having transformed the area into “Colombia's greengrocer”. We trace the origins and development of agro-food production and explore how commercial agriculture and dairy operations have transformed the landscape and local ecosystems in the Anaime valley, in light of Marx's concept of metabolic rift. Research is based on archival sources and a participatory reconstruction of the Anaime landscape from the historical memory of the campesinos, or rural inhabitants. The data shows how internal migration, rapid urban growth and improved transportation infrastructure in the valley during the mid-twentieth century hastened the turn toward intensive commercial agriculture. Increasing links to Colombia's urban markets have led to agricultural intensification and specialization in arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) production in the Anaime Canyon. As a result, soils and ecosystems have been depleted and agriculture depends increasingly on chemical inputs including fertilizers, indicating a growing metabolic rift
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. El debate sobre el latifundio en la Argentina de entreguerras
- Author
-
Roy Hora
- Subjects
History ,N56 ,060106 history of social sciences ,entreguerras ,interwar period ,K11 ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Argentina ,cuestión agraria ,Q15 ,06 humanities and the arts ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,latifundio ,060104 history ,B30 ,agrarian question ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,0601 history and archaeology ,large property - Abstract
espanolEste articulo estudia como fue pensado el problema rural en la Argentina en las tres decadas que corren entre 1910 y el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.En ese periodo,los productores agricolas de la region pampeana enfrentaron dificultades de una intensidad hasta entonces desconocida, y ello dio lugar a reclamos y disputas que pusieron a la gran propiedad en el centro de la atencion. El trabajo explora como se desplego esta discusion,de que maneras originales fue criticado el latifundio y como fue pensada su relacion con el orden social y productivo. Se detiene, mas que en contribuciones individuales,en las grandes ideas que dominaron el debate sobre el campo, y en el clima de ideas imperante en la opinion publica. Se refiere tambien al impacto de las nuevas visiones forjadas en la izquierda y la derecha. Finalmente,el trabajo explora las razones por las que el vasto consenso reformista forjado en esos anos no dio lugar a iniciativas de transformacion del regimen de tenencia del suelo de envergadur EnglishThis article analyses the agrarian debate in Argentina during the interwar period. Beginning in 1912,times of hardship for grain growers made agrarian conflict a recurrent feature in the Pampean cereal belt.As a result, large estates became the target of much criticism, both in the countryside and the city.This article explores changes in the way rural problems were depicted and discussed, focusing on the climate of ideas and the public mood rather than how individual authors analysed the agrarian question.A look at how the right and the left addressed rural issues also suggests that their contribution was of little significance.Finally,the article explores why the reformist consensus achieved during this period failed to transform the land tenancy structure.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Localisation of Industry in Chile, 1895-1967: Mining Cycles and State Policy.
- Author
-
Badia‐Miró, Marc and Yáñez, César
- Subjects
ECONOMIC activity ,MINERAL industries ,COPPER mining ,CAPITAL intensive industries ,COPPER ,INDUSTRIAL location ,INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Mining cycles have had an enormous impact in the evolution of the localisation of economic activity, in particular of industry, in Chile. The nitrate cycle was characterised by a labour-intensive extraction process and activity which was geographically very concentrated. The copper cycle was geographically more dispersed and its activity more capital-intensive. We stress the role played by the State in the latter de-concentration due to the impact of regional development policies and assess the importance of factor endowments and agglomeration economies, in the localisation of the manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. NAVIGATING IN TROUBLED WATERS: SOUTH AMERICAN EXPORTS OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, 1900-1950.
- Author
-
PINILLA, VICENTE and APARICIO, GEMA
- Subjects
LATIN American economy ,ECONOMIC history ,TWENTIETH century ,AGRICULTURE ,GREAT Depression, 1929-1939 ,HISTORY of the food industry ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,HISTORY ,COMMERCE - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Degredados, Their Human Agency, and Micro Institutions in Colonial Brazil: An Institutionalist Reinterpretation.
- Author
-
Zanella, Fernando and Westley, Christopher
- Subjects
NEW institutionalism (Sociology) ,INSTITUTIONAL economics ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC history ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Institutions are widely recognized as determinants of economic development. However, institutional economists often overlook pertinent historical incidents in their search for broad patterns. At times, this search oversimplifies truly complex phenomena. In light of this, we apply a micro-institutional analysis to explain the success of colonial Brazil's early settlements as a mix of accident and design. By doing so, we stress the limitations that can result when applying an aggregate institutional interpretation of economic history and development. We also apply the principal-agent model and its main feature – risk-sharing – to an extreme case that involves settlers and natives risking their lives, while Portuguese principals sought to reduce transaction costs in an important and resource-rich colony. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. SALARIOS Y PRECIOS DE LOS FACTORES EN BUENOS AIRES, 1770-1880: UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LA DISTRIBUCIÓN FUNCIONAL DEL INGRESO EN EL LARGO PLAZO.
- Author
-
Gelman, Jorge and Santilli, Daniel
- Subjects
ARGENTINIAN economy ,EQUALITY ,PRICES ,INCOME inequality ,AGRICULTURE ,LAND tenure ,LIVESTOCK ,HISTORY ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. PRECIOS, PRODUCTO AGRARIO Y NIVELES DE VIDA EN LAS FRONTERAS RIOPLATENSES, 1700-1810: UNA NUEVA MIRADA SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO TARDOCOLONIAL.
- Author
-
Djenderedjian, Julio and Martirén, Juan Luis
- Subjects
WHOLESALE price indexes ,PURCHASING power ,PRICE deflation ,PRICE inflation ,COST of living ,ECONOMIC development ,COMMERCE - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Geographic expansion and intensification of coffee-growing in Costa Rica during the Green Revolution (1950-89): Drivers and outcomes
- Author
-
Marc Badia-Miró, Andrea Montero, and Enric Tello
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Costa Rica ,History ,Geography, Planning and Development ,revolución verde ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,060104 history ,Frontier ,C50 ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,first and secondnature determinants ,0601 history and archaeology ,cultivo de café ,N56 ,Land use ,N57 ,Welfare economics ,06 humanities and the arts ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,coffee-growing ,R11 ,Geography ,determinantes de primera y segunda naturaleza ,Green Revolution - Abstract
espanolEste articulo presenta nuevos y mejorados datos agregados de la especializacion regional del cultivo de cafe en Costa Rica entre 1950 y 1980. Analiza los determinantes de la expansion de la frontera cafetalera a partir de un modelo que combina factores ambientales y geoeconomicos. El modelo explica los patrones geo graficos de expansion e intensificacion de las areas cafeteras durante el despliegue de la revolucion verde en funcion de variables agroclimaticas, de uso del suelo, demograficas y de acceso al mercado. Los resultados permiten identificar los principales factores impulsores de la especializacion regional del cafe. A su vez, confirman que el comportamiento espacial de la expansion cafetalera estuvo condicionado por una interaccion dinamica entre factores de primera y segunda naturaleza, cuya importancia cambio a lo largo del tiempo dentro de un complejo tejido socioeconomico y agroecologico que permitio, en cierta medida, la pervivencia del modelo de cultivo bajo sombra en cafetales de pequena escala. EnglishThis article presents fresh improved aggregated data on coffee-growing regional specialization in Costa Rica between the 1950s to the 1980s and discusses the determinants of the expansion of that coffee cropping frontier with a model that combines environmental and geo-economic drivers. The model performs a multiregression analysis that includes agroclimatic, land use, demographic, and market access variables to explain the geographical patterns of expansion and intensification of coffee-growing areas during the deployment of the Green Revolution. The results allow us to characterize the locations and understand the main drivers behind coffee regional specialization. The results confirm that the locations of coffee-growing expansion were conditioned by a dynamic interaction among first and second-nature factors whose importance changed over time within a complex social and agro-ecological fabric that allowed, to some extent, the endurance of functional shaded management in small-scale coffee plantations.
- Published
- 2021
42. Reverse causality between oil policy and fiscal policy? The Venezuelan experience
- Author
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Osmel Manzano and Jose Luis Saboin
- Subjects
Technology ,Control and Optimization ,Oil policy ,Oil expropriation cycles ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,fiscal voracity ,intergenerational accounting ,Intergenerational accounting ,oil policy ,0502 economics and business ,ddc:330 ,L71 ,050207 economics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,H50 ,050205 econometrics ,E32 ,N56 ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,H13 ,05 social sciences ,P16 ,Q38 ,O13 ,Venezuela ,N16 ,oil expropriation cycles ,E22 ,E24 ,H21 ,E62 ,fiscal policy ,Energy (miscellaneous) ,E21 ,E65 ,Fiscal policy ,Fiscal voracity - Abstract
This paper uses a model of intergenerational accounting to simulate the intergenerational distribution of oil wealth in Venezuela. Venezuelan oil production does not seem to follow an optimal extraction path. Nevertheless, this is true if we do not consider what the government does with the resources received from the oil sector. We explored the interaction of oil policy and fiscal policy using such intergenerational accounting model. We argue that the way in which tax revenues (both, those coming from oil and those who do not) are used today can affect voters preferences on how they will be used tomorrow. These interactions could explain certain outcomes. In particular, the model could explain why the sector was open for investment in 1991 and then “re-nationalized” in 2001. Results suggest that when fiscal policy could leave an important burden to future generations, voters seem to favor a more tax-oriented oil policy, leaving the oil in the subsoil.
- Published
- 2021
43. SWEET BUSINESS: QUANTIFYING THE VALUE ADDED IN THE BRITISH COLONIAL SUGAR TRADE IN THE 18TH CENTURY.
- Author
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Rönnbäck, Klas
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SUGAR exports & imports ,SUGAR industry ,18TH century history of British commerce ,ECONOMIC development ,COMMERCE in British colonies ,BRITISH colonies ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,SLAVERY ,IMPERIALISM ,GROSS domestic product ,HISTORY ,COMMERCE ,EIGHTEENTH century - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Contribution of Exports to the Mexican Economy During the First Globalisation (1870-1929).
- Author
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Ficker, Sandra Kuntz
- Subjects
MEXICAN economy ,GLOBALIZATION ,EXPORTS ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,HISTORY ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations - Abstract
This article provides an assessment of the contribution of exports to the Mexican economy during the first globalisation. This implies revisiting conventional explanations based on the tradition of structuralism and dependency theory, using a new, complete set of data on Mexico's foreign trade, and evaluating the direct contribution as well as the indirect benefits provided by export activities, through mechanisms that linked foreign trade to the rest of the economy. The most important among these were positive externalities, spillovers, and backward and forward linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Multinational Corporations, Property Rights, and Legitimization Strategies: US Investors in the Argentine and Peruvian Oil Industries in the Twentieth Century.
- Author
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Bucheli, Marcelo and Sommer, Gonzalo Romero
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,PETROLEUM industry ,HISTORY of the petroleum industry ,PROPERTY rights ,PERUVIAN economy - Abstract
Multinational corporations in the extractive sector have historically faced challenges to their property rights, particularly in oil. International business scholars argue that firms can decrease these challenges by approaching domestic legitimating actors or seeking home government support. Through a study of the operations of Standard Oil of New Jersey in Peru and Argentina in the twentieth century, we find that these legitimating strategies can backfire due to two main elements: first, the multinational might approach actors with a different agenda from those defining, delineating, and enforcing property rights. Second, host countries can use home government support to multinationals to delegitimise foreign firms' operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. From haciendas to rural elites: Agriculture and economic development in the historiography of rural Mexico
- Author
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Laura Olivia Machuca Gallegos and Alejandro Tortolero Villaseñor
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hacienda ,History ,N56 ,N01 ,060106 history of social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,R14 ,Historiography ,06 humanities and the arts ,desarrollo ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,060104 history ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Political science ,0601 history and archaeology ,rural ,Humanities ,elites - Abstract
EnglishA historiographical overview is presented in this work, in relation to two key issues in Mexican rural history: the hacienda and the social actors that moved the agricultural sector, particularly the rural elites. This analysis begins with the classic works of Francois Chevalier and Charles Gibson, then provides an overview of different approaches (functionalist, sectorial, regional, neo-institutional, business and environmental) to analysing the hacienda. The study focuses on the historiography of rural (or agrarian) elites and its remarkable presence in recent academic works. The authors contend that Mexican agrarian historiography has overflowed its regional geographic scope to become a reference for Latin American historical studies. The development of agrarian studies in Mexico, especially in relation to the hacienda system, stems from the interest in explaining the agrarian nature of the Revolution of 1910. Diverse and even contradictory interpretations have been proposed, which in perspective have allowed huge historiographical advances. EnglishEste articulo realiza un recorrido historiografico sobre dos temas clave de la historia rural mexicana, como son la hacienda y los actores sociales que movian el sector agricola, en particular las llamadas elites rurales. En primera instancia, se parte de los trabajos clasicos de Francois Chevalier y de Charles Gibson, y se hace un balance de los estudios que desde diferentes enfoques han abordado la hacienda: funcionalistas, sectoriales, regionales, neoinstitucionales, empresariales y ambientales. Despues, el estudio se enfoca a la historiografia sobre las elites rurales (o agrarias) y la notable presencia que estas han llegado a tener en las mas recientes publicaciones. Se argumenta que existe un solido bagaje en la historiografia agraria mexicanista que ha desbordado el ambito geografico regional y ha devenido un referente para los estudios historicos latinoamericanos. Los autores sostienen que este desarrollo de los estudios agrarios en Mexico, sobre todo en la hacienda, es consecuencia del interes por explicar el caracter agrario de la Revolucion de 1910. Se han planteado diferentes interpretaciones, incluso hasta contradictorias, pero que en perspectiva han permitido enormes avances historiograficos.
- Published
- 2020
47. The agrarian historiography of Chile: Foundational interpretations, conventional reiterations, and critical revisionism
- Author
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Claudio Robles
- Subjects
History ,N01 ,N56 ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,sistema de hacienda ,K11 ,Historiography ,06 humanities and the arts ,agrarian historiography ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,0506 political science ,060104 history ,Agrarian society ,rural history ,B30 ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Political science ,050602 political science & public administration ,0601 history and archaeology ,historiografía agraria ,historia rural ,Chile ,Humanities ,hacienda system - Abstract
espanolEste articulo examina el desarrollo de la historiografia agraria chilena en las ultimas cuatro decadas, por medio de una revision introductoria y organizada como una reconstruccion cronologica. Esta se enfoca selectivamente en autores y trabajos relevantes, los problemas y preguntas que tratan, los principales argumentos y contribuciones que ofrecen, asi como sus limitaciones y debilidades. Este ejercicio construye debates que nunca tuvieron lugar, ya que hasta hace poco tiempo el desarrollo de esta disciplina fue limitado por el escaso numero de trabajos especializados, los diferentes contextos en que fueron producidos y la falta de espacios institucionales para el debate disciplinario sistematico. En tanto disciplina especializada, la historiografia agraria se ha constituido recientemente en Chile; asi, es todavia un campo de trabajo incipientemente cultivado. En efecto, solo en los ultimos quince anos una nueva historiografia agraria revisionista comenzo a revitalizar el estudio de la historia rural chilena, por medio de un dialogo critico con las interpretaciones fundacionales de la decada de 1970, dejando atras las reiteraciones convencionales de los ochenta. EnglishThis article examines the development of Chilean agrarian historiography in the last four decades, by means of an introductory overview organized as a chronological reconstruction. It selectively focuses on relevant authors and works, the problems and questions they addressed, their main arguments and contributions, as well as their flaws and limitations. In doing so, the article constructs debates that never took place, because development of this field has been limited by the scarcity of specialized works, the different contexts in which they were produced, and the lack of institutional spaces for systematic debate. Agrarian historiography has only recently become a distinctive discipline in Chile and is therefore an incipient field. In the last fifteen years, a new revisionist agrarian historiography has begun to revitalize the study of Chilean rural history through critical dialogue with foundational interpretations from the 1970s, leaving behind the conventional reiterations of the 1980s.
- Published
- 2020
48. La historia agraria en Uruguay: De «la cuestión agraria» al presente
- Author
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Moraes, María Inés
- Subjects
agrarian history ,historia rural latinoamericana ,N56 ,agrarian question ,historia agraria ,cuestión agraria ,Uruguay ,Latin American rural history - Abstract
This paper analyses Uruguayan historiography on agrarian and rural themes from 1970 to the present. It is not a directory of authors or contributions, nor does it present bibliometric indicators to describe the agrarian historiography of Uruguay. The main point of this article is that the rise and fall of Uruguayan rural historiography depict the life cycle of what Imre Lakatos called a research programme (Lakatos, 1983). This research programme was born in the 1950s and had its progressive stage between 1960–89. From then to the beginning of the new century, the programme underwent what is called the regressive stage in Lakatos’s terms. This article closes with some references to the main lines of what may be an emerging research programme. I hope that the Uruguayan case may contribute to a broader reflection on Latin American rural historiography during the last five decades. En este documento se analiza la historiografía uruguaya sobre temas agrarios y rurales desde 1970 hasta la actualidad. No es un directorio de autores o contribuciones, ni presenta indicadores bibliométricos para describir la historiografía agraria de Uruguay. El argumento central de este artículo es que el auge y la caída de la historiografía rural uruguaya describen el ciclo de vida de lo que Imre Lakatos llamó un programa de investigación (Lakatos, 1983). Este programa de investigación nació en la década de 1950 y tuvo su etapa progresiva entre 1960 y 1989. Desde entonces hasta el comienzo del nuevo siglo, el programa pasó por lo que se denomina la etapa regresiva en términos de Lakatos. El presente artículo se cierra con algunas referencias a las principales líneas de lo que podría ser un programa de investigación emergente. Se espera que el caso uruguayo contribuya a una reflexión más amplia sobre la historiografía rural latinoamericana de los últimos cinco decenios.
- Published
- 2020
49. Tierra y derechos humanos en Chile: la contrarreforma agraria de la dictadura de Pinochet y las políticas de reparación campesina
- Author
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Joana Salém Vasconcelos
- Subjects
History ,J15 ,N56 ,K38 ,050204 development studies ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0507 social and economic geography ,Q15 ,dictatorship ,contrarreforma agraria ,human rights ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,agrarian counter-reform ,0502 economics and business ,dictaudura ,Chile ,derechos humanos ,050703 geography - Abstract
espanolLa reforma agraria chilena, ocurrida entre 1967 y 1973, represento un proceso masivo de distribucion de nueve millones de hectareas de tierras a campesinos bajo condiciones democraticas y dentro de la ley. Sin embargo, la dictadura inaugurada con el golpe de Estado del 11 de septiembre de 1973 emprendio un proceso de contrarreforma agraria, devolviendo parte de los asentamientos a los antiguos duenos, fragmentando otra parte en parcelas, transfiriendo y adjudicando otros sectores en subastas. Este trabajo presenta una sintesis de los estudios sobre la contrarreforma agraria en Chile desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos, con objetivo de articular cuestion agraria y justicia de transicion. Con base en documentos primarios, se argumenta que el proyecto represivo y el proyecto economico agricola de la dictadura de Pinochet estaban integrados a una misma agenda de violaciones. La reparacion campesina en democracia fue insuficiente, pues no logro restituir el derecho humano mas importante: la propiedad de la tierra para las familias victimadas por la dictadura. EnglishChilean agrarian reform from 1967 to 1973 involved a massive process of distributing 9 million hectares of land to peasants under democratic and legal conditions. However, following the military coup of 11 September 1973, the Pinochet dictatorship initiated agrarian counter-reform, which involved returning some of the settlements (asentamientos) to their former owners, fragmenting others into plots and transferring or selling other sections. This paper presents a synthesis of the research on agrarian counter-reform in Chile from the perspective of human rights, with the aim of articulating the agrarian question and transitional justice. It draws from primary sources to argue that the repressive and agrarian economic projects of the dictatorship corresponded to the same agenda of violation. Peasant compensation under democracy was insufficient and failed to restore the most important human right: land property to families victimized by the dictatorship.
- Published
- 2020
50. Fuelwood use patterns in Rural Mexico: a critique to the conventional energy transition model
- Author
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Adrian Ghilardi, Omar Masera, and Montserrat Serrano-Medrado
- Subjects
N76 ,Q41 ,History ,N56 ,Q42 ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,stacking model ,Welfare economics ,Geography, Planning and Development ,fuelwood ,010501 environmental sciences ,Energy transition ,01 natural sciences ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,energy transition ,Geography ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,greenhouse gases ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This article presents an historical account of patterns of household fuelwood use in Mexico from 1960 until the present. The results of scenarios outlining the likely evolution of future fuelwood use according to different socio-demographic and technological variables are offered up to 2030 along with the expected environmental impacts. Mexico is an interesting case as it went from importing oil to becoming an oil-exporting country during the historical period under analysis and the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intensified in the residential sector. However, rather than exhibiting a sharp decline in fuelwood use, as would be expected from the energy transition model, we observe that fuelwood use has remained almost constant for more than 40 years. In fact, rather than completely switching to LPG, a large portion of rural and small-town households adopted a fuel-stacking strategy, combining both fuels on a long-term basis. We conclude by examining the implications of the current patterns of fuelwood use and fuel-stacking in terms of future fuelwood consumption, numbers of users and emissions of greenhouse gases. Este artículo presenta un repaso histórico a las pautas de consumo de leña en los hogares mexicanos entre 1960 y la actualidad. Muestra también algunas proyecciones de consumo hasta el año 2030 calculadas en función de algunas variables sociodemográficas y tecnológicas, y se estiman sus posibles impactos ambientales. El caso de México tiene interés ya que el país pasó durante el periodo analizado de ser importador de petróleo a ser exportador de ese recurso energético, al mismo tiempo que el consumo de gas licuado de petróleo (LPG) se intensificaba en los hogares. Pese a ello, en lugar de producirse una caída brusca en el consumo de leña como predice el modelo tradicional de transición energética, observamos que dicho consumo se ha mantenido bastante estable durante los últimos cuarenta años. De hecho, una parte muy considerable de los hogares rurales y de las pequeñas ciudades, en lugar de saltar al uso de LPG, han adoptado una estrategia de uso múltiple que combina el uso de ambos combustibles en el largo plazo. El artículo termina analizando las implicaciones de los patrones de uso de la leña y de la estrategia de su uso múltiple para el futuro, en términos de consumo, de número de usuarios y de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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