Search

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in Indian women. The incidence of Breast cancer in India is increasing slowly and has bad prognosis if detected in late stages. But, its incidence can be decreased if its detection is made at earliest stages, i.e. in the preinvasive stage. This present study was undertaken to assess clinico-pathological aspect of breast lesions in a tertiary care centre of Rohtas, Bihar. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the department of Pathology, NMCH, Jamuhar, Sasaram. The data was collected form medical records department. The study period was of two years from January, 2017 to December, 2018 after approval from institutional ethics committee. Results: A total of 200 cases of breast lesions were analyzed. The ratio of benign to malignant lesions was 3.9:1. The overall mean age of patients with breast lesion was 34.5 years. Among 20.5% malignant cases, the age group affected most was 41-50 years. Only 6% of breast lesions were of inflammatory nature. This result is less as compared to past studies and all the lesions histologically were of chronic non-specific mastitis. The most common type of malignancy observed was invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST). Conclusion: The pattern of breast lesions provides valuable information regarding clinic-pathological profile of patients. The clinical diagnosis of breast lesions should be correlated with histopathological features for correct and adequate management of the case.

By the end of the year 2019, in the month of November first pneumonia-like case of COVID-19 was detected in an individual aged 55 years in the Hubei Province of Central China. However the ‘patient zero’ or the first patient contracted with the disease is still unknown, but it is speculated that first contraction with virus occurred in Wuhan province of China. The rate by which the number of cases of the disease surged in China was remarkable and by the mid of January 2020 cases begin to appear in different parts of the world. WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the end of January 2020. Researchers from different parts of the world continue to study the pathogenesis and spread pattern of this disease. This chapter emphasizes upon some of the prominent studies in the field of COVID-19 researches from India. It also focuses upon the ACE2 gene polymorphism which has decreased the susceptibility against the virus amongst human population, and explains how at the molecular level ACE2 receptor concentration may affect the entry of the virus into the host cell. It also highlights the impact of the viral RNA on mitochondrial machinery of the host cell and how it instigates a pro-inflammatory response by declining the efficiency of immune system in whole. We also aim to highlight two potential drug candidates of COVID-19 and how these are performing against the virus according to several studies.

Mushrooms are more vulnerable as their self life is too short and are consumed fresh. The main study of this work was isolation and control of fungal contaminants in mushrooms during and after harvest storage. Samples of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus florida were collected from three vegetable markets of Azamgarh city which revealed presence of 21 fungi. Results exhibited Aspergilus niger and Rhizopus sp. as most abundant contaminants which were treated with Zanthoxylum armatum and Eucalyptus citrodora using poisoned food technique. The control combination was potato dextrose agar with no oils added. All the essential oils significantly inhibit (p>0.05) the growth and spore germination of both test fungi. A strong inhibitory action of Cinnamon oil and Mentha oil was recorded against Aspergilus niger and Rhizopus sp respectively at a concentration of 20 ml/ml. This clearly suggests that essential oil could be an alternative to the synthetic chemicals that are currently used to control fungal contamination in mushroom and extend their shelf life.

Studies on host-pathogen interaction have identified human ACE2 as a host cell receptor responsible for mediating infection by coronavirus (Covid-19). Subsequent studies have shown striking difference of allele frequency among Europeans and Asians for a polymorphism rs2285666, present in ACE2. It has been revealed that the alternate allele (TT-plus strand or AA-minus strand) of rs2285666 elevate the expression level of this gene upto 50%, hence may play a significant role in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Therefore, we have first looked the phylogenetic structure of rs2285666 derived haplotypes in worldwide populations and compared the spatial frequency of this particular allele with respect to the Covid-19 infection as well as case-fatality rate in India. For the first time, we ascertained a significant positive correlation for alternate allele (T or A) of rs2285666, with the lower infection as well as case-fatality ratio among Indian populations. We trust that this information will be useful to understand the role of ACE2 in Covid-19 susceptibility.

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in Wuhan, China, and spread worldwide. In India, COVID-19 cases increased rapidly throughout India. Various measures like awareness program, social distancing, and contact tracing have been implemented to control the COVID-19 outbreak. In the absence of any vaccine, the prediction of the confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases is required to enhance the health care system’s capacity and control the transmission. In this study, the cumulative and daily confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases in Uttar Pradesh, India, were analyzed. We used the logistic and Gompertz non-linear regression model using a Bayesian paradigm. We build the prior distribution of the model using information obtained from some other states of India, which are already reached at the advanced stage of COVID-19. Results from the analysis indicated that the predicted maximum number of confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases will be around 1157335, 5843, and 1145829 respectively. The daily number of confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases will be maximum at 104th day, 73rd day, and 124th day from 16 June 2020. Further from this analysis we can conclude that the COVID-19 will be over probably by early-June, 2021. The analysis did not consider any changes in government control measures. We hope this study can provide some relevant information to the government and health officials.

Duodenal Adenocarcinomas (DA) represent approximately 0.3% of all malignant gastrointestinal tumors. DA is the most common site for adenocarcinoma in gastrointestinal track. The most common site of DA within duodenum is the 2nd part of duodenum. A high degree of suspicion is required for the diagnosis of third/fourth part DA. Push enteroscopy is the definitive diagnostic tool for third/fourth part DA. We discussed a case of adenocarcinomas third part of the duodenum with brief discussion on controversies in optimal surgical management.

Genetic divergence of Babul (Acacia nilotica) was assessed using Mahalanobis 0 statistics. They were grouped into eight clusters. Maximum genetic distance was recorded between III & VIII ciusters indicating greater distance between two clusters that showed maximum diversity amount the genotype and helps in hybridization programme.

The microbial communities including VAM fungi get affected by the sewage and industrial effluent. About this there is not much information. Soil polluted with sewage effluents supported less VAM population than non-polluted. 44 VAM fungal species were collected and indentified.

Visually Impaired Person Have to Face lot of Problems in their day to day life. They can not walk anywhere alone, there should be someone who can assist them. They also suffer from the problem of reading any Text and they could not identify any object around them. Smart glove described in this paper overcome all the Problems. This glove can detect any obstacle in the Path of blind person and can warn them. So that it ensures their safety. Also it work as a artificial eyes for them. This glove can extract text from any image which contains text and can convert text into speech. So that blinds can easily hear the text which they can not see. One more feature of this glove allows the blinds to identify the objects around them. The experimental results show good accuracy.

In order to utilize high sulfur (3-6%) coals in various industries which otherwise cannot be utilized directly or even as a blend, studies on pyrolysis of four high sulfur NE regions Indian coals viz. 60ft Tikak, 20ft Tikak, Surupi and Bapung coal from Makum Coalfields of Meghalaya in presence of hydrogen were carried out at 900 0 C. The steam was generated by heating waste water followed by its super heating in the steam zone at a temperature of 400±5 0 C. Hydrogen was produced from this super heated steam, copper-iron scrap reaction at 900 0 C in the promoter zone. This hydrogen was passed into reaction zone where high sulfur coal was kept at 900±5 0 C. It was found that a reduction of about 58.7 - 91.1% in organic sulfur and 75.7 - 93.8% in inorganic sulfur (pyrites + sulfates) leading to total sulfur reduction from 68.6 - 90.2% was achieved. After reduction in sulfur on pyrolysis, the low sulfur coke/char thus formed can be used directly as such in case where the coke/char has about 1% sulfur or the same may be used as a blend with low sulfur coke/char in different industries giving value addition to the coal.

Fly ash is abundantly produced from thermal power plants and is considered a hazardous waste. However, in recent years, fly ash has been widely utilized in the agricultural sector as a soil modifier. It is particularly important for wasteland/mine spoil reclamation due to its ability to provide a source of plant nutrients and improve physicochemical properties of soil. Although fly ash itself contains many plant nutrients, most nutrients, including phosphorus (P), are in a bound form not easily available to plants. This study analyzed the effect of farm manure on the solubility of P from fly ash. Incubation studies were conducted to determine the effect of farm manure on P solubilization to use as a potential option for remediation.

A 43.2-Gb/s clock and data recovery/demultiplexer (CDR/DMUX) integrated circuit (IC) implemented in InP heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology is demonstrated. The IC is fully integrated, requiring only a single external capacitor for complete functionality. The IC exceeds extrapolated SONET/SDH jitter tolerance specifications, operates with an industry-standard +3.3-V power supply, and dissipates 3.3 W.

Describes design, development, and function of an electronic voting machine that is interfaced with a PC for efficient and secure casting of ballots.

Changes in growth parameters and 14CO2 and [U-14C]-sucrose incorporation into the primary metabolic pools and essential oil were investigated in leaves and stems of M. spicata treated with etherel and gibberellic acid (GA). Compared to the control, GA and etherel treatments induced significant phenotypic changes and a decrease in chlorophyll content, CO2 exchange rate, and stomatal conductance. Treatment with etherel led to increased total incorporation of 14CO2 into the leaves wheras total incorporation from 14C sucrose was decreased. When 14CO2 was fed, the incorporation into the ethanol soluble fraction, sugars, organic acids, and essential oil was significantly higher in etherel treated leaves than in the control. However, [U-14C]-sucrose feeding led to decreased label incorporation in the ethanol-soluble fraction, sugars, organic acids, and essential oils compared to the control. When 14CO2 was fed to GA treated leaves, label incorporation in ethanol-insoluble fraction, sugars, and oils was significantly higher than in the control. In contrast, when [U-14C]-sucrose was fed the incorporation in the ethanol soluble fraction, sugars, organic acids, and oil was significantly lower than in the control. Hence the hormone treatment induces a differential utilization of precursors for oil biosynthesis and accumulation and differences in partitioning of label between leaf and stem. Etherel and GA influence the partitioning of primary photosynthetic metabolites and thus modify plant growth and essential oil accumulation.

Changes in the utilization pattern of primary substrate, viz. [U-14C] acetate, 14CO2 and [U-14C] saccharose, and the contents of 14C fixation products in photosynthetic metabolites (sugars, amino acids, and organic acids) were determined in Fe-deficient citronella in relation to the essential oil accumulation. There was an overall decrease in photosynthetic efficiency of the Fe-deficient plants as evidenced by lower levels of incorporation into the sugar fraction and essential oil after 14CO2 had been supplied. When acetate and saccharose were fed to the Fe-deficient plants, despite a higher incorporation of label into sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, there was a lower incorporation of these metabolites into essential oils than in control plants. Thus, the availability of precursors and the translocation to a site of synthesis/accumulation, severely affected by Fe deficiency, is equally important for the essential oil biosynthesis in citronella.

Changes in growth, CO2 exchange rate, and distribution of photosynthetically fixed 14CO2 into the primary photosynthetic metabolic pool (sugars, amino acids and organic acids) and essential oil accumulation were determined in leaves (leaf positions 1-6 from apex) of developing peppermint grown in a solution culture at Zn concentrations of 0 and 0.05 g m-3. There was a significant decrease in 14C incorporation in total, ethanol-soluble and ethanol-insoluble fractions in Zn deficient plants at all leaf positions. 14C incorporated in essential oil and in sugars were significantly higher in leaf pairs 1 to 3 than in leaf pairs 4 to 6. 14C incorporation into amino acids and organic acids was higher in all leaf pairs in Zn deficient plants. Statistical analysis showed a positive significant association between Zn content of leaf and 14C incorporation into ethanol-soluble fraction and sugars and a negative correlation with 14C incorporation into amino acids and organic acids. Hence the content of sugars in leaves significantly influences essential oil accumulation under Zn stress.

Changes in growth and yield parameters, and 14 CO 2 and (U- 14 C) sucrose incorporation into the primary metabolic pool, and essential oil have been investigated under Mn-deficiency and subsequent recovery in Mentha piperita, grown in solution culture. Under Mn-deficiency, CO 2 exchange rate, total chlorophyll, total assimilatory area, plant dry weight, and essential oil yield were significantly reduced, whereas chlorophyll a/b ratio, leaf area ratio and leaf stem ratio significantly increased. In leaves of Mn-deficient plants, 14 CO 2 incorporation into the primary metabolic pool (ethanol-soluble and -insoluble) and essential oil were significantly lower, whereas (U- 14 C) sucrose incorporation into these components was significantly higher as compared to the control

Coal will continue to be the predominant source of global energy for coming several decades. The huge generation of fly ash (FA) from combustion of coal in thermal power plants (TPPs) is apprehended to pose the concerns of its disposal and utilization. FA application based on its typical characteristics as soil ameliorant for agriculture and forestry is the potential area, and hence the global attempt. The inferences drawn suffer from the variations of ash characteristics, soil types, and agro-climatic conditions; thereby correlating the effects of ash between various plant species and soil types is difficult. Indian FAs have low bulk density, high water holding capacity and porosity, rich silt-sized particles, alkaline nature, negligible solubility, and reasonable plant nutrients. Findings of the demonstrations trials for more than two decades from lab/pot to field scale long-term experiments are developed as FA soil amendment technology (FASAT) by Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad. Performance of different crops and plant species in cultivable and problematic soils, are encouraging, eco-friendly, and being adopted by the farmers. FA application includes ash alone and in combination with inorganic/organic amendments; combination treatments including bio-solids perform better than FA alone. Optimum dose being up to 100 t/ha for cultivable land and up to/ or above 200 t/ha of FA for waste/degraded land/mine refuse, depending on the characteristics of ash and soil. The elemental toxicity in Indian FA is usually not of much concern owing to alkaline ashes, oxide forms of elements, and elemental concentration within the threshold limits for soil application. Combating toxicity, if any, is possible through combination treatments with organic materials and phytoremediation. Government initiatives through extension programme involving farmers and ash generating organizations need to be accelerated, {"references":["CIL (Coal India Ltd. Coal Reserves in India), 2007.\n(http//www.coalindia.nic.in/coalreserve.htm).","L.C. Ram, R.E. Masto, \"Review: An appraisal of the potential use of fly\nash for reclaiming coal mine spoil,\" J. of Environmental Management,\nvol. 91, pp. 603-617, 2010.","D.N.Tewari, \"Review of forest management and policies,\" in Advances\nin Land Resource Management for 21st Century: Soil Conservation\nSociety of India, 2000, pp. 415- 422.","J. Veron, K. Horko, R. Kneipp, G. Rogers, \"The Demography of South\nAsia from the 1950s to the 2000s,\" 2008.","D.K. Bhumbla, R.N. Singh, R.F. Keeker, Water quality from surface\nmined land reclaimed with fly ash, in Proceedings of the Nineth Ash Use\nSymposium American Coal Ash Association,\" vol. 57, pp. 1-22,\nAcademic Press, Orlando, FL., 1991.","L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava, R.C. Tripathi, , S.K. Jha, A.K. Sinha,\nG.Singh, V. Manoharan, \"Management of mine spoil for crop\nproductivity with lignite fly ash and biological amendments,\"J. Environ\nManagement, vol. 79, pp. 173-187, 2006a.","L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava, S.K. Jha, A.K. Sinha, R.E. Masto, V.A.\nSelvi, \"Management of lignite fly ash through its bulk use via biological\namendments for improving the fertility and crop productivity of soil,\"\nEnvironmental Management, vol. 40, pp. 438-452, 2007b.","S. Karmakar, B.N. Mittra, B.C. Ghosh, \"Enriched coal ash utilization for\naugmenting production of rice under acid lateritic soil,\" Coal\nCombustion and Gasification Products, vol. 2, pp. 45-50, 2010,","V. Vijayan, S.N. Behera, \"Studies on heavy elements and radioactivity\nof crops grown in soils treated with fly ash, in L.C. Ram et al., editor.,\"\nProc. National Seminar ÔÇÿUtilization of Fly Ash in Agriculture and for\nValue Added Products- (ISBN 81-7525-184-0), Technical Session II,\nCFRI, Dhanbad, India, 1999, pp. 61.\n[10] O.E. Manz, \"Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look,\" Fuel, vol. 78,\npp. 133-136, 1999.\n[11] ASTM C618-99, \"Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or\nCalcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as Mineral Admixture in Concrete,\"\nASTM International/10-Jun-1999/3 pages.\n[12] G.R. Dewey, L.L. Sutter, J.F. Sandell, \"Reactivity based approach for\nclassifying fly ash,\" in American Power Conference. Chicago: IL, 1996\n6, pp.1-4.\n[13] S.V. Vassilev, C.G. Vassileva, \"Anewapproach for the classification of\ncoalflyashes based on their origin, composition, properties, and\nbehavior,\" Fuel, vol. 86, pp. 1490-1512, 2006.\n[14] A.L. Page, A.A. Elseevi, I.R. Straughan, \"Physical and chemical\nproperties of fly ash from coal fired power plants with reference to\nenvironmental impact,\" Residue Review, vol. 71, pp. 83-120, 1979 .\n[15] U. Bhattacharjee, T.C. Kandpal, \"Potential of fly ash utilisation in\nIndia,\" Energy, vol. 27, pp. 151-166, 2002.\n[16] U.R. Khandkar, M.S. Gangwar, P.C. Srivastava, M. Singh,\n\"Edaphological characteristics of unweathered and weathered fly ashes\nfrom Gondwana and lignite coal,\" Environmental Pollution, vol.79, pp.\n297-302,1993.\n[17] A. Sarkar, R. Rano, K.K. Mishra, I.N. Sinha, \"Particle size distribution\nprofile of some Indian fly ash: a comparative study to assess their\npossible uses,\" Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 86, pp. 1221-1238,\n2005.\n[18] A. Sarkar, R. Rano, \"Water holding capacities of fly ashes: effect of size\nfractionation,\" Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and\nEnvironmental Effects, vol. 29, pp. 471-482, 2007.\n19] A.W. Schumann, M.E. Sumner, \"Chemical evaluation of nutrient supply\nfrom fly ash-biosolids mixtures,\" Soil Science Society of America J. vol.\n64, pp. 419-426, 2000.\n[20] R.L. Aitken, L.C. Bell, \"Plant uptake and phytotoxicity of boron in\nAustralian fly ashes,\" Plant and Soil, vol. 84, pp. 245-257, 1985.\n[21] J. Jankowski, C.R. Ward, D. French, S. Groves, \"Mobility of trace\nelements from selected Australian fly ashes and its potential impact on\naquatic ecosystems,\" , vol. 85, pp. 243-256, 2006.\n[22] D. El-Mogazi, D.J. Lisk, L.H. Weinstein, \"A review of physical,\nchemical, and biological properties of fly ash and effects on agricultural\necosystems,\" Sci Total Environ, vol. 74, pp. 1-37, 1988.\n[23] D.C. Adriano, A.L. Page, A.A. Elseewi, A.Chang, I.A. Straughan,\n\"Utilization and disposal of fly ash and other coal residues in terrestrial\necosystem: a review,\" J. of Environmental Quality, vol. 9, pp. 333-344,\n1980.\n[24] L.C. Mishra, K.N. Shukla, \"Effect of fly ash deposition on growth,\nmetabolism and dry matter production of maize and soybean,\"\nEnvironmental Pollution, vol. 42, pp. 1-13, 1986a.\n[25] L.C. Mishra, K.N. Shukla, \"Elemental concentration of corn and\nsoybean grown on fly ash amended soil,\" Environmental Pollution\nSeries B: Chemical and Physical, vol. 12, pp. 313-321, 1986b.\n[26] Jr.E.M. Taylor, G.E. Schuman, \"Fly ash and lime amendment of acidic\ncoal spoil to aid revegetation,\" J. of Environmental Quality, vol. 17, pp.\n120-124, 1988.\n[27] W.E. Sopper, \"Re-vegetation of a contaminated zinc smelter site,\"\nLandscape and Urban Planning, vol. 17, pp. 241-250, 1989.\n[28] V.C. Pandey, N. Singh, \"Review: Impact of fly ash incorporation in soil\nsystems, Agriculture,\" Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 136 no. 1-2, pp.\n16-27, 2010.\n[29] L.C. Ram, R.E. Masto, S.K. Jha, V.A. Selvi, N.K. Srivastava, A.K.\nSinha, \"Reclamation of coal mine spoil using fly ash: a synoptic\nreview,\" in 2007a Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Managing\nthe Social and Environmental Consequences of Coal Mining in India\n(MSECCMI), pp. 771 - 801.\n[30] L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava, S.K. Jha, A.K. Sinha, \"Eco-friendly\nreclamation of mine spoil for agro-forestry through fly ash and\nbiological amendments,\" in 2006b Proc. of the 23rd Annual\nInternational Pittsburgh Coal Conf., Session 52, pp. 1-25.\n[31] L.C. Ram, \"Moessbauer Spectroscopic and Gamma Radiolytic Studies\nof Some Indian Coals. PhD Thesis (unpublished),\" Banaras Hindu\nUniversity, Varanasi, India, 1992.\n[32] L.C. Ram, P.S.M. Tripathi, S.P. Mishra, \"Iron-bearing minerals in\nbituminous and semianthracitic Indian coals: Moessbauer spectroscopic\ncharacterization and studies on their transformations during ashing and\ncarbonization/devolatilisation in K.S. Narsimhan, S. Sen, editors.,\" Proc.\nGolden Jubilee Int. Symposium,\" Coal Science Technology Industry\nBusiness and Environment: Coal-96-, 1995a, pp. 38-57.\n[33] L.C. Ram, P.S.M.Tripathi, S.P.Mishra, \"Moessbauer spectroscopic\nstudies on the transformations of Fe-bearing minerals during combustion\nof coal: Correlation with fouling and slagging,\" Fuel Process\nTechnology, vol. 42, pp. 47-60, 1995b.\n[34] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Bulk Scale Utilisation of Coal\nAsh in Agricultural Lands of Birbhum District in West Bengal,\" CFRI,\nDhanbad, Jharkhand. CFRI Report No. CFRI/3.03/1999-2000, 2000a.\n[35] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Bulk Scale Utilization of Coal\nAsh in Agriculture and for Reclamation of Waste/Degraded Lands of\nMurshidabad District in West Bengal,\" CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand.\nCFRI Report No. TR/CFRI/ 3.04/1999-2000, 2000b.\n[36] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Utilization of Fly Ash from\nChandrapur and Bhusawal TPPs in Agriculture and for Reclamation of\nDegraded Land,\" CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. CFRI Report No.\nTR/CFRI/1.01/2000-2001, 2001a.\n[37] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Utilisation of Fly Ash in\nAgriculture at Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Neyveli,\" CFRI, Dhanbad,\nJharkhand. CFRI Report No. TR/CFRI/3.01/2000-2001, 2001b.\n[38] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Role of Riparian Vegetation in\nEcosystem Recovery on Fast Deteriorating Riparian Wetland Under\nAnthropogenic Stress,\" CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. CFRI Report No.\nTR/CFRI/3.01/2001-2002, 2002a.\n[39] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Technical Reports Nos.\nTR/CFRI/2.05/88; 1988.\n[40] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Utilization of Fly ash in\nAgriculture, at Bakreswar Thermal Power Project, Bakreswar (West\nBengal),\" CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. CFRI Report No.\nTR/C.F.R.I./1.01/96, 1996a.\n[41] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Utilization of Fly Ash in\nAgriculture, at Farakka Super Thermal Power Project Farakka (West\nBengal)\" CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. CFRI Report No.\nTR/C.F.R.I./1.02/96, 1996b.\n[42] L.C. Ram, S.K.Jha, G.K. Jha, M.C. Das, G. Singh, \"Effect of fly ash\nfrom FSTPP on the cultivation of wheat and paddy crops in alluvial soil\nof Murshidabad district. In: L.C. Ram, (Ed.),\" Proceedings of the\nNational Seminar on Bulk Utilization of Fly Ash in Agriculture and for\nValue-added Products. Technical Session V. CFRI, Dhanbad, India,\n1999a, pp. 200-210.\n[43] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Bulk Utilisation of Fly Ash\nfrom Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Project in Agriculture and for\nReclamation of Waste/Degraded Land,\" CFRI. CFRI Report No.\nTR/CFRI/1.15/2001-2002, 2002b.\n[44] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Demonstration trials in\nFarmer-s Field for the Popularization of Bulk Use of Fly-ash from\nAnpara, Obra and Hardugang TPPs of UPRVUNL in Agriculture and for\nReclamation of Degraded/Wasteland,\" CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand.\nCFRI TR/CFRI/1.08/2002-2003, 2003a.\n[45] CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), \"Bio-restoration of O.B. Dumps\nThrough the Plantation of Selected Efficient Photosynthetic/Soil\nConserver Species in Eastern Jharia Coalfields (Sponsored by SSRC,\nDept. of Coal),\" CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. CFRI Report\nNo.TR/CFRI/1.01/2002-2003, 2003b.\n[46] N.K. Srivastava, L.C. Ram, S.K. Jha, R.C. Tripathi, G. Singh, \"Role of\nCFRI-s fly ash soil amendment technology (FASAT) in improving the\nsocio-economic condition of farmers via improvement in soil fertility\nand crop productivity,\" J. Ecophy Occup Hlth, vol. 3, pp. 127-142,\n2003.\n[47] L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava, S.K. Jha, M.K. Singh, N.K. Vaishya, K.C.\nGupta, G. Singh, \"Agro-forestry a potential area for sustainable bulk use\nof fly ash,\" in Proc. Fly Ash India, 2005, International Congress. Fly\nAsh Utilization Programme. Session XII. TIFAC, Department of Science\nand Technology, New Delhi, 2005, pp. 1-14.\n[48] L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava, S.K. Jha, M.K. Singh, N.K. Vaishya, K.C.\nGupta, G.Singh,. \"Agro-forestry a potential area for sustainable bulk use\nof fly ash,\" in Proc. International Congress on Fly Ash India: Fly Ash\nUtilization Programme, Technical Session XII. TIFAC, Department of\nScience and Technology, New Delhi, 2005, pp. 14.1-14.15.\n[49] N.K. Srivastava, L.C. Ram, S.K. Jha, R.C. Tripathi, A.K. Sinha, \"Biorestoration\nof wastelands/abandoned ash ponds/OB dumps in the vicinity\nof TPPs/coalfields on sustainable basis, in A.K. Singh, A. Sinha, S.K.\nHazra, editors,\" Proc. Int. Seminar Global Coal 2005 ÔÇÿCoal Science and\nTechnologyÔÇöEmerging Global Dimensions:- (ISBN 81-7764-818-7),\nNew Delhi, Allied Publishers, 2005a, pp. 614-626.\n[50] N.K. Srivastava, L.C. Ram, A.K. Sinha, \"Sustainable improvement of\nmining environment through selective plantation,\" in Proc. International\nSymposium on Advances in mining Technology and Management, IIT\nKharaghpur, 2005b, pp. 505-512.\n[51] R.C. Tripathi, L.C. Ram, A.K. Sinha, S.K. Jha, N.K. Srivastava, P.S.M.\nTripathi, G. Singh, \"Popularisation of bulk use of pond ash in agriculture\nthrough demonstration trials in farmers- fields in the vicinity of TPPs of\nUPRVUNL in A.K. Singh, K. Sen, A. Sinha, S.K. Hazra, (Eds.),\"\nInternational Seminar on Coal Science & TechnologydEmerging Global\nDimensions, Proceedings of Global Coal 2005. Allied Publishers, New\nDelhi, 2005a, pp. 586-590.\n[52] R.C. Tripathi, L.C. Ram, A.K. Sinha, S.K. Jha, N.K. Srivastava, \"Bulk\nuse of pond ash for reclamation of waste/alkaline land for agriculture\npurposes,\" in Proc. International Congress on Fly Ash India, Fly Ash\nUtilization Programme, Technical Session XII, TIFAC, DST, New\nDelhi, 2005b, pp. 15.1-15.18.\n[53] L.C. Ram, \"Fly Ash: A Resource Material for Reclamation of Coal Mine\nSpoil. In Sustainable Rehabilitatiohukla of Degraded Ecosystems (Eds:\nOP Choubey, Vijay Bahadur, PK Shukla),\" Published by Avishkar\nPublishers, Distributors (ISBN 978-81-7910-288-6), Jaipur (Rajsthan),\n2009, Ch. 4, pp.14-45.\n[54] N.K. Srivastava, L.C. Ram, \"Bio-restoration of coal mine spoil with fly\nash and biological amendments. In Sustainable Rehabilitation of\nDegraded Ecosystems, Editors: O.P. Chaubey, Vijay Bahadur, P.K.\nShukla,\" published by Avishkar Publishers, Distributors (ISBN 978-81-\n7910-288-6), Jaipur (Rajsthan), 2009, Ch 7, pp 77-91.\n[55] N.K. Srivastava, L.C. Ram,. \"Reclamation of coal mine spoil dump\nthrough fly ash and biological amendments,\" International J. Ecology &\nDevelopment, 2010a, vol.17 no. F10, pp. 17-33.\n[56] N.K. Srivastava, L.C. Ram, 2010b. \"Reclamation of mine over-burden\nand low-lying area with coal fly ash, a sustainable ecological approach,\"\nProc. 4th International Conference on \"Sustainable Energy &\nEnvironmental Protection (SEEP-2010) ÔÇÿEnvironmental Protection in the\nNew Era- Part-2 (ISBN: 978-88-905185-2-2), DIMeG, Politecnico di\nBari, BARI - ITALY. Edited by: Michele Dassisti, Abdul Ghani Olabi,\nMichele De Nicolo, Michela Chimienti (http://seep2010.poliba.it)\n[57] R.C. Tripathi, R.E. Masto, L.C. Ram, \"Bulk use of pond ash for\ncultivation of wheat-maize-eggplant crops in sequence on a fallow land,\nResources, Conservation and Recycling,\" vol. 54, pp. 134-139, 2009.\n[58] R.C. Tripathi, S.K. Jha, L.C. Ram, \"Impact of fly ash application on\ntrace metal content in some root crops,\" Energy sources, Part A:\nRecovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 32, pp. 576-589,\n2010.\n[59] L.C. Ram, S. Singh, R.E. Masto, S.K. Jha, R.C. Tripathi, A.K. Sinha,\nN.K. Srivastava, V.A. Selvi, \"Potential of Indian Fly ashes as Soil\nAmeliorant: State-of-the-Art,\" Twenty-Fifth International Conference on\nSolid Waste Technology and Management, Philadelphia USA, 2010,\nSession 3C, pp 710-721.\n[60] M.K. Mahato, R.E. Masto, V.A. Selvi, L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava,\nR.C.Tripathi, S.K. Jha, A.K. Sinha,. \"Phosphorus adsorption, fixation\nand fractions in fly ash and ash amended soil,\" in Proc. of the\nInternational Congress on fly ash India, 2005, pp. 12.1-12.8.\n[61] V. Kandlakuntha, R. Punna, U. Paruchuri, B. Sangras, K.\nKrishnaswamy, S.Qadri, U. Putcha, S. Boindala, \"Nutritional and\ntoxicological evaluation of wheat grown on soils with or without fly ash\ntreatment,\" J. of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 89, pp. 384-\n389, 2009.\n[62] V. Singh, A.N. Garg, \"INAA of trace elements in Indian vegetarian diet\nand its adequacy vis-a-vis recommended dietary allowances,\" J. of\nRadioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 217, 139-45, 1997.\n[63] Urvashi, R.E. Ma sto, V.A. Selvi, L.C. Ram , N.K. Srivastava,. \"An\ninternational study: effect of farm yard manure on the release of P from\nfly ash,\" Remediation Autumn, pp. 70-81, 2007.\n[64] G. Singh, L.C. Ram, S.K. Jha, R.C. Tripathi, N.K. Srivastava, \"A\nsynergistic fly ash based soil conditioner cum fertilizer composition,\"\nCFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), Indian. Patent No. 031 NF 2002,\n2002c.\n[65] L.C. Ram, S.K. Jha, R.C. Tripathi, R.E. Masto, V.A. Selvi,\n\"Remediation of fly ash landfills through plantation,\" Remediation\nAutumn, 2008, p. 71-90.\n[66] R.J. Haynes, Reclamation and revegetation of fly ash disposal sites:\nchallenges and research needs. J. of Environmental Management, vol.\n90, pp.43-53, 2009.\n[67] EIS Suppl, \"Waste Management. Bundaberg 2K+ Industrial\ndevelopment, Sinclair Knight Merz,\" Report-2000, pp. 11.3.\n[68] S. Sushil, V.S. Batra, \"Analysis of fly ash heavy metal content and\ndisposal in three thermal power plants in India,\" Fuel, vol. 85, pp. 2676-\n2679, 2006.\n[69] W. Riley, \"Benchmarking of fly ash,\" CCSD Research Report No. 67.\nCRC for Coal in sustainable Development, Pullenvale, Qld, Australia,\n2007.\n[70] L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava, M.C. Das, G. Singh, \"Leaching behavior of\nfly ash under simulated conditions vis-a-vis quality of the leachate, in\nL.C. Ram (Ed.),\" Proc.of the National Seminar on Bulk Utilization of\nFly Ash in Agriculture and for Value-added Products. Technical Session\nI. CFRI, Dhanbad, India, 1999b, pp. 14-25.\n[71] L.C. Ram, N.K. Srivastava, G. Singh, \"Prediction of leaching behavior\nof TPP Ash under simulated conditions by column studies, in\nC.V.J.Varma, , S.V.R. Rao, V. Kumar, , R. Krishnamurthy, (Eds.),\"\nProc. of the Second International Conference on Fly ash Disposal and\nUtilization. Session IV, vol. I. Central Board of Irrigation and Power,\nNew Delhi, 2000, pp. 16-28.\n[72] T. Praharaj, M.A. Powell, B.R. Hart, S. Tripathy, \"Leachability of\nelements from sub-bituminous coal fly ash from India,\" Environment\nInternational, vol. 27, pp. 609-615, 2002.\n[73] B.K. Dutta, S. Khanra, D. Mallick, \"Leaching of elements from coal fly\nash: assessment of its potential for use in filling abandoned coal mines,\"\nFuel, 2009.\n[74] S.U. Khan, R.K. Bhardwaj, S. Jabin, J.A. Khan,. \"Influence of some\nchemical fertilizers on the mobility of trace metals through soil amended\nwith fly ash,\" Pollution Research, vol. 19, pp. 241-244, 2000.\n[75] A.B. Mukherjee, R. Zevenhoven, \"Mercury in coal ash and its fate in the\nIndian subcontinent: a synoptic review,\" Science of the Total\nEnvironment vol. 368, pp. 384-392, 2006.\n[76] P.C. Srivastava, U.C. Gupta, \"Trace Elements in Crop Production.\nOxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,\" New Delhi, 1996.\n[77] G.C. Maxino, Environmental Potassium radioactivity and public health,\n2001 (http:// physics.msuiit.edu.ph/spvm/ papers/2001/maxino.pdf).\n[78] G.L. Guo, Q. Zhou, L.Q. Ma, \"Availability and assessment of fixing\nadditives for the in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: a\nreview,\" EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment, vol. 116, pp. 513-\n528, 2006.\n[79] ICAR (Indian Council of Agriculture Research), \"Handbook of\nAghriculture, ICAR,\" New Delhi, India, 1996.\n[80] J. Sehgal, \"Pedology: Concepts and Applications,\" Kalyani Publishers,\nLudhiana, India, 1996.\n[81] V. Kumar, G. Singh, R. Rai,. \"A material for another green revolution, in\nV. Kumar, S.M. Mathur, G. Singh, (Eds.),\" Proc. of the International\nConference ÔÇÿFly Ash India-. Flyash Utilization Programme. Technical\nSession XII, vol. 5. TIFAC, Department of Science and Technology,\nNew Delhi, 2005, pp. 2.1-12.16.\n[82] Z.S. Chen, \"Selecting indicators to evaluate soil quality\n(www.fftc.agent.org),\" 1999.\n[83] A. Kabata-Pendias, W.Sadurski, \"Trace elements and compounds in soil,\nin E. Merina, M. Anke, M. Ihnat, M. Stoeppler, editors,\" Elements and\ntheir Compounds in the Environment. 2nd edn., Weinheim: Wiley-VCH,\n2004, pp. 77-99.\n[84] A. Kabata-Pendias, A.B. Mukherjeem, \"Trace Elements from Soils to\nHuman. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin,\" 2007, pp. 35.\n[85] H.J.W. Bowen, \"Trace Elements in Biochemistry,\" London UK:\nAcademic Press, 1966, pp. 748.\n[86] M. Eisenbud, H.C. Petrow, \"Radioactivity in the atmospheric effluents\nof power plants that use fossil fuel,\" Science, vol. 144, pp. 288,\n1964.W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). Belmont,\nCA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123-135."]}

Effluents discharged by the coal-fired thermal power plant at Obra (22[degrees] 52[prime] N lat. and 83[degrees] 5[prime]E long.) reach into the nearby flowing Rihand river and alter the ecological features of the river ecosystem. The temperature and pH of the receiving river water increased while the transparency, dissolved oxygen, chloride, NO[sub 3]-N, and PO[sub 4]-P decreased. In the effluent zone of the river, no phytoplankton existed during a one-year study period (January to December 1987). Chlorophycean members like Spirogyra and Scenedesmus which were present in the unaffected upstream (control site) were replaced by Bacillariophycean members like Pinnularia and Nitzschia with reduced phytoplankton density in the downstream-affected water. At the control site (average of 12 months), Chlorophyta density contributed 335 unit L[sup [minus]1] to the total phytoplankton density (774 unit L[sup [minus]1]) followed by Cyanophyta (260 unit L[sup [minus]1]) and Bacillariophyta (188 unit L[sup [minus]1]). At the affected site maximum of 112, the unit L[sup [minus]1] contribution was by Bacillariophyta followed by 90 unit L[sup [minus]1] of Chlorophyta and 60 unit L[sup [minus]1] of Cyanophyta to the total phytoplankton density (221 unit L[sup [minus]1]). Phytoplankton diversity indices and primary production were reduced in the affected zone. Chloride and PO[sub 4]-P togethermore » accounted for 54% (p

The role of five herbaceous riparian weeds, namely Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br., Cassia tora L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Parthenium hysterophorus L. and Sida acuta burm f., in reducing runoff and nitrogen losses has been studied. Seedlings of the species collected from the banks of the Rihand River and the Rihand Reservoir (Pant Sagar) were transplanted on sloping experimental plots in the Botanical Garden, Banaras Hindu University. A simulated total rainfall equal to 42·5 mm at an intensity of 30 cm/h was applied for 8·5 min on each of the five vegetated plots and on an equal sized bare plot. Water and soil running down the sloping plots were separately collected in cemented reservoirs. They were analysed for different forms of nitrogen. Conservation values (CV) of soil, water and nitrogen were calculated using the method described by Ambasht (1970) . Soil CV ranged from 33% to 84% and water CV from 19% to 50% for different species. Total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen CV of five species ranged from 26% to 63%, 50% to 82%, and 51% to 88%, respectively. By stepwise multiple regression, it is found that canopy was the single most important factor (up to 69%) in explaining variations in runoff.

Summary Interspecific variation in various Mentha species, viz. Mentha arvensis , Mentha cardiaca , Mentha piperita , Mentha spicata and Mentha virdis for photosynthetic efficiency and 14 CO 2 incorporation into the primary metabolic pool and essential oil after 1 and 6 h of CO 2 incorporation have been investigated. There are significant differences among Mentha species in yield characteristics, viz. leaf area ratio, specific leaf weight, leaf weight ratio, and leaf stem ratio and in photosynthetic characteristics, viz. CO 2 exchange rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content. In general, total 14C02 incorporation (ethanol soluble and insoluble fractions) increases from 1 to 6 h with maximum fixation in M. spicata . Most of the incorporation appeared in sugars, sugar phosphates and organic acids, and showed significant changes with time along with changes in 14 CO 2 incorporation in oil. These changes are accompanied by partitioning of 14 CO 2 labelled products into the stem. Oil content showed a significant negative association with 14 CO 2 incorporated in sugars after a 6 h feeding and positive but insignificant association with the photosynthetic rate.

The man made reservoir, G. B. Pant Sagar at the dam site (24° 15′ N Lat) in the South Mirzapur district of eastern U. P. was investigated in terms of water quality, phytoplankton diversity and production at monthly intervals between January 1987 and December 1987. The reservoir water showed low to moderate dissolved oxygen (4.3 … 7.5 mg/l) and quite low nutrient contents (0.01-0.2 mg l−1). Phytoplankton diversity narrowly fluctuated (3.17-3.74) and mean annual production (149.7 g/m3 · aC) showed a meso- to eutrophic condition. A significant positive correlation was obtained between gross production and phytoplankton density (r = 0.79; P < 0.001) Multiple regression equation (GPP = 11.292 + 0.043 BAC + 0.075 CHL + 0.073 CYN) indicates that Chlorophyta contributed more to gross production due to the presence of a higher number of individuals.

Global logistics flows have increased dramatically in recent years due to the globalization in the world economy. It is more complex than the domestic logistics, consisting of multiple services like multi-modal transportation, cross-docking, storage, and customs clearance. Two issues are in order with multitude of services spanning across international borders: First, a single logistics provider may not be able to provide all the services and second, performance non-conformance with any of the services will affect the entire flow. We address the above issues in this paper by proposing a procurement that allows combinatorial bidding with quality of service measures as business constraints.

The influence of different foliar applications of Triacontanol (Tria.) on growth, CO2 exchange, capsule development and alkaloid accumulation in opium poppy was studied in glasshouse conditions. Plant height, capsule number and weight, morphine content, CO2 exchange rate, total chlorophyll and fresh and dry weight of the shoot were significantly maximum at 0.01 mg/l Tria. At the highest concentration (4 mg/l) total chlorophyll, CO2 exchange rate and plant height were significantly inhibited. Thebaine and codeine contents remained unaffected at all the concentrations. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu in shoots were maximum at .01 and Zn at 0.1 mg/l Tria. Increase in shoot weight, leaf area ratio and chlorophyll content were significantly correlated with morphine content.

In this paper, we consider a decentralized supply chain formation problem for linear, multi-echelon supply chains when the managers of the individual echelons are autonomous, rational, and intelligent. At each echelon, there is a choice of service providers and the specific problem we solve is that of determining a cost-optimal mix of service providers so as to achieve a desired level of end-to-end delivery performance. The problem can be broken up into two sub-problems following a mechanism design approach: (1) Design of an incentive compatible mechanism to elicit the true cost functions from the echelon managers; (2) Formulation and solution of an appropriate optimization problem using the true cost information. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian incentive compatible mechanism for eliciting the true cost functions. This improves upon existing solutions in the literature which are all based on the classical Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanisms, requiring significant incentives to be paid to the echelon managers for achieving dominant strategy incentive compatibility. The proposed solution, which we call SCF-BIC (supply chain formation with Bayesian incentive compatibility), significantly reduces the cost of supply chain formation. We illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology using the example of a three echelon manufacturing supply chain.

We have demonstrated a record gate delay of 2 ps/stage in a 17-stage ring oscillator fabricated in a 170 GHz f/sub t/, 150 GHz f/sub max/ InP HBT technology. Stable operation was achieved for both normal and higher order ring modes. We performed basic circuit time constant analysis as well as detailed computer simulations, and arrived at calculated gate delays which are in agreement with our experimental results. The approach of using stage delay from a ring oscillator as a technology speed metric can be misleading. Such an approach would predict 250 GHz circuits in this process - which is not feasible. Real circuits require fanout of two or more which can substantially increase gate delay. In our circuit, we focused on broad-banding each individual stage and reducing interconnect parasitics to achieve the above result.

A Massively Parallel reservoir simulator (POWERS) has been developed and fully integrated with Suadi Aramco's pre and post processing graphical environment. The simulator has been validated against published results and other industrial simulators. Three different giant oil field studies using million grid blocks were carried out by using the new simulator. Benchmark runs indicated near linear performance improvement with linearly increasing number of processors. With the current capabilities mega cell construction, preprocessing and post processing is quite fast. History match runs involving over million grid block and 30-50 years of history is obtained in less than one hour on a low cost parallel computer.

Artificial recharge using injection wells can present practical difficulties and it is important to be able to identify and quantify the features which cause these difficulties. This paper describes the analysis, using a mathematical model, of field information which was obtained from an injection test in an alluvial aquifer; the test continued for 250 days. Aquifer parameters were estimated both for the more permeable sand layers and the less permeable clay layers. During the test severe clogging occurred in the vicinity of the well and the mathematical model was also used to quantify the reduction in hydraulic conductivity due to the clogging.

In the course of formulating the automated design of trusses for a project, some hitherto unexplored ideas have been encountered. These ideas are developed in this article. To explore these ideas systematically, truss design for single and multiple load conditions are considered separately. In the first part the applicability of linear programming is illustrated for single load conditions to safeguard against failures by yielding, buckling, and excessive deformations. Postoptimal behaviour of the structure is also studied. In the second part nonlinear programming is used as the design tool for multiple loading conditions. In this procedure, the members are grouped, a fully utilized design is taken as the starting point, and the condensed matrix displacement method of reanalysis is adopted during optimization iterations. Practical design examples of trussed towers are given to illustrate the capabilities of the computer program developed.

In the minimum weight designs, the influence of initial imperfection and suddenly applied loads undermine the presumed safety of cylinderical shells and, on the other hand, the contribution of post-buckled strength enhances the safety of plates. The safety margin for both the structures is reduced due to the interaction of buckling and frequency constraints. These well known phenomena are examined with relation to the structural safety for the benefit of practical designers with the help of two design examples; one a stiffened cylinder and the other a waffle plate.

Assuming that moment and the membrane elements act independently, except for bond, an approximate but safe and reasonable solution has been presented for elasto-plastic behavior of moderately thick plates simply supported but restrained at the edges against in-plane movement. The theoretical results compare favorably with test results.

IR absorption spectra of preoxidized PAN fibres have been studied in the spectral region 2–15 μ. Observed frequencies have been assigned to the different modes of vibration. The neighbouring frequencies appearing in the stretching mode region of the nitrile group has been interpreted in terms of Fermi-resonance and a basis for the correlation between their intensity ratio and the degree of oxidation has also been discussed.