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The article deals with the problem of processing, utilization and recycling of the waste household appliances and electronics and the potential scenarios of its solution. Firstly, the topicality of the problem is connected with the fact that an average computer contains 0.09 g of gold, up to 1.1 g of silver, 0.4 kg of aluminum, 0.2 kg of copper as well as iron and plastic. The materials mentioned can be regarded as a valuable resource. Also there are dangerous materials which should not enter the environment. On the other hand, the cost of recycling and extraction of these materials exceeds their value. The article also studies how the general economic and innovative development of the country and the degree of the government intervention in the innovation area affect the development of the new economics model. The authors reveal the difference of priorities for developed and developing countries during the transition to the closed loop economics. They also study the features of legislation in the European countries and those of the Asian region. To stimulate the development of the recycling industry the authors suggest using income tax allowances.

The article presents a historiographical analysis of methodological approaches to the concepts of “the service class Tatars”, “the service class Chuvash” and “the tribute Chuvash”. These social categories of the population of the late medieval period who lived in the territory of the Middle Volga region, including the Chuvash region, for a long period caused historians’ interest to the problem of their ethnicity. In the period of land expansion of the Moscow state and the formation of the Russian state (second half of the 16th–19th centuries), individual representatives of the Chuvash ethnos formed part of the ethnosocial category of service class people. As representatives of the military service class, they participated in military companies on the side of the Moscow state and drew duties of a security service for the protection of its south-eastern borders. In the middle of the 16th–17th centuries the Chuvash region became a territory of colonization and integration into the system of the Russian statehood. Moreover, the Chuvash land became one of the most important outposts in the process of expanding the territorial borders of Russia. The Chuvash, who were in the service corporation, took an active part in the events. The process of colonization and integration into the system of Russian statehood became a stage for the formation of prerequisites for the formation of the Chuvash ethnos, which later developed into a state-constituting one. It is in the era under consideration in the Chuvash region that the settlement structure, specifics of spiritual culture, economic and domestic life were formed, as well as the city-fortress Alatyr was built which was one of the leading strategic points of the Moscow state in the eastern direction. The retrospective analysis of the statehood history of the Chuvash prompts to have a new look at historical processes related to the prerequisites of its formation and, in particular, interaction with other peoples of the Middle Volga region, and to enrich ideas about the role of the Chuvash in the formation of a multinational Russian state.

Numerical experiments based on the Peyrard–Bishop–Holstein model have been conducted to demonstrate the possibility of charge transfer by polarons in the homogeneous Poly G/Poly C-chain of DNA subjected to a constant electric field. It has been shown that a polaron in this model can travel large distances along the chain with a constant velocity if the electric field is weak. The charge motion ceases to be uniform with an increase in field strength: the charge starts executing Bloch oscillations.

it is common knowledge that the transport problem is one of the most pressing problems of large cities and megacities, acquiring an increasingly acute urban development economic and social nature. Therefore, the relevance of the research topic has been dominated by the need to upgrade transport infrastructure of the Russian Federation. The creation of transport hubs (TH) is one of the most advanced areas of upgrading and development of transport infrastructure as it helps to improve the conditions of transport accessibility and form the unity of the entire urban space and its surroundings. In this research work, transport hubs (centers) of large cities were considered and analyzed. Drawing from examples of transport hub formation on the basis of stations with signs of transport intermodality were identified. The main goal of this study was to identify the main problems, current trends and advantages of creating such objects. Complex analysis is needed to achieve the goal of research studies, as well as experience in domestic and foreign practice of the formation, functioning and development of transport hubs. In view of the foregoing, it is safe to say that the formation and modernization of transport hubs are the primary tasks due to the real possibility of solving of urban problems.

on a number of examples, the significance and need for the introduction and development of “smart homes” in Russian cities are revealed. This paper describes the development of architecture, new innovations and technologies, modern materials. All this can significantly improve the lives of everyone, especially the life of older people and people with disabilities. Remote control and automation of devices, by expanding existing functionalities, such as heating control, by increasing safety, or by providing assistance services by means of monitoring, warning and detecting health problems, is undoubtedly a technological breakthrough. Also, much attention was paid to the use of innovative intellectual materials to improve environmental sustainability, economic efficiency and safety. New technologies and high-performance materials are being developed to meet these needs, offering creative and innovative solutions to long-standing problems that are especially negative for the environment. The study will discuss and analyze the integration of smart materials, technology and architecture, which promises to transform architectural thought so that we can hardly imagine it today.

Introduction. For a long time the Russian economy has had a unique nature. This is primarily due to the fact that the country has a fuel and raw materials oriented economy; therefore, the welfare of the country depends, as a rule, on such economic activities as the mining industry, in particular, oil and gas industry and metallurgy. The present-day international economy is focused on the service sector, where tourism plays a significant role. Nowadays, tourism is a powerful international industry. It has been recognized as an economic phenomenon of the century for its rapid growth rate. In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in GDP and its generation; it creates new jobs and generates employment opportunities. Materials and methods. The problem of the underdeveloped tourist infrastructure, including hotel facilities that should offer a wide range of relevant services, including health improvement in the Russian Federation, is exemplified by Kabardino-Balkaria. Kabardino-Balkaria has every important feature characteristic of modern tourism: good climatic conditions, numerous landmarks and items of cultural property. However, one may face a number of construction problems in this territory due to its terrain. The application of modular structures and buildings in the design of a hotel facility in high mountain areas is proposed. Results. The analysis of the area has been carried out; a huge amount of factual material has been studied; conclusions have been made on the basis of the advantage of using modular structures in this area. Conclusions. The universality of a modular system enables modules to be combined in any direction, creating a complete structure transportable at any distance.

The article analyzes the problem of finding ethno-confessional concord in the modern world. The problem follows from the dilemmas of mondialization and globalization, on the one hand, and the balanced functioning of society and regions, on the other. Today, the invasion of Islam into global geopolitical processes is drifting towards new horizons not only due to demographic challenges and an increase in the proportion of Muslims in the number of inhabitants of the globe. The Islamic world has a special position in relation to globalization. The article aims to determine the role of the cultural and integrative potential of confessions as a factor of sustainable development. It is important to take into account that modern globalization is extremely relevant to the imperative of interaction. Cultural globalization, being the process of constituting common value spaces of morality, art, communication, lifestyle, behavioral stereotypes, ambiguously perceived at different times, meets opposition from adherents of traditional religions, including Islam. The facts and processes of the history of cultural contacts in the Volga region in the Middle Ages and the New Time form the basis for the analysis. The author uses the methods from the arsenal of oriental science, ethnology and area studies. Racial, religious and national conflicts have not ceased to be a constant in the modern world. The relevance of the theme of mobilizing the potential of ethnic and religious harmony and interaction stems from the dilemmas of modernization and globalization, on the one hand, and the sustainable operation of society and regions, on the other. The research of historians, anthropologists, ethnologists on the topic of collective cultural identity, as well as diverse identities at the level of personal choice, form the basis of its design in post-Soviet Russia. Studying the complementarity potential, the adherence to the positive images of the other ethnic groups among the Volga Muslims as part of the Muslim world and at the same time part of Russia in the realities of globalization and the situation of religious challenges assumes combining the methodological tools and efforts of representatives of various humanities and involving Western issues in the discursive field. This is a prerequisite for an adequate analysis of Russian identity in the context of cultural and religious processes.

Mediaculture as a special type of culture in the informational epoch, being a set of informational-communicative means, a system for transmitting and perceiving information, is a dynamic phenomenon. There appears the notion of transmedia – the new cultural practices of consumers and the specific experience of perceiving modern mass media, conjugated with the possibility and desire of a consumer of cultural product to complement the initial discourses and interpret them in one’s own way. A serial is the most demanded product of mediaculture. The research objective is to analyze the phenomenon of mediaculture in the modern society by the example of a serial “Game of Thrones”. The authors analyze transformation of direct consumption of the serial in personal interpretations and the features of using the characters of this “universe” in communication campaigns of businesses in post-Soviet territory. Besides, the authors assess the efficiency of an advertisement based on the story arcs of the television version of “A Song of Ice and Fire” by George R. R. Martin.

The aim of the work is to identify the problematic aspects of the accounting policy for accounting and reporting information about financial instruments in the practice of organizations at the current stage of the innovation economy. The work methodology is based on a critical analysis of the IFRS regulations for financial instruments and the comparison of the accounting policies for financial instruments in the practice of the largest Russian organizations that report on international financial reporting standards (IFRS). The paper presents the results of a critical analysis and comparison of the regulations of various IFRS regarding the interpretation of the economic content, evaluation methodology and approach to reflecting financial asset indicators and financial liabilities in financial statements. The article presents the results of a comparison of the accounting policies of Russian organizations with respect to the recognition, classification, evaluation and reflection in financial statements of financial assets and financial liabilities. The paper substantiates the conclusions about the insufficiency of modern IFRS regulations to ensure the convenience of comparing reporting information about financial instruments of various organizations and about the significant degree of differences in relation financial instruments in their accounting policies. The article argues the high significance of reporting information about the financial instruments of organizations in the modern conditions of the innovative economy.

The charge transfer in a Holstein molecular chain placed in a uniform electric field has been numerically simulated. It has been shown that for given parameters of the chain, a charge placed in a constant electric field may uniformly travel very large distances (several hundred thousand sites). The charge may move with a constant velocity if the field strength is low. With an increase in the field strength, the charge starts oscillating (Bloch oscillations). Good agreement has been shown between the theoretical and numerical field dependences of the charge constant velocity.

В статье рассматриваются основные события жизни и общественно-научной деятельности Н.В. Никольского, его вклад в народное образование и в изучение народов Поволжья и Приуралья, прежде всего чувашского народа. Показана роль ученого в создании первой газеты на чувашском языке, в работе Общества археологии, истории и этнографии при Казанском университете.

The article analyzes the features of education in Russia as a prerequisite of sustainable development under the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular, using the distant learning technologies. The empirical basis of the research is the results of polling of 79 professors and 325 students. Both the professors and students emphasized such negative consequences of the distant format introduction in spring 2020 as the increased methodological and academic load and the increased time for preparation. Both parties of the educational process mark the advantages of the distant learning: saving money for transport and eating out, saving time for getting to and from university, possibility to use various formats of educational resources. 51% of the professors marked a decrease in the quality of students’ preparation in the distant regime; 35% of the students noted a worsened quality of educational services. Most of the professors (81%) and 33% of the students spoke for the combined format of traditional learning and mastering some part of the material with distant technologies. To a large extent, this is due to one of the qualitative differences of distant education from the traditional one–insufficient time and forms of personal communication between the participants of the educational process.

The translational shells are arised by moving generatrix line along directrix line. Four shells of similar overall size and rising height are modelled in the present job, each generatrix coincide with directrix, the symmetric square plane is considered. The surface types are: surface of translation of circle along circle, catenary along catenary, sinus along sinus and ellipse along ellipse. The behaviour under equally distributed load like self-weight of 4 types of shells is considered, equally distributed load case while supporting on four corner points is considered. The solution is obtained by means of finite element analysis. The ratio of bending and membrane stresses is of interest as the criterion of optimal operation under load. The equalent von Mises stresses for abstract material with characteristics of reinforced concrete are obtained to reveal the most dangerous zones and evaluate the overall stress distribution. The study is of interest in view of perspectives to introduction into practise of structure elements of such shape.

The purpose of the research is to identify modern approaches to the spatial development of Belarusian cities. The article focuses on the role of transit-oriented design in spatial development of cities. The principles of ‘green urban construction’ and their implementation in pilot projects for urban areas reconstruction in Polotsk-Novopolotsk agglomeration are considered. The introduction of developed territory transformation models into urban planning practice was suggested. The participation of Belarus in international initiatives and projects relating to urban and transport planning are assessed. Organizational and institutional prerequisites for using the European experience of mobility management have been established. The scientific novelty consists in the study of the concept of sustainable mobility as a tool for territorial development and humanization of the environment with a focus on the conditions in Belarus.

The research is devoted to the issues of information openness of machine-building companies in the sphere of environment protection. The contemporary state of environmental legal awareness calls for the need to consciously opt for environmentally-effective enterprises, which refers equally to consumers, investors, partners, and governmental bodies. The research objective is to reveal the contemporary state of disclosing environment information in enterprises’ open sources. To achieve the set goal, 14 leading machine-building companies were selected and their annual reports were studied as public sources of the company information. The comparative analysis of empirical documents allowed identifying the best practices in the sphere of disclosing environmental information by the Russian machine-building sector.

The research considers the role of corporate social responsibility in the functioning of agrarian-industrial holdings. The research objective is to reveal the potential of corporate social responsibility as a factor of attracting investments to agricultural companies. The author applied the methods of analysis and synthesis. The conceptual basis of the research is the pyramid of corporate social responsibility by A. Carroll and the theory of focused social responsibility by M. Porter. The empirical base includes social accounting of companies and information on financial indicators from corporate web-sites and annual reports of the leading Russian agricultural enterprises. The article presents the specific features of applying the strategies of corporate social responsibility and its key directions most demanded in Russia. The conclusion is made that there is direct correlation between socially responsible behavior and positive perception of a company by investors.

It is shown that architectural design principles based on application of photonics methods have prospects for the development of ultra-wideband and ultrashort-pulse radars. Transmitting and receiving systems with optical controllers based on dispersing fiber-optic prisms are considered. Design versions of a photoconductive antenna excited by picosecond optical pulses and a wideband photoelectronic pattern shaper on the basis of analog vector modulation are presented. A method for compensation of antenna distortion effects arising during transmission of an ultrashort pulse with the use of an optical shaping technique is described.

It is shown that, in the frequency band 3–5.2 GHz, a tape of metal conductors supports slow waves. The field structure of the surface wave in an anisotropically conducting tape is studied experimentally. It is found that the electromagnetic field of the tape has three electric and two magnetic components. Intensity distributions of all field components, the slowing factor of the surface wave, and the loss per unit length are measured.

Two formulations of the problem on transporting microwave power by wave beams with various field distributions are considered. It is shown that, both when the intensity near the rectenna’s edge is limited and when the maximum field intensity on it is limited, beams with the Kelvin and Rayleigh field distributions exhibit better energy characteristics as compared to beams with the Gaussian distribution.

The effect (earlier discovered) of penetration of an electromagnetic-field power flux into a wall exhibiting perfect mixed anisotropic conductivity is considered in more detail. It is shown that the power transmitted into the screen through the nodes of conductivity lines and through resonance-length closed contours can be regarded as the limit value of the power absorbed in a wall characterized by an anisotropic impedance when the absorbing impedance approaches the values corresponding to the case of perfect mixed conductivity.

A variant of solution to the multiparametric problem of power transmission through a microwave beam in the Fresnel zone is proposed. Methods for the power transmission with the use of beams with a Gaussian field distribution and beams having zero intensity along the axis are analyzed. For a specified geometry of the transmit-receive system, a relationship between the maximum power and the admissible field intensity in the rectenna plane is obtained.

Development of modern economy in the context of globalization and business integration, competition stiffening in virtually all sectors of the national economy, makes it impossible to develop large enterprises without significant investment infusions. Therefore, the topic is relevant and necessary for consideration. The main goal of the work is to disclose various aspects of methodological support for assessing the investment attractiveness of innovative companies that are necessary to meet the information needs of their owners, investors, grant holders, and financial professionals. To achieve this goal, the authors used methods of analysis and synthesis. The authors clarified the definition and essence of the ‘investment attractiveness’ concept and structured the analytical characteristics and indicators of the organization’s investment attractiveness. A critical review of the existing methods of analyzing the investment attractiveness of organizations made it possible to identify their advantages and disadvantages, adapt existing methods taking into account the innovative features of companies developing intellectual products. It was proposed universal methodology for rating the investment attractiveness of companies that carry out innovation activities.

金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系, Oxytocin in the hypothalamus is the biological basis of social recognition, trust, love and bonding. Previously, we showed that CD38, a proliferation marker in leukaemia cells, plays an important role in the hypothalamus in the process of oxytocin release in adult mice. Disruption of Cd38 (Cd38 (-/-)) elicited impairment of maternal behaviour and male social recognition in adult mice, similar to the behaviour observed in Oxt and oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) gene knockout (Oxt (-/-) and Oxtr (-/-), respectively) mice. Locomotor activity induced by separation from the dam was higher and the number of ultrasonic vocalisation calls was lower in Cd38 (-/-) than Cd38( +/+) pups. However, these behavioural changes were much milder than those observed in Oxt (-/-) and Oxtr (-/-) mice, indicating less impairment of social behaviour in Cd38 (-/-) pups. These phenotypes appeared to be caused by the high plasma oxytocin levels during development from the neonatal period to 3-week-old juvenile mice. ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity was markedly lower in the knockout mice from birth, suggesting that weaning for mice is a critical time window of plasma oxytocin differentiation. Breastfeeding was an important exogenous source of plasma oxytocin regulation before weaning as a result of the presence of oxytocin in milk and the dam's mammary glands. The dissimilarity between Cd38 (-/-) infant behaviour and those of Oxt (-/-) or Oxtr (-/-) mice can be explained partly by this exogenous source of oxytocin. These results suggest that secretion of oxytocin into the brain in a CD38-dependent manner may play an important role in the development of social behaviour.

It is proposed to use such distribution of the radiated field in a wireless energy transportation system that is similar to the distribution of the modified TEM10 mode generated by a laser. It is shown that, in this case, the product of the aperture efficiencies of radiating and receiving apertures substantially exceeds the value of this parameter corresponding to the uniform and optimum Gaussian field distributions. It is found that, in this case, the potential energy output of the energy transportation system increases approximately by a factor of three and can reach about 15 GW at a wavelength of 5 cm for the antenna and rectenna diameters of 1.0 km and 7.4 km, respectively.

The frequency-selective properties of small screw helical coils are investigated. It is shown that, in a frequency band of 2–4 GHz, such coils have two resonances. The scattering patterns of helical coils are measured in the E and H planes. It is found that, at the zeroth-order resonance, a coil scatters a circularly polarized field with the maximum in the plane perpendicular to its longitudinal axis and that, at the frequency of the first resonance, the maximum of the scattered field is oriented along the longitudinal axis of the coil.

The prominent contribution of Academician V.A. Kotel’nikov to creation of an underground testing ground formed from a periodic sequence of phase equalizers (lenses and reflectors) is reported. A series of experiments that were performed on this unique facility and that involved laser-beam transmission with low loss over a line of a highly stable electric length are described. It is shown that the experience in investigations dealing with beam waveguides initiated research aimed at formation of wave beams with unique properties.

An algorithm for finding the parameters of the microwave beam used for power transportation from a space electric power station to the Earth is considered. It is shown that, for specified geometries of antenna and rectenna systems, it is possible to increase the received power if the density of the radiated power at the antenna center and the truncation parameter of the Gaussian field distribution are simultaneously increased. It is found that, in this case, the transmission efficiency decreases only slightly as compared to the case of optimum transmission.

Three types of elements with an anisotropically conducting surface—a strip, a cylinder, and a sphere—that are of interest for certain applications are considered. It is shown that these electrodynamic objects exhibit resonance properties even when their dimensions are small compared to the wavelength and that resonances occur in both 2D and 3D diffraction problems. It is found that the presence of low-frequency resonances provides for a wide variety of electrodynamic properties of the objects under study and of gratings formed from such elements. Examples of implemented waveguides, waveguide mode converters, frequency-selective circular-polarization antennas, and polarization transducers are presented.