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Some new findings of the family Pamphagidae obtained in the field trips carried out in Turkey are presented. New distributional, morphological, and zoogeographical information are given for the recorded 15 species and subspecies. A new species Nocaracris nebulosa Ünal, sp. nov. and the unknown male of Nocaracris tauricola Ramme, 1951 are described.

To analyze the postoperative foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) vascular densities (VD), and retinal layers after cross-linking (CXL) for keratoconus treatment.Twenty-seven eyes with cross-linking treatment for keratoconus were included in the study. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, SCP VD, DCP VD, and retinal layers were evaluated by using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). OCTA measurements were made at preoperative, first week, and first and sixth months after the surgery. In addition, corneal topography measurements were also made.Although there was a decrease in corneal thickness in the follow-up of the patients, there was no significant difference in axial length and anterior chamber depth. There was no significant difference in full retinal thickness in the foveal and parafoveal areas. While there was a significant increase in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the foveal area (p = 0.032, p = 0.015, p = 0.017; preoperative values compared to first week, first month, and sixth month respectively), there was a decrease in ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness in the parafoveal area in the postoperative sixth month (p = 0.028). There was no difference in FAZ measurements. In the parafoveal area, a decrease was observed in SCP VD in the sixth-month control (p = 0.019). There was a significant increase in DCP VD in the foveal area (p = 0.008, p = 0.043, p = 0.040). The preoperative mean CDVA (corrected distance visual acuity) was 0.37 ± 0.16 logMAR and postoperative sixth month mean CDVA was 0.39 ± 0.15. There was no significant difference in visual acuity (p = 0.71).Keratoconus patients successfully treated with CXL had significant changes in retinal layers and vessel density in the superficial and deep retinal plexus.

The genus Finotia was established by Bonnet in 1884 and included in the subfamily Pamphaginae; later, in 1916 Bolívar described the tribe Finotiini to include the genus and differentiate it from the other of the subfamily Pamphaginae, tribe Pamphagini. Differently from previous authors, who agreed with this placement, the present authors examined the phallic complex of Finotia maxima Jannone, 1938, finding out that it has the typical characters present in the subfamily Thrinchinae; thus they move the tribe Finotiini from the subfamily Pamphaginae to that of Thrinchinae. In addition, the genus Ocneridia Bolívar, 1912, differently from other genera within the tribe Pamphagini, lacks of the Krauss’ plate; coherently with the tribe placements within the subfamily Pamphaginae, the present authors establish the new tribe Ocneridiini to include the genus Ocneridia., This research received the support of the SYNTHESYS+ project http://www.synthesys.info/, financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Programme at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (CSIC) (B.M.: 2013: ES-TAF-2438; 2022: ES-TAF 3916; M.Ü.: ES-TAF-3897), the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (B.M.: 2014: DE-TAF-4109; M.Ü.: DE-TAF-558; DE-TAF-2761), the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (B.M.: 2016: AT-TAF-5324; M.Ü.: AT-TAF-3896; AT-TAF-2757), the National Museum, Prague (B.M.: 2016: CZ-TAF-5559) and the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles (B.M.: 2017: BE-TAF-6319).

Cushing’s disease (CD) is characterized by endogenous hypercortisolism that is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Due to high recurrence rates in CD, the determination of high-risk patients is of paramount importance. In this study, we aimed to determine recurrence rates and clinical, laboratory, and histological predictors of recurrence in a high volume single-center. This retrospective study included 273 CD patients operated in a single pituitary center between 1997 and 2020. The patients with early postoperative remission were further grouped according to recurrence status (recurrent and sustained remission groups). Demographic, radiologic, laboratory, pathologic, and follow-up clinical data of the patients were analyzed and compared between groups. The recurrence rate was 9.6% in the first 5 years; however, the overall recurrence rate was 14.2% in this study. Higher preoperative basal ACTH levels were significantly correlated with CD recurrence even with ACTH levels adjusted for tumor size, Ki-67 levels, and tumoral invasion. Recurrence rates were significantly higher in patients with ACTH levels higher than 55 pg/ml, tumor diameter>9.5 mm, and if adrenal axis recovery was before 6 months. The severity of hypercortisolism, morbidities, and demographic factors except age were not predictive factors of recurrence. Based on our study data, younger age at diagnosis, a diagnosis of osteoporosis, higher preoperative ACTH levels, larger tumor size, invasive behavior, higher Ki 67 index, and early recovery of the adrenal axis during the postoperative period attracted attention as potential predictors of recurrent disease.

Bu araştırma Harran Üniversitesi Deney Hayvanı Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi’nde yarı entansif şartlarda yetiştirilen İvesi ırkı koyunların süt verimi ve süt kalite parametrelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.Araştırmada hayvan materyali olarak 2 ve 3 yaşlı, 46 baş İvesi koyun kullanılmıştır. Hayvanların bakım ve beslemesi işletmeninin rutin uyguladığı şekilde yapılmıştır.İvesi koyunlarda laktasyon boyu günlük ortalama süt verimi 1002.82±52.57 g olarak belirlenmiştir. Laktasyon süt verimi ve laktasyon süresi sırasıyla 168.10±8.44 kg ve 166.10±2.11 gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada genel ortalama yağ, protein, laktoz ve kuru madde oranı sırasıyla % 6.27±0.10; 5.12±0.05; 4.81±0.05 ve 17.44±0.13 olarak belirlenmiştir. İvesi ırkı koyun sütünde somatik hücre sayısı ve pH değerleri sırasıyla 207.56±21.29 hücre/ml ve 6.29±0.03 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Koyun sütünde L*, a* ve b* değerleri sırasıyla 72.69±0.16; -6.11±0.04 ve 6.92±0.08 olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada incelenen tüm gruplarda kısa zincirli yağ asitlerinden olan bütirik asit miktarının (C4:0) koyun sütü için bildirilen değerlerden daha yüksek seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç olarak İvesi ırkı koyunlarda süt verimi bakımından oldukça geniş bir varyasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu varyasyondan yararlanılarak hızlı bir genetik ilerleme sağlanabilir., This research was carried out to determine milk yield and milk quality parameters of Awassi sheep raised under semi-intensive conditions in Harran University Experimental Animal Research and Application Center.In the study, 2 and 3 years old, 46 heads of Awassi sheep were used as animal material. The care and feeding of the ewes were made in a way that the Animal Research and Application Center routinely applied.Average daily milk yield in Awassi sheep was determined as 1002.82±52.57 g. Lactation milk yield and lactation period were calculated as 168.10±8.44 kg and 166.10±2.11 days, respectively. In the study, the overall mean fat, protein, lactose and dry matter ratios were determined. % 6.27±0.10; 5.12±0.05; 4.81±0.05 and 17.44 ± 0.13 respectively. Somatic cell count and pH values in Awassi sheep milk were determined as 207.56±21.29 cell/ml and 6.29±0.03 respectively. L*, a* and b* values in sheep milk were determined as 72.69±0.16; -6.11±0.04 and 6.92±0.08. respectively. It was determined that the amount of butyric acid (C4:0), which is one of the short-chain fatty acids, was higher than the values reported for sheep milk in all groups examined in the study.As a result, it has been determined that there is a wide variation in milk yield in Awassi sheep. A rapid genetic improvement may be achieved by utilizing this variation.

The number of patient-doctor appointments carried out using telemedicine has surpassed in-person appointments. In spite of this, it is unclear that telemedicine curricula in undergraduate medical education reflect the real importance by means of the effectiveness of these approaches. We aimed to systematically search and review the studies that are on undergraduate telemedicine curricula. We searched the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus using the keywords such as telemedicine, medical education, and curriculum. Our search was limited to publication dates between January 1, 2000, and February 1, 2020. We elicited the information of the curricula as to their countries, participants, aims or objectives, teaching methods, and evaluation of effectiveness. We also evaluated the quality of the studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Appraisal and Review Instrument. Out of 461 studies, seven articles were selected based on selection criteria for further review. The studies were mostly from the USA. The participant numbers were between seven and 268. There were several modes of delivery but lectures and patient encounters were used mostly. In four studies, the effectiveness was evaluated only by using satisfaction surveys, and the results were satisfactory. A study reported the acquisition and application of skills as a result. There is no well-established telemedicine curriculum in the undergraduate years. The methods vary but the effectiveness of the educational programs does not have a robust evidence base. It is evident that undergraduate medical education needs a curriculum backed by strong scientific data on its effectiveness.

Background: MTT assay is a colorimetric test to evaluate cell metabolic activity of living cells via reduction of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide to insoluble formazan crystals by mitochondrial activities. The reduction of the tetrazolium dye is thought to occur by NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes in the cell cytosol. The MTT test is used to measure the cytotoxicity or cytostatic activity of generally plant and chemical compounds and toxic materials. In this study, it was aimed to monitor the uniformity of formazan formation at equal time intervals by visualizing the reduction of tetrazolium salts in cells.Materials and Methods: In the study, K562 cells were used to observe the reduction of tetrazolium salts to MTT formazan crystals in cells. K562 cells were seeded in culture plate under sterile conditions. After adding 10 µL of 5 mg/mL MTT solution to the culture plate, the cells were incubated for 4 h at 37 °C in a humidified environment with 5% CO2. During the culture process, the cells were imaged at 15 minute-intervals for 4 hours.Results: The behavior of viable and non-viable cells against MTT and the process of converting MTT to MTT formazan crystal by living cells were clearly monitored.Conclusions: Visual analysis of MTT reduction directly from the incubator with image recordings at equal time intervals showed the perfect homogeneity of MTT degradation of the cells over time. With our study, we can state that the MTT test is an ideal test method for cytotoxicity research.

Introduction Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support has been used for respiratory insufficiency. Its role in blood oxygenation has been well documented. However, the effects on myocardial electrophysiology have not been studied in detail. Aim To reveal the acute effects of extracorporeal support on new electrocardiography (ECG) parameters in patients with preserved left ventricular functions. Material and methods This retrospective study was conducted in three separate clinics. Sixteen consecutive patients under veno-venous ECMO for respiratory insufficiency who soon could be successfully weaned were analyzed. Immediately before and 2 hours after initiation of ECMO, ECG was performed. P wave, QT, QTc and T wave peak to end were measured and calculated from obtained surface 12-lead ECG. Results There were statistically significant differences immediately before and 2 hours after initiation of ECMO treatment in the Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio, the maximum QTc, minimum QTc, and QTc dispersion values, and P wave dispersion (p < 0.0001 for each). All ECG parameters were significantly decreased with ECMO support. Conclusions All atrial and ventricular repolarization parameters were decreased in patients with VV-ECMO support. Despite the limited role of ECMO in intractable arrhythmias, the findings of the study revealed that ECMO therapy for respiratory insufficiency may improve atrial ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Therefore, simple 12-lead surface ECG with new ECG parameters may be evaluated for better outcomes.

Background: Predisposition to atrial fibrillation in mitral valve surgery has been well demonstrated. The changes in electrocardiographic parameters (Pmax, Pmin and P-wave dispersion) related to AF risk are unknown. We aimed to document the relationship between electrocardiographic changes and mitral valve replacement through right or left atrial surgical approaches. Methods: We retrospectively studied 154 patients, who underwent mitral valve replacement surgery from 2008 to 2018. Seventy-nine patients were operated with right atriotomy and transseptal approach (Group 1), and 75 patents were operated with left atriotomy (Group 2). ECGs obtained at hospital admittance and postoperatively at 24 hours were blindly analyzed. Results: Preoperative demographic characteristics were similar. Pmax, Pmin and P-wave dispersion were similar preoperatively. All parameters increased in both groups compared with the preoperative values (P < .05). Postoperative Pmax, Pmin and P-wave dispersion all were statistically significantly higher with the right atrial approach (P < .05). Postoperative AF also was more common in Group 1 (P < .05). Conclusion: Right atrial approach may lead to higher P-wave changes and atrial arrhythmias. This may be due to more extensive surgical disruption. The changes in atrial anatomic structure can increase atrial arrhythmic propensity and can cause atrial fibrillation.

The aim of this study is to reveal the fine structure and morphology of the eggs of Bradyporus (Callimenus) dilatatus (Stal, 1875) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) by using stereomicroscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). B. dilatatus females produce generally bilateral symmetrical, elongated ovoid eggs. The chorion is composed of three layers named as endochorion. exochorion and extrachorion. Cross sections of all three layers show the chorion has air chambers that connected to each other with canals. The extrachorion layer forms hexagonal or pentagonal surface patterns which is typical to B. dilatatus. The lengths of the boundaries of polygonal patterns become longer with aging.

Aim: We were aimed to demonstrate the effect of oxytocin on both ventricular and atria depolarization parameters. Material and Methods: We planned cross-sectional study. The Seventy- five patients, who were their last trimester and nulipar and admitted to hospital for spontaneous labor, were included to this study. A 12-lead ECG was recorded for each woman twice at 12 hour before oxytocin infusion at rest while in the supine position and shortly after from labor and upon cessation of oxytocin infusion. The Tp-e interval was defined as the interval between the peak and end of the T wave, measurements of the Tp-e interval were performed from precordial leads, and the Tp-e/QTc ratio and P wave dispersion, QTc was calculated from these measurements. In total, 280 pregnant women, of whom 98 were of advanced age and 182 were under 35 years of age were included in the study. The risk of arrhythmia was evaluated by calculating the electrocardiographic P-wave duration, QT interval, T peak-to-end interval, and the Tp-e/QT ratio.Go to:Results: There were statistically significant differences in the Tp–e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio and other parameters before and after oxytocin infusion , the maximum QTc, minimum QTc, and QTc dispersion values, P wave dispersion and other parameters of repolarization were significantly higher after labor compared to the before labor. Although there were no differences in the Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio between the groups, the maximum QTc, minimum QTc, and QTc dispersion values were significantly higher in advanced-age pregnancies compared to the control group. In addition, the P dispersion was greater in advanced-age pregnancies. In correlation analysis, the increased dispersion of QTc and P were positively correlated with maternal age. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that QTc dispersion was independently associated with maternal age. Go to: Conclusion: In conclusion, although study population was small and arrhythmic potential of oxytocin was evaluated with surface ECG. The repolarization parameters were increased in women with oxytocin infusion during their labor. To obtain these repolarization parameters are easy and usage of these parameters as a cardiac arrhythmic risk factor are logical.

Pseudochorthippus parallelus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) is a widespread species in Europe, and also it is localized in some regions in Turkey such as Bursa, Eskisehir, Ankara, Bolu, Duzce, and cankiri. The features of the reproductive organs such as the numbers and shapes of testes and follicles can be used as taxonomical characters. For this purpose, the ultrastructural and histological features of testis and vas deferens in P. parallelus parallelus were examined with using light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The mature P. parallelus parallelus has two conjugated testes produce spermatozoa. Each testis is composed of numerous testis follicles in which different stages of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis develop. First, spermatocytes are formed by the mitosis division of the germ cells at the distal end of the follicles. Then, spermatocytes form spermatids by meiosis division in the middle region of the follicles. Finally, spermatids are differentiated to spermatozoa at the proximal region of the follicles. After maturation of the spermatozoa, sperm tails come together as the sperm bundles called as spermatodesm. Each follicle is connected to vas deferens via vas efferens to discharging spermatozoa. In spite of some differences, the testes and the vas deferens in P. parallelus parallelus are highly similar to the those of other species, especially Orthopteran species.

Aim: To evaluate cardiac arrhythmias with surface 12 lead electrocardiography (ECG) parameters during pregnancy in women with mild heart failure. Material and Cardiovascular deaths usually occur in older pregnancies and arrhythmia is the third most common cause. Our study aimed to determine whether the risk of arrhythmia increases in pregnancy with advanced age.Go to:Methods:This cross-sectional study was approved by the local ethics committee of bicard clinic and our hospital 53 consecutive patients were accepted. All patients were admitted to hospital for cesarean section. Patients were grouped to heart failure (group 1) and control (group 2) (healthy group). A 12 lead ECG and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) plasma levels was recorded for every woman at 48 hour before cesarean section. They were evaluated P wave, qt, qtc and Twave peak to end, preoperative NT-pro BNP and compared statistically.In total, 280 pregnant women, of whom 98 were of advanced age and 182 were under 35 years of age were included in the study. The risk of arrhythmia was evaluated by calculating the electrocardiographic P-wave duration, QT interval, T peak-to-end interval, and the Tp-e/QT ratio.Go to:Results: There were statistically significant differences in the Tp–e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio between the two groups, the maximum QTc, minimum QTc, and QTc dispersion values, P wave dispersion were significantly higher in group-1 compared to the group-2. In addition, preoperative NT-pro BNP plasma levels was greater in the group 1 pregnant women. And there was a positive correlation between ECG parameters and NT-pro BNP plasma levels in group 1.Although there were no differences in the Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio between the groups, the maximum QTc, minimum QTc, and QTc dispersion values were significantly higher in advanced-age pregnancies compared to the control group. In addition, the P dispersion was greater in advanced-age pregnancies. In correlation analysis, the increased dispersion of QTc and P were positively correlated with maternal age. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that QTc dispersion was independently associated with maternal age.Go to: Conclusion: In conclusion, repolarization parameters were increased in patients with heart failure with elevated NT-pro BNP. Pregnancy and heart failure has known risk for pregnant women. But there is no clear cut atrial and ventricular arrhythmias risk scoring parameters for these kind patients. We found that ECG parameters which had significantly different in pregnant women with heart failure than control group and these changes correlated with NT-pro BNP levels. This is pathological; arrhythmia risk scorings should be established to reduce mortality and morbidity in heart failure patients with elevated BNP levels.

Teletıp günümüzde gittikçe önem kazanan bir sağlık hizmeti sunum yoludur. Bu öneme rağmen, mezuniyet öncesi tıp eğitiminde teletıp eğitim programlarının varlığının düzeyi ve etkililiği bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada, mezuniyet öncesi tıp eğitimi dönemindeki teletıp eğitim programlarına dair sistematik derleme yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar kelimelerle Web of Science, PubMed ve Scopus'ta 1 Ocak 2000 ve 1 Şubat 2020 tarihleri arasını içerecek şekilde arama yapıldı. Eğitim programlarıyla ilgili olarak ülkeler, katılımcı sayıları, programın amaçları veya hedefleri, kullanılan öğretim yöntemleri, etkililiğinin nasıl değerlendirildiği gibi özellikler ortaya koyuldu. Ayrıca “Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Appraisal and Review Instrument” kullanılarak çalışmaların kalitesi de değerlendirildi. Toplamda erişilen 461 çalışmadan yedi makale, ileri inceleme için kriterlere uygundu. Eğitim programlarının katılımcı sayıları yedi ile 268 arasındaydı. Öğretim yöntemi olarak pek çok yöntem kullanılmıştı ama ders anlatımı ve hekim hasta görüşmeleri en önde gelen yöntemlerdi. Eğitim programlarının etkililiği, dört çalışmada sadece memnuniyet anketleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmişti ve memnuniyet düzeyleri tatmin ediciydi. Bir çalışma, öğrencilerin beceri kazandığını tespit etmişti. Çalışmamızda ulaşılan sonuç, mezuniyet öncesi dönemde güçlü bir teletıp eğitim programının olmadığıdır. Bununla beraber, kullanılan pek çok yaklaşım olsa da bu yaklaşımların etkililiğine dair güçlü kanıtlar sunulamamıştır. Tıp fakültelerinin, etkili olduğu sağlam bilimsel verilerle gösterilmiş bir teletıp müfredatına ihtiyacı olduğu açıktır.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Japon bıldırcını (Coturnix coturnix japonica) rasyonuna nane yağı eklenerek karaciğer üzerine histopatolojik etkileri ışık mikroskobu ile incelenerek gelecekteki benzer çalışmalara ışık tutması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada rasyonlarına artan oranda nane yağı ilave edilen, 10 günlük, 40 adet Japon bıldırcını kullanıldı. Her birinde 5 erkek 5 dişi olacak şekilde 10’ar civcivlik 4 gruba ayrıldı, Gruplar; rasyonları- na izokalorik ve izonitrojenik olacak şekilde, kontrol grubu %0.3 ayçiçek yağı (AY)+%0.0 nane yağı (NY), diğer üç grup; %0.2(AY)+ %0.1(NY); %0.1(AY)+%0.2(NY) ve %0.0(AY)+%0.3 (NY) ad libitum ilave edilerek düzenlendi. Kesim sonrası, karaciğerden rutin doku takibi ile hazırlanan parafin bloklardan, rotary mikrotomla kesitler alındı. Hematoksilen-Eozin ile boyanan preparatlar ışık mikroskobunda incelendi. Bulgular: Karaciğerde septum interlobaris ile bölünen lobcuk yapısı görülmedi. Az miktarda inter lobuler intersitisyum ve buna bağlı olarak, bilinenin aksine, hepatik lopçuklarda birarada olması beklenen, üçlü yapı(trias hepatica) dağınıktı. Rasyonda artan yağ oranına paralel olarak basit hepatosteatoz meydana geldiği görüldü. Öneri: Antimikrobiyal ve immunmodülatör etkisiyle sağlıklı bir yetiştiricilik imkanı sunmasının yanı sıra protein sentezi ve yemden yararlanmayı arttırarak verimin yükseltilmesine katkı sağlayan nane yağının sayılan bu olumlu özelliklerinden istifade edilebilmesi için uygun dozda verilmesi gerektiği görülmüştür., Aim: In the present study, peppermint oil was added to the ration of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and it was aimed to shed light on similar studies in the future by examining its effect on liver tissue by light microscopy. Materials and Methods: In the study, 10-day old, 40 Japanese quails were used. There were 4 groups of 10 chicks, each with 5 males and 5 females. Groups; Control group 0.3% sunflower oil (SO)+0.0% peppermint oil (PO), the other three groups 0.2% (SO) +0.1% (PO); 0.1% (SO)+ 0.2% (PO) and 0.0% (SO)+0.3% (PO). Created by adding oil ad libitum. From the paraffin blocks prepared by routine tissue follow-up from the liver, sections were taken with a rotary microtome. Hematoxylin-Eosin stained preparations were examined under a light microscope. Results: The lobule structure divided by the septum interlobaris was not seen in the liver. A small amount of inter lobuler interstitium and consequently the triple structure (trias hepatica) expected to coexist in the hepatic lobes, contrary to what is known, was scattered. It was observed that simple hepatosteatosis occurred in parallel with the increasing fat ratio in the diet. Conclusion: It has been observed that peppermint oil, which contributes to increase the yield by increasing protein synthesis and feed utilization, as well as providing a healthy breeding opportunity with its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effect, should be given at an appropriate dose in order to benefit from these positive properties.

Amaç: MTT testi, 3- (4,5-dimetiltiyazol-2-il) -2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromürün, mitokondriyal aktivitelerle çözünmeyen formazan kristallerine indirgenmesi yoluyla canlı hücrelerin hücre metabolik aktivitesini değerlendirmek amacıyla kolorimetrik bir testtir. Tetrazolyum boya indirgenmesinin, hücre sitozolünde NADP H'ye bağımlı oksidoredüktaz enzimleri tarafından meydana getirildiği düşünülmektedir. MTT testi genellikle bitkisel ve kimyasal kökenli bileşiklerin ve toksik materyallerin sitotoksisitesini veya sitostatik aktivitesini ölçmek için kullanılmaktadır. Materiyal ve Metod: Çalışmada, tetrazolyum tuzlarının hücrelerde MTT formazan kristallerine indirgenmesini gözlemlemek amacıyla K562 hücreleri kullanıldı. K562 hücreleri, steril şartlarda kültür plağına ekildi. Kültür plağına 10 µL 5 mg / mL MTT solüsyonu ekledikten sonra hücreler %5 CO2’ li nemli ortamda 37° C' de 4 saat inkübe edildi. Kültür işlemi sırasında hücreler, 15 dakika aralıklarla 4 saat süreyle görüntülendi. Bulgular: Canlı ve cansız hücrelerin MTT' ye karşı davranışları ve canlı hücreler tarafından MTT' nin MTT formazan kristallerine dönüştürülmesi süreci net bir şekilde görüntülendi. Sonuç: Çalışmamızla, MTT testinin sitotoksisite araştırmaları için ideal bir test yöntemi olduğunu söyleyebiliriz., Background: MTT assay is a colorimetric test to evaluate cell metabolic activity of living cells via reduction of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide to insoluble formazan crystals by mitochondrial activities. The reduction of the tetrazolium dye is thought to occur by NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes in the cell cytosol. The MTT test is used to measure the cytotoxicity or cytostatic activity of generally plant and chemical compounds and toxic materials. In this study, it was aimed to monitor the uniformity of formazan formation at equal time intervals by visualizing the reduction of tetrazolium salts in cells.Materials and Methods: In the study, K562 cells were used to observe the reduction of tetrazolium salts to MTT formazan crystals in cells. K562 cells were seeded in culture plate under sterile conditions. After adding 10 µL of 5 mg/mL MTT solution to the culture plate, the cells were incubated for 4 h at 37 °C in a humidified environment with 5% CO2. During the culture process, the cells were imaged at 15 minute-intervals for 4 hours.Results: The behavior of viable and non-viable cells against MTT and the process of converting MTT to MTT formazan crystal by living cells were clearly monitored.Conclusions: Visual analysis of MTT reduction directly from the incubator with image recordings at equal time intervals showed the perfect homogeneity of MTT degradation of the cells over time. With our study, we can state that the MTT test is an ideal test method for cytotoxicity research.

The aluminum induced texturing method offers an effective light trapping scheme by random texture that is formed by U-shaped craters on the glass surface. The texture is mainly shaped by the reaction between Al and SiO2. However, the reaction mechanism is not totally understood. Besides, the influence of other components present in the glass such as Na2O, CaO, and MgO. is neglected. In this study, the evolution of Al films on soda-lime glass during annealing has been inspected by depth resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The elemental distribution of Si, Al and O have been investigated for different annealing durations and compositional analysis has been conducted for Na, Ca and Mg in addition to Si, Al and O. According to results, a relevant evolution model for annealing process has been constructed. © 2017 Elsevier B.V., Ministry of Education, Science and Technology: 0392.STZ.2013-2, This works was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Turkey under SAN-TEZ program with the project number 0392.STZ.2013-2 . The authors are grateful to Türkiye Şişe ve Cam Fabrikaları A.Ş. for their support on this work and Dr. Tahir Çolakoğlu of METU for his helps.

Light trapping is essential for thin film solar cells to decrease the solar electricity cost. Aluminum induced texturing (AIT) is an alternative and effective method for light trapping. Various parameters effects the final surface morphology in AIT. However, surface morphology obtained by AIT method on glass is mostly formed in annealing process which occurs at temperatures above 500 °C. In this study, annealing process under N 2 ambient is investigated. A relevant model of evolution is formed. In addition, diffusion of Na during this process is covered.

İslâm hukukçuları bazımeselelerde birbirlerinden farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu meselelerdenbiri de fesad – butlan ayrımıdır. Hanefî mezhebinde akitlere uygulananbirbirinden ayrı iki yaptırım olarak karşımıza çıkan bu ayrım, diğermezheplerde aynı şekilde görünüm arz etmemektedir. İslâm hukukunda fesad –butlan ayrımı, müeyyideleri açısından akitlere yönelik farklı bir bakış açısıgetirilmiştir. Bu ayrım, modern hukuk kapsamındaki müeyyideler ile birlikteincelendiğinde, modern hukuk kapsamındaki kısmi hükümsüzlük ve iptaledilebilirlik müeyyideleri ile İslâm hukukundaki fesad müeyyidesinin birçokaçıdan benzerlikler ihtiva ettiği görülür. Ancak aralarında önemli farklılıklarda mevcuttur. Dolayısıyla tüm bu benzerliklere rağmen, her bir müeyyidebirbirinden farklı bir tür olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır., Islamic scholars have brought forward different views on some matters.One of these matters is distinction of deterioration and nullity. Thisdistinction has come before us as two different sanctions imposed on contractsin the Hanafi sect. Distinction of deterioration and nullity has brought adifferent perspective on contracts in Islamic Law. It is seen that the sanctions of partialnullity and annulability under modernlaw and the sanction of deterioration in Islamic law are similar in manyrespects when this distinction is examined together with sanctions within thescope of modern law. However, there are also significant differences betweenthem. So despite all these similarities, each sanction appears as a differentspecies.