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A distinct Russian Mammalian orthorubulavirus 5 (PIV5) was detected in cell culture exhibiting cytopathic effect and hypothesized to be contaminated by a scientist with respiratory symptoms. The identification of the divergent strain indicated a lack of knowledge on the diversity of PIV5 strains and calls for surveillance of global PIV5 strains.

Background: Rоtaviruses are amоng the leading causes of severe diarrhea in children all over the Wоrld. Vaccination is considered to be the mоst effective way to cоntrоl the disease. Currently available vaccines for prevention of rоtavirus infection are based on live attenuated rotavirus strains human оr animal origin., Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to study the biological and genetic properties of an actual epidemic human rotavirus A (RVA) strain Wa G1P[8] genotype., Methods: RVA Wa reproduction in a monolayer continuous cell lines, purification and concentration of RVA antigen, PAAG electrophoresis and Western-Blot, electrophoresis of viral genomic RNA segments, sequencing., Results: Human RVA G1P[8] Wa strain biological and molecular genetic properties were assessed in the process of the adaptation to MARC145 continuous cell line. Cell cultured RVA antigen was purified, concentrated and then characterized by the method of PAAG electrophoresis and immunoblot. To verify RVA Wa genome identity, electrophoresis of viral genomic RNA segments was performed. The lack of accumulation of changes in the RVA Wa genome during adaptation to various cell cultures and during serial passages was demonstrated by sequencing fragments of the viral genome., Conclusions: RVA Wa strain is stable, it possesses high biological activity: it has been successfully adapted to the MARC145 cell line and RVA Wa virus titer after the adaptation reached 7,5-7,7 lg TCID50/ml. The identity of the cultivated RVA to the original strain Wa G1P[8] was confirmed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

An outbreak of enteric disease of unknown etiology with 60% morbidity and 8% mortality in weaning piglets occurred in November 2015 on a farm in Buryat Republic, Russia. Metagenomic sequencing revealed the presence of rotavirus B in feces from diseased piglets while no other pathogens were identified. Clinical disease was reproduced in experimentally infected piglets, yielding the 11 RVB gene segments for strain Buryat15, with an RVB genotype constellation of G12-P[4]-I13-R4-C4-M4-A8-N10-T4-E4-H7. This genotype constellation has also been identified in the United States. While the Buryat15 VP7 protein lacked unique amino acid differences in the predicted neutralizing epitopes compared to the previously published swine RVB G12 strains, this report of RVB in Russian swine increases our epidemiological knowledge on the global prevalence and genetic diversity of RVB.

Recombinant antigen ORF2 from porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) was produced, by using the baculovirus expression system, with histidine tags to allow purification by metal-chelate affinity chromatography. The purity of the protein was verified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and its immunospecificity was confirmed by the immunoblotting test using reference PCV-2-positive and PCV-2-negative porcine sera and monoclonal antibodies. The protein was used as an antigen to develop an indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of PCV-2 antibodies. EIA was shown to have a high sensitivity and specificity as compared with indirect immunofluorescence test. Porcine serum samples from 15 pig-breeding farms of the Russian Federation were studied. Seropositive samples were found in all age pig groups in all the farms, The number of seropositive animals was shown to be directly related to its age.

The influence of virulent and attenuated strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with defined genomic differences on trace element profile of MARC-145 cells was investigated to elucidate the process of infection in vitro. The concentrations of seven trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn) in infected and non-infected cells were determined. Although viral replication was similar in all cases, there were distinct features of difference in the trace element profiles (changes of concentrations of Ni, Mn, Fe) in infected cells. In particular, cells infected with the attenuated strain of PRRSV (NADC8-251) contained very low level of Ni, compared with its pathogenic counterpart NADC8-252K. The infection with the Lelystad strain also led to a moderately high level of this trace element.

Primary genome structures of 3 variants of the NADC-8 North American virulent strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were compared for the purpose of detecting any potential genetic virulence determinants of genus Arterivirus. Apart from the virulent variant, we also investigated the attenuated variant, obtained after 251 passages in cell culture, and the intermediate variant isolated from a pig after a partial reversion of the attenuated virus. The attenuated variant genome acquired a 3-nucleotide deletion and 50 mutations versus its virulent precursor. A comparison of the attenuated and intermediary virus variants denoted 8 nucleotide mutations entailing substitutions of 6 amino acids in 3 open reading frames (ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF6). A 32-clone library was constructed in the pACYC177 plasmid vector, which comprised full-size copies of the genome of the NADC-8 attenuated variant strain (251), virus PPCC, for the purpose of experimentally verifying the functional role of the obtained mutations. Full-size analogues ((+)-chain of RNA) of the viral genome, comprising the CAP-structures and polyadenylated ones were obtained in vitro on the basis of the cloned DNA. Seven of the 8 analyzed clones of the viral genome were infected and their insertion into the MARC-145 cell resulted in obtaining of infectious PRRSVs. Four of the constructed recombinant viruses had delayed growth parameters, and 3 of them were similar to the parental strain. The described technology (inverse genetics) would make it possible to introduce changes into the viral genome in applied and fundamental research of Arteriviruses.

Pigs were exposed to three passages of the NADC-8 strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to investigate the relationship between genotypic and phenotypic properties. Differences were found in the virulence of the three passages called virulent, intermediate, and avirulent. Avirulent virus was derived by attenuation of virulent virus in cell culture and intermediate virus was derived by passage of avirulent virus in a pig. Nucleotide sequence differences between virulent and avirulent virus consisted of 50 nucleotide changes and a three-nucleotide deletion, and between avirulent and intermediate virus consisted of 8 nucleotide changes resulting in six amino acid changes. Three of these amino acid changes were direct reversions to virulent virus. Genetic changes, especially those seemingly associated with attenuation followed by some degree of reversion to virulence, in ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF 6 regions of the genome may be involved in the control of PRRSV replication and virulence.

The baculovirus expression system was made use of to derive the recombinant nucleocapsid (N) proteins of the American and European virus types and of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). The obtained products were purified by metal-affine chromatography and their specificity was confirmed in immunechemical reactions with reference monoclonal antibodies. The antigenic activity of recombinant proteins was studied by indirect immune enzyme assay (IEA) with porcine serum, which had been in advance characterized by the "HerdCheck" kit (IDEXX Co.). It was shown as possible to apply the derived recombinant antigens in determining, by indirect IEA, antibodies to the PRRS virus.

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious viral pathology caused by PRRS virus. There are 2 types of the above virus--the European and American ones. Distribution patterns of the PRRS virus were studied for Russia and Byelorussia. Above 700 porcine sera obtained from 32 households of 21 Russia's administrative regions and from 19 households of 6 Byelorussia's administrative regions were tested for presence of antibodies to the PRRS virus. Simultaneously, the samples were tested for virus presence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was proven serologically that the PRRS virus is widespread in the territories of Russia and Byelorussia. Noteworthily, all field isolates found in Russia and Byelorussia belong to the European type. Not a single viral isolate of the American PRRS type was found. The nucleocapsid (N) recombinant protein was obtained on the basis of the Russian field isolate of the PRRS virus by using the E. coli. expression system. Finally, it was shown as possible to use the recombinant protein in indirect immune enzyme assay for the sake of detecting the antibodies to the PRRS virus.

Recombinant E2 protein from vaccine strain of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and from SCFV virulent strain Shimen was synthesized in SF-21 and High-Five cell culture with baculovirus as the expressing vector. For secretion, hydrophobic C-terminal transmembrane domain was removed and N-terminal signal polypeptide of 38 amino acids was added. Maximum accumulation of recombinant products in SF-21 cells was observed after 48 h and in medium 96 h after infection with recombinant baculovirus. In High-Five cells and in culture medium the maximum accumulation of E2 was observed after 96 h. The level of E2 expression is 5-10 micrograms/106 cells. The products of expression were purified by affinity chromatography and their specificity confirmed in immunochemical tests with a series of reference monoclonal antibodies. The product can be used for detecting antibodies to SCFV by competitive enzyme immunoassay.