35 results on '"Murphy, G. S."'
Search Results
2. Employment Outcomes Following Spinal Cord Injury.
- Author
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Engel, S., Murphy, G. S., Athanasou, J. A., and Hickey, L.
- Abstract
A study of 83 Australian adults with spinal cord injuries found that at least 56% had worked at some time post-injury and those who were working when surveyed had done so for an average of close to 10 years. Clerical, office, and administrative occupations proved to be the most suitable. (Author/CR)
- Published
- 1998
3. Effect of ventilation on cerebral oxygenation in patients undergoing surgery in the beach chair position: a randomized controlled trial
- Author
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Murphy, G. S., Szokol, J. W., Avram, M. J., Greenberg, S. B., Shear, T. D., Vender, J. S., Levin, S. D., Koh, J. L., Parikh, K. N., and Patel, S. S.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Effect of Ventilation on Cerebral Oxygenation in Patients Undergoing Surgery in the Beach Chair Position
- Author
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Murphy, G. S., primary, Szokol, J. W., additional, Avram, M. J., additional, Greenberg, S. B., additional, Shear, T. D., additional, Vender, J. S., additional, Levin, S. D., additional, Koh, J. L., additional, Parikh, K. N., additional, and Patel, S. S., additional
- Published
- 2015
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5. Sugammadex Sprints to the Head of its Class
- Author
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Buckley, R., primary and Murphy, G. S., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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6. Characterization of antibody responses to combinations of a dengue-2 DNA and dengue-2 recombinant subunit vaccine.
- Author
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Simmons, M, primary, Hayes, C G, additional, Kochel, T, additional, Raviprakash, K, additional, and Murphy, G S, additional
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Short report: Antibody responses of mice immunized with a tetravalent dengue recombinant protein subunit vaccine.
- Author
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Simmons, M, primary, Hayes, C G, additional, and Murphy, G S, additional
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Employment outcomes following spinal cord injury
- Author
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ENGEL, S., primary, MURPHY, G. S., additional, ATHANASOU, J. A., additional, and HICKEY, L., additional
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Ciprofloxacin- and Azithromycin-Resistant Campylobacter Causing Traveler's Diarrhea in U.S. Troops Deployed to Thailand in 1994
- Author
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Murphy, G. S., primary, Echeverria, P., additional, Jackson, L. R., additional, Arness, M. K., additional, LeBron, C., additional, and Pitarangsi, C., additional
- Published
- 1996
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10. Global Occurrence of Plasmodium vivax-like Human Malaria Parasite
- Author
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Qari, S. H., primary, Shi, V.-P., additional, Povoa, M. M., additional, Alpers, M. P., additional, Deloron, P., additional, Murphy, G. S., additional, Harjosuwarno, S., additional, and Lal, A. A., additional
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- 1993
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11. Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea with Ciprofloxacin and Loperamide
- Author
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Petruccelli, B. P., primary, Murphy, G. S., additional, Sanchez, J. L., additional, Walz, S., additional, DeFraites, R., additional, Gelnett, J., additional, Haberberger, R. L., additional, Echeverria, P., additional, and Taylor, D. N., additional
- Published
- 1992
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12. Anaesthetic management of a parturient with myocardial infarction related to cocaine use.
- Author
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Liu, Spencer, Forrester, Richard, Murphy, Glenn, Chen, Kevin, Glassenberg, Raymond, Liu, S S, Forrester, R M, Murphy, G S, Chen, K, and Glassenberg, R
- Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia / Journal Canadien d'Anesthésie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1992
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13. The effect of a new NPO policy on operating room utilization
- Author
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Murphy, G. S., Ault, M. L., Wong, H. Y., and Szokol, J. W.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Comparison of two rapid diagnostic assays for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to dengue virus.
- Author
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Wu, S J, Paxton, H, Hanson, B, Kung, C G, Chen, T B, Rossi, C, Vaughn, D W, Murphy, G S, and Hayes, C G
- Abstract
Two easy-to-use commercial diagnostic assays, a dipstick enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Integrated Diagnostics, Baltimore, Md.) and an immunochromatographic card assay (PanBio, Brisbane, Australia) were evaluated for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to dengue virus with an in-house IgM antibody capture microplate ELISA as a reference assay. The dipstick ELISA was based on the indirect-ELISA format using dengue 2 virus as the only antigen and enzyme-labeled goat anti-human IgM antibody as the detector. The total assay time was 75 min. The immunochromatographic card assay was based on the antibody capture format and separately measured both anti-dengue virus IgM and IgG in the same test. Colloidal-gold-labeled anti-dengue virus monoclonal antibody bound with dengue virus 1 to 4 antigen cocktail was the detector, and anti-human IgM and IgG were the capture antibodies. The total assay time was <10 min. Sera from 164 individuals classified as either anti-dengue virus IgM positive (94) or anti-dengue virus IgM negative (70) in the reference microplate ELISA with a dengue virus 1 to 4 antigen cocktail were tested in the two commercial assays. The dipstick ELISA missed 7 of 94 positive samples, for a sensitivity of 92.6%, while the immunochromatographic card assay missed two positive samples, for a sensitivity of 97.9%. Of the 70 negative samples, four were false positive by the dipstick ELISA and two were false positive in the immunochromatographic card assay, resulting in specificities of 94.3 and 97.1%, respectively. Both commercial assays provide sensitive and specific detection of anti-dengue virus IgM antibody and could prove useful in settings where the microplate ELISA is impractical.
- Published
- 2000
15. Life-threatening upper airway obstruction after tongue base surgery.
- Author
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Szokol, J W, Wenig, B L, Murphy, G S, and Drezek, E
- Published
- 2001
16. OII-C-4.
- Author
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Avram, M. J., Nitsun, M., Szokol, J. W., Saleh, H. J., Murphy, G. S., Vender, J. S., and Luong, L.
- Subjects
CONTAMINATION of human milk ,HEALTH of mothers ,BREASTFEEDING ,INFANT nutrition ,PHARMACOLOGY ,LACTATION - Abstract
Background: Lactating women undergoing operations under general anesthesia are advised to pump and discard their milk for 24h after the procedure. We determined the kinetics of midazolam elimination in breast milk to ascertain its safety after midazolam administration.Methods: Five lactating women were studied after providing institutionally-approved written informed consent. Patients were premedicated with midazolam, 2 mg IV, 5 min before anesthetic induction with fentanyl, 100 μg IV, and propofol, 2.5 mg/kg IV. Anesthesia was maintained with potent volatile anesthetics. Milk was collected using an electric breast pump before and at 5, 7, 9, 11, and 24h after drug administration. Blood samples were collected before and at regular intervals up to 7h after drug administration. Plasma and milk midazolam concentrations were measured by LC-MS. Midazolam elimination in milk was modelled simultaneously with the plasma kinetics as the cumulative amount of drug in milk just as urinary elimination is modelled, albeit with a delay.Results: Plasma midazolam pharmacokinetics were consistent with those reported by ourselves and others. In 24h of milk collection, only 0.005 (± 0.005)% of the midazolam dose was eliminated in milk, representing 0.009 (± 0.005)% of the midazolam elimination clearance with a pharmacokinetic delay of approximately 9h.Conclusion: The amount of midazolam appearing in breast milk over 24h after administering a single dose is very small and unlikely to affect a healthy term infant.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 79, P7–P7; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.12.021 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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17. Arterial or venous cannulation: no transducer needed.
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Marymount, J H 3rd, Vender, J S, Szokol, J W, and Murphy, G S
- Published
- 2000
18. Neostigmine as an antagonist of residual block: best practices do not guarantee predictable results.
- Author
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Murphy GS and Kopman AF
- Subjects
- Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia, Humans, Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents, Rocuronium, Neostigmine, Neuromuscular Blockade
- Published
- 2018
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19. Residual neuromuscular blockade: incidence, assessment, and relevance in the postoperative period.
- Author
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Murphy GS
- Subjects
- Humans, Neurologic Examination, Postoperative Complications diagnosis, Anesthesia adverse effects, Neuromuscular Blocking Agents adverse effects, Postoperative Complications chemically induced, Postoperative Complications epidemiology
- Abstract
The residual effects of neuromuscular blocking agents may persist into the early postoperative recovery period, even when neuromuscular blockade is carefully monitored and reversed in the operating room. Recent data suggest that mild degrees of residual paresis (train-of-four TOF ratios of 0.7-0.9) may be associated with significant impairment of respiratory and pharyngeal muscle function. Therefore, the new gold standard reflecting acceptable neuromuscular recovery is a TOF ratio > or =0.9. Several investigations have demonstrated that many patients continue to arrive in the postanesthesia care unit with TOF ratios <0.7-0.9. Several techniques may be used to reduce the risk of postoperative residual paresis, which include avoidance of long-acting muscle relaxants, use of neuromuscular monitoring in the operating room, routine reversal of neuromuscular blockade at a TOF count of 2-3, and early administration of reversal agents. Careful management of neuromuscular blockade may limit the occurrence of adverse events associated with residual postoperative paralysis. Large-scale outcome studies are needed to clearly define the impact of residual neuromuscular block on major morbidity and mortality in surgical patients.
- Published
- 2006
20. Synergistic neutralizing antibody response to a dengue virus type 2 DNA vaccine by incorporation of lysosome-associated membrane protein sequences and use of plasmid expressing GM-CSF.
- Author
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Raviprakash K, Marques E, Ewing D, Lu Y, Phillips I, Porter KR, Kochel TJ, August TJ, Hayes CG, and Murphy GS
- Subjects
- 3T3 Cells, Animals, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Antibody Affinity, Antigens, CD genetics, Chlorocebus aethiops, Drug Synergism, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor genetics, Humans, Lysosomal Membrane Proteins, Membrane Glycoproteins genetics, Mice, Neutralization Tests, Plasmids, Vaccines, DNA genetics, Vero Cells, Viral Envelope Proteins genetics, Viral Vaccines genetics, Antigens, CD immunology, DNA, Viral immunology, Dengue Virus immunology, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor immunology, Membrane Glycoproteins immunology, Vaccines, DNA immunology, Viral Envelope Proteins immunology, Viral Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
We have previously shown that a dengue virus type 1 DNA vaccine expressing premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes was immunogenic in mice and monkeys and that rhesus monkeys vaccinated with this construct were completely to partially protected from virus challenge. In order to improve the immunogenicity of dengue DNA vaccines, we have evaluated the effect of lysosome targeting of antigens and coimmunization with a plasmid expressing GM-CSF on antibody responses. A dengue virus type 2 candidate vaccine containing prM and E genes was constructed in which the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of E were replaced by those of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP). The modified vaccine construct expressed antigen that was colocalized with endogenous LAMP in lysosomal vesicles of transfected cells, whereas the antigen expressed from the unmodified construct was not. It was hypothesized that targeting of antigen to the lysosomal compartment will increase antigen presentation by MHC class II, leading to stronger CD4-mediated immune responses. Mice immunized with the modified construct responded with significantly higher levels of virus neutralizing antibodies compared to those immunized with the unmodified construct. Coimmunization of mice with a plasmid expressing murine GM-CSF enhanced the antibody response obtained with either the unmodified or the modified construct alone. The highest antibody responses were noted when the modified construct was coinjected with plasmid expressing the GM-CSF gene. These results could form the basis for an effective tetravalent dengue virus DNA vaccine.
- Published
- 2001
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21. Neuromuscular-blocking drugs. Use and misuse in the intensive care unit.
- Author
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Murphy GS and Vender JS
- Subjects
- Critical Illness, Drug Utilization, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Neuromuscular Blocking Agents adverse effects, Neuromuscular Blocking Agents pharmacokinetics, Neuromuscular Blocking Agents pharmacology, Neuromuscular Blocking Agents therapeutic use
- Abstract
The use of NMB agents for more than 24 to 48 hours in critically ill patients is associated with many potential complications. Neuromuscular-blocking drugs should be used only when their use is essential for optimal patient care. The indications for neuromuscular blockade must be defined clearly, and patients should be evaluated during treatment for the need for continued muscle relaxation. The smallest doses of NMB agents that will accomplish clinical goals should be used. This dosage can be determined through clinical evaluations and peripheral nerve monitoring. It is essential that all patients treated with NMB drugs receive appropriate sedation and analgesia. Myopathies, neuropathies, and alterations of the neuromuscular junction can occur in the ICU setting, and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants seem to be involved in the development of these disorders. Clinicians should be aware of risk factors that may predispose certain patients to neuromuscular complications, including sepsis and the use of high-dose steroids. Neuromuscular-blocking agents should be avoided in these patients if possible. Although not proved, early recognition and treatment of iatrogenic neuromuscular complications may improve patient outcome.
- Published
- 2001
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22. Detection of dengue viral RNA using a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay.
- Author
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Wu SJ, Lee EM, Putvatana R, Shurtliff RN, Porter KR, Suharyono W, Watts DM, King CC, Murphy GS, Hayes CG, and Romano JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Dengue virology, Dengue Virus genetics, Humans, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serotyping, Vero Cells, Viral Plaque Assay, Dengue diagnosis, Dengue Virus isolation & purification, RNA, Viral analysis, Self-Sustained Sequence Replication methods
- Abstract
Faster techniques are needed for the early diagnosis of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever during the acute viremic phase of infection. An isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay was optimized to amplify viral RNA of all four dengue virus serotypes by a set of universal primers and to type the amplified products by serotype-specific capture probes. The NASBA assay involved the use of silica to extract viral nucleic acid, which was amplified without thermocycling. The amplified product was detected by a probe-hybridization method that utilized electrochemiluminescence. Using normal human plasma spiked with dengue viruses, the NASBA assay had a detection threshold of 1 to 10 PFU/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were determined by testing 67 dengue virus-positive and 21 dengue virus-negative human serum or plasma samples. The "gold standard" used for comparison and evaluation was the mosquito C6/36 cell culture assay followed by an immunofluorescent assay. Viral infectivity titers in test samples were also determined by a direct plaque assay in Vero cells. The NASBA assay was able to detect dengue viral RNA in the clinical samples at plaque titers below 25 PFU/ml (the detection limit of the plaque assay). Of the 67 samples found positive by the C6/36 assay, 66 were found positive by the NASBA assay, for a sensitivity of 98.5%. The NASBA assay had a specificity of 100% based on the negative test results for the 21 normal human serum or plasma samples. These results indicate that the NASBA assay is a promising assay for the early diagnosis of dengue infections.
- Published
- 2001
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23. Influence of a vital capacity maneuver on pulmonary gas exchange after cardiopulmonary bypass.
- Author
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Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Curran RD, Votapka TV, and Vender JS
- Subjects
- Aged, Double-Blind Method, Female, Hemodynamics drug effects, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Pulmonary Gas Exchange physiology, Vital Capacity physiology
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of a single, vital capacity breath (vital capacity maneuver [VCM]), administered at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), on pulmonary gas exchange in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery., Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study., Setting: University-affiliated hospital., Participants: Forty patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery and early tracheal extubation., Interventions: Patients were randomized to 1 of 2 groups. VCM patients received a VCM at the conclusion of CPB. Control patients received no VCM., Measurements and Main Results: Intrapulmonary shunt (Q(S)/Q(T)), arterial oxygenation (PaO2), and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients (P(A-a)O2) were measured after induction of anesthesia, CPB, intensive care unit (ICU) arrival, and extubation. The duration of postoperative intubation was recorded for each group. Q(S)/Q(T) increased significantly 30 minutes after CPB in the control group (15.7 +/- 1.8% to 27.4 +/- 2.6%; p = 0.01). In the VCM group, a small decrease in Q(S)/Q(T) occurred (16.1 +/- 2.0% to 14.9 +/- 2.0%). After ICU arrival and extubation, no significant difference in Q(S)/Q(T) existed between the 2 groups. With the exception of a higher P(A-a)O2 in the control group at induction of anesthesia, no differences in PaO2 or P(A-a)O2 were present between the 2 groups at any measurement interval. Patients who received a VCM were extubated earlier than the control group (6.5 +/- 2.1 hours v 9.4 +/- 4.2 hours; p = 0.01)., Conclusion: The use of a VCM prevented an increase in Q(S)/Q(T) from occurring in the operating room. Although a VCM did not influence pulmonary gas exchange in the ICU, its application in the operating room appears to exert a beneficial effect on tracheal extubation times after cardiac surgery., (Copyright 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.)
- Published
- 2001
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24. A dengue virus serotype-1 DNA vaccine induces virus neutralizing antibodies and provides protection from viral challenge in Aotus monkeys.
- Author
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Kochel TJ, Raviprakash K, Hayes CG, Watts DM, Russell KL, Gozalo AS, Phillips IA, Ewing DF, Murphy GS, and Porter KR
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral biosynthesis, Aotus trivirgatus, Female, Male, Serotyping, Dengue prevention & control, Dengue Virus immunology, Vaccines, DNA immunology, Viral Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
A DNA vaccine that expresses the premembrane/membrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of dengue virus serotype-1 was tested for immunogenicity and protection against dengue-1 virus challenge in Aotus nancymae monkeys. The vaccine, in 1 mg doses, was administered intradermally (i.d.) to three monkeys and intramuscularly (i.m.) to three others. For controls, a 1 mg dose of vector DNA was administered i.d. to two monkeys and i.m. to one. All animals were primed and then boosted at one and five months post priming. Sera were collected monthly and analyzed for dengue-1 antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Dengue-1 antibodies were detectable in the sera from i.d. and i.m. vaccine inoculated animals one month after the first boost and peaked one month after the second boost. The antibody levels from sera of animals that received the vaccine via the i.d. route were twice those from sera of animals that received the vaccine via the i.m. route. Six months after the second boost all inoculated and two naive monkeys were challenged with 1.25x10(4) plaque forming units (PFU) of dengue-1 virus. Two vaccine immunized animals were protected from viremia while the others showed a reduction in viremia. The mean days of viremia were 1 and 1.3 for the animals that were immunized with the vaccine via the i.d. or i.m. route, respectively vs 4 and 2 mean days of viremia in the animals inoculated with control DNA. Naive animals were viremic for an average of 4 days. All of the three control monkeys that received control DNA inoculum by either the i.d. or i.m. route had an intermittent viremia pattern with one or more negative days interspersed between the positive days. This pattern was not observed in any of the vaccine recipients or the naïve control monkeys. These results demonstrate that DNA immunization is a promising approach for the development of dengue vaccines and that A. nancymae monkeys are suitable for dengue vaccine trials.
- Published
- 2000
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25. Dengue virus type 1 DNA vaccine induces protective immune responses in rhesus macaques.
- Author
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Raviprakash K, Porter KR, Kochel TJ, Ewing D, Simmons M, Phillips I, Murphy GS, Weiss WR, and Hayes CG
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibody Affinity, Immunization, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Macaca mulatta, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Dengue Virus immunology, Vaccines, DNA immunology, Viral Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
A candidate DNA vaccine expressing dengue virus type 1 pre-membrane and envelope proteins was used to immunize rhesus macaques. Monkeys were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) or intradermally (i.d.) by three or four 1 mg doses of vaccine, respectively. Monkeys that were inoculated i.m. seroconverted more quickly and had higher antibody levels than those that were inoculated i.d. The sera exhibited virus-neutralizing activity, which declined over time. Four of the eight i.m.-inoculated monkeys were protected completely from developing viraemia when challenged 4 months after the last dose with homologous dengue virus. The other four monkeys had reduced viraemia compared with the control immunized monkeys. The i.d. -inoculated monkeys showed no reduction in viraemia when challenged with the virus. All vaccinated monkeys showed an anamnestic antibody response, indicating that they had established immunological memory. Vaccine-induced antibody had an avidity index similar to that of antibody induced by virus infection; however, no clear correlation was apparent between antibody avidity and virus neutralization titres.
- Published
- 2000
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26. Infusion pump use in the MRI.
- Author
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Wynnychenko TM, Szokol JW, and Murphy GS
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Anesthetics, Intravenous administration & dosage, Infusion Pumps, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Propofol administration & dosage
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Human skin Langerhans cells are targets of dengue virus infection.
- Author
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Wu SJ, Grouard-Vogel G, Sun W, Mascola JR, Brachtel E, Putvatana R, Louder MK, Filgueira L, Marovich MA, Wong HK, Blauvelt A, Murphy GS, Robb ML, Innes BL, Birx DL, Hayes CG, and Frankel SS
- Subjects
- Blood Cells virology, Dermis virology, Exanthema, Humans, Macrophages virology, Monocytes virology, Skin cytology, Viral Proteins isolation & purification, Viral Vaccines adverse effects, Dengue Virus growth & development, Langerhans Cells virology, Skin virology
- Abstract
Dengue virus (DV), an arthropod-borne flavivirus, causes a febrile illness for which there is no antiviral treatment and no vaccine. Macrophages are important in dengue pathogenesis; however, the initial target cell for DV infection remains unknown. As DV is introduced into human skin by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, we undertook experiments to determine whether human dendritic cells (DCs) were permissive for the growth of DV. Initial experiments demonstrated that blood-derived DCs were 10-fold more permissive for DV infection than were monocytes or macrophages. We confirmed this with human skin DCs (Langerhans cells and dermal/interstitial DCs). Using cadaveric human skin explants, we exposed skin DCs to DV ex vivo. Of the human leukocyte antigen DR-positive DCs that migrated from the skin, emigrants from both dermis and epidermis, 60-80% expressed DV antigens. These observations were supported by histologic findings from the skin rash of a human subject who received an attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. Immunohistochemistry of the skin showed CD1a-positive DCs double-labeled with an antibody against DV envelope glycoprotein. These data demonstrate that human skin DCs are permissive for DV infection, and provide a potential mechanism for the transmission of DV into human skin.
- Published
- 2000
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28. Comparison of two rapid diagnostic assays for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to dengue virus.
- Author
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Wu SJ, Paxton H, Hanson B, Kung CG, Chen TB, Rossi C, Vaughn DW, Murphy GS, and Hayes CG
- Subjects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Gold Colloid chemistry, Humans, Immunochemistry methods, In Vitro Techniques, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Antibodies, Monoclonal immunology, Dengue Virus immunology, Immunoglobulin G immunology, Immunoglobulin M isolation & purification, Immunologic Tests methods
- Abstract
Two easy-to-use commercial diagnostic assays, a dipstick enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Integrated Diagnostics, Baltimore, Md.) and an immunochromatographic card assay (PanBio, Brisbane, Australia) were evaluated for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to dengue virus with an in-house IgM antibody capture microplate ELISA as a reference assay. The dipstick ELISA was based on the indirect-ELISA format using dengue 2 virus as the only antigen and enzyme-labeled goat anti-human IgM antibody as the detector. The total assay time was 75 min. The immunochromatographic card assay was based on the antibody capture format and separately measured both anti-dengue virus IgM and IgG in the same test. Colloidal-gold-labeled anti-dengue virus monoclonal antibody bound with dengue virus 1 to 4 antigen cocktail was the detector, and anti-human IgM and IgG were the capture antibodies. The total assay time was <10 min. Sera from 164 individuals classified as either anti-dengue virus IgM positive (94) or anti-dengue virus IgM negative (70) in the reference microplate ELISA with a dengue virus 1 to 4 antigen cocktail were tested in the two commercial assays. The dipstick ELISA missed 7 of 94 positive samples, for a sensitivity of 92.6%, while the immunochromatographic card assay missed two positive samples, for a sensitivity of 97.9%. Of the 70 negative samples, four were false positive by the dipstick ELISA and two were false positive in the immunochromatographic card assay, resulting in specificities of 94.3 and 97.1%, respectively. Both commercial assays provide sensitive and specific detection of anti-dengue virus IgM antibody and could prove useful in settings where the microplate ELISA is impractical.
- Published
- 2000
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29. Treatment of gastrointestinal infections.
- Author
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Murphy GS and Echeverria P
- Abstract
During the past year, we have seen the continuing spread of antimicrobial drug resistance in important gastrointestinal pathogens. Typhoid fever seen in the United States was multidrug resistant, but still susceptible to quinolones. The mechanism of quinolone resistant typhoid in Vietnam was better elucidated. Treatment failures in enterobacteriaceae treated with quinolones suggest that the minimum inhibitory concentration break point for resistance should be lowered. Evidence is mounting that ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin may be safely used to treat serious infections in children. Cefixime showed some promise in treating shigellosis in an open labeled trial. Decreased gastric acid secretion was associated with cholera but not dysentery. Phase 1 trials of vaccines for cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli showed promise. The antifungal drug, clotrimazole, demonstrated ability to inhibit secretory diarrhea in laboratory studies. Nitazoxanide demonstrated efficacy in both protozoan and helminthic infections in humans, including fascioliasis.
- Published
- 1999
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30. Malaria prophylaxis using azithromycin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
- Author
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Taylor WR, Richie TL, Fryauff DJ, Picarima H, Ohrt C, Tang D, Braitman D, Murphy GS, Widjaja H, Tjitra E, Ganjar A, Jones TR, Basri H, and Berman J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Double-Blind Method, Doxycycline pharmacology, Female, Humans, Indonesia, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Malaria, Vivax epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Parasitemia parasitology, Treatment Outcome, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Azithromycin therapeutic use, Malaria, Falciparum prevention & control, Malaria, Vivax prevention & control
- Abstract
New drugs are needed for preventing drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The prophylactic efficacy of azithromycin against P. falciparum in malaria-immune Kenyans was 83%. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the prophylactic efficacy of azithromycin against multidrug-resistant P. falciparum malaria and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Indonesian adults with limited immunity. After radical cure therapy, 300 randomized subjects received azithromycin (148 subjects, 750-mg loading dose followed by 250 mg/d), placebo (77), or doxycycline (75, 100 mg/d). The end point was slide-proven parasitemia. There were 58 P. falciparum and 29 P. vivax prophylaxis failures over 20 weeks. Using incidence rates, the protective efficacy of azithromycin relative to placebo was 71.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.3-83.8) against P. falciparum malaria and 98.9% (95% CI, 93.1-99.9) against P. vivax malaria. Corresponding figures for doxycycline were 96.3% (95% CI, 85.4-99.6) and 98% (95% CI, 88.0-99.9), respectively. Daily azithromycin offered excellent protection against P. vivax malaria but modest protection against P. falciparum malaria.
- Published
- 1999
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31. Arterial or venous cannulation? A simple yet reliable detection technique.
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Marymont JH 3rd, Szokol JW, and Murphy GS
- Subjects
- Arteries injuries, Catheterization, Central Venous adverse effects, Catheterization, Central Venous instrumentation, Central Venous Pressure physiology, Humans, Intubation instrumentation, Regional Blood Flow physiology, Reproducibility of Results, Respiration, Catheterization, Central Venous methods, Jugular Veins
- Published
- 1998
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32. Falciparum malaria.
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Murphy GS and Oldfield EC 3rd
- Subjects
- Antimalarials therapeutic use, Diagnosis, Differential, Emergencies, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Severity of Illness Index, Travel, Malaria, Falciparum diagnosis, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Malaria, Falciparum physiopathology, Malaria, Falciparum prevention & control, Malaria, Falciparum therapy
- Abstract
Falciparum malaria is one of the most common infectious illnesses in the world and can progress rapidly to coma and death in the nonimmune patient. The presentation is nonspecific, so blood smears must be made and read quickly. Proper therapy requires taking into account drug resistance, recognizing the signs of severe malaria, and proper treatment for complications. Long-sleeved clothing, bed nets, insecticides, and chemoprophylaxis can help prevent malaria, but the infection must be suspected in any traveler returning from an endemic area. This article reviews epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of falciparum malaria in the temperate zone.
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- 1996
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33. Ciprofloxacin and loperamide in the treatment of bacillary dysentery.
- Author
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Murphy GS, Bodhidatta L, Echeverria P, Tansuphaswadikul S, Hoge CW, Imlarp S, and Tamura K
- Subjects
- Adult, Diarrhea microbiology, Diarrhea parasitology, Double-Blind Method, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ciprofloxacin therapeutic use, Diarrhea drug therapy, Dysentery, Bacillary drug therapy, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Loperamide therapeutic use
- Abstract
Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of loperamide plus ciprofloxacin with those of ciprofloxacin alone in the treatment of bacillary dysentery., Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial., Setting: Hospital in Thailand., Participants: Eighty-eight adults with dysentery seeking medical care between November 1990 and February 1992. Patients who had received prior antibiotics or antimotility drugs were excluded., Intervention: All 88 patients with dysentery were treated with ciprofloxacin, 500 mg twice daily for 3 days. Forty-two of these patients were randomly assigned to receive loperamide, a 4-mg initial dose followed by 2 mg after every loose stool (as many as eight caplets [16 mg] daily), and 46 were randomly assigned to receive placebo., Measurements: Stools were collected daily until resolution of diarrhea and again after 10 days. The time to passage of the last unformed stool, number of unformed stools, and symptoms were recorded after treatment., Results: Shigella or enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (53%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (16%), and Salmonella (7%) were the most common bacterial enteric pathogens identified in 88 patients with dysentery. In patients infected with Shigella or enteroinvasive E. coli, the median duration of diarrhea was 19 hours (25th to 75th percentiles, 6 to 42 hours) for those receiving loperamide plus ciprofloxacin compared with 42 hours (21 to 46 hours) for those receiving ciprofloxacin alone (P = 0.028). The median number of diarrheal stools for those receiving ciprofloxacin and loperamide was 2.0 (1 to 5 stools) compared with 6.5 (2 to 9 stools) for those receiving ciprofloxacin alone (P = 0.016). None of the participants had a temperature greater than 38 degrees C after 24 hours of treatment. None of the patients was infected with the same bacterial enteric pathogen more than 1 day after receiving treatment., Conclusions: Loperamide decreases the number of unformed stools and shortens the duration of diarrhea in dysentery caused by Shigella in adults treated with ciprofloxacin.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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34. Detection of Shigellae and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli by amplification of the invasion plasmid antigen H DNA sequence in patients with dysentery.
- Author
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Sethabutr O, Venkatesan M, Murphy GS, Eampokalap B, Hoge CW, and Echeverria P
- Subjects
- Antigens, Bacterial genetics, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Base Sequence, Ciprofloxacin therapeutic use, DNA Probes chemistry, DNA, Bacterial analysis, DNA, Bacterial chemistry, Dysentery drug therapy, Dysentery, Bacillary drug therapy, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli Infections drug therapy, Feces microbiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides chemistry, Plasmids, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shigella genetics, Dysentery microbiology, Dysentery, Bacillary microbiology, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Shigella isolation & purification
- Abstract
Detection of Shigella organisms and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated in 20 patients with dysentery before and in 17 of the 20 after treatment with ciprofloxacin. DNA sequences coding for IpaH antigen, a multiple copy sequence found on the chromosome, and the invasion plasmid locus (ial) was detected after DNA amplification in 13 stools from patients from whom shigellae or EIEC were isolated but not in 21 nondysenteric stools containing other enteric bacteria. Although shigellae or EIEC were not isolated from any patient with dysentery after ciprofloxacin treatment, IpaH and ial sequences were found after PCR amplification in 7 patients after treatment with ciprofloxacin. IpaH sequences alone were detected in 4 patients; DNA augmentation of IpaH in stools in a specific way to identify Shigella or EIEC infection in persons from whom cultures cannot be obtained promptly after the onset of diarrhea or who have received antibiotics.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Vivax malaria resistant to treatment and prophylaxis with chloroquine.
- Author
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Murphy GS, Basri H, Purnomo, Andersen EM, Bangs MJ, Mount DL, Gorden J, Lal AA, Purwokusumo AR, and Harjosuwarno S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA, Protozoan genetics, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Malaria, Falciparum parasitology, Malaria, Vivax parasitology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quinine therapeutic use, Chloroquine therapeutic use, Malaria, Vivax drug therapy
- Abstract
Chloroquine has been the treatment of choice for vivax malaria for more than 40 years. Lately, several case-reports have suggested the emergence of resistance to chloroquine in Plasmodium vivax in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. We undertook prospective treatment and prophylaxis trials of chloroquine in children and adults with vivax malaria living in Irian Jaya (Indonesia New Guinea). 46 villagers with P vivax parasitaemia were treated with chloroquine by mouth (25 mg base/kg body weight divided over 3 days) and followed up for 14 days. Parasitaemia cleared initially but recurred within 14 days in 10 (22%) subjects. All recurrences were in children younger than 11 years, 7 of whom were younger than 4 years; the failure rate among children under 4 was 70%. 7 of the patients with recurrences were given a second course of chloroquine. In all, the infections initially cleared but recurrent parasitaemia developed in 5 (71%) within 14 days. Whole-blood chloroquine concentrations were consistently above those previously shown to cure P vivax blood infections (90 micrograms/L whole blood). Subjects whose initial infections cleared and who had no parasitaemia on day 14 received weekly prophylaxis with chloroquine. Despite the presence of expected blood chloroquine concentrations, P vivax parasitaemia developed in 9 of 17 subjects receiving prophylaxis during 8 weeks of follow-up (median time to parasitaemia 5.3 weeks). Chloroquine can no longer be relied upon for effective treatment or chemoprophylaxis of P vivax blood infections acquired in this part of New Guinea.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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