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We aimed to investigate the positive or negative biological effects of Microwave (MW) exposure on rat femur by morphometric analysis and biomechanical test methods. 22 adult rats were separated into two groups: Group first was used as the control group and the second group of rats was used as a study group which was subjected with 2.45 GHz MW frequency for two hours a day for 21 days. Both groups were sacrificed for morphometric and biomechanical evaluation at the end of 21 days. Morphometric properties were measured using Stereo investigator analyzing system programs. In biomechanical measurements, the femurs of control and exposed group rats were evaluated by intrinsic and extrinsic biomechanics properties. Biomechanical measurements were performed from the left femur mid-diaphysis using a three-point bending test. In the morphometrically measurements, significant differences were statistically found (p [Med-Science 2022; 11(2.000): 869-76]

Abstract Roles of HNRNPA1 are beginning to emerge in cancers; however, mechanisms causing deregulation of HNRNPA1 function remain elusive. Here, we describe an isoform switch between the 3′-UTR isoforms of HNRNPA1 in breast cancers. We show that the dominantly expressed isoform in mammary tissue has a short half-life. In breast cancers, this isoform is downregulated in favor of a stable isoform. The stable isoform is expressed more in breast cancers, and more HNRNPA1 protein is synthesized from this isoform. High HNRNPA1 protein levels correlate with poor survival in patients. In support of this, silencing of HNRNPA1 causes a reversal in neoplastic phenotypes, including proliferation, clonogenic potential, migration, and invasion. In addition, silencing of HNRNPA1 results in the downregulation of microRNAs that map to intragenic regions. Among these miRNAs, miR-21 is known for its transcriptional upregulation in breast and numerous other cancers. Altogether, the cancer-specific isoform switch we describe here for HNRNPA1 emphasizes the need to study gene expression at the isoform level in cancers to identify novel cases of oncogene activation.

The biting behavior of farmed fish on nylon netting raises concerns for microplastic accumulation in caged fish with potential influences on human health via consumption. Indeed, the reason for net biting is due to biofouling on the mesh being a tasty food that attracts fish. Hence, it is highly possible that a certain amount of microplastics from the mesh is ingested by fish, which can eventually enter the digestive system of humans through consumption. Caged fish may further receive microplastics from terrestrial flows or marine currents or through the food chain in the oceans. Therefore, the level of microplastic contamination in caged fish has been investigated by drawing a comparison with natural populations of Turkish and Iranian waters, in order to reveal the risks of microplastic transmission from fish to humans. Analyses of water samples, sediments, diets, zooplankton and fish tissues have been conducted and the amounts of microplastics in diets were evaluated. The identification of polymeric materials in collected microplastics was performed by FT-IR spectrometer, and Raman spectrometry was employed to determine the shape, size and polymer type of microplastics. Based on the preliminary results, the impact of cage nets on microplastic accumulation in fish digestive system and the interaction with human health risks upon consumption of contaminated fish have been assessed. The findings in this study may help to establish safe food strategies for future generations, with a healthy material selection approach in sustainable cage aquaculture management.

Aim: This research was carried out to investigate the lumbar and the sacral plexuses of the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is the native bird. Materials and Methods: In the study, 5 female and 5 male pheasants were used. Pheasants were examined macroscopically and morphologically by routine fixation (10% formalin) and dissection method. Nomina Anatomica Avium (1993) was used to avoid confusion arising from naming in the study. Results: The synsacral spinal segments were examined as a whole due to the presence of synsacrum, when examining the plexus lumbalis and plexus sacralis. Generally, it was observed that the plexus lumbalis was shaped by the ventral branches of the 2-4th synsacral spinal nerves. Plexus sacralis was observed to be in the caudal of the plexus lumbalis and it was determined that it consisted of the ventral branches of the 4-8th synsacral spinal segments. Conclusion: As a result, the synsacral spinal nerves involved in the formation of the plexus lumbalis and plexus sacralis in the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and the nerves emerging from these plexuses were examined in detail. Similarities and differences between avian species were revealed.

Türkiye, İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatına (eski ismiyle İslam Konferansı Örgütüne) kuruluşundan (1969) beri üye olan bir ülkedir. Neredeyse 50 yıllık geçmişi bulunan İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı, kuruluşundan bu yana üye sayısı ve kapsadığı coğrafi alan bakımından BM’den sonra dünyanın en büyük uluslararası kuruluşudur. Bu anlamda İİT Tahkim Merkezi ülkemiz bakımından oldukça önem taşımaktadır. İİT Tahkim Merkezi bir Tüzük ile düzenlenmiştir. İİT’na üye olan ülkeler arasındaki ticari ve yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözümünde önemli bir rol üstlenmesi beklenen İİT Tahkim Merkezi'nin İstanbul olması ülkemiz açısından oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca bu Merkezin, İslam ülkeleri arasındaki ticareti ve yatırımları daha da yukarı çekeceği, herhangi bir ihtilaf durumunda, tarafsız, objektif ve saygın bir başvuru merciinin bulunmasının tüm tarafları koruması yanında, o ülkeyi, iş adamları nezdinde daha cazip kılacağı düşünülmektedir.

Türkiye, İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatına (eski ismiyle İslam Konferansı Örgütüne) kuruluşundan (1969) beri üye olan bir ülkedir. Neredeyse 50 yıllık geçmişi bulunan İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı, kuruluşundan bu yana üye sayısı ve kapsadığı coğrafi alan bakımından BM’den sonra dünyanın en büyük uluslararası kuruluşudur. Bu anlamda İİT Tahkim Merkezi ülkemiz bakımından oldukça önem taşımaktadır. İİT Tahkim Merkezi bir Tüzük ile düzenlenmiştir. İİT’na üye olan ülkeler arasındaki ticari ve yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözümünde önemli bir rol üstlenmesi beklenen İİT Tahkim Merkezi'nin İstanbul olması ülkemiz açısından oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca bu Merkezin, İslam ülkeleri arasındaki ticareti ve yatırımları daha da yukarı çekeceği, herhangi bir ihtilaf durumunda, tarafsız, objektif ve saygın bir başvuru merciinin bulunmasının tüm tarafları koruması yanında, o ülkeyi, iş adamları nezdinde daha cazip kılacağı düşünülmektedir.

In the present study, it is aimed to determine the current state of the goat raising businesses operating in the city of Uşak and in its provinces, their problems and to come up with suggestions for solutions to these problems. In the current study, as the sampling of the study, 132 goat-raising businesses were selected by means of stratified random sampling method and they were administered a questionnaire consisted of 83 questions. The data obtained from the analysis of the questionnaires have revealed that high majority of the goat-raisers are elementary school graduates (86.4%) and they generally raise Hair goat (89.4%). Moreover, it has also been determined that for the mating of goats, male goats are brought into the herd in September and October and this mating process occurs in the form of free insemination, the age for female goats to be used as stock is 15-18 months old, additional feeding and synchronization are not generally practiced and weaning of baby goats occurs when they are 3-4 months old. Births are usually given in February-March and milking also starts in this period and lasts 6 months on average, the lactation milk yield is 60-80 liters, milking is performed once a day with hand and the produced milk is mostly used in cheese production. Moreover, in goat raising, transhumance is not a common practice and high majority of the breeders apply regular protective vaccines. As in many other regions, many problems such as high feed prices, the difficulty in finding a shepherd and price fluctuations force goat breeders to quit. For goat raising to be sustainable, technical and economic supports given to breeders should continue and improve. If the feed can be supplied with the internal resources of the businesses and if their products can be marketed directly without using intermediaries then some of the problems can be alleviated. Putting greater emphasis on this issue and developing incentive policies will make contributions to goat raising. As a result of the present study, it was concluded that developing goat raising businesses operating mostly as small-scale family businesses in the city of Uşak to large-scale businesses where intensive production is made by providing the necessary incentives and subsides is of great importance.

Cichorieae Lam. & DC., Asteraceae familyasının oymaklarından biridir. Bu oymak tamamen dilsi çiçeklerden oluşan homogam başcık çiçekli ve lateksli üyeleriyle ile karakterize olur. Bu oymak ekonomik öneme sahip Lactuca L. (Marul), Scorzonera L. (Tekesakalı) ve Tragopogon L. (Yemlik) cinslerini içine alır. Bu oymağın üyeleri aynı zamanda halk ilacı olarak da kullanılır. Bayburt Soğanlı, Otlukbeli, Mescit ve Giresun Dağları arasında yer almaktadır. Fitocoğrafik olarak İran-Turan floristik bölgesinin ağaçsız step bölgesine dahildir ve Anadolu Çatalı’nın kuzey ucunda yer almaktadır. Bu fitocoğrafik özelliklerinden dolayı Bayburt zengin bir bitki çeşitliliğine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bayburt’un bitki çeşitliliğine katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmıştır. Örnekler 2010-2017 dönemlerinde Cicerbita Wallr., Lactuca, Scorzonera, Tragopogon ve Prenanthes L. cinsleri üzerine olan farklı projeler kapsamında toplanmış ve Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Herbaryumu (KTUB) ile Rize Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Herbaryumu (RUB)’nda muhafaza edilmektedir. QGIS paket programı kullanılarak toplanan bitki örneklerinin koordinatları Bayburt haritası üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands adlı eserde Bayburt için 4 Lactuca ve 7 Scorzonera, kaydı rapor edilmiştir fakat Tragopogon kaydı yer almamaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada Bayburt ili için 24 (5 Lactuca, 14 Scorzonera ve 5 Tragopogon) takson rapor edilmiştir ve bunların 6’sı Türkiye endemiğidir. Sonuç olarak 13 takson Bayburt için ilk kez bu çalışmada rapor edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, lityum sıvısı dıştan manyetik alan indüksiyonuna maruz bırakılan üç boyutlu dairesel bir kanalda sayısal olarak incelenmiştir. Manyetik alan, kanala akış yönüne dik olarak uygulanmıştır. Re=2250 ve manyetik alan kuvveti sırasıyla 0T, 0.04T, 0.08T ve 0.12T olarak seçilmiştir. Bunun yanında, akışkan sıcaklığı 473.15 K iken cidar sıcaklığı 373.15 K’dir. Hesaplamalar ANSYS-Fluent ticari yazılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Manyetik alanın akışkan hızı, basınç ve sıcaklık üzerindeki etkileri grafiksel olarak sunulmuştur. Manyetik alan etkisinin akışkan hızını azaltırken, basıncı arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, manyetik alan boru uzunluğu boyunca kanalın farklı bölgelerinde, sıcaklığı farklı şekilde etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir.

Placebo is defined as a substance or method that has no specific effect on the condition being treated. Placebo leads to the state of contentment and shows its effects just like a drug by the pathways in the body. Various changes formed by plasebo on the brain activation, neurotransmitters and hormones have been observed with the development of neuroimaging methods. The effects of dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems in the formation of the placebo response; the relationship between placebo effect, reward cycle and expectation process and the role of the some specific regions in the brain where pharmacological agents acting on during the placebo response have been shown in several studies. There are similarities between hypnosis and the placebo effects and expectation of improvement is closely related to the suggesting phenomenon in the hypnosis as well as placebo responses. The formation of similar changes in the brain after administration of placebo and hypnosis associated with the expectation models and suggestions attracts attention. Neurochemical pathways in the brain constitute functional impact with many of the common mechanisms. Therefore, all of these mechanisms in the placebo response can take part in relation to each other. Although it is known that many factors may influence, understanding of the effects of placebo and viewing the changes in the brain formed by placebo have an important place for enlightening roles of psychological factors in the onset of diseases and treatment.

Neurobiological factors had been shown to play an important role in the emergence of obsessive-compulsive disorder by the information obtained from the methods developed over the years. According to the neuropsychological perspective, the defects had been detected mainly in executive functions, in attention, memory, visual-spatial functions; and abnormalities had been described in the frontal lobe, cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus regions of the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The main and the most repeated abnormalities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are dysfunctions in executive function and visual memory. Dysfunctions of the inhibitory processes associated with the dominant frontal area lead to an insufficiency on the inhibition of verbal functions. Excessive activation of the orbitofrontal cortex that mediate the behavioral response suppression function in obsessive-compulsive disorder demonstrated by functional imaging techniques. Repeated-resistant behaviors (eg: compulsions) are composed by the deteriorations of the inhibitions of motor or cognitive programs in basal ganglions provided through cycles of frontal lobe. The findings of clinical observations in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder could be considered as a reflection of excessive work in 'error detection system' which is the cause of the thoughts that something goes wrong and efforts to achieve perfection. As neurobiological, this finding is observed as excessive activity in orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex representing the ability of humans to provide and detect errors. It is is expected to develop the vehicles that are more sensitive to the characteristics of cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition to the neuropsychological tests, using electrophysiological and advanced functional imaging techniques will put forward a better underlying the physiopathology of this disorder in order to show the more distinctive structural and functional impairments.

Motor evoked potentials from peripheral nerves, spinal cord or muscle can be recorded by stimulation of the motor cortex and motor pathways in the central nervous system with transcranial magnetic stimulation which is a neurophysiological analysis method. This method allows investigation the mechanism of diseases which cause changes in the excitability of cortical motor areas. Similarly, it was used in determining the effects of psychotropic drugs on cortical activity and electrophysiological measurement of aggressive behavior Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies in the field of psychiatry are focused on etiopathogenesis of pathologies such as schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse.

Although psychostimulants have been used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for approximately 70 years, little is known about the long term effects of these drugs on developing brain. The observable effects of psychostimulants are influenced by the timing of exposure, the age of examination after drug exposure and sex. Preclinical studies point out that chronic psychostimulant exposure before adolescence cause reverse sensitization or tolerance and this leads to reduction in stimulant effectiveness in adolesecence and adulthood. Preclinical studies show the potential long term effects of psychostimulants. But it is necessary to investigate the relationship between preclinical effects and clinical practice. A developmental approach is needed to understand the impact of pediatric medications on the brain that includes assessment at multiple ages to completely characterize the long term effects of these medications. The aim of this paper is to review the effects of psychostimulants on developing brain.

Impaired sleep is a common complaint among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep-related symptoms for post-traumatic stress disorder takes place within hyperarousal symptoms and re-experiencing traumatic life events in DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Hyperarousal symptoms usually present as difficulty in initiation and maintaining sleep. Patients often complain from nightmares and these include repetition of traumatic events and reflect threatening incidents. Increased distressing dreams, increased phasic activity of rapid eye movement sleep, increased rapid eye movement sleep arousal, increased exaggerated startle response, a decrease in the recall of dreams and possibly increased arousal threshold are characteristics of sleep pattern in post-traumatic stress disorder

In recent years, there is a growing interest in melatonin all over the world. The main task of protecting the body's biological clock, which set the rhythm of melatonin, involves many biological and physiological processes of the body. Cell renewal, strengthening of the immune system and body temperature regulation are other tasks of melatonin. Melatonin, with its lipophilic property, is the most powerful antioxidant as it can reach all body areas and can easily pass the blood-brain barrier. The fact that individuals with low levels of melatonin have sleep problems lead to the consideration of melatonin as a therapeutic medicine in this field. The detailed researches have shown that melatonin can improve sleep quality without changing the total duration of sleep. Nevertheless, despite high number of researches done, the functions of melatonin have not yet fully understood. Therefore, review of the available information related to melatonin will be guide for researchers in the field.

This study presents the adsorption behavior of the methylene blue (MB) dye onto the activated carbon produced from soybean oil cake by chemical activation with KOH at 800 °C. The adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption were studied. The Langmuir isotherm showed a better fit than the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption rate was described by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The negative values of ΔG° and the positive values of ΔH° indicate that the adsorption of MB was favored and endothermic.

Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder affects 1%-2% of children and adolescents. While symptoms reported by children and behavioral therapies and pharmacological interventions administered to children are similar to those seen among individuals who develop obsessive compulsive disorder in adulthood, there are several differences with regards to sex ratios, comorbidity patterns, neuroimaging findings. Family and twin studies support the role of genetics in some forms of obsessive compulsive disorder. Prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen and globus pallidus are the main brain areas affected in children with obsessive compulsive disorder. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are the treatment of choice for pharmacotherapy of obsessive compulsive disorder and exposure and response prevention are the most commonly applied behavioral therapy methods in obsessive compulsive disorder. Despite advances in the treatment of the disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder is still considered as a debilitating chronic disorder.

Bu çalışmanın amacı hem Türk-Amerikan ilişkileri hem de Amerika ile Batı açısından tarihsel ve siyasal bağlamda bir milat olarak kabul edilen 11 Eylül ardından ortaya çıkan süreçte yaşanan olayları karikatürlere yansıyan boyutuyla ortaya koymak ve incelemektir. Böylece, yakın dönemde yaşanan daha çok siyasi tanımlama içinde ele alınan gelişmeleri farklı bir pencereden özellikle Türk kamuoyuna sunulan Amerikan imgesine yönelik çözümlemeleri de ele alma imkânı söz konusu olacaktır. Çalışmanın özgün ve temel malzemesi olan karikatürler, Türk kamuoyunun gündeminde yer almış ve hem toplumun düşünce ve eğilimleriyle ilgili ipuçları vermiş, hem de bir ileti olarak kamuya belli bir görüş ve düşünceyi sunmuştur. Ele alacağımız konular tarihsel izlence takip ederek, 11 Eylül saldırıları, 2. Körfez Savaşı, 1 Mart Tezkeresi ve Çuval Hadisesi ve Büyük Ortadoğu Projesi gibi olayları içermekte ve buna paralel olarak bu gelişmeler ile ilişkili karikatürlerin göstergebilimsel açıdan çözümlenerek yaşanan sürece farklı bir noktadan projeksiyon tutulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Böylece, zengin bir kültürel metin olmasına karşın akademik çalışmalarda pek fazla yer bulamayan karikatürlerin bilimsel açıdan değerlendirilebileceğini ve araştırma konusunun çalışma alanına zengin ve canlı referanslar oluşturabileceğini ortaya koymak ve Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerine ve Amerikan imgesine ışık tutan kültür incelemeleri çalışması sunmaktır.

The removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions was carried out using an activated carbon prepared from a waste biomass. The effects of various parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of lead (II) ions, and temperature on the adsorption process were investigated. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis after adsorption reveals the accumulation of lead (II) ions onto activated carbon. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to analyze equilibrium data. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of activated carbon was found to be 476.2 mg g−1. The kinetic data were evaluated and the pseudo-second-order equation provided the best correlation. Thermodynamic parameters suggest that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous.

Taxidermy is one of the preservation techniques for mummification for centuries. In the present case, frozen taxidermy was performed on the calf with ichthyosis foetalis that is not a common disease in our country. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate this simple and inexpensive technique is able to use to preserve dermatopathic bodies. The calf with ichthyosis foetalis was prepared for dehydration and saved in the cold weather at -5 0C store for six months. After the taxidermy was thawed at room temperature, it was investigated for histo-pathologically and microbiologically. Finally, the disappeared hyperaemic areas were stained to imitate post-mortem appearance. The results revealed that hyperaemic areas were disappeared after frozen taxidermy and the skin was become though like a bark and its appearance was natural. The microbiological results showed that there was no pathogenic bacterial growth except for a few saprophyte bacilli. It is concluded that didactical embalming could be performed to demonstrate dermatophaties with the technique that does not require any chemical application.

Aim: The aim of this study was postnatal investigation of morphometric features of Bursa fabricius in Turkey by using scanning electron microscope and light microscope. Materials and Methods: One 1-24 week old 50 turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) were used. Their Bursa fabriciuses were taken out after the necropsy and weighted. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde, examined and photographed under scanning electron microscope. For histological examination, tissues were prepared using routine histologic methods and stained with Mallory's triple and Hematoxylen-Eosine. Results: The morphometric data concerning turkey ducklings used in the study showed that Bursa fabricius reaches its maximum size at the 9th week. The decrease in the weight of Bursa fabricius following the week of 9 proved that involution session in the turkey begins after that period. On the investigation performed by means of scanning electron microscopy, dome shaped surface epithelium which covers subepithelial lymph follicles on the surface was determined to be most clear in the 5th and 9th weeks. There was a distinct irregularity of this appearance in the following weeks (13th and 24th). Conclusion: It was concluded that the results may contribute to the researches which relate to humoral immunity formation and effectiveness of vaccination programme.

Objective: The balance between free oxygen and nitrogen species and physiological antioxidant mechanisms is crucial for maintaining vital tissue functions. Notably, oxidative stress affects the pathophysiology of many diseases, including atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated the role of oxidative stress in AF and the effects of ablation procedures on oxidative stress. Methods: A total of 40 patients who underwent cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for pulmonary vein isolation were enrolled in the study. Patients with well-known diseases associated with increased oxidative stress were excluded. The total antioxidative capacity and total oxidative status (TOS) values before and six months after the procedure were examined and evaluated according to rhythm status. Results: After six months, there was a statistically significant difference in TOS compared with the preprocedure values (1880.05±1016.19 vs. 1418.32±1075.11, p=0.001). The postprocedural TOS value was significantly lower in the sinus rhythm group than in the patient group with AF (1237.48±1036.34 vs. 2270.88±870.20, p=0.013). However, there were significant differences between the paroxysmal and persistent AF groups according to preprocedural rhythm status (4.87±5.77 vs. 20.43±23.23, p=0.009). We did not find any association between C-reactive protein levels and the presence of arrhythmia after the procedure (11.29±16.19 vs. 13.70±25.47, p=0.662). Conclusion: Oxidative stress, as evaluated by TOS values, can be a prognostic parameter for AF recurrence after ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

K-feldspar represents an important natural resource of potassium and aluminum. Within the framework of this study, the K-feldspar was mechanically activated in a planetary ball mill under different conditions planned according to 43 Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design. As outputs, specific surface area (SBET), median particle size (d50), amorphization degree of mineral phases , and Al recovery were used. It was found that the initial d50 value of 293 μm could be reduced to 6.7 μm and the SBET value of 4.7 m2/g could be increased up to 32.5 m2/g upon milling. Both microcline KAl3SiO8, and albite NaAl3SiO8 could be almost completely amorphized, whereas quartz SiO2 still maintained some crystallinity even under the most intensive conditions. Increasing SBET and decreasing the d50 values did not lead to a significant improvement in Al leach recovery, whereas a clear relationship between the amorphization of microcline and the recovered aluminum was found. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that increasing ball-to-powder ratio is the most beneficial for the improvement in Al recovery. In situ powder X-ray diffraction monitoring performed in an oscillation ball mill under synchrotron irradiation has shown very rapid amorphization of microcline phase at the beginning. However, amorphization of microcline was only partial after two hours of the treatment in this mill, apart from almost complete process in the planetary ball mill. In the end, regressions for the calculation of Al recovery by knowing the values of input parameters were calculated. In general, by just using mechanical activation without the subsequent roasting process that is commonly used to boost metal recoveries, it was possible to quantitatively recover aluminum from K-feldspar.