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Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) may be seen in both adults and children as a distinct histologic and biologic subset of low-grade glioma. Surgery is the principal treatment for the management of PAs; however, selected patients may benefit from irradiation particularly in the setting of inoperability, incomplete resection, or recurrent disease. While conventionally fractionated radiation therapy has been traditionally utilized for radiotherapeutic management, stereotactic irradiation strategies have been introduced more recently to improve the toxicity profile of radiation delivery without compromising tumor control. PAs may be suitable for radiosurgical management due to their typical appearance as well circumscribed lesions. Focused and precise targeting of these well-defined lesions under stereotactic immobilization and image guidance may offer great potential for achieving an improved therapeutic ratio by virtue of radiosurgical techniques. Given the high conformality along with steep dose gradients around the target volume allowing for reduced normal tissue exposure, radiosurgery may be considered a viable modality of radiotherapeutic management. Another advantage of radiosurgery may be the completion of therapy in a usually shorter overall treatment time, which may be particularly well suited for children with requirement of anesthesia during irradiation. Several studies have addressed the utility of radiosurgery particularly as an adjuvant or salvage treatment modality for PA. Nevertheless, despite the growing body of evidence supporting the use of radiosurgery, there is need for a high level of evidence to dictate treatment decisions and establish its optimal role in the management of PA. Herein, we provide a concise review of radiosurgery for PA in light of the literature.

Lung cancer is a global health concern as the leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) poses a formidable challenge to the treating physicians with the worst prognosis among all lung cancers. However, limited stage SCLC (LS-SCLC) has a relatively better outcome with multimodality management. Efforts have been focused on optimal integration of treatment modalities to achieve an improved therapeutic ratio for patients with LS-SCLC. While chemotherapy and thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) are primary components of initial management for LS-SCLC, there is no consensus on optimal timing of TRT. Within this context, we herein provide a concise overview of current evidence and future prospects regarding the optimal timing of thoracic irradiation for LS-SCLC in light of the literature.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has emerged in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China, has significantly affected healthcare systems and economies within a short timeframe. Treatment strategies offer alleviation of symptoms in the absence of commercially available specific antiviral agents. Within this context, the introduction of innovative therapeutic approaches against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a critical need that should be addressed urgently. The anti-inflammatory effect of low dose irradiation has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 pneumonia. Consideration of external beam irradiation for management of COVID-19 pneumonia has prompted the investigation of alternative methods of irradiation with potentially improved toxicity profiles. Theoretically, targeted radiotherapy may have several advantages over conventional external beam radiotherapy owing to the capability to deliver effective radiation doses without adverse irradiation effects. Since radionuclides are conjugated to targeting vectors, such as antibodies and cell surface receptor binding peptides, irradiation may be focused on targeted cells with optimal sparing of surrounding normal tissues. In the context of COVID-19 management, targeted irradiation is expected to compromise SARS-CoV-2 extracellular virions. Targeted radiotherapy may offer a viable means of combating against SARS-CoV-2 virus. There is room for improvement with the need for efficacy, feasibility, and toxicity studies. Although targeted radiotherapy itself may not achieve absolute eradication of virus or virus-infected cells, it may at least serve as a supplementary therapeutic strategy that could be utilized in combination with other antiviral treatments. Further investigations focusing on nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceuticals, and targeted radiotherapy strategies may pave the way for the development of efficacious antiviral treatments which may be utilized in the battle against the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Brain tumors, which are among the most common solid tumors in childhood, remain a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in pediatric population. Gliomas, which may be broadly categorized as low grade glioma and high grade glioma, account for the majority of brain tumors in children. Expectant management, surgery, radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy, targeted therapy or combinations of these modalities may be used for management of pediatric gliomas. Several patient, tumor and treatment-related characteristics including age, lesion size, grade, location, phenotypic and genotypic features, symptomatology, predicted outcomes and toxicity profile of available therapeutic options should be considered in decision making for optimal treatment. Management of pediatric gliomas poses a formidable challenge to the physicians due to concerns about treatment induced toxicity. Adverse effects of therapy may include neurological deficits, hemiparesis, dysphagia, ataxia, spasticity, endocrine sequelae, neurocognitive and communication impairment, deterioration in quality of life, adverse socioeconomic consequences, and secondary cancers. Nevertheless, improved understanding of molecular pathology and technological advancements may pave the way for progress in management of pediatric glial neoplasms. Multidisciplinary management with close collaboration of disciplines including pediatric oncology, surgery, and radiation oncology is warranted to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. In the context of RT, stereotactic irradiation is a viable treatment modality for several central nervous system disorders and brain tumors. Considering the importance of minimizing adverse effects of irradiation, radiosurgery has attracted great attention for clinical applications in both adults and children. Radiosurgical applications offer great potential for improving the toxicity profile of radiation delivery by focused and precise targeting of well-defined tumors under stereotactic immobilization and image guidance. Herein, we provide a concise review of stereotactic irradiation for pediatric glial neoplasms in light of the literature.

Objective: In the setting of upfront chemotherapy, some degree of reduction in primary tumor volume may occur. This may be of critical importance in the setting of locally advanced Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) when upfront definitive irradiation is not feasible due to critical organ dose constraints. Selected patients with tumor volume reduction after upfront systemic therapy may be considered for curative radiation therapy (RT). To address this issue, we evaluated changes in tumor volume following upfront chemotherapy for NSCLC in this original article. Materials and methods: Patients receiving upfront chemotherapy for locally advanced NSCLC were identified and analyzed. All patients had upfront chemotherapy and were subsequently referred for curative RT at Department of Radiation Oncology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences. Tumor size changes following upfront chemotherapy have been documented for performing the comparative evaluation. Results: Decision making for individualized management of patients was based on thorough multidisciplinary evaluation with input from experts in pulmonology, pulmonary surgery, radiology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology. Tumor size changes were assessed in a series of patients receiving upfront chemotherapy for NSCLC. There was a mean decrease of 24% in tumor volume following upfront chemotherapy. Conclusion: A mean decrease of 24% in tumor volume occurred following upfront chemotherapy in our study for patients with locally advanced NSCLC having extensive tumor burden. Adaptation of curative RT target volumes with respect to tumor volume reductions should be assessed in prospective randomized studies to shed light on the issue of reduced volume irradiation.

Objective: Radiotherapy (RT) can be used for primary treatment, adjuvant therapy, or for salvage of recurrences of intracranial ependymal tumors. In recent years, there is a rising trend towards reducing the adverse effects of RT by incorporation of modernized techniques. Accurate and precise RT treatment volume is essential for optimization of treatment results. Herein, we evaluated irradiation target designation of intracranial ependymal tumors. Materials and methods: In this study, irradiation target designation was assessed for intracranial ependymal tumors. RT target volume definition was evaluated with comparative analysis for patients receiving irradiation for intracranial ependymal tumors. Results: Optimal target coverage and minimal exposure of normal tissues was prioritized in RT treatment planning. Ground truth target volume determination was done with meticulous assessment of physicians. As the primary result, it was found that the ground truth target voume was identical with target determination with Computed Tomography (CT)-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) fusion based planning. Conclusion: Incorporation of MRI in target definition process should be suggested for improving accuracy and precision of target and treatment volume definition for successful radiotherapeutic management of intracranial ependymal tumors despite the need for further supporting evidence.

Lymphomas constitute the most frequent hematologic malignancies. HL is a rare type of B cell lymphoma featured with Reed Sternberg cells. Treatment of HL may be considered among the greatest success stories in oncology.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder with characteristic features including uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts referred to as obsessions, and excessive urges to perform repeated certain routines referred to as compulsions. Affected patients may suffer from tics, anxiety, negative social behaviours and self mutilation. Symptoms of patients may be intrusive, anxiety-provoking, and rather distressing which may significantly compromise both social and occupational functioning. Deterioration in quality of life may occur as a consequence of unemployment, marriage failure, and maladjustment in familial relationships. Initial management of OCD may include exposure and response prevention, cognitive-bahavioural-therapy, and pharmacological agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. These management strategies may be effective for the majority of patients suffering from OCD. However, approximately 20% of patients have refractory OCD unresponsive to first-line therapies and a subgroup of patients unresponsive to first-line therapies suffer from severe debilitating symptoms referred to as intractable OCD. Radiosurgery has a long history as an excellent radiotherapeutic modality for management of several intracranial disorders. Radiosurgical or gamma capsulotomy technique involving discrete, circumscribed lesions in white matter of the anterior limb of the internal capsule has been introduced by the Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell. Gammaknife Radiosurgery (GKRS) system has been used as a viable alternative to open surgical anterior capsulotomy procedures and gained popularity and widespread acceptance with accumulating evidence from several centers worldwide. Herein, we provide a concise review including the definition, epidemiology and symptomotology of OCD, patient selection criteria, and management options with focus on radiosurgery.

Breast cancer (Ca) remains to be the most frequent cancer among females and a leading cause of cancer associated mortality worldwide. Main modalities for management of breast Ca include surgery, Radiation Therapy (RT), and systemic treatments. Diagnosis at earlier stages of breast Ca is increasing with rigorous utilization of screening and raised public awareness. Improvements in therapy contribute to longer life expectancies for patients with breast Ca. In this context, adverse radiation effects are being a more pronounced aspect of breast Ca management recently.

Pulmonary malignancies including Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) are frequent cancers and remain to be a leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide.

Brainstem tumors constitute approximately 10% to 15% of CNS neoplasms in the pediatric population, and most common of brainstem tumors is diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG).

Breast cancer (Ca) comprises the most common cancer in females and constitutes a leading cause of cancer related deaths around the globe.

Vestibular schwannoma (VS), also referred to as acoustic neuroma, is one of the common benign intracranial tumors with rising incidence due to improved and more frequent neuroimaging.

Meningiomas comprise the most frequent intracranial benign tumors accounting for approximately one third of all intracranial neoplasms, and generally follow an indolent disease course with a typically benign nature and slow-growing behaviour. Although majority of meningiomas may follow an indolent disease course, affected patients may suffer from a plethora of symptoms with regard to lesion location. Symptoms typically occur as a result of the mass effect leading to compression of critical neurovascular structures. Headache, focal seizures, weakness in the limbs, visual disturbances, loss of smell, impaired memory or hearing functions may be observed. Advances in neurosurgery may allow for an improved toxicity profile following surgical resection as the traditional and a leading mode of management for meningiomas located at accessible brain areas. Nevertheless, vigilance is required given the morbidity and mortality risks associated with meningioma surgery particularly for elderly patients. In this context, radiation therapy (RT) may offer a viable alternative or adjunctive modality of management for meningiomas. Management of cavernous sinus meningiomas in intricate association with critical neurovascular structures pose a formidable challenge to the treating physicians. Attempting at extensive surgical procedures may be associated with substantial morbidity and even mortality. In this context, selected patients may benefit from a tailored multimodality approach including less extensive surgical resection followed by subsequent irradiation. Primary advantages of this refined therapeutic strategy may include improved toxicity profile along with improved functionality and quality of life. Herein, we assess multimodality management of cavernous sinus meningiomas with less extensive surgery followed by subsequent irradiation.

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among females and also a leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. A multimodality treatment approach may be utilized for optimal management of patients with combinations of surgery, radiation therapy (RT) and systemic treatment. RT composes an integral part of breast conserving treatment, and is typically used after breast conserving surgery to improve local control. Recent years have witnessed significant improvements in the discipline of radiation oncology which allow for more focused and precise treatment delivery. Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) is among the most important RT techniques which may be utilized for redesigning of treatment plans to account for dynamic changes in tumor size and anatomy during the course of irradiation. In the context of breast cancer, ART may serve as an excellent tool for patients receiving breast irradiation followed by a sequential boost to the tumor bed. Primary benefits of ART include more precise boost localization and potential for improved normal tissue sparing with adapted boost target volumes particularly in the setting of seroma reduction during the course of irradiation. Herein, we provide a concise review of ART for breast cancer in light of the literature.

Chemodectomas of head and neck region are rare, highly vascularized tumors which are categorized with respect to their site of origin and may be observed with periodical imaging or treated using either a single modality or multimodal approach including the primary management strategies of surgery and Radiation Therapy (RT). Temporal Bone Chemodectomas (TBC) include the tympanomastoid chemodectomas with modified Fisch Class A and B, and tympanojugular chemodectomas with modified Fisch Class C and D. An indolent disease course with low growth rate is typical for the majority of these mostly benign tumors, however, abrupt manifestation with severe symptomatology may also occur rarely in affected patients due to the mass effect with or without local invasion of critical neurovascular structures such as the internal carotid artery, jugular bulb, and lower cranial nerves. Affected patients may suffer from a plethora of symptoms such as otalgia, vertigo, pulsatile tinnitus, hearing impairment, headache, dysphagia, and dizziness. While surgery has been the traditional primary mode of treatment for these tumors, RT and more recently radiosurgery have been incorporated in management to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we provide a concise review of RT for temporal bone chemodectomas.

Objective Meningiomas are most common intracranial benign tumors comprising around one third of all intracranial neoplasms, and typically have benign and indolent nature with slow-growing behaviour. Benign meningiomas are slow growing tumors typically following an indolent disease course. Nevertheless, atypical or anaplastic meningiomas may follow a more aggressive disease course with invasion of critical structures and recurrences. In the current study, we evaluate the incorporation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for radiosurgery treatment planning of atypical meningiomas. Materials and Methods Atypical meningioma radiosurgery target volume determination with and without incorporation of MRI has been evaluated. Ground truth target volume used as the reference has been outlined by the board-certified group of radiation oncologists after comprehensive assessment, thorough collaboration and consensus. Results Target volume definition by use of Computed Tomography (CT)-only imaging and by CT-MR fusion based imaging has been comparatively evaluated in this study for linear accelerator (LINAC)-based radiosurgical management of atypical meningioma. Ground truth target volume defined by the board-certified radiation oncologists after detailed evaluation, collaboration, colleague peer review and consensus has been found to be identical to target determination by use of CT-MR fusion based imaging. Conclusion Despite significant progress in neurosurgical techniques over the years, complete surgical resection may not be feasible in the presence of meningiomas located at eloquent brain areas in close association with important neurovascular structures. RT may have a role in multidisciplinary management of meningiomas. Incorporation of MRI into treatment planning for radiosurgery of atypical meningiomas may improve target definition despite the need for further supporting evidence.

This book, arranged in an MCQ format complemented by oral exam questions, is designed to meet the needs of a wide range of examinees. Essential aspects of radiation physics, radiobiology, and clinical radiation oncology are well covered. Tumors at different sites are addressed in a series of individual chapters, and further chapters are devoted to lymphomas and total body irradiation, pediatric tumors, and rare tumors and benign diseases. The answer keys provide clear explanations for both the correct answers and incorrect statements.

Head and neck cancers constitute approximately 10% of all cancers [1]. They are named according their location and subsite in the head or neck. Head and neck cancers are essentially seen in older patients (50–70 years), but they can also be seen in children, and they are more common in males than females. Certain types are more frequently observed in certain geographic regions (e.g., nasopharyngeal cancer in Far East Asia). Smoking and alcohol use have a very close association with head and neck cancers. Chewing tobacco and tobacco-like substances also increase the risk of oral cavity cancers [2].

This book, arranged in an MCQ format complemented by oral exam questions, is designed to meet the needs of a wide range of examinees. Essential aspects of radiation physics, radiobiology, and clinical radiation oncology are well covered. Tumors at different sites are addressed in a series of individual chapters, and further chapters are devoted to lymphomas and total body irradiation, pediatric tumors, and rare tumors and benign diseases. The answer keys provide clear explanations for both the correct answers and incorrect statements.

This book, arranged in an MCQ format complemented by oral exam questions, is designed to meet the needs of a wide range of examinees. Essential aspects of radiation physics, radiobiology, and clinical radiation oncology are well covered. Tumors at different sites are addressed in a series of individual chapters, and further chapters are devoted to lymphomas and total body irradiation, pediatric tumors, and rare tumors and benign diseases. The answer keys provide clear explanations for both the correct answers and incorrect statements.

Vertebral hemangiomas are defined as benign proliferation of blood vessels. Vertebral hemangiomas are generally found incidentally by computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging; however, they may also cause pain and quality-of-life impairment in some circumstances with reference to their location and association with the spinal cord. In this study, we assessed the utility of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in the management of patients with painful vertebral hemangioma.Patients receiving IGRT for the management of painful vertebral hemangioma were evaluated. The total dose was 24 Gy delivered in 12 daily fractions. The verbal numeric scale (VNS) was used for the assessment of pain relief. The median follow-up duration was 13 months (range: 6-24 months).Median preradiotherapy VNS score was 8 (range: 6-10) and median postradiotherapy VNS score was 1 (range: 0-2) for the total 135 patients treated with IGRT at our department for painful vertebral hemangioma. Reduction in VNS scores after IGRT was statistically significant (P0.05).Our single-center study revealed that IGRT resulted in substantial relief of pain from vertebral hemangioma. Randomized prospective multicenter trials are needed to shed light on the optimal management of patients suffering from pain due to vertebral hemangioma.

Background Infiltration of the breast by leukemic cells is uncommon but may manifest as an oncological emergency requiring prompt management. Extramedullary relapse of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) within the breast is exceedingly rare and there is paucity of data in the literature regarding this entity. No consensus exists on management of isolated extramedullary breast relapses of T-ALL. Herein, we report a case of isolated extramedullary breast relapse of T-ALL treated with breathing adapted radiation therapy (BART) using the active breathing control (ABC) system. Case summary The patient was a 33-year-old female with diagnosis of T-ALL. She received intensive systemic chemotherapy that resulted in complete remission of her disease, and then underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. After a 15 mo period without symptoms and signs of progression, the patient presented with palpable masses in both breasts. She complained from severe pain and swelling of the breasts. Imaging workup showed bilateral breast lesions, and diagnosis of breast infiltration by leukemic cells was confirmed after immunohistopathological evaluation. The patient suffering from severe pain, discomfort, and swelling of both breasts due to leukemic infiltration was referred to the Radiation Oncology Department for symptomatic palliation. Whole breast irradiation was delivered to both breasts of the patient with BART using the ABC system. The patient had complete resolution of her symptoms after treatment with BART. Conclusion BART with the ABC system resulted in complete resolution of the patient's symptoms due to leukemic infiltration of both breasts with T-ALL. This contemporary treatment technique should be preferred for radiotherapeutic management of patients with leukemic infiltration of the breasts to achieve effective symptomatic palliation.

Aim and Background. Inoperable high-grade gliomas (HGGs) comprise a specific group of brain tumors portending a very poor prognosis. In the absence of surgical management, radiation therapy (RT) offers the primary local treatment modality for inoperable HGGs. Optimal target definition for radiation treatment planning (RTP) of HGGs is a difficult task given the diffusely infiltrative nature of the disease. In this context, detailed multimodality imaging information may add to the accuracy of target definition in HGGs. We evaluated the impact of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) definition for RTP of inoperable HGGs in this study. Materials and Methods. Twenty-five inoperable patients with a clinical diagnosis of HGG were included in the study. GTV definition was based on Computed Tomography- (CT-) simulation images only or both CT-simulation and MR images, and a comparative assessment was performed to investigate the incorporation of MRI into RTP of HGGs. Results. Median volume of GTV acquired by using CT-simulation images only and by use of CT and MR images was 65.3 (39.6-94.3) cc and 76.1 (46.8-108.9) cc, respectively. Incorporation of MRI into GTV definition has resulted in a median increase of 12.61% (6%-19%) in the volume of GTV defined by using the CT-simulation images only, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Incorporation of MRI into RTP of inoperable HGGs may improve GTV definition and may have implications for dose escalation/intensification strategies despite the need for further supporting evidence.

Background and Objective. Colorectal cancer is a major health concern as a very common cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The liver is a very common site of metastatic spread for colorectal cancers, and, while nearly half of the patients develop metastases during the course of their disease, synchronous liver metastases are detected in 15% to 25% of cases. There is no standardized treatment in this setting and no consensus exists on optimal sequencing of multimodality management for rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases. Methods. Herein, we review the use of pelvic radiation therapy (RT) as part of potentially curative or palliative management of rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases. Results. There is accumulating evidence on the utility of pelvic RT for facilitating subsequent surgery, improving local tumor control, and achieving palliation of symptoms in patients with stage IV rectal cancer. Introduction of superior imaging capabilities and contemporary RT approaches such as Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) offer improved precision and toxicity profile of radiation delivery in the modern era. Conclusion. Even in the setting of stage IV rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases, there may be potential for extended survival and cure by aggressive management of primary tumor and metastases in selected patients. Despite lack of consensus on sequencing of treatment modalities, pelvic RT may serve as a critical component of multidisciplinary management. Resectability of primary rectal tumor and liver metastases, patient preferences, comorbidities, symptomatology, and logistical issues should be thoroughly considered in decision making for optimal management of patients.

Background and Objective: Although accounting for a relatively small proportion of all lung cancers, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains to be a global health concern with grim prognosis. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a central role in SCLC management either as a curative or palliative therapeutic strategy. There has been considerable progress in RT of SCLC, thanks to improved imaging techniques leading to accurate target localization for precise delivery of RT. Positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly used in oncology practice as a non-invasive molecular imaging modality. Methods: Herein, we review the utility of molecular imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-Dglucose PET (18F-FDG PET) for SCLC from a radiation oncology perspective. Results: There has been extensive research on the utility of PET for SCLC in terms of improved staging, restaging, treatment designation, patient selection for curative/palliative intent, target localization, response assessment, detection of residual/recurrent disease, and prediction of treatment outcomes. Conclusion: PET provides useful functional information as a non-invasive molecular imaging modality and may be exploited to improve the management of patients with SCLC. Incorporation of PET/CT in staging of patients with SCLC may aid in optimal treatment allocation for an improved therapeutic ratio. From a radiation oncology perspective, combination of functional and anatomical data provided by integrated PET/CT improves discrimination between atelectasis and tumor, and assists in the designation of RT portals with its high accuracy to detect intrathoracic tumor and nodal disease. Utility of molecular imaging for SCLC should be further investigated in prospective randomized trials to acquire a higher level of evidence for future potential applications of PET.

The aim of our study is to assess the dose enhancement from scattered radiation due to dental restorative materials used for occlusal and mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavity filling during simulated head and neck radiotherapy.We have studied the dose enhancement ratio (DER) of conventional amalgam, high-copper amalgam, and resin composite dental restorative materials at cadaver mandible teeth using 2 therapeutic photon energies of 1.25 MeV (Co-60 gamma ray) and 6 MV (Linac X-ray) for irradiation.DER values at buccal position for Co-60 and 6 MV X-ray were 1.250 ± 0.013 and 1.151 ± 0.012, respectively. For dental cavity fillings, DER values for 6 MV X-ray were 1.065 ± 0.021, 1.100 ± 0.014, and 1.162 ± 0.016 for resin composite filling, low-copper amalgam filling, and high-copper amalgam filling, respectively. Our results revealed that DER regarding irradiation energy was minimum for 6 MV X-rays. With respect to dental restorative filling material, DER was minimum for resin composite filling. Regarding the cavity type, our results with standard deviation (SD) calculations revealed that DER was slightly but not significantly different for both Co-60 gamma ray (1.25 MeV) and 6 MV X-ray energies for both occlusal and MOD cavities.Our dosimetric results for a single beam geometry suggest that, among the three types of filling, resin composite filling is an ideal restorative filling material with minimal morbidity-inducing radiation dose enhancement that may result in increased osteoradionecrosis and secondary caries risk. There is a need for further dosimetric studies with actual clinical beam arrangements.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) refers to a group of highly malignant tumors consisting of small round...

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare subtype of soft tissue sarcoma originating from the cells of peripheral nerve sheaths, and a relatively poor prognosis may be associated with MPNST due to the risk of recurrence and metastasis...

Liposarcomas constitute a considerable proportion of soft tissue sarcomas [1]. Among the various subtypes of liposarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma...