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In the growing field of biotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal force of innovation, unveiling a new era of discovery and advancement. The convergence of AI with biotechnology has revolutionized the landscape of scientific research and development. The dynamic interplay between AI and biotechnology highlights the transformative power of AI techniques in accelerating advancements in drug discovery, development, personalized medicine, biomolecular engineering, bioprocessing, CRISPR technology, genome editing, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomic, and AI-enabled robotics in biotechnology. This integration of AI with biotechnology helps us combat global challenges and offers environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions like bioremediation, bioplastics, biodiesel, and biofiltration. Current examples of these problems include waste management, air pollution, healthcare, clean water, energy access, sustainable practices, conservation of biodiversity, and ecosystems. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis, drawing on current literature, case studies, and emerging trends, to highlight the transformative potential of AI in reshaping the biotechnological landscape. It also addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with this AI-powered transformation, discussing future directions, ethical considerations, and the need for human-AI collaboration to ensure responsible and sustainable progress for a brighter future.

ملخص بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صورة المرأة والطفل في الرواية العربية يشكل النساء والاطفال حوالي ثمانين بالمائة من سكان العالم، و يروي أيضا أن النساء والأطفال يحتلون مساحة كبيرة لوجودهم، ويسهمون بجهود كبيرة في تحسين اوضاع البشرية في جميع جوانب الحياة، فبطبيتهن، النساء هن معلمات ومربيات لذويهن، ومهتمات بجميع البشرالذين يعيشون حولهن. يترك النساء والاطفال تاثيراً كبيراً بسبب رعايتهم وحبهم، وبراءتهم في الحياة. وذلك فهم محور رئيسي في الروايات والقصص، وفي أصناف الادب الاخري. ولكن سنناقش هنا صورة المراة والأطفال في الروايات العربية. يقال بالحقيقة ان الروايات هي أفضل وسيلة لنقل العادات، والتقاليد والثقافة والحضارة من جيل إلي جيل أخر. لقد أثبت الكتاب قدرة وأهمية الروايات، وأعطوا المراة والأطفال دوراً ايجابياً كبيراً في ترويض هذه الشخصية القاسية والخامة الي عالم من العاطفة والحب و المشاعر الروحية الواسعة والسامية. إن رغبتي هي التعليق علي هذه الموضوع المتعلق بالحب، مع التركيزعلي التاثيرات الثورية والواقعية والمحبة الرمزية، والحب المراة والاطفال.

The urban environment of every city of Pakistan has been degraded because of open dumping and burning of organic wastes along with other wastes. The focus of this study was to evaluate the fruit and vegetable wastes for methane generation through biomethanation process. After collection, various parameters such as alkalinity, volatile fatty acids, pH, lignin content, moisture content, total solids, volatile solids, fixed carbon, and elements (C, H, N, O, S) of waste samples were determined by using standard methodology. Anaerobic biodegradability of fruit and vegetable wastes was observed from 54 to 77% and from 59 to 87% along with their methane generation potential in the range of 258-367 NmL /gmVS and 274-407 NmL/gmVS, respectively. Further, the effect of feedstock to inoculum ratio was studied. The result of that showed that lower methane potential at a higher ratio and vice versa was observed. It was concluded that at a lower feedstock to inoculum ratio, fruit as well as vegetable wastes become more feasible for the biomethanation process. The study recommends that the conversion of fruit and vegetable wastes into methane gas by anaerobic digestion plays a significant role to save urban environment of the country.

Various oximes of arylfurfural were found to eliminate an OH radical and dimerize during their mass spectral fragmentaion. A tentative fragmentation pattern is presented.

Dewasa ini, kualitas air sungai, salah satu sumber air penting, semakin terancam oleh pencemaran akibat berbagai aktivitas industri, termasuk industri tempe. Industri tempe adalah industri yang umum di Indonesia dan menggunakan air dalam berbagai tahap produksinya. Namun, limbah cair dari industri tempe sering mengandung polutan berbahaya, meliputi COD, BOD, dan TSS, yang seringkali dibuang tanpa pengolahan yang memadai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengkaji efektivitas karbon aktif yang berasal dari ampas bubuk kopi sebagai adsorben terhadap penurunan kadar COD dan TSS di dalam limbah cair industri tempe. Penelitian ini juga mencakup analisis kualitas karbon aktif ampas bubuk kopi dan penentuan dosis optimum karbon aktif. Dalam uji kualitas karbon aktif, karbon aktif ampas bubuk kopi memenuhi syarat dalam hal kadar air dan daya serap terhadap iodin, meskipun kadar abunya melebihi batas baku mutu. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa dosis optimum karbon aktif adalah 8 gr/250 ml dengan waktu kontak selama 40 menit. Dalam penurunan kadar COD, karbon aktif ampas bubuk kopi mampu mengurangi kadar sebesar 60%, sementara penurunan kadar TSS mencapai 78%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan karbon aktif ampas bubuk kopi adalah alternatif yang efektif, ekonomis, dan ramah lingkungan dalam mengatasi masalah pencemaran limbah tempe.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes are considered as crucial targets for the treatment of AD. Herein, a series of heteroaryl substituted imidazole derivatives (5a-5x) was prepared using amino acid catalyzed, one-pot facile synthetic approach. In this context, the catalytic potentials of different amino acids were investigated and 15 mol% of glutamic acid was identified as the most suitable catalyst to obtain the target products in good yields up to 90 %. These structurally exciting heterocyclic hybrids were screened against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. This series displayed moderate to excellent inhibitory potential against AChE with IC50 values > 25 µM and the most active compound was 3-(4-(1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)–2H-chromen-2-one (5x) with IC50 value of 25.83 ± 0.25 µM.This inhibitory potential was attributed to hydrophobicity as the major contributory factor. The most potent compound against BChE was 1,3-diphenyl-4-(1,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (5a) with IC50 value of 0.35 ± 0.02 µM followed by other potent compounds 5p, 5 m, 5x, 5b, 5c, 5e and 5f with IC50 values

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system characterized by persistent hyperglycemia appears due to the deficiency or ineffective use of insulin. The glucose level of diabetic patients increases after every meal and medically recommended drugs are used to control hyperglycemia. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are used as antidiabetic medicine to delay the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates. Acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are commercial drugs but patients suffer side effects of flatulence, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of hunger. To explore a new antidiabetic drug, a series of benzotriazinone carboxamides was synthesized and their alpha-glucosidase inhibition potentials were measured using in vitro experiments. The compounds 14k and 14l were found to be strong inhibitors compared to the standard drug acarbose with IC50 values of 27.13 ± 0.12 and 32.14 ± 0.11 μM, respectively. In silico study of 14k and 14l was carried out using molecular docking to identify the type of interactions developed between these compounds and enzyme sites. Both potent compounds 14k and 14l exhibited effective docking scores by making their interactions with selected amino acid residues. Chemical hardness and orbital energy gap values were investigated using DFT studies and results depicted affinity of 14k and 14l towards biological molecules. All computational findings were found to be in good agreement with in vitro results.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the pancreas secretes insulin but the body cells do not recognize it. As a result, carbohydrate metabolism causes hyperglycemia, which may be fatal for various organs. This disease is increasing day by day and it is prevalent among people of all ages, including young adults and children. Acarbose and miglitol are famous alpha-glucosidase inhibitors but they complicate patients with the problems of flatulence, pain, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to discover new anti-diabetic drugs with minimal side effects. For this purpose, benzotriazinone sulfonamides were synthesized and their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibition studies of all synthesized hybrids were conducted using the spectrophotometric method. The synthesized compounds revealed moderate-to-good inhibition activity; in particular, nitro derivatives 12e and 12f were found to be the most effective inhibitors against this enzyme, with IC50 values of 32.37 ± 0.15 µM and 37.75 ± 0.11 µM. In silico studies, including molecular docking as well as DFT analysis, also strengthened the experimental findings. Both leading compounds 12e and 12f showed strong hydrogen bonding interactions within the enzyme cavity. DFT studies also reinforced the strong binding interactions of these derivatives with biological molecules due to their lowest chemical hardness values and lowest orbital energy gap values.

Background: Azad Kashmir, Pakistan is potentially dangerous area for earthquake disasters. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of health care workers (HCW’s) in this region is essential to prevent spread of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in case of disaster. Methodology: This descriptive observational prospective study was carried out to assess the HCW’s KAP regarding HBV and HCV in major hospitals of Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. A validated study questionnaire was distributed among 320 HCW’s of Combined Military Hospital (CMH) and Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Muzaffarabad, to assess KAP of HCW’s regarding HBV and HCV. All HCW’s of CMH and AIMS, Muzaffarabad were included in the study. While, HCW’s of these hospitals with HBV and HCV infection were excluded from the study. Analysis was done in Microsoft Excel and Graphs were generated for KAP of health care workers. Results: In knowledge component all health care workers know about parenteral transmission of Hepatitis B & C (100%) but their knowledge regarding non-parenteral transmission is incorrect (65.62% and 31.2%). Knowledge about prevention status after Hepatitis B vaccine is also incomplete (40.62%). Hepatitis B & C related attitude in health care workers is acceptable. Overall practice regarding Hepatitis B & C spread is acceptable but half of the health care workers have knowledge regarding use of immunoglobulins after Hepatitis B & C infection and regarding continuity of work after accidental exposure to Hepatitis B or C (43.75% and 28.12%). Conclusion: Our study found gaps in KAP of HCW’s. The shortcomings found in KAP of HCW’s needs to be addressed through regular educational programs in order to prevent the spread of HBV and HCV in the studied.

A series of new tetrasubstituted imidazoles 2-phenyl-3-(1, 4, 5-triphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indole derivatives substituted with –F, Cl, Br, I,-OCH3 and -NHCOCH3 were synthesized using a multicomponent reaction. The compounds were obtained in good yields by easy workup and with high purity

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a novel lanthanum compound, La(XT), in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. Methods: Twenty-four ovariectomized female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups receiving a research diet with/without treatment compounds (alendronate: 3 mg/kg; La(XT) 100 mg/kg) for three months. At the time of sacrifice, the kidney, liver, brain, lung and spleen were collected for histological examination. The trabecular bone structure of the tibiae was evaluated using micro-CT and a three-point metaphyseal mechanical test was used to evaluate bone failure load and stiffness. Results: No significant differences were noted in plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) between the La(XT) treatment compared to the non-treated OVX group. Alendronate-treated animals (positive control) showed higher BV/TV, Tb.N and lower Tb.Th and Tb.Sp when compared to the non-treated OVX group. Mechanical analysis indicated that stiffness was higher in the alendronate (32.88%, p = 0.04) when compared to the non-treated OVX group. Failure load did not differ among the groups. Conclusions: No kidney or liver toxicities of La(XT) treatments were found during the three-month study. The absence of liver and kidney toxicity with drug treatment for 3 months, as well as the increased trabecular bone stiffness are encouraging for the pursuit of further studies with La(XT) for a longer duration of time.

The Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) profoundly affects human health, agriculture, eco-system, and socioeconomic systems. In this study, we analyzed past and future changes in DTR using gridded Climate Research Unit (CRU) datasets for the years 1950–2020 and an ensemble means of thirteen bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) scenarios for the rest of the 21st century over the southern slope of Central Himalaya, Nepal. Furthermore, the potential drivers (precipitation and cloud cover) of seasonal and annual DTR were studied using correlation analysis. This study found that the DTR trends generally declined; the highest decrease was observed in the pre-monsoon and winter at a rate of 0.09 °C/decade (p ≤ 0.01). As expected, DTR demonstrated a significant negative correlation with cloudiness and precipitation in all four seasons. Further, the decreased DTR was weakly related to the Sea Surface Temperature variation (SST) in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. We found that the projected DTR changes in the future varied from a marginal increase under the SSP1-2.6 (only pre-monsoon) scenario to continued significant decreases under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5. Insights based on retrospective and prospective evaluation help to understand the long-term evolution of diurnal temperature variations.

Precipitation is the most important variable in the climate system and the dominant driver of land surface hydrologic conditions. Rain gauge measurement provides precipitation estimates on the ground surface; however, these measurements are sparse, especially in the high-elevation areas of Nepal. Reanalysis datasets are the potential alternative for precipitation measurement, although it must be evaluated and validated before use. This study evaluates the performance of second-generation Modern-ERA Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) datasets with the 141-gauge observations from Nepal between 2000 and 2018 on monthly, seasonal, and annual timescales. Different statistical measures based on the Correlation Coefficient (R), Mean Bias (MB), Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) were adopted to determine the performance of both MERRA-2 datasets. The results revealed that gauge calibrated (MERRA-C) underestimated, whereas model-only (MERRA-NC) overestimated the observed seasonal cycle of precipitation. However, both datasets were able to reproduce seasonal precipitation cycle with a high correlation (R ≥ 0.95), as revealed by observation. MERRA-C datasets showed a more consistent spatial performance (higher R-value) to the observed datasets than MERRA-NC, while MERRA-NC is more reasonable to estimate precipitation amount (lower MB) across the country. Both MERRA-2 datasets performed better in winter, post-monsoon, and pre-monsoon than in summer monsoon. Moreover, MERRA-NC overestimated the observed precipitation in mid and high-elevation areas, whereas MERRA-C severely underestimated at most of the stations throughout all seasons. Among both datasets, MERRA-C was only able to reproduce the observed elevation dependency pattern. Furthermore, uncertainties in MERRA-2 precipitation products mentioned above are still worthy of attention by data developers and users.

Redistribution of anions and cations creates an electrical imbalance in ice grown from electrolyte solutions. Movement of acidic and basic ions in cooling solutions can permanently change the pH of frozen and unfrozen parts of the system, largely. The extent of pH change associated with freezing is determined by solute concentration and the extent of cooling. In the present work, redistribution of hydrogen, hydroxyl, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions was studied during directional freezing in batch aqueous systems. Controlled freezing was employed vertically as well as radially in acidic and basic solutions. In each case, the ions substantially migrated along with moving freezing front. Conductometry and pH-metry were employed to monitor the moving ions. Besides, some other experiments were carried out with molecular gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and chlorine and an azeotropic mixture like water–ethanol. Findings can be used to understand possible changes that can occur in preserving materials by freezing.

In the title salt, C6H6Cl2N+·C8H5O4−, the carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups of the anion form dihedral angles of 20.79 (19) and 74.76 (14)°, respectively, with the plane of the benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules are assembled into a two-dimensional polymeric network parallel to (100) via N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds. In addition, within the layer, there are π–π stacking interactions between the benzene rings of the cation and the anion [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6794 (17) Å]. A weak C—H...O interaction is also observed.

In the title compound, C15H14ClNO, which is isostructural with its bromo analogue [Tahir et al. (2012). Acta Cryst., E68, o2730], the dihedral angle between the planes of the aromatic rings is 2.71 (7)° and an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond closes an S(6) ring. In the crystal, extremely weak C—H...π interactions link the molecules into a three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, C20H16N2O3, the phenyl substituent attached to the pyrazole ring makes a dihedral angle of 4.87 (7)° with the rest of the molecule. In the crystal, molecules are connected into inversion dimers of the R22(14) type by pairs of C—H...O interactions. π–π interactions exist between the benzene and pyrazole rings at a distance of 3.701 (1) Å. Similarly, π–π interactions are present at a centroid–centroid distance of 3.601 (1) Å between the oxygen-containing heterocyclic ring and methoxy substituted aromatic ring of a neighbouring molecule. Additional C—H...π and C=O...π interactions are also observed.

In the title compound, C16H15NO2, the 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one and 3,4-dimethylaniline fragments are oriented with a dihedral angle of 89.12 (5)°. N—H...O hydrogen-bond interactions join molecules into C(6) chains propagating along the a axis. In addition, there are π–π stacking interactions between the 2-benzofuranone benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7870 (13) Å] and C—H...π interactions between one of the methyl groups and the 3,4-dimethylaniline benzene ring.

In the title compound, C23H18N2O2, the pyrazole ring subtends dihedral angles of 2.01 (13) and 1.55 (10)° with the pendant benzene ring and the naphthalene ring system, respectively. The molecule is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the 27 non-H atoms = 0.025 Å) and intramolecular O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds both close S(6) loops. In the crystal, very weak aromatic π–π stacking interactions between the benzene and the pyrazole rings, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.8913 (14) and 3.9285 (15) Å, are observed.

In the title compound, C19H15ClN2O2, the pyrazole ring is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.002 Å) and subtends dihedral angles of 5.31 (16) and 1.86 (16)° with the phenyl and chlorobenzene rings, respectively. An intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond closes an S(6) ring and a short C—H...O contact is also observed. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O interactions to generate (001) sheets. Weak aromatic π–π interactions between the chlorobenzene and pyrazole rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7956 (17) Å are also observed.

In the the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H15ClN2O2, there are two symmetry-independent molecules, which adopt similar conformations. The largest difference is observed in the dihedral angles between the phenyl and the pyrazole fragments [17.00 (12) and 23.42 (10)°]. A strong intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond with the S (6) motif is observed in both molecules. Pairs of π–π stacking interactions between the phenyl groups [centroid–centroid distances = 3.6627 (13) and 3.7156 (14) Å] assemble the molecules into two types of centrosymmetric dimers. Weak C—H...O interactions connect molecules into chains along the b axis.

In the title zwitterionic compound, C20H15N3O3S2, the 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carbaldehyde group A, the anilinic unit B and the 1,3-thiazol-2(3H)-imine group C are each approximately planar with r.m.s. deviation of 0.0721, 0.0412 and 0.0125 Å, respectively. The dihedral angles between A/B, A/C and B/C are 24.70 (10), 79.97 (7) and 83.14 (6)°, respectively. There is an intramolecular S(6) motif involving the imine N—H and the naphtholate O atom. In the crystal, inversion-related molecules form dimers as a result of N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds with R22(8) and R12(4) motifs, respectively. Weak π–π interactions between the benzene and naphthyl rings of inversion-related molecules have ring centroid–centroid distances of 3.638 (2) and 4.041 (2) Å. A C—H...π interaction occurs between the thiazol ring and the benzene ring of an adjacent molecule.

A series of coumarins have been prepared by the Pechmann reaction of different phenols with ethyl acetoactate as well as malic acid using catalytic amount of sulfuric acid under microwave irradiation for few seconds. Keywords: Pechman reaction, Coumarins, Microwave irradiation

In the title compound, C16H22Cl2N2O2, the substituted piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation with both substituents in equatorial positions. In the crystal, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect molecules into ribbons along the a-axis direction.

In the title molecule, C9H6Cl2N2S, the mean planes of the benzene and thiazole rings make a dihedral angle of 54.18 (8)°. In the crystal, molecules are joined into dimers with an R22(8) ring motif by pairs of N—H...N hydrogen bonds. These dimers are linked by C—H...Cl interactions into layers parallel to (011). The thiazole rings form columns along the c-axis direction, with a centroid–centroid separation of 3.8581 (9) Å, indicating π–π interactions. An intramolecular C—H...S contact also occurs.

In the title compound, C12H14N2S, the dihedral angle between the 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and 1,3-thiazol-2-amine groups is 73.15 (4)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...N hydrogen bonds generate R22(8) loops.

In the title compound, C15H14O2S, the three fused rings are roughly coplanar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.1285 (13) Å for the S atom. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates an S6 ring. In the crystal, intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds form R22(14), R22(13) and R32(17) ring motifs, building a layer parallel to (100).

In the title compound, C17H16N2O2S, the pyrazinone ring is non-planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.1595 Å), with maximum deviations for the 4-position N atom and the adjacent non-fused-ring C atom of 0.2557 (15) and −0.2118 (16) Å, respectively. The dihedral angle between the benzyl ring and pyrazinone rings is 30.45 (18)°. Intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions forms inversion dimers which lead to eight-membered R22(8) ring motifs. The dimers are further connected by C—H...O interactions.

In the title compound, C13H14N2O3, the fused ring system is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.015 Å). The r.m.s. deviation for all the non-H atoms of the molecule is 0.065Å. In the crystal, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds generate polymeric chains along the b axis containing alternating centrsymmetric R22(8) and R22(20) loops.

The phenyl ring of the title compound, C12H10N4S, a purine derivative, is oriented at a dihedral angle of 76.65 (6)° with respect to the purine ring system. An intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds stabilizes the crystal structure.

The title molecule, C8H6BrN, is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.008 Å). In the crystal, weak π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid separations = 3.782 (2) and 3.919 (2) Å] generate [100] columns of molecules.

In the title compound, C18H19N3O2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 20.47 (10)° and an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs, generating an S(5) ring. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds lead to R22(8) loops.

The title compound, C20H18N2O4, is a chalcone derivative of pyrazole. The pyrazole ring is inclined at a dihedral angle of 19.29 (12)° to the methoxyphenyl ring mean plane, and by 1.19 (13)° to the phenyl ring. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond, making an almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0243 Å) six membered ring.