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We propose a compact mode-coupled polarization splitter-rotator (PSR) based on the lithium niobate-on-insulator platform. The PSR is composed of an asymmetric directional coupler, a taper, and an S-bend. Cross-polarization mode coupling is achieved using a ridge waveguide and air cladding to break the symmetry of the waveguide cross section with a length of only 61 μm. Simulation results show that the insertion losses of this device in the 1500–1600 nm range are less than 1.85 and 0.31 dB for TM0 and TE0 modes, respectively, and the extinction ratios are more than 22.5 and 22.7 dB, respectively. In addition, the PSR exhibits a polarization conversion efficiency of 99.97% at 1550 nm. The proposed PSR has great potential for applications in polarization-division multiplexing transmitters and on-chip polarization controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metasurface has the ability to flexibly modulate the wavefront and detect the polarization states, thus receiving widespread research attention. The combination of polarization multiplexing techniques and focused beams with polarization information provides a new approach to compact polarization detection behavior. Here, an all-dielectric metasurface based on polarization multiplexing encoding technique is demonstrated and assigns the independent phase distributions to x- and y-polarized channels to separate different polarized components. Combining Stokes parameters and visualized polarization ellipses, realizing one-to-one mapping of the incident polarization states with far-field images. We obtain the Poincaré sphere and visualized polarization ellipses based on Stokes parameters to verify the polarization detection ability of the designed metasurface. The proposed scheme is expected to provide potential applications in fields such as full-Stokes polarization detection, high-resolution imaging, and terahertz communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments have deployed focal planes with O(104) transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers cooled to sub-Kelvin temperatures by multiplexing the readout of many TES channels onto a single pair of wires. Digital Frequency-domain Multiplexing (DfMux) is a multiplexing technique used in many CMB polarization experiments, such as the Simons Array, SPT-3 G, and EBEX. The DfMux system studied here uses LC filters with resonant frequencies ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 MHz connected to an array of TESs. Each detector has an amplitude-modulated carrier tone at the resonant frequency of its accompanying LC resonator. The signal is recovered via quadrature demodulation where the in-phase (I) component of the demodulated current is in phase with the complex admittance of the circuit and the quadrature (Q) component is orthogonal to I. Observed excess current noise in the Q component is consistent with fluctuations in the resonant frequency. This noise has been shown to be non-orthogonal to the phase of the detector's responsivity. We present a detailed analysis of the phase of responsivity of the TES and noise sources in our DfMux readout system. Further, we investigate how modifications to the TES operating resistance and bias frequency can affect the phase of noise relative to the phase of the detector responsivity, using data from Simons Array to evaluate our predictions. We find that both the phase of responsivity and phase of noise are functions of the two tuning parameters, which can be purposefully selected to maximize signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio.

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing/demultiplexing technology is crucial in increasing the data transmission rate for acoustic communication. However, the existing acoustic OAM multiplexing/demultiplexing is still limited to eight channels, and its combination with other communication techniques has not been verified experimentally. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the demultiplexing of up to 40 data channels using OAM multiplexing combined with wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). The proposed demultiplexing method is improved from the virtual rotating receiver method used to detect the rotational Doppler effect of the OAM waves by a static array of microphones. The improved method has overcome the challenges of insufficient response, cross-talk, and signal aliasing, which often hinder the existing demultiplexing methods in the low-frequency region. The proposed demultiplexing method can be used to quickly decode the massive information concealed in a large number of acoustic OAM-WDM channels. Our work also shows practical prospects in underwater communication applications, especially in long-range communication using acoustic waves at low frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a novel 10-bit 2GS/s time-interleaved digital-to-analog converter (TI-DAC). The presented TI-DAC benefits from a combination of two 1 GHz hybrid sub-DACs and bootstrapped switches to multiplex the output voltage of each sub-DAC. In the presented TI-DAC, the dynamic non-idealities of each sub-DAC do not propagate to the main DAC output, making the design of each sub-DAC simpler. Also, using hybrid sub-DACs lead to a considerable reduction in the occupied area and power consumption. Besides, a new glitch neutralizer in the unit current cells is proposed to improve the DAC linearity. The design and post-layout simulations of this TI-DAC are carried out using Cadence Virtuoso tools in 65 nm CMOS technology. The achieved integral non-linearity and differential non-linearity parameters are better than 0.8 least significant bit (LSB) and 0.2 LSB, respectively. The proposed TI-DAC consumes 18.2 mW from a supply voltage of 1.2 V. Additionally, the spurious-free dynamic range of above 59 dB across the entire Nyquist band for the designed 2GS/s TI-DAC is achieved, considering only 0.034 mm2 of area occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the performance of multi‐echo (ME) and time‐division multiplexing (TDM) sequences for accelerated relaxation‐diffusion MRI (rdMRI) acquisition and to examine their reliability in estimating accurate rdMRI microstructure measures. Method: The ME, TDM, and the reference single‐echo (SE) sequences with six TEs were implemented using Pulseq with single‐band (SB) and multi‐band 2 (MB2) acceleration factors. On a diffusion phantom, the image intensities of the three sequences were compared, and the differences were quantified using the normalized RMS error (NRMSE). Shinnar–Le Roux (SLR) pulses were implemented for the SB‐ME and SB‐SE sequences to investigate the impact of slice profiles on ME sequences. For the in‐vivo brain scan, besides the image intensity comparison and T2‐estimates, different methods were used to assess sequence‐related effects on microstructure estimation, including the relaxation diffusion imaging moment (REDIM) and the maximum‐entropy relaxation diffusion distribution (MaxEnt‐RDD). Results: TDM performance was similar to the gold standard SE acquisition, whereas ME showed greater biases (3–4× larger NRMSEs for phantom, 2× for in‐vivo). T2 values obtained from TDM closely matched SE, whereas ME sequences underestimated the T2 relaxation time. TDM provided similar diffusion and relaxation parameters as SE using REDIM, whereas SB‐ME exhibited a 60% larger bias in the map and on average 3.5× larger bias in the covariance between relaxation‐diffusion coefficients. Conclusion: Our analysis demonstrates that TDM provides a more accurate estimation of relaxation‐diffusion measurements while accelerating the acquisitions by a factor of 2 to 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wireless electrochemiluminescence (ECL) device employing the wireless reverse charging function or on-the-go (OTG) USB transmission function of smartphones is designed. It was coupled with a multi-channel single-electrode electrochemical system based on the resistance-induced potential difference for multiple ECL analyses using a smartphone as the detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐demand manipulation of light emissions is crucial for a variety of practical applications, including bio‐imaging and optical display, etc. Within this realm, the invention of metasurfaces provides powerful light–matter interaction capabilities for the control of multitudinous emission parameters. However, due to the omnidirectional, random, and incoherent nature of photoluminescence (PL) emission, the multiplexing modulation of PL remains a challenge and is rarely realized. Here, a direction‐decoupled light‐emitting metasurface (LEM) is originally demonstrated to display dual‐channel independent incoherent‐emission images based on guided‐PL manipulation. Utilizing the wavevector differences of guided‐PL between opposite pumping directions, the LEM is designed to enable selective unidirectional emission, thereby decoupling the directional freedom for PL multiplexing and realizing dual meta‐display. Besides, the direction‐multiplexed LEM can be integrated simultaneously with pumping‐light holography for multi‐dimensional meta‐display. Such programmable unidirectional emission manipulation and direction‐multiplexed PL meta‐display approaches promise light‐emitting techniques and can potentially find applications in multiplexing display, optical storage and encryption, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and diverse manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in half space (reflection or transmission) has facilitated strong aspiration toward full-space wave control. However, it remains challenging to achieve independent amplitude and phase control, which seriously hinder the real-world applications. Herein, an innovative strategy of trifunctional metasurface is proposed to independently and simultaneously manipulate the amplitude and phase of circular polarized waves in full space. The multifunctional design is composed of double-layer anisotropic metasurface sandwiched with a bandpass frequency selective surface, with a frequency-direction multiplexed paradigm for on-demand control of both amplitude and phase across three independent channels. To validate the concept, a multifunctional metadevice is designed and verified by simulations and experiments, showcasing arbitrary near-field and far-field power modulation in full space. Lateral and axial bifocal metalenses with desired intensity distribution are designed in two reflection channels at 9 GHz, while multibeam generator with desired spatial scatterings and power allocations is designed in transmissive channel at 13 GHz. The finding paves the way for attaining multifunctional metadevices with amplitude and phase modulation in full space, which have potential applications in high-quality imaging and high-capacity communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and flow cytometry studies in skin are methodologically complex and costly, limiting their accessibility to researchers worldwide. Ideally, RNA and protein-based analyses should be performed on the same lesion to obtain more comprehensive data. However, current protocols generally focus on either scRNAseq or flow cytometry of healthy skin. Methods: We present a novel label-free sample multiplexing strategy, building on the souporcell algorithm, which enables scRNAseq analysis of paired blood and skin samples. Additionally, we provide detailed instructions for simultaneous flow cytometry analysis from the same sample, with necessary adaptations for both healthy and inflamed skin specimens. Results: This tissue multiplexing strategy mitigates technical batch effects and reduces costs by 2-4 times compared to existing protocols. We also demonstrate the effects of varying enzymatic incubation durations (1, 3, and 16 hours, with and without enzyme P) on flow cytometry outcomes. Comprehensive explanations of bioinformatic demultiplexing steps and a detailed step-by-step protocol of the entire experimental procedure are included. Discussion: The protocol outlined in this article will make scRNAseq and flow cytometry analysis of skin samples more accessible to researchers, especially those new to these techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is a best-in-class molecular biology technique for the accurate and precise quantification of nucleic acids. The recent maturation of dPCR technology allows the quantification of up to thousands of targeted nucleic acids per instrument per day. A key step in the dPCR data analysis workflow is the classification of partitions into two classes based on their partition intensities: partitions either containing or lacking target nucleic acids of interest. Much effort has been invested in the design and tailoring of automated dPCR partition classification procedures, and such procedures will be increasingly important as the technology ventures into high-throughput applications. However, automated partition classification is not fail-safe, and evaluation of its accuracy is highly advised. This accuracy evaluation is a manual endeavor and is becoming a bottleneck for high-throughput dPCR applications. Here, we introduce dipcensR , the first data-analysis procedure that automates the assessment of any linear partition classifier's partition classification accuracy, offering potentially substantial efficiency gains. dipcensR is based on a robustness evaluation of said partition classification and flags classifications with low robustness as needing review. Additionally, dipcensR 's robustness analysis underpins (optional) automatic optimization of partition classification to achieve maximal robustness. A freely available R implementation supports dipcensR 's use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave illusion, which can generate the scattering field of objects that don't exist to deceive the detecting devices, is an important and advanced technology in modern science. The conventional illusion device is limited by the narrow working band, non‐flat structure, or single functionality, which is inconvenient for electromagnetic integration. The newly multiplexing metasurfaces provide an effective method to achieve microwave illusion due to their excellent ability in wavefront tailoring. Here, a dual‐band microwave illusion enabled by multiplexing metasurface is proposed, and such a device can simulate two independent scattering fields of real objects at two separate frequencies by recording the near‐ and far‐field information. As a proof of concept, a meta‐illusion, realizing the electromagnetic information of the scaled‐down Sydney Opera House and Pyramid, is designed and fabricated. Microwave experiments are performed to demonstrate the predicted effects. The results show high correlation properties in both near‐ and far‐field characterizations, which is 83%, 80%, and 91%, 80% at two operating frequencies, respectively, verifying the high performance of the meta‐illusion. The findings may motivate the realizations of high‐performance meta‐illusions in other frequency domains and meta‐devices with complex functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidirectional asymmetric transmission (BAT) meta‐devices have attracted widespread attention as an emerging display, encryption, and information storage platform. Generally, the multiplexing capability of BAT meta‐devices determines the upper limit of the loading capacity of multi‐task integrated systems. However, existing BAT meta‐devices still depend on structural properties and the arrangement of meta‐atoms, limiting the number of manipulated channels, operating frequency, and polarization combinations. Herein, a universal BAT meta‐device, enabling bidirectional eight‐phase‐channel asymmetric transmission, composed of bilayer spatially cascaded birefringent metasurfaces (BMs) is proposed to allow for arbitrary polarization combination via the inverse design method and validated in the microwave region. In addition, the polarization multiplexing capabilities of BAT meta‐devices are further extended via a Lego‐like physical mechanism. The proposed design strategy may facilitate BAT meta‐devices functional innovation and advanced application deployment in holographic images, duplex communication, and secret‐key‐sharing data encryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dense coding (QDC) provides great potential for high‐capacity quantum communication. However, it is highly demanded for practical applications to realize high‐capacity QDC with multiple coded information. Here, a high‐capacity QDC with multiple streams is reported in different channels simultaneously through frequency‐division multiplexing (FDM). The broadband entangled state is generated from a pair of degenerate optic al parametric amplifiers with short cavity lengths. Based on the resultant broadband entanglement, multiple pieces of information coded using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) are transferred with the FDM method. As an experimental demonstration, four pieces of information composed of pseudo‐random numbers are transmitted at a rate of 4 Mbit s–1 using BPSK encoding. The decoded bit error rate reaches 10−3$ 10^{-3}$, which is an average 35‐fold improvement compared with the classical scheme. Furthermore, it is possible to make full use of sideband resource for four different information by using orthogonal FDM. This scheme can be extended to more different information by directly increasing the FDM sideband subchannels, and opens an avenue to construct high‐capacity quantum communication, while minimizing the cost of quantum resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the performance of the communication link between a ground station and the satellites of a LEO constellation, employing code division multiplexing and a non-linear high-power amplifier. The analysis shows that the input power selection at the high-power amplifier of the ground station has a significant impact on overall system performance. The results concerning output power, the challenge of adjusting the back-off with a continuously changing number of satellites, and improved energy efficiency suggest operating in saturation. In this scenario, we can choose to transmit directly the sign of the sum of the signals directed to individual satellites. Analytical exact and simplified results are derived, enabling the estimation of performance as a function of the number of satellites being served when the amplifier operates at saturation. These analytic results are further validated through simulations. A formula to compute the loss across different numbers of satellites is also presented. The performance under saturated amplifier conditions is evaluated, compared, and discussed, providing valuable insights for simplifying the design and operation of satellite uplink communication systems under power amplifier constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Janus metasurfaces, offering versatile light manipulation contingent on incident direction, are explored across microwave to mid‐infrared spectra. Nonetheless, prior designs often resort to spatial multiplexing or vertical stacking, entailing complex fabrication. Metallic Janus metasurfaces, owing to material properties, suffer notable Ohmic losses in the visible spectrum. In this study, Single‐layer TiO2‐based Janus metasurfaces with arbitrary polarization control is experimentally demonstrated, exhibiting directionally asymmetric functionalities in spin and orbital angular momentum (OAM). A novel Jones matrix formulation tailored for Janus metasurfaces is presented, enabling efficient generation of two asymmetric, high‐purity OAM states of vortex beams at wavelength of 532 nm, contingent on incidence direction. This innovation facilitates compact and versatile phase manipulation, encompassing applications such as lasers and optical combiners, thereby expanding its utility across diverse domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stochastic block model (SBM) is a probabilistic model aimed at clustering individuals within a simple network based on their social behavior. This network consists of individuals and edges representing the presence or absence of relationships between each pair of individuals. This paper aims to extend the traditional stochastic block model to accommodate multiplex weighted nodes networks. These networks are characterized by multiple relationship types occurring simultaneously among network individuals, with each individual associated with a weight representing its influence in the network. We introduce an inference method utilizing a variational expectation-maximization algorithm to estimate model parameters and classify individuals. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through applications using simulated and real data, highlighting its main characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amplicon sequencing has long served as a robust method for characterising microbial communities, and despite inherent resolution limitations, it remains a preferred technique, offering cost‐ and time‐effective insights into bacterial compositions. Here, we introduce ONT‐AmpSeq, a user‐friendly pipeline designed for processing amplicon sequencing data generated from Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) devices. Our pipeline enables efficient creation of taxonomically annotated operational taxonomic unit (OTU) tables from ONT sequencing data, with the flexibility to multiplex amplicons on the same barcode. The pipeline encompasses six main steps—statistics, quality filtering, alignment, clustering, polishing, and taxonomic classification—integrating various state‐of‐the‐art software tools. We provide a detailed description of each step, along with performance tests and robustness evaluations using both test data and a ZymoBIOMICS® Microbial Community Standard mock community dataset. Our results demonstrate the ability of ONT‐AmpSeq to effectively process ONT amplicon data, offering valuable insights into microbial community composition. Additionally, we discuss the influence of polishing tools on taxonomic insight and the impact of taxonomic annotation methods on the derived microbial composition. Overall, ONT‐AmpSeq represents a comprehensive solution for analysing ONT amplicon sequencing data, facilitating streamlined and reliable microbial community analysis. The pipeline, along with test data, is freely available for public use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile technology is currently trending toward supporting multiple communication standards on a single device. This means that some reconfigurable techniques must be the foundation of their design. The two essential requirements of channel filters are minimized complexity and reconfigurability. In this research, a novel extension of Frequency Response Masking (FRM) was investigated by employing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)-based single Multiply and Accumulate (MAC) architecture using the principle of resource sharing to realize multiple sharp filter responses from a single prototype constant group delay low pass filter. This paper uses a single multiply and add units regardless of the quantity of channels and taps. The suggested reconfigurable filter was synthesized on technology based on 0.18-µm CMOS and put into practice. Further trials were carried out on Virtex-II 2v3000ff1152-4 FPGA device. The outcomes revealed that the suggested channel filter, which was synthesized using FPGA, provides 21.36% of the area curtail and 14.88% of power scaling down on average and put into practice using ASIC provides 5.18% of the area reduction and 9.08% of power scaling down on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) finds broad applications in various fields due to its substantial optical signatures for the intrinsic identification of physical and chemical characteristics. However, it faces the inherent challenge of balancing spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution due to limited bandwidth. Here we present SpectraTrack, a computational HSI scheme that simultaneously achieves high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution in the visible-to-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectral range. We deeply investigated the spatio-temporal-spectral multiplexing principle inherent in HSI videos. Based on this theoretical foundation, the SpectraTrack system uses two cameras including a line-scan imaging spectrometer for temporal-multiplexed hyperspectral data and an auxiliary RGB camera to capture motion flow. The motion flow guides hyperspectral reconstruction by reintegrating the scanned spectra into a 4D video. The SpectraTrack system can achieve around megapixel HSI at 100 fps with 1200 spectral channels, demonstrating its great application potential from drone-based anti-vibration video-rate HSI to high-throughput non-cooperative anti-spoofing. This work presents a computational hyperspectral imaging technique with high throughput, termed SpectraTrack. By deriving the spatio-temporal-spectral multiplexing principle, it achieved megapixel, hundred-fps, and thousand-channel spectral imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-processing of quantum key distribution mainly includes error correction and privacy amplification. The error correction algorithms and privacy amplification methods used in the existing quantum key distribution are completely unrelated. Based on the principle of correspondence between error-correcting codes and hash function families, we proposed the idea of time-division multiplexing for error correction and privacy amplification for the first time. That is to say, through the common error correction algorithms and their corresponding hash function families or the common hash function families and their corresponding error-correcting codes, error correction and privacy amplification can be realized by time-division multiplexing with the same set of devices. In addition, we tested the idea from the perspective of error correction and privacy amplification, respectively. The analysis results show that the existing error correction algorithms and their corresponding hash function families or the common privacy amplification methods and their corresponding error-correcting codes cannot realize time-division multiplexing for error correction and privacy amplification temporarily. However, according to the principle of correspondence between error-correcting codes and hash function families, the idea of time-division multiplexing is possible. Moreover, the research on time-division multiplexing for error correction and privacy amplification has some practical significance. Once the idea of time-division multiplexing is realized, it will further reduce the calculation and storage cost of the post-processing process, reduce the deployment cost of quantum key distribution, and help to remote the practical engineering of quantum key distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), commonly used to describe the amplitude variations of an OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplex) signal, does not accurately reflect its impact on the system performance. This paper applies the mutual information as a metric to assess the effects of nonlinear PAPR reduction schemes on the performance of OFDM systems. Evaluation of the achieved mutual information shows that a significant capacity loss from clipping occurs only at high SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and a simple compression/expansion technique is proposed to achieve close to optimal performance in this regime. The effectiveness of this method is validated through WER (word error rate) simulations with several modulation and coding schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core–periphery detection aims to separate the nodes of a complex network into two subsets: a core that is densely connected to the entire network and a periphery that is densely connected to the core but sparsely connected internally. The definition of core–periphery structure in multiplex networks that record different types of interactions between the same set of nodes on different layers is non-trivial since a node may belong to the core in some layers and to the periphery in others. We propose a nonlinear spectral method for multiplex networks that simultaneously optimizes a node and a layer coreness vector by maximizing a suitable non-convex homogeneous objective function by a provably convergent alternating fixed-point iteration. We derive a quantitative measure for the quality of a given multiplex core–periphery structure that allows the determination of the optimal core size. Numerical experiments on synthetic and real-world networks illustrate that our approach is robust against noisy layers and significantly outperforms baseline methods while improving the latter with our novel optimized layer coreness weights. As the runtime of our method depends linearly on the number of edges of the network, it is scalable to large-scale multiplex networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waveguide‐integrated metasurface introduces a novel photonic chip capable of converting guided modes into free‐space light. This enables functions such as off‐chip beam focusing, steering, and imaging. The challenge lies in achieving hyper‐multiplexing across diverse parameters, including guided‐wave mode type, direction, polarization, and notably, multiple wavelengths. Here, a comprehensive end‐to‐end inverse design framework is introduced, rooted in a physical model, for the multifunctional design of on‐chip metasurfaces. This framework allows for metasurface optimization through a target‐field‐driven iteration process. A hypermultiplexed on‐chip metasurface capable of generating red‐green‐blue holograms at multiple target planes is demonstrated, with both independent and cooperative control over guided‐wave direction. Significantly, the proposed method streamlines the design process utilizing only the positions of meta‐atoms as the design variable. Nine independent holographic channels are demonstrated through a combination of wavelength and distance multiplexing. Moreover, by incorporating the excitation direction into the design, the metasurface produces a total of 36 distinct holograms. The robustness of these results against fabrication discrepancies is validated through 3D full‐wave electromagnetic simulations, aligning well with advanced manufacturing techniques. The research presents a universal design framework for the development of multifunctional on‐chip metasurfaces, opening up new avenues for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence microscopy has long been a transformative technique in biological sciences. Nevertheless, most implementations are limited to a few targets, which have been revealed using primary antibodies and fluorescently conjugated secondary antibodies. Super-resolution techniques such as Exchange-PAINT and, more recently, SUM-PAINT have increased multiplexing capabilities, but they require specialized equipment, software, and knowledge. To enable multiplexing for any imaging technique in any laboratory, we developed NanoPlex, a streamlined method based on conventional antibodies revealed by engineered secondary nanobodies that allow the selective removal of fluorescence signals. We develop three complementary signal removal strategies: OptoPlex (light-induced), EnzyPlex (enzymatic), and ChemiPlex (chemical). We showcase NanoPlex reaching 21 targets for 3D confocal analyses and 5–8 targets for dSTORM and STED super-resolution imaging. NanoPlex has the potential to revolutionize multi-target fluorescent imaging methods, potentially redefining the multiplexing capabilities of antibody-based assays. Confocal and super-resolution tools used for multiplexed fluorescence imaging often demand specialized equipment and software. Here, the authors present NanoPlex, a universal method for high-plex labeling while preserving cellular ultrastructure. The approach relies on engineered secondary nanobodies that allow the selective removal of fluorescence signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-grating common-path phase-shifting interferometer for quantitative phase imaging is proposed as an improvement over the original interferometer design. In the original version, the setup is long, involving a grating pair, and requires precise mechanical translation of the grating, which poses difficulties for practical applications. The proposed interferometer utilizes grating multiplexing to reduce the length of the optical setup and uses a phase-only spatial light modulator to implement pinhole filtering and phase shifting simultaneously without any moving parts, making it more conducive for the realization of a practical version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational imaging, as a novel technology utilizing encoded image acquisition, relies on intelligent decoding methods for effective image restoration and sensing. Optical computing‐based decoders can efficiently process and extract features from pre‐sensor information, reducing the computational burden on digital computers. However, mainstream parallel optical neural network (ONN) architectures based on wavefront propagation typically possess complex network structures and high‐precision parameters, which pose challenges in terms of precise fabrication and system calibration, as well as sensitivity to signal‐to‐noise ratios. In this work, a binary‐weighted optical computing engine is proposed with spatial multiplexing and aggregation (B‐OSMA), a large‐scale passive ONN implementation that achieves high‐efficiency image sensing. Employing B‐OSMA as an optical decoder, demonstrated image categorizing from 2% compressive is experimented sampling with 92.0% and 83.8% accuracy on MNIST and fashion‐MNIST datasets, respectively, approaching the performance of full‐precision electronic computing while reducing storage requirements by 97%. Compared to conventional ONNs with analog weights, the B‐OSMA exhibits enhanced resilience against systematic errors and ambient noise. This work represents a significant advancement towards practical applications of optical computing in image sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorless, directionless, and contentionless reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexing (CDCROADM) nodes will require throughputs exceeding 8 Pbit/s by 2035, and transponder aggregators supporting high-degree and multi-band functionality will be crucial devices. We demonstrated a low-loss multicast switch capable of supporting a 300-nm bandwidth and 64 degrees, a suitable device for this purpose. The prototype's insertion loss was less than 8.0 dB in all paths, and the extinction ratio exceeded 40 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oriented to the multicore fiber-based space-division multiplexing (SDM) networks, the inter-core coupling in multicore fiber is desired to transfer signals between cores. In this paper, we proposed and designed an integrated optical coupler based on three-core fiber (TCF) with long-period gratings (LPGs). The TCF with three cores distributed in the cladding connected with single-mode fiber at both ends through adjacent cores. The self-coupling characteristics of TCF are studied firstly, and the effects of core pitch and coupling distance on coupling efficiency are analyzed to rule out the direct coupling between adjacent cores, indicating that coupling distance increases with the core pitch increases. With LPGs induced in TCF, coupling between core mode and cladding mode in each individual core is realized, and then the power at resonance wavelength transfers among cores through the overlapped cladding modes. Moreover, with the LPGs, the efficient coupling among adjacent cores in TCF has been realized at the C-band. In addition, the influence of structural parameters such as core pitch, grating duty cycle and coupling co-efficiency do affect the coupling efficiency of TCF-LPGs. By adjusting the structural parameters properly, coupling efficiency of ~ 66% could be achieved to equalizing the output power in three cores. Therefore, the proposed TCF-LPGs could be used as an optical coupler, which would be helpful in multicore fiber-based SDM networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the synchronization problem in fractional multiplex higher-order networks. Initially, a fractional multiplex higher-order network model is established, which seamlessly integrates multiplex structures with higher-order interactions. Subsequently, by leveraging a well-crafted Lyapunov function, the Lyapunov direct method, and fractional inequalities, it is demonstrated that the fractional multiplex higher-order network can achieve intra-layer synchronization, inter-layer synchronization, and complete synchronization. Finally, the theoretical findings are validated through two numerical examples featuring a simplicial complex or hypergraph structures within the intra-layer network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting compatible HLA‐Class I and/or HPA platelets based on genotyping could alleviate immune platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). A fast and reliable method of HLA‐Class I and HPA genotyping is necessary to construct a platelet donor bank with known HLA‐Class I and HPA genotypes. Ten pairs of specific primers for HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HPA‐1 through HPA‐6w, HPA‐15 and HPA‐21w were designed. The appropriate fragments were optimised for amplification in a single multiplex reaction. After a cleanup step using paramagnetic beads, the amplicon library was prepared and sequenced. To validate the accuracy of the developed method, commercial NGS kits for the genotyping of HLA‐A, HLA‐B and HLA‐C and the TaqMan real‐time PCR method in‐house for the genotyping of HPA‐1 through HPA‐6w, HPA‐15 and HPA‐21w were used to detect all the specimens in parallel. A total of 386 specimens were detected and the results of genotyping HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C and HPA‐1 through HPA‐6w, HPA‐15 and HPA‐21w were obtained simultaneously, which is 100% consistent between the two methods. Four new HLA alleles, HLA‐A*11:451, HLA‐A*30:01:26, HLA‐B*39:201 and HLA‐B*40:538, were also reconfirmed. Two novel SNVs, c.2671C > T and c.2681T > G, in the coding region of ITGA2B were detected, all of which are heterozygous in individuals. A novel NGS method based on multiplex PCR was established to detect HLA‐Class I and HPA simultaneously, which is high‐throughput, rapid and accurate and could be applied to build a platelet donor bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate full‐parameter construction of the Jones matrix is of great significance for encoding multiple functions in a single metasurface. Supercells composed of several elements are used for this purpose through coherent superposition. But all the elements in the reported studies should be lossless with near‐unity transmission, which limits the material system and restricts the Jones matrix construction in a unitary manner. Here a non‐unitary matrix decomposition method is proposed to build the supercell using a pair of 0°‐oriented rods and a pair of 45°‐oriented rods for on‐demand design of arbitrary symmetric Jones matrices. This method is applicable for lossy metasurfaces and offers straightforward physical guidance for structure design without optimization. The accuracy of the on‐demand Jones matrix generation is demonstrated by several 3D‐printed alumina metalenses with 3‐, 4‐, and 6‐channel polarization‐multiplexed focusing. The study opens a new pathway for non‐silicon meta‐optics and holds great potential for dynamic or switchable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report a transmitter system for free‐space quantum key distribution (QKD) using the BB84 protocol, which does not require an internal alignment process, by using a wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM) filter and polarization‐encoding module. With a custom‐made WDM filter, the signals required for QKD can be integrated by simply connecting fibers, thus avoiding the laborious internal alignment required for free‐space QKD systems using conventional bulk‐optic setups. The WDM filter is designed to multiplex the single‐mode signals from 785‐nm quantum and 1550‐nm synchronization channels for spatial‐mode matching while maintaining the polarization relations. The measured insertion loss and isolation are 1.8 dB and 32.6 dB for 785 nm and 0.7 dB and 28.3 dB for 1550 nm, respectively. We also evaluate the QKD performance of the proposed system. The sifted key rate and quantum bit error rate are 1.6 Mbps and 0.62%, respectively, at an operating speed of 100 MHz, rendering our system comparable to conventional systems using bulk‐optic devices for channel integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although orbital angular momentum (OAM) is extensively explored and researched in various scientific domains, its practical application in wireless communications still faces numerous challenges. Notably, existing OAM beam generation technologies need to meet the diversified demands of modern wireless communication, such as miniaturization, cost‐effectiveness, and system integration. Driven by the immense potential of OAM in communication systems, in this work, an innovative method based on leaky cables capable of simultaneously generating multiple vortex beams, overcoming a series of implementation issues associated with multiplexing emitters, is introduced. A design prototype is fabricated and tested, and the measurement results align closely with the simulations, validating the multifunctionality and practicality of the method. Moreover, the proposed strategy can seamlessly extend to optical frequencies using the concept of leaky fibers. In this method, not only efficient spatial utilization and excellent isolation are realized but also high cost‐effectiveness is possessed. Compared to previous strategies, this technique may have an impact on simplifying the establishment of communication system platforms based on OAM multiplexing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of locomotive traction systems, the power electronic traction transformer (PETT) represents a pivotal component, fulfilling essential functions pertaining to electrical isolation and power control. The majority of existing PETT prototypes employ a combination of a cascade structure and an ISOP structure. The aforementioned scheme effectively reduces the voltage withstand level of the power devices on the input side, yet it also necessitates the utilisation of a greater number of power devices and passive components within the PETT. In order to further reduce the number of power devices used, this paper proposes a new cascaded PETT design. The proposed PETT will adopt a scheme combining a cascade structure and a hardware circuit multiplexing. This paper first analyses the operation principle of the new circuit under non-single frequency PWM control. It then derives the design equations for some hardware parameters and control circuits. Finally, it verifies the effectiveness of the proposed PETT through simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the best performance in terms of accuracy and complexity of massive multiple-input multiple-output (Massive MIMO) in wireless communication systems, hybrid beamforming (HBF) is a promising technique that provides high data rate multiplexing gains and enhances the spectral efficiency (SE) of the system. In this paper, a novel received signal strength indicator (RSSI) method is proposed to design an HBF for Massive MIMO BF via multitasking deep learning (DL) that minimizes the reliance on the channel state information (CSI) feedback. The trade-off between the enhancement SE of the system and the deep neural networks (DNNs) performance is optimized, and the results reveal that the proposed novel DL techniques achieve predicted spectral efficiencies with accuracy of 99.23% and 95.64% for Deep-HBF and Deep-AFP, respectively. The processing times for Deep-HBF and Deep-AFP are 709.2914 sec and 1425.864 sec, respectively. Notably, Deep-AFP exhibits a higher range of computational complexity compared to Deep-HBF. It is worth mentioning that the proposed techniques utilize the same DNN architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio over fiber (ROF) is a very attractive technology for the increasing demand for flexibility and transmission capacity and due to its high bandwidth and low attenuation, it offers an economic advantage. The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is used to multiplex the different wavelengths signals within a single optical fiber. In this paper, WDM-ROF system is analysed with different filters using an optisystem. Results were compared using max Q factor, min BER, and eye height parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have designed and presented a simulation analysis of 96 × 40 Gbps CSRZ based DWDM long-haul transmission system under the influence of Kerr non-linearities using hybrid dispersion compensation technique. The proposed system performance is measured at 50 GHz channel spacing in terms of BER, Q-factor and eye-diagram for the varied launched power ranging from −4 dB m to 12 dB m of CW laser array and various transmission distances. We have implemented pre-filtering before multiplexing the modulated data of all the channels and post-filtering after de-multiplexing for avoiding co-channel interference and to suppress the cross-talk. By optimizing the system parameters, the transmission distance of 16,500 km is achieved for BER value of 1.48,875E-14 with corresponding Q-factor value of 7.55,989 at 6 dB m input power. The CSRZ modulated system has shown much robustness against the occurred linear and non-linear degradation factors due to its narrow spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the proficiency of nonlinearity compensation studied on the polarization division multiplexing 0.3 return-to-zero quadrature phase-shift keying (PDM-0.3RZ-QAM) coherent optical system. The considerable nonlinear effect is the self-phase modulation (SPM) in the presence of chromatic dispersion. The nonlinearity mitigation technique based on the digital backpropagation (DBP) algorithm is implemented on the receiver side. The performance of the system was investigated in different terms as the optical signal-noise ratio, bit error rate, and the maximum transmission distance. The results demonstrated that the penalties were decreased by 3 dB. The maximum achievable distance was extended to 2000 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study of rapid and stochastic events that involve multiple species, such as chemical reactions and plasma dynamics, requires means to capture multispectral information in two dimensions at both high temporal- and spatial resolution. Commercially available cameras that provide high temporal resolution are based on either signal intensification or rapid data acquisition. Intensified cameras provide extremely short acquisition times using intensification by means of micro channel plates, but the conversion between electrons and photons makes these cameras inherently monochrome. In contrast, high-speed cameras can achieve color-sensitivity through integrated Bayer filters but suffer from a reduced light collection efficiency and a fixed spectral composition. In this article we present a non-integrated optical arrangement for instantaneous multispectral imaging based on FRAME image multiplexing. By spectrally separating the signal using lossless dichroic mirrors, a 16-fold increase in light-collection efficiency is gained (compared to past solutions), resulting in an equivalent increase in temporal resolution. This improvement provides new avenues for multispectral imaging of rapid events. We demonstrate the system’s versatility and suitability for studies of such processes by applying it for (i) temperature mapping using a high-resolution CCD camera, (ii) high-speed videography up to 10 kHz at four spectral channels and (iii) dual-species visualization in a plasma discharge using an intensified sCMOS camera.

Routing and multiplexing of the optical surface waves are critical for the ultra‐compact nano‐photonic systems. Given this background, traditional metal‐based systems, despite of the ability of supporting the surface plasmon polariton propagation, are constrained on manipulations due to the optical isotropy, and artificially designed structures are always required at the input or output to help attain the additional selectivity. Here, a spin‐dependent multi‐channel scheme is proposed based on the modulation ability of the hyperbolic metamaterial's anisotropy on Dyakonov Surface Waves. The input coupling, propagation direction, as well as the output coupling of the optical single are well determined by the certain spin feature carried by the light and the orientation of the interface's anisotropy because of the spin‐momentum locking. Specially, by constructing a twinning hyperbolic metamaterial, which contains the structural symmetry and materials symmetry, a photonic chip with 4 routing channels are demonstrated experimentally, where the spin of an incident beam can be maintained during the propagation on‐chip and then delivered back into the free space, offering a new planar scheme for metamaterial‐based spin‐controlled nano‐photonic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Steganography is a technique that encrypts information by hiding it in another medium, such as video, audio, images, and text. The principal purpose of steganography is to conceal the existence of information so that it cannot be easily recognized by a third-party during transmission, which guarantees information security. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes contain rich spectral information. With the increasing application of SERS in optical anticounterfeiting field, the development of SERS labels with superior encoding capacity has become research hotspot. In this study, we mixed Au nanostar SERS probes with ordinary commercial ink to obtain SERS ink for optical steganography and anticounterfeiting labels. Au nanostars have abundant tip "hotspots" and large specific surface area, and strong SERS signals can be manufactured by modifying Raman molecules on its surface. Fifteen different kinds of Raman molecules were chosen as a demonstration, and the signal molecules were tightly modified on the surface of Au nanostars by dopamine encapsulation and then mixed with ordinary ink to obtain SERS ink with different signals. Then, the information recorded by SERS ink was extracted and interpreted by a micro-Raman imaging system. In addition, SERS ink can also be used in barcodes and quick response (QR) codes, and the possibility of being cracked can be greatly reduced through Raman signal multiplexing. Due to the advantages of SERS ink, such as simple preparation, good photostability, long-term stability, multiplexing steganography, and convenient use, we believe that Au nanostar-based SERS ink has broad prospects in the application of optical steganography and anticounterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiplex, delay‐and‐sum (MDAS) architecture is proposed to implement a fixed‐focus receive beamformer such as the first stage of the synthetic aperture sequential beamforming (P‐SASB) and synthetic transmit beams combined with the P‐SASB (STB‐P‐SASB) beamforming methods. The output image of this architecture has a resolution and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) almost similar to that of the delay‐and‐sum (DAS) architecture. In the analog part of this architecture, there is no need to use any analog memory and in the digital part, the need to use high‐speed memories and interpolation filter is eliminated. In this architecture for each input channel, the power consumption in the mixed‐signal part is increased by approximately 1.14 mW in comparison to that of the DAS architecture. On the other hand, due to the elimination of the power consumption related to the interpolation filter in the digital part, the total power consumption of the MDAS architecture increases by a maximum of 9.2% compared to the DAS architecture. Also, the silicon area required to implement the mixed‐signal part of the MDAS architecture when implementing the first stage of P‐SASB and STB‐P‐SASB beamforming methods is reduced by about 3 times and increased by a maximum of 25%, respectively, compared to that of the DAS architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmonic generation and utilization are significant topics in nonlinear science. Although the progress in the microwave region has been expedited by the development of time‐modulated metasurfaces, one major issue of these devices is the strong entanglement of multiple harmonics, leading to criticism of their use in frequency‐division multiplexing (FDM) applications. Previous studies have attempted to overcome this limitation, but they suffer from designing complexity or insufficient controlling capability. Here a new space‐time‐coding metasurface (STCM) is proposed to independently and precisely synthesize not only the phases but also the amplitudes of various harmonics. This promising feature is successfully demonstrated in wireless space‐ and frequency‐division multiplexing experiments, where modulated and unmodulated signals are simultaneously transmitted via different harmonics using a shared STCM. To illustrate the advantages, binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are respectively implemented. Behind the intriguing functionality, the mechanism of the space‐time coding strategy and the analytical designing method are elaborated, which are validated numerically and experimentally. It is believed that the achievements can potentially propel the time‐vary metasurfaces in the next‐generation wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entangled multiphoton sources are essential for both fundamental tests of quantum foundations and building blocks of contemporary optical quantum technologies. While efforts over the past three decades have focused on creating multiphoton entanglement through multiplexing existing biphoton sources with linear optics and postselections, our work presents a groundbreaking approach. We observe genuine continuous-mode time-energy-entangled W-class triphotons with an unprecedented production rate directly generated through spontaneous six-wave mixing (SSWM) in a four-level triple-Λ atomic vapor cell. Using electromagnetically induced transparency and coherence control, our SSWM scheme allows versatile narrowband triphoton generation with advantageous properties, including long temporal coherence and controllable waveforms. This advancement is ideal for applications like long-distance quantum communications and information processing, bridging single photons and neutral atoms. Most importantly, our work establishes a reliable and efficient genuine triphoton source, facilitating accessible research on multiphoton entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for cancer detection. Common methylation patterns across tumor types allow multi‐cancer detection. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has gained considerable attention for methylation detection. However, multi‐cancer detection using multiple targets in ddPCR has never been performed before. Therefore, we developed a multiplex ddPCR assay for multi‐cancer detection. Based on previous data analyses using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we selected differentially methylated targets for eight frequent tumor types (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, head and neck, liver, and esophageal cancer). Three targets were validated using ddPCR in 103 tumor and 109 normal adjacent fresh frozen samples. Two distinct ddPCR assays were successfully developed. Output data from both assays is combined to obtain a read‐out from the three targets together. Our overall ddPCR assay has a cross‐validated area under the curve (cvAUC) of 0.948. Performance between distinct cancer types varies, with sensitivities ranging from 53.8% to 100% and specificities ranging from 80% to 100%. Compared to previously published single‐target parameters, we show that combining targets can drastically increase sensitivity and specificity, while lowering DNA input. In conclusion, we are the first to report a multi‐cancer methylation ddPCR assay, which allows for highly accurate tumor predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiplexing technology creates several orthogonal data channels and dimensions for high‐density information encoding and is irreplaceable in large‐capacity information storage, and communication, etc. The multiplexing dimensions are constructed by light attributes and spatial dimensions. However, limited by the degree of freedom of interaction between light and material structure parameters, the multiplexing dimension exploitation method is still confused. Herein, a 7D Spin‐multiplexing technique is proposed. Spin structures with four independent attributes (color center type, spin axis, spatial distribution, and dipole direction) are constructed as coding basic units. Based on the four independent spin physical effects, the corresponding photoluminescence wavelength, magnetic field, microwave, and polarization are created into four orthogonal multiplexing dimensions. Combined with the 3D of space, a 7D multiplexing method is established, which possesses the highest dimension number compared with 6 dimensions in the previous study. The basic spin unit is prepared by a self‐developed laser‐induced manufacturing process. The free state information of spin is read out by four physical quantities. Based on the multiple dimensions, the information is highly dynamically multiplexed to enhance information storage efficiency. Moreover, the high‐dynamic in situ image encryption/marking is demonstrated. It implies a new paradigm for ultra‐high‐capacity storage and real‐time encryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mode‐division multiplexing (MDM) technology, as a new way to increase the communication capacity of a single wavelength carrier, has attracted increasing attention. As a fundamental building block for MDM communication systems, multimode optical switch is playing an important role for routing the increasingly complex network. However, it is still very challenging to achieve a multimode optical switch with high flexibility and low power‐consumption in a large bandwidth. Here, a 1 × 2 dual‐mode optical switch is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, where the E11 and E21 modes can be switched output from either of the two output ports simultaneously or individually with low power‐consumption. For the proposed dual‐mode optical switch, three asymmetric Y‐junctions are used as mode (de)multiplexers, two Mach–Zehnder interferometers form a single‐mode switch matrix, and a 2 × 2 multimode interferometer is used as the waveguide crossing. The device is fabricated with simple photolithography and wet‐etching methods. The measurement results show that the driving powers of the device are lower than 8.4 mW, and the crosstalks are less than −12.4 dB in the wavelength range of 1500–1600 nm. By implementing the dynamic control of resources between the guided modes, the proposed device can greatly improve the flexibility and efficiency of reconfigurable MDM networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]