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Copyright of Modern Educational Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Modern Educational Technology, Tsinghua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The collaborative governance of inclusive preschool education (IPE) is a process in which multiple subjects work together to promote the advancement and development of IPE by taking a series of governance measures. Based on precise identification of multiple stakeholders in collaborative governance of integrated preschool education, it applied the quadrilateral evolutionary game model and Lyapunov's first law to analyze the stability of behavioral strategy choice by multiple subjects in promoting the practice of collaborative governance of IPE and the possible equilibrium points in the system. The influence of key elements on the system evolution is analyzed using MATLAB 2019 simulation. The study reveals that the evolution and trend of one game agent's behavior are closely related to the strategy choice of others. The willingness of the main body of kindergarten, social organization, and parents to participate in the collaborative governance of IPE are related to the government's active promotion to perform its leading functions at the government level. The willingness for collaborative governance of integrated education can help improve mutual trust and the main body's benefits, thus promoting the collaborative behavior of multiple subjects. Complementary resources, strict supervision, reasonable rewards and punishments can promote the collaborative behavior of multiple subjects.

Copyright of Continue Education Research is the property of Harbin Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The collaborative governance of inclusive preschool education (IPE) is a process in which multiple subjects work together to promote the advancement and development of IPE by taking a series of governance measures. Based on precise identification of multiple stakeholders in collaborative governance of integrated preschool education, it applied the quadrilateral evolutionary game model and Lyapunov's first law to analyze the stability of behavioral strategy choice by multiple subjects in promoting the practice of collaborative governance of IPE and the possible equilibrium points in the system. The influence of key elements on the system evolution is analyzed using MATLAB 2019 simulation. The study reveals that the evolution and trend of one game agent's behavior are closely related to the strategy choice of others. The willingness of the main body of kindergarten, social organization, and parents to participate in the collaborative governance of IPE are related to the government's active promotion to perform its leading functions at the government level. The willingness for collaborative governance of integrated education can help improve mutual trust and the main body's benefits, thus promoting the collaborative behavior of multiple subjects. Complementary resources, strict supervision, reasonable rewards and punishments can promote the collaborative behavior of multiple subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent occurrence of major public health emergencies (MPHEs) significantly challenges national security, economic stability, social operation and the safety of people's lives and property worldwide. Consequently, enhancing the emergency management of MPHEs is critically urgent. This paper constructs a game model involving local government, social organisations, and the public for MPHE management, exploring strategy combinations and influencing factors across various scenarios. Several results were obtained. (1) Local government, social organisations, and the public each have positive and negative strategy choices based on cost–benefit analysis, leading to eight different strategy combinations. Furthermore, all three take positive strategies as the optimal way to achieve the game equilibrium. (2) The transformation of strategy combinations is primarily influenced by the cost-benefit gap and the strategic decisions of local government. (3) Altering a subject's initial strategy value doesn't change its final choice but impacts the time to achieve a stable strategy equilibrium. The severity of local government punishments on social organisations influences their strategic choices and the time to optimal strategy, whereas rewards to the public or social organisations only affect the time to achieve this strategy. The findings of this study can not only help improve the collaborative governance system of MPHEs but also provide scientific guidance on how governments can manage MPHEs.

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Management / Gongcheng Guanli Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Industrial parks make great contributions to the local economy, society, and culture, but they have also encountered many problems, such as limited resources, the longevity of ecological restoration, and the contagion of safety accidents. As a socioeconomic and ecological composite system formed by the interaction of multiple stakeholders, the solutions to succeed in workplace sustainability in industrial parks are still not known. The purpose of this study is to explore how to integrate existing resources to achieve a win-win situation in industrial park safety and environmental protection issues. According to Actor-network Theory and a systematic search, this study identifies the relevant subjects from selected 24 studies and clarifies the interactions made by these subjects. In sum, this study concludes two main modes of developing workplace sustainability in the park from multiple actors’ perspectives: self-regulation of inner park subjects and the driving force of exterior park subjects.

Abstract Background Currently, population aging has been an obstacle and the spotlight for all countries. Compared with developed countries, problems caused by China’s aging population are more prominent. Beijing, as a typical example, is characterized by advanced age and high disability rate, making this capital city scramble to take control of this severe problem. The main types of care for the disabled elderly are classified as home care, institutional care, and community care. With the obvious shortage of senior care institutions, most disabled elderly people are prone to choose home care. This kind of elderly care model is in line with the traditional Chinese concept and it can save the social cost of the disabled elderly to the greatest extent. However, home care for the disabled elderly is facing bumps from the whole society, such as lack of professional medical care, social support and humanistic care, and the care resources provided by a single subject cannot meet the needs of the disabled elderly. Objective Based on the demands of the disabled elderly and their families, this study aims to explore the current status of home care service, look for what kind of care is more suitable for the disabled elderly, and try to find an appropriate elderly care mechanism which could meet the diverse needs of the disabled elderly. Methods A total of 118 disabled elderly people and their primary caregivers were selected from four districts of Beijing by using multi-stage stratified proportional sampling method. A one-to-one and semi-structured in-depth qualitative interview were conducted in the study to find out the health status of the disabled elderly, the relationship between the disabled elderly and their primary caregivers, and utilization of elderly care resources, etc. The views of the interviewees were analyzed through the thematic framework method. All the methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Results The results showed that the average age of 118 disabled elderly is 81.38 ± 9.82 years; 86 (72.9%) are severe disability; 105 (89.0%)are plagued by chronic diseases; the average duration of disability is 5.63 ± 5.25 years; most of disabled elderly have 2 children, but the primary caregiver are their own partner (42, 35.6%), and there is an uneven sharing of responsibilities among the disabled elderly's offspring in the process of home care. The disabled elderly enjoy medical care services, rehabilitation training, daily health care, psychological and other demands. However, the disabled elderly and their families in Beijing face a significant financial burden, as well as physical and psychological issues. The care services provided by the government, family doctors, family members and social organizations fall far short of satisfying the diverse care needs of the disabled elderly. Conclusions In order to effectively provide home care services for the disabled elderly, it is therefore necessary to establish a coordination mechanism of multiple subjects and give full play to the responsibilities of each subject. This study proposes a strengthening path for the common cooperation of multiple subjects, which taking specific responsibilities and participating in the home care for the disabled elderly: (1) The government should give full play to the top-level leading responsibilities and effectively implement people-oriented measures to the disabled elderly. (2) Family doctors strengthen their responsibilities as health gatekeepers and promote continuous health management of the disabled elderly. (3) Family members assume the main responsibility and provide a full range of basic care services. (4) Social forces promote supplementary responsibilities of public welfare and expand the connotation of personalized care services. (5) The disabled elderly should shoulder appropriate personal responsibility and actively cooperate with other subjects.

In the post-pandemic era, the continuous growth in the rate of medical waste generation and the limited capacity of traditional disposal methods have posed a double challenge to society and the environment. Resource-based disposal is considered an efficient approach for solving these problems. Previous studies focused on the methods of medical waste disposal and the behavior of single stakeholders, lacking consideration of cooperation among different stakeholders. This study establishes an evolutionary game model of the resource-based disposal of medical waste to analyze the behavioral decision evolution of governments, medical institutions, and disposal enterprises. This study also explores the influencing factors in the achievement of the symbiotic state and investigates the conditions that participants need to meet. The results show that joint tripartite cooperation can be achieved when the subsidies and penalties from governments are sufficient, as well as the efficiency of resource-based disposal, which can effectively promote the evolution of the three subjects from the state of "partial symbiosis" to the state of "symbiosis". However, the resource-based classification level cannot directly change the symbiotic state of the system due to the goal of minimizing cost and risk. When evolutionary subjects have reached the state of "symbiosis", the improvement in the classification level can enhance the willingness of disposal enterprises to choose the resource-based classification strategy. Under such circumstances, governments reduce their corresponding level of intervention. At this time, the whole system is in a more idealized symbiotic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by the rapid development of tourism, human settlement space in tourism destinations is facing an unprecedented multifunctional transformation. Multifunctional theory provides a new theory and paradigm for research on the sustainable development of human settlements and provides creative solutions for the construction and regulation of human settlements in tourism destinations under the typical regional environment of China. This study systematically analyzes and summarizes the concept evolution, evaluation system, changing characteristics, driving mechanism, and adaptive regulation of multifunctional human settlements in tourism destinations at home and abroad. The study reveals the evolution path of current research and offers future research directions and suggestions. The main conclusions are described as follows: 1) Regarding concept connotation and evaluation system, more research focuses on the diversified needs of high-quality human settlements. 2) Regarding spatial changing characteristics, more research presents a transformation from the overall description of macro region, focusing analysis on villages and towns in mesoscale, to the in-depth exploration of interior space for residences on a micro scale. 3) In exploring the driving mechanism, more studies combine natural factors and social factors to explore driving forces. The current research results show the characteristics of a "natural resource base determining the spatial function type" in the initial stage, to "industrial development leading the spatial function transformation" in the mid-term stage, and "the pursuit of natural comfort in human settlements" in the later stage. 4) In terms of adaptive regulation, most studies conclude to countermeasures that mainly realized through the coordination of stakeholders' social relations and the optimization of the combination and utilization development of physical space. Finally, this study establishes the evolution path map of the three stages of multi-functional human settlement in tourism destinations, and offers a focus for follow-up research, including evaluation systems combined with humanism, a more comprehensive coupling and trade-off driving mechanism within stakeholders on the multi-level spatial scale, and a multifunctional transition optimization strategy combining top-down and bottom-up approaches. Meanwhile, it is emphasized that the integration and innovation of interdisciplinary methods will become an important breakthrough.

In the context of tourism development, modernization and commercialization relentlessly colonize ethnic areas, reshaping the physical, social, and significant spaces of tourism destinations. Due to the influx of capital and the change of power subjects, ethnic tourism villages have become a new reality through the continuous deconstruction and construction of multiple subjects. The separation and integration of modernity and tradition has led to the alienation and tension of village social relations and structure. To examine the power subjects, spatial forms, spatial relations, and emotions involved in the process of tourism reproduction, this study, adopting Zhaoxing Dong village in Guizhou Province as a case, uses Lefebvre's theory of spatial production and the methods of field survey and in-depth interview to analyze the relationship between physical space, social space, and emotion from the three dimensions of social space and meaning space. This study assesses the "material-relationship-emotion" connection of multiple power subjects and self-consistency with tourism development. The results show the following. First, physical space can be replanned with the change of power subjects, which is conducive to the return of the labor force. The authenticity of villages can be maintained under discipline and control, but the constructed landscape symbol is the misplaced expression of ethnic villages. Second, for conflicts in the social space, local residents adopt the strategy of concession and do not withdraw, reaching a tacit understanding of space use and management at the wrong time with the managers. Zhailao, an authoritarian figure, has become a representative of resolving differences and promoting the consolidation and cohesion of social relations. Through the transfer and comprehensiveness of tourists and foreign operators, it reflects the open and inclusive hospitality and philosophy of local residents. Third, the meaning space can be reproduced through the local residents' emotional injection of festival events and culture, the inheritance of cultural habits, the inheritance of local conventions, and the memory and imagination of nostalgic things. From the perspective of tourism space reproduction, the study reviews and examines the multi space of Zhaoxing Dong village tourism and concludes that there are many social problems in Zhaoxing village, which imply many social contradictions. However, under the consensus of sharing interests, positive games, and harmonious coexistence, the multi-power subjects in Zhaoxing village have different opinions. After evaluating the development trend and potential of local tourism, they will make their own spatial arrangement, spatial compromise, relationship concession, and emotional adjustment under the consideration of multi-mediation, multi-organization coordination, and multi-relationships, to adapt to the changes in the physical, social, and meaning spaces engendered by tourism development. These changes can help shape the modern local culture, maintain the original rural style, embody ethnic customs, and carry forward rural humanistic and moral values. Moreover, they can provide a practical reference for the sustainable development of tourism and the prosperity and revitalization of beautiful ethnic villages.

Brain decoding is a process of decoding human cognitive contents from brain activities. However, improving the accuracy of brain decoding remains difficult due to the unique characteristics of the brain, such as the small sample size and high dimensionality of brain activities. Therefore, this paper proposes a method that effectively uses multi-subject brain activities to improve brain decoding accuracy. Specifically, we distinguish between the shared information common to multi-subject brain activities and the individual information based on each subject's brain activities, and both types of information are used to decode human visual cognition. Both types of information are extracted as features belonging to a latent space using a probabilistic generative model. In the experiment, an publicly available dataset and five subjects were used, and the estimation accuracy was validated on the basis of a confidence score ranging from 0 to 1, and a large value indicates superiority. The proposed method achieved a confidence score of 0.867 for the best subject and an average of 0.813 for the five subjects, which was the best compared to other methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately decode visual cognition compared with other existing methods in which the shared information is not distinguished from the individual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, population aging has been an obstacle and the spotlight for all countries. Compared with developed countries, problems caused by China's aging population are more prominent. Beijing, as a typical example, is characterized by advanced age and high disability rate, making this capital city scramble to take control of this severe problem. The main types of care for the disabled elderly are classified as home care, institutional care, and community care. With the obvious shortage of senior care institutions, most disabled elderly people are prone to choose home care. This kind of elderly care model is in line with the traditional Chinese concept and it can save the social cost of the disabled elderly to the greatest extent. However, home care for the disabled elderly is facing bumps from the whole society, such as lack of professional medical care, social support and humanistic care, and the care resources provided by a single subject cannot meet the needs of the disabled elderly. Objective: Based on the demands of the disabled elderly and their families, this study aims to explore the current status of home care service, look for what kind of care is more suitable for the disabled elderly, and try to find an appropriate elderly care mechanism which could meet the diverse needs of the disabled elderly. Methods: A total of 118 disabled elderly people and their primary caregivers were selected from four districts of Beijing by using multi-stage stratified proportional sampling method. A one-to-one and semi-structured in-depth qualitative interview were conducted in the study to find out the health status of the disabled elderly, the relationship between the disabled elderly and their primary caregivers, and utilization of elderly care resources, etc. The views of the interviewees were analyzed through the thematic framework method. All the methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Results: The results showed that the average age of 118 disabled elderly is 81.38 ± 9.82 years; 86 (72.9%) are severe disability; 105 (89.0%)are plagued by chronic diseases; the average duration of disability is 5.63 ± 5.25 years; most of disabled elderly have 2 children, but the primary caregiver are their own partner (42, 35.6%), and there is an uneven sharing of responsibilities among the disabled elderly's offspring in the process of home care. The disabled elderly enjoy medical care services, rehabilitation training, daily health care, psychological and other demands. However, the disabled elderly and their families in Beijing face a significant financial burden, as well as physical and psychological issues. The care services provided by the government, family doctors, family members and social organizations fall far short of satisfying the diverse care needs of the disabled elderly. Conclusions: In order to effectively provide home care services for the disabled elderly, it is therefore necessary to establish a coordination mechanism of multiple subjects and give full play to the responsibilities of each subject. This study proposes a strengthening path for the common cooperation of multiple subjects, which taking specific responsibilities and participating in the home care for the disabled elderly: (1) The government should give full play to the top-level leading responsibilities and effectively implement people-oriented measures to the disabled elderly. (2) Family doctors strengthen their responsibilities as health gatekeepers and promote continuous health management of the disabled elderly. (3) Family members assume the main responsibility and provide a full range of basic care services. (4) Social forces promote supplementary responsibilities of public welfare and expand the connotation of personalized care services. (5) The disabled elderly should shoulder appropriate personal responsibility and actively cooperate with other subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper constructs a cooperative game model of the government, enterprises and villagers in ethnic villages to analyze the factors affecting the tripartite cooperation in the process of ethnic tourism development, and tests the analysis results through the typical cases of Moutuo Qiangzhai, Taoping Qiangzhai and Jiaju Zang-zhai. It is found that raising the cost of grass-roots government's non-supervision, increasing the default cost of enterprises settled in and increasing the net profit of villagers are the important factors to promote tripartite cooperation. The absence of grassroots government supervision will definitely lead to the default of enterprises; the enthusiasm of enterprises to comply with the contract is positively correlated with the intensity of punishment; the enthusiasm of the villagers to participate in is affected by the net income and the encroachment of the enterprise on their interests, and has nothing to do with government subsidies. Therefore, it is proposed to improve the grass-roots government's governance ability, innovate the restriction mechanism for enterprises and increase the ways to obtain the benefits of villagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by the rapid development of tourism, human settlement space in tourism destinations is facing an unprecedented multifunctional transformation. Multifunctional theory provides a new theory and paradigm for research on the sustainable development of human settlements and provides creative solutions for the construction and regulation of human settlements in tourism destinations under the typical regional environment of China. This study systematically analyzes and summarizes the concept evolution, evaluation system, changing characteristics, driving mechanism, and adaptive regulation of multifunctional human settlements in tourism destinations at home and abroad. The study reveals the evolution path of current research and offers future research directions and suggestions. The main conclusions are described as follows: 1) Regarding concept connotation and evaluation system, more research focuses on the diversified needs of high-quality human settlements. 2) Regarding spatial changing characteristics, more research presents a transformation from the overall description of macro region, focusing analysis on villages and towns in mesoscale, to the in-depth exploration of interior space for residences on a micro scale. 3) In exploring the driving mechanism, more studies combine natural factors and social factors to explore driving forces. The current research results show the characteristics of a "natural resource base determining the spatial function type" in the initial stage, to "industrial development leading the spatial function transformation" in the mid-term stage, and "the pursuit of natural comfort in human settlements" in the later stage. 4) In terms of adaptive regulation, most studies conclude to countermeasures that mainly realized through the coordination of stakeholders' social relations and the optimization of the combination and utilization development of physical space. Finally, this study establishes the evolution path map of the three stages of multi-functional human settlement in tourism destinations, and offers a focus for follow-up research, including evaluation systems combined with humanism, a more comprehensive coupling and trade-off driving mechanism within stakeholders on the multi-level spatial scale, and a multifunctional transition optimization strategy combining top-down and bottom-up approaches. Meanwhile, it is emphasized that the integration and innovation of interdisciplinary methods will become an important breakthrough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In tlie context of tourism development, modernization and commercialization relentlessly colonize etluiic areas, reshaping the physical, social, and significant spaces of tourism destinations. Due to the influx of capital and tlie change of power subjects, etlinic tourism villages have become a new reality througli tlie continuous deconstruction and construction of multiple subjects. The separation and integration of modem辻y and tradition has led to tlie alienation and tension of village social relations and structure. To examine the power subjects, spatial fonns, spatial relations, and emotions involved in the process of tourism reproduction, this study, adopting Zhaoxing Dong village in Guizhou Province as a case, uses Lefebvre's tlieory of spatial production and tlie metliods of field survey and in-depth interview to analyze tlie relationship between physical space, social space, and emotion from the tliree dimensions of social space and meaning space. Tliis study assesses tlie "material-relationship-emotion" connection of multiple power subjects and self-consistency witi.1 tourism development. The results show tlie following. First, physical space can be replanned with the change of power subjects, which is conducive to the return of tlie labor force. The authenticity of villages can be maintained under discipline and control, but the constructed landscape symbol is the misplaced expression of etlinic villages. Second, for conflicts in the social space, local residents adopt tlie strategy of concession and do not witlidraw, reaching a tacit understanding of space use and management at tlie wrong time with tlie managers. Zhailao, an authoritarian figure, has become a representative of resolving differences and promoting tlie consolidation and cohesion of social relations. Through the transfer and comprehensiveness of tourists and foreign operators, it reflects the open and inclusive hospitality and philosophy of local residents. Third, the meaning space can be reproduced tlirough the local residents' emotional injection of festival events and culture, the inheritance of cultural habits, the inlieritance of local conventions, and the memory and imagination of nostalgic things. From the perspective of tourism space reproduction, the study reviews and examines the multi space of Zhaoxing Dong village tourism and concludes tliat there are many social problems in Zhaoxing village, which imply many social contradictions. However, under the consensus of sharing interests, positive games, and hannonious coexistence, the multi-power subjects in Zhaoxing village have different opinions. After evaluating the development trend and potential of local tourism, tliey will make tlieir own spatial arrangement, spatial compromise, relationship concession, and emotional adjustment under the consideration of multi-mediation, multi-organization coordination, and multi-relationships, to adapt to the changes in the physical, social, and meaning spaces engendered by tourism development. These changes can help shape the modem local culture, maintain tlie original rural style, embody ethnic customs, and carry fonvard rural humanistic and moral values. Moreover, tliey can provide a practical reference for the sustainable development of tourism and the prosperity and revitalization of beautiful etlinic villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a novel signal processing method for detecting the vital signs of multiple adjacent subjects using a 24 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave Doppler radar. Radar-based vital signs sensors have attracted significant attention because of their contactless and unobtrusive mode of measurement. However, limited-bandwidth, fixed-beam systems have been restricted to single subjects because a high resolution is required to detect the vital signs of multiple adjacent subjects. As the range resolution is determined by the frequency bandwidth, a novel method is proposed that doubles the effective frequency bandwidth by using a modified waveform. The proposed method can distinguish between two subjects sitting 40 cm apart, overcoming the 60 cm Rayleigh resolution for a frequency bandwidth of 250 MHz. The computational complexity of the proposed method is considerably low when compared with high-resolution algorithms such as the multiple signal classification algorithm. Furthermore, the method easily suppresses stationary clutter by using phase deviation. To validate the performance of the proposed method, experiments were conducted with two subjects lying side by side on a bed. The results indicate the excellent performance, with enhanced range and high detection accuracy. This method has many potential applications, including monitoring infants and sleep apnea patients.

Brain decoding is a process of decoding human cognitive contents from brain activities. However, improving the accuracy of brain decoding remains difficult due to the unique characteristics of the brain, such as the small sample size and high dimensionality of brain activities. Therefore, this paper proposes a method that effectively uses multi-subject brain activities to improve brain decoding accuracy. Specifically, we distinguish between the shared information common to multi-subject brain activities and the individual information based on each subject’s brain activities, and both types of information are used to decode human visual cognition. Both types of information are extracted as features belonging to a latent space using a probabilistic generative model. In the experiment, an publicly available dataset and five subjects were used, and the estimation accuracy was validated on the basis of a confidence score ranging from 0 to 1, and a large value indicates superiority. The proposed method achieved a confidence score of 0.867 for the best subject and an average of 0.813 for the five subjects, which was the best compared to other methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately decode visual cognition compared with other existing methods in which the shared information is not distinguished from the individual information.

The frequent occurrence of major public health emergencies (MPHEs) significantly challenges national security, economic stability, social operation and the safety of people's lives and property worldwide. Consequently, enhancing the emergency management of MPHEs is critically urgent. This paper constructs a game model involving local government, social organisations, and the public for MPHE management, exploring strategy combinations and influencing factors across various scenarios. Several results were obtained. (1) Local government, social organisations, and the public each have positive and negative strategy choices based on cost-benefit analysis, leading to eight different strategy combinations. Furthermore, all three take positive strategies as the optimal way to achieve the game equilibrium. (2) The transformation of strategy combinations is primarily influenced by the cost-benefit gap and the strategic decisions of local government. (3) Altering a subject's initial strategy value doesn't change its final choice but impacts the time to achieve a stable strategy equilibrium. The severity of local government punishments on social organisations influences their strategic choices and the time to optimal strategy, whereas rewards to the public or social organisations only affect the time to achieve this strategy. The findings of this study can not only help improve the collaborative governance system of MPHEs but also provide scientific guidance on how governments can manage MPHEs., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Rui Nan reports financial support was provided by National Social Science Fund of China. Rui Nan reports financial support was provided by Beijing Social Science Foundation., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At present, China's public building energy efficiency improvement projects lack vitality in the market due to the weak awareness of energy efficiency among the participating subjects. Therefore, improving the knowledge and awareness of all participating parties has become the key to effectively promoting energy efficiency improvement in Chinese public buildings. This paper researches the knowledge demand of key subjects for energy efficiency improvement in public buildings(EEIPB), establishes a knowledge demand indicator system for EEIPB, and proposes targeted knowledge improvement methods. Firstly, the knowledge demand of key subjects for EEIPB is identified by using grounded theory, and the knowledge demand indicator system for EEIPB is established. Secondly, the knowledge demand categories are determined with the help of the improved Kano's model, and the priority of the knowledge demand elements of each subject is derived through Better-Worse index analysis. Finally, suggestions on the learning paths for Better-Worse index analysis are put forward. It is found that the demand for various subjects for knowledge on EEIPB is mainly focused on five aspects: incentive policies, regulations, standard specifications, market, and technology. In terms of demand, the types of knowledge demand elements for EEIPB of each subject are mainly One-dimensional Attributes and Mixed Attributes among which incentive policies and market are the focus of attention of each subject. In addition, there are both commonalities and differences in the knowledge demands of each subject. This research will help government authorities formulate effective promotion measures for the demand for energy-efficiency improvement knowledge in public buildings and raise the level of energy-efficiency knowledge awareness of all subjects in the public building industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait recognition is being employed as an effective approach to identify people without requiring subject collaboration. Nowadays, developed techniques for this task are obtaining high performance on current datasets (usually more than 90 % of accuracy). However, those datasets are simple as they only contain one subject in the scene at the same time. This fact limits the extrapolation of the results to real world conditions where, usually, multiple subjects are simultaneously present at the scene, generating different types of occlusions and requiring better tracking methods and models trained to deal with those situations. Thus, with the aim of evaluating more realistic and challenging situations appearing in scenarios with multiple subjects, we release a new framework (MuPeG) that generates augmented datasets with multiple subjects using existing datasets as input. By this way, it is not necessary to record and label new videos, since it is automatically done by our framework. In addition, based on the use of datasets generated by our framework, we propose an experimental methodology that describes how to use datasets with multiple subjects and the recommended experiments that are necessary to perform. Moreover, we release the first experimental results using datasets with multiple subjects. In our case, we use an augmented version of TUM-GAID and CASIA-B datasets obtained with our framework. In these augmented datasets the obtained accuracies are 54.8 % and 42.3 % whereas in the original datasets (single subject), the same model achieved 99.7 % and 98.0 % for TUM-GAID and CASIA-B, respectively. The performance drop shows clearly that the difficulty of datasets with multiple subjects in the scene is much higher than the ones reported in the literature for a single subject. Thus, our proposed framework is able to generate useful datasets with multiple subjects which are more similar to real life situations.

A novel non-contact vital-sign sensing algorithm for use in cases of multiple subjects is proposed. The approach uses a 24 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave Doppler radar with the parametric spectral estimation method. Doppler processing and spectral estimation are concurrently implemented to detect vital signs from more than one subject, revealing excellent results. The parametric spectral estimation method is utilized to clearly identify multiple targets, making it possible to distinguish multiple targets located less than 40 cm apart, which is beyond the limit of the theoretical range resolution. Fourier transformation is used to extract phase information, and the result is combined with the spectral estimation result. To eliminate mutual interference, the range integration is performed when combining the range and phase information. By considering breathing and heartbeat periodicity, the proposed algorithm can accurately extract vital signs in real time by applying an auto-regressive algorithm. The capability of a contactless and unobtrusive vital sign measurement with a millimeter wave radar system has innumerable applications, such as remote patient monitoring, emergency surveillance, and personal health care.

Industrial parks make great contributions to the local economy, society, and culture, but they have also encountered many problems, such as limited resources, the longevity of ecological restoration, and the contagion of safety accidents. As a socioeconomic and ecological composite system formed by the interaction of multiple stakeholders, the solutions to succeed in workplace sustainability in industrial parks are still not known. The purpose of this study is to explore how to integrate existing resources to achieve a win-win situation in industrial park safety and environmental protection issues. According to Actor-network Theory and a systematic search, this study identifies the relevant subjects from selected 24 studies and clarifies the interactions made by these subjects. In sum, this study concludes two main modes of developing workplace sustainability in the park from multiple actors' perspectives: self-regulation of inner park subjects and the driving force of exterior park subjects., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in theabsence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Open burning of straw is the most significant problem of environmental pollution in rural areas. Returning straw to the fields is beneficial to rural environmental management and rural development. Comprehensive utilization of straw in the field not only reduces environmental pollution, but also benefits food production and farmers' income. Because planting farmers, enterprises, and local governments have different interests, it is difficult for the straw return system to operate soundly. In this study, a three-party evolutionary game model of farmers, enterprises, and local governments was constructed to analyze the evolutionary stability of the strategic choices of the three subjects, explore the influence of each element on the strategic choices of the three parties, and use Matlab2022b simulation to further analyze the dynamic evolution of the game behavior of the system subjects under the given benefits and the given subjects, respectively. The study findings showed that the higher the preferences given by the local government, the higher the probability of farmers and enterprises participating in the straw return system. Only with the participation of local governments can the straw return system be operated robustly. Our study findings also revealed that the interests of farmers must be fully protected in order to mobilize the main body and stimulate market dynamics. The overall findings of this study provide useful insights for promoting government agencies to govern the local environment, increase local revenues, and build integrated waste utilization systems.

In terms of the simple obligation, the legal relationship includes a creditor, a debtor and one single object; a complex obligation must contain a legal relationship with multiple objects or multiple subjects. The complex obligations with multiple subjects can be presented under the following situations: two or more creditors of the same debtor, two or more debtors of the same creditors, more creditors and more debtors. The new Civil Law Code presents three categories of obligations involving a plurality of subjects: divisible obligations, indivisible obligations and solidary obligations. The solidary obligation is the one that contains multiple subjects (creditors and/or debtors) and based on it each solidary creditor has the right to ask the debtor to fulfill the entire performance or each of the solidary debtors can be obligated to execute the entire performance owed to the same creditor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We develop a methodology for Bayesian hierarchical multi-subject multiscale analysis of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data. We begin by modeling the brain images temporally with a standard general linear model. After that, we transform the resulting estimated standardized regression coefficient maps through a discrete wavelet transformation to obtain a sparse representation in the wavelet space. Subsequently, we assign to the wavelet coefficients a prior that is a mixture of a point mass at zero and a Gaussian white noise. In this mixture prior for the wavelet coefficients, the mixture probabilities are related to the pattern of brain activity across different resolutions. To incorporate this information, we assume that the mixture probabilities for wavelet coefficients at the same location and level are common across subjects. Furthermore, we assign for the mixture probabilities a prior that depends on a few hyperparameters. We develop an empirical Bayes methodology to estimate the hyperparameters and, as these hyperparameters are shared by all subjects, we obtain precise estimated values. Then we carry out inference in the wavelet space and obtain smoothed images of the regression coefficients by applying the inverse wavelet transform to the posterior means of the wavelet coefficients. An application to computer simulated synthetic data has shown that, when compared to single-subject analysis, our multi-subject methodology performs better in terms of mean squared error. Finally, we illustrate the utility and flexibility of our multi-subject methodology with an application to an event-related fMRI dataset generated by Postle (2005) through a multi-subject fMRI study of working memory related brain activation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Villagers' self-governance in China is the institutional consequence of the re-construction of the relationship between state and society in the process of political and economic reforms in the rural areas in China. The practice of self-governance has encountered some institutional difficulties and limitations, which reflect the structural tensions between multiple subjects in China's rural grass-roots governance framework concerning the distribution of power. Against such a background, constructing institutional cooperative relationship and seeking co-governance are important ways to achieve good governance for rural grass-roots. On the basis of traditional deliberative governance in China and the deliberative democracy in the west, a mechanism of deliberative participation should be constructed to realize such a cooperative relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-oriented domains with large volumes of time-stamped information, such as medicine, security information and finance, require useful, intuitive intelligent tools to process large amounts of time-oriented multiple-subject data from multiple sources. We designed and developed a new architecture, the VISualizatIon of Time-Oriented RecordS (VISITORS) system, which combines intelligent temporal analysis and information visualization techniques. The VISITORS system includes tools for intelligent selection, visualization, exploration, and analysis of raw time-oriented data and of derived (abstracted) concepts for multiple subject records. To derive meaningful interpretations from raw time-oriented data (known as temporal abstractions), we use the knowledge-based temporal-abstraction method. A major task in the VISITORS system is the selection of the appropriate subset of the subject population on which to focus during the analysis. Underlying the VISITORS population-selection module is our ontology-based temporal-aggregation (OBTAIN) expression-specification language which we introduce in this study. The OBTAIN language was implemented by a graphical expression-specification module integrated within the VISITORS system. The module enables construction of three types of expressions supported by the language: Select Subjects, Select Time Intervals, and Get Subjects Data. These expressions retrieve a list of subjects, a list of relevant time intervals, and a list of time-oriented subjects’ data sets, respectively. In particular, the OBTAIN language enables population-specification, through the Select Subjects expression, by using an expressive set of time and value constraints. We describe the syntax and semantics of the OBTAIN language and of the expression-specification module. The OBTAIN expressions constructed by the expression-specification module, are computed by a temporal abstraction mediation framework that we have previously developed. To evaluate the expression-specification module, five clinicians and five medical informaticians defined ten expressions, using the expression-specification module, on a database of more than 1,000 oncology patients. After a brief training session, both user groups were able in a short time (mean = 3.3 ± 0.53 min) to construct ten complex expressions using the expression-specification module, with high accuracy (mean = 95.3 ± 4.5 on a predefined scale of 0 to 100). When grouped by time and value constraint subtypes, five groups of expressions emerged. Only one of the five groups (expressions using time-range constraints), led to a significantly lower accuracy of constructed expressions. The five groups of expressions could be clustered into four homogenous groups, ordered by increasing construction time of the expressions. A system usability scale questionnaire filled by the users demonstrated the expression-specification module to be usable (mean score for the overall group = 68), but the clinicians’ usability assessment (60.0) was significantly lower than that of the medical informaticians (76.1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than one subject is scanned in a typical functional brain imaging experiment. How can the scientist make best use of the acquired data to map the specific areas of the brain that become active during the performance of different tasks? It is clear that we can gain both scientific and statistical power by pooling the images from multiple subjects; furthermore, for the comparison of groups of subjects (clinical patients vs healthy controls, children of different ages, left-handed people vs right-handed people, as just some examples), it is essential to have a “group map” to represent each population and to form the basis of a statistical test. While the importance of combining images for these purposes has been recognized, there has not been an organized attempt on the part of neuroscientists to understand the different statistical approaches to this problem, which have various strengths and weaknesses. In this paper we review some popular methods for combining information, and demonstrate the surveyed techniques on a sample data set. Given a combination of brain images, the researcher needs to interpret the result and decide on areas of activation; the question of thresholding is critical here and is also explored. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The governance of the global marine ecological environment is closely related to human life and needs to adopt a multisubject co-governance system. There is a lack of understanding of the need for co-governance by multiple subjects for global marine ecological environment protection. Global marine eco-environmental multisubject governance is characterised by fragmentation, lack of coordination, and other issues. It should be recognised that global marine ecological environment protection is a task for all to protect humankind's common heritage ergaomnes. At the same time, the idea of a global marine ecological environment protection led by an ocean community with a shared future should be established. A global marine ecological environment multisubject co-governance model is set up by establishing a global marine ecological environment governance model alongside a multisubject co-governance committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]