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The aim of the present study was to investigate the detrimental effect of ultrasound application, as an alternative to pasteurization, on raw goat milk microorganisms and some food pathogens including Brucella melitensis. For this purpose, six different ultrasound applications with a power of 20 kHz at 100%, 50% and 10% amplitudes with or without pulsation were practiced. Colour changes as an increase in brightness (L-value) and decrease in yellow colour value (b-value) were determined in either pasteurized or ultrasonified groups. The most efficient detrimental effect on bacteria was obtained at 100% amplitudes (III and IV group). In these groups, decrease of TAMB, coliforms, streptococci, lactobacilli, yeast and mould counts were 6.52, 6.27, 5.31, 5.61, 5.27 and 4.02 log cfu/ml respectively in raw milk. Inactivation of food pathogens Brucella melitensis type 3, Salmonella Typhimirium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in goat milk was approximately 99%, which was as efficient as HTST and LTLT pasteurization process. Consequently, ultrasound applications can be an alternative to heat processes in dairy since effective bacterial inactivation could be attained in a relatively economic and environmentally friendly way.

Since the early ages, human beings have used colored materials to leave marks on their environment and the following generations. In time, paints, which gained great importance with painting the objects and the items they used, brought environmental problems with them. Synthetic paints/dyes used to meet the increasing need over time had to be eliminated from the environment. Nowadays, using bacteria is considered as a good solution for eliminating dyes that contain azo groups. These dyes are used in large quantities and difficult to decompose. The main goal of this study was to decolor six different (amido black 10B, evans blue, janus green, methyl orange, methyl red, and orange G) azo dyes by use of four different psychrotolerant Bacillus (Bacillus sp, B. cereus, B. mycoides, and B. subtilis) isolates. According to the obtained results, it was determined that the psychrotolerant Bacillus isolates could remove colors of the six azo dyes by presenting high decolorization activity (up to 98%).

In this study, the sol–gel method was used to add MgO and SrBr2 to biografts containing Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, SiO2, P2O5, H3BO3 and AgNO3. In addition, urea (15–35% by weight) was added to these biografts...

Bu çalışmada, zahter (Thymbra spicata L.) bitkisinin yapraklarından elde edilen ekstrakların insan sağlığına çok yönlü zararlar verebilen Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ve Campylobacter jejuni bakterileri üzerindeki antibakteriyel etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Steril disklerinin her birine T. spicata ekstraktının homojenatlardan yapılan 3 farklı (10-1, 10-2 ve 10-3) dilüsyondan 10’ar µL emdirilmiş ve bu diskler petri kapları içerisinde bulunan besiyerlerine ekimi yapılmış olan E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ve C. jejuni bakterilerinin üreyeceği bölgelere bırakılarak üreme davranışları gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, yapılan ölçümlerde E. coli O157:H7’nin 10-1 ve 10-2’lik T. spicata ekstraktının bulunduğu etrafında sırasıyla 21,3±1,7 ve 17,7±1,3 mm’lik zonlar oluşturduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium da 10-1 ve 10-2’lik T. spicata ekstraktı dilüsyonlarının etrafında sırasıyla 26,3±1,7 ve 20,7±1,3 mm’lik zonlar oluşturmuştur. Fakat hem E. coli O157:H7 hem de Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium 10-3’lük dilüsyonda dar inhibisyon zonları oluşturmuşlardır (sırasıyla 8,3±2,1 ve 10,0±0,8). C. jejuni türünün ise üç farklı dilüsyonun tamamında 17 mm’nin altında kalan zonlar oluşturduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Overexpression of Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is associated with tumorigenesis and multiple cancer types including lung cancer. In this study, the association between two HOTAIR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12826786 and rs1899663) on the risk and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in a Turkish population was investigated. We genotyped HOTAIR rs12826786 and rs1899663 polymorphisms in 180 Turkish people including 87 lung cancer patients (71 males and 16 females) and 93 age-matched healthy controls (67 males and 26 females) by a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction method. The mean age value of the lung cancer patients and control subjects were 59.27 ± 10.55 and 61.77 ± 12.00, respectively. We found that none of the two HOTAIR polymorphisms (rs12826786 T>C, rs1899663A>C) has any significant association with the increased risk of lung cancer in any type of inheritance genetic models. However, our research indicated that carriers of Trs12826786/Crs1899663 (ht3) (P = 0.03) had an increased risk of lung cancer susceptibility.

In this review, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of teratogenic chemical agents in both rat and mouse have been reviewed. Of these chemicals, 97 are drugs and 33 are pesticides or belong to other groups. Large literature searches were conducted to determine the effects of chemicals on chromosome abnormalities, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus formation in experimental animals such as rats and mice. In addition, studies that include unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct formations, and gene mutations, which help to determine the genotoxicity or mutagenicity of chemicals, have been reviewed. It has been estimated that 46.87% of teratogenic drugs and 48.48% of teratogenic pesticides are positive in all tests. So, all of the teratogens involved in this group have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. On the other hand, 36.45% of the drugs and 21.21% of the pesticides have been found to give negative results in at least one test, with the majority of the tests giving positive results. However, only 4.16% of the drugs and 18.18% of the pesticides were determined to give negative results in the majority of the tests. Among tests with major negative results, 12.50% of the teratogenic drugs and 12.12% of the teratogenic pesticides were negative in all conducted tests.

Salmonella is one of major foodborne pathogens and the leading cause of foodborne illness-related hospitalizations and deaths. It is critical to develop a sensitive and rapid detection assay that can identify Salmonella to ensure food safety. In this study, a DNA sensor-based suspension array system of high multiplexing ability was developed to identify eight Salmonella serovars commonly associated with foodborne outbreaks to the serotype level. Each DNA sensor was prepared by activating pre-encoded microspheres with oligonucleotide probes that are targeting virulence genes and serovar-specific regions. The mixture of 12 different types of DNA sensors were loaded into a 96-well microplate and used as a 12-plex DNA sensor array platform. DNA isolated from Salmonella was amplified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR), and the presence of Salmonella was determined by reading fluorescent signals from hybridization between probes on DNA sensors and fluorescently labeled target DNA using the Bio-Plex® system. The developed multiplex array was able to detect synthetic DNA at the concentration as low as 100 fM and various Salmonella serovars as low as 100 CFU/mL within 1 h post-PCR. Sensitivity of this assay was further improved to 1 CFU/mL with 6-h enrichment. The array system also correctly and specifically identified serotype of tested Salmonella strains without any cross-reactivity with other common foodborne pathogens. Our results indicate the developed DNA sensor suspension array can be a rapid and reliable high-throughput method for simultaneous detection and molecular identification of common Salmonella serotypes.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of doripenem (DRP) using both cytogenetic and molecular test systems. Although there have been some studies reporting the effects of DRP, none of them has shown the genotoxic effects of DRP. In order to achieve the main aim of the study, the human peripheral lymphocytes were treated with 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, and 400 μg/ml concentrations of DRP for 24 and 48 hours, and the chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) methods were used as the cytogenetic tests and RAPD-PCR method was used as the molecular test to determine the genotoxic effects of DRP. DRP did not induce the chromosome aberrations and micronucleus frequencies at all concentrations and at all treatment periods. So, it was concluded that DRP did not show any cytotoxic effect. However, DRP increased the number of polymorphic bands and decreased the ratio of genomic template stability, especially at the 48-hour treatment period. In this study, according to the obtained results, it was determined that DRP failed to show any genotoxic risk at the therapeutic doses. This result also indicates that DRP could be a reliable antibiotics according to its rapid metabolism.

In this study, the presence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in aquatic environments (the Orontes River and an urban wastewater) was investigated. Fifty-four E. coli strains resistant to cefotaxime were isolated from the river waters and nearby waste water treatment plant and screened for ESBL gene variants, different classes of integrons and sulfonamide resistance genes. The ESBL-producing E. coli strains were further characterized by PhP-typing system, phylogenetic grouping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Of the 54 ESBL-producing strains, 14 (25.9%) belonged to four common PhP types and the remaining were of single types. CTX-M type ESBL genes were identified in 68% of the isolates. The most predominant specific CTX-M subtype identified was blaCTX−M−15 (n = 36), followed by blaCTX−M−1 (n = 1). None of the isolates were SHV and OXA positive. Most of the ESBL positive isolates (n = 37; 68.5%) were harboring sul gene. This study indicates a widespread distribution of CTX-M-15 producing E. coli strains in the surface waters in part of Turkey, suggesting an aquatic reservoir for ESBL genes.

Inthis article, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of mycotoxins that are producedby various fungus species have been reviewed. A total of 259 mycotoxins werefound in the literature. Genotoxic effects of 109 of these were investigated.Among the studied mycotoxins, only actinomycin D, aflatoxin, alternariol,chrysazin (dantron), citrinin, fumonisin, mytomycin C, nivalenol, ochratoxin A,patulin, sterigmatocystin, versicolorin A and B, vomitoxin, and zearalenonehave sufficient number of studies that present or prove their genotoxiceffects. Additional studies are required in order to determine whether othermycotoxins have any genotoxic effects. The current study provides valuableinformation regarding studied mycotoxins. Therefore, it may lead researchers fordesigning future mycotoxin-related studies that have never been studied., Bu makalede, çeşitli mantar türleri tarafındanüretilen mikotoksinlerin genotoksik ve mutajenik etkileri derlenmiştir.Literatürde toplam 259 mikotoksin bulundu. Bunların 109'unun genotoksiketkileri daha önce araştırıldı. Bugüne kadar yapılmış olan çalışmalarda,çalışılan mikotoksinler arasında sadece aktinomisin D, aflatoksin, alternaril,chrysazin (dantron), sitrinin, fumonisin, mitomisin C, nivalenol, okratoksin A,patulin, sterigmatosistin, versicolorin A ve B, vomitoksin ve zearalenongenotoksik etki göstermiş veya genotoksik etkileri kanıtlanmıştır. Diğermikotoksinlerin herhangi bir genotoksik etkisi olup olmadığını belirlemek içinek çalışmalar gereklidir. Bu çalışma, daha önce çalışılan mikotoksinlerhakkında önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu derleme, araştırmacılara,daha önce hiç çalışılmamış olan mikotoksinlerle ilgili gelecekteki çalışmalarıtasarlama konusunda katkı sağlayabilir.

The genotoxicity methods applied to rats are tests that can detect any damage, including changes in the number of chromosomes or in the structure of chromosomes, and nucleotide changes with structural abnormality in the DNA of animal cells. However, the method of teratogenicity is used to detect the effects of chemicals which cause congenital defects in living organisms. This study contains information about the effectiveness, reliability, ways of application, and methodology of genotoxic and teratogenic methods applied in vivo in rats.

Salmonella is the leading cause of bacteria-associated foodborne illnesses in the United States. Early detection of this pathogen by a rapid and sensitive assay is important to prevent salmonellosis. In this study, we describe a magnetic bead-based immunoassay for detection of Salmonella consisting of immunomagnetic separation for simple target concentration with tyramide signal amplification to increase the assay sensitivity. The developed immunoassay was able to detect Salmonella Typhimurium in culture with the detection limit of 280 CFU/mL in less than 3 h without any enrichment and further decreased to 70 CFU/mL with 3 h enrichment. When tested with ground beef and poultry samples artificially contaminated with S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis, the assay showed increased detection limits with 800 and 200 CFU/mL, respectively, due to the effect of complex food matrices. However, when 12 h enrichment was added, the detection limits in both food matrices decreased to 1 CFU. Practical Applications This study demonstrated that using immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and tyramide signal amplification can enhance sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Salmonella in food samples. The developed assay has great potential as a simple monitoring system for foodborne pathogens in food samples, which can improve food safety and public health. The results were also compared with sandwich type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which showed the developed assay is approximately 50 times more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The genotoxicity methods applied to rats are tests that can detect any damage, including changes in the number of chromosomes or in the structure of chromosomes, and nucleotide changes with structural abnormality in the DNA of animal cells. However, the method of teratogenicity is used to detect the effects of chemicals which cause congenital defects in living organisms. This study contains information about the effectiveness, reliability, ways of application, and methodology of genotoxic and teratogenic methods applied in vivo in rats.

In the present study, sixty-two samples that have 1.5% and upper level of fetal hemoglobin (HbF), were examined to investigate the relationship between HbF level and non-deletional mutations in both Gγ (G gamma) globin (HBG2) and Aγ (A gamma) globin (HBG1) genes. Four variations were observed in the promotor of Gγ gene, which are -158C/T, -309A/G, -369C/G, and -567T/G. Also, four variations were observed in the 5'-UTR (untranslated regions) and promotor of Aγ gene, which are +25G/A, -369G/C, -499T/A, and -588G/A. One -222/-225 AGCA del homozygous and six variations as heterozygous in A gamma globin gene promotor region were also observed. The results of the current study suggested that there was a significant relationship between high HbF levels and two variations (-309A/T and -369C/G) in Gγ gene promotor. Additionally, a significant relationship between two variations (+25G/A and -499T/A) in Aγ gene promotor was also observed. Furthermore, the persons who carry these variations with high levels of HbF indicated that there might be a haplotype effect between these variations.

Breast cancer (BC) is encountered most frequently in developed or developing countries. It is the most common cancer in humans following lung cancer, and it is the most common cancer type resulting in mortality in women. Genetic polymorphisms are among the genetic factors that play an important role in the development of the breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of five functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of hTERT (rs2736109 G>A, rs2735940 T>C, rs2853669 A>G, rs2736098 G>A, and rs2736100 T>G) on susceptibility to BC in Turkish population. The genotype frequency of hTERT rs2736109 G>A, rs2735940 T>C, rs2853669 A>G, rs2736098 G>A, and rs2736100 T>G polymorphisms were determined by using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and TaqMan methods in 123 subjects with GC and 122 healthy control subjects. The mean age value of the BC patients was 51.58±11.28 (among them 8 subjects ≤35 and 115 subjects >35). In this study, it was found that there was no statistical difference between hTERT rs2736109 G>A, rs2735940 T>C, rs2853669 A>G, rs2736098 G>A, and rs2736100 T>G polymorphisms that can be associated with risk of BC.

We investigate electronic transport properties of as-grown and annealed n-type modulation-doped Al0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs1-xBix (x = 0 and 0.04) quantum well (QW) structures using magnetotransport measurements in the temperature range 4.2 K and 60 K and at magnetic fields up to 18 T. Thermal annealing process was applied at two different temperatures, 700 degrees C and 350 degrees C during 60 s and 180 s, respectively. We find that electron effective mass and 2D electron density in as-grown Bi-containing sample are slightly lower than that in Bi-free one. Furthermore, quantum electron mobility and quantum scattering time are observed to be decreased in Bi-containing samples. The annealing process at 700 degrees C causes a slight increase in electron effective mass and 2D electron density. A negligible decrease in electron effective mass and an increase in 2D electron density are determined following annealing at 350 degrees C. The observed change in electron effective mass following thermal annealing process is attributed to changing 2D electron density in the samples. No improvement on quantum electron mobility and quantum scattering time are observed following thermal annealing at both process temperatures. We determine that one electron subband (e1) for as-grown and annealed (at 700 degrees C for 60 s) Bi-containing QWs and two electron subbands (e1 and e2) for the annealed (at 350 degrees C for 180 s) GaAsBi QW sample and the Bi-free QW sample contribute to electronic transport. Our results reveal that there is no significant direct effect of Bi on effective electron mass, but an indirect effect, in which Bi can provoke changes in 2D electron density and hence causes not to observe actual band-edge electron mass but a deviation from its band-edge value. Therefore, it can be concluded that dispersion curve of conduction band does not change as an effect of Bi incorporation in GaAs.

This study aims to identify the relations between seakeeping characteristics and hull form parameters for YTU Gulet series with cruiser stern. Seakeeping analyses are carried out by means of a computer software which is based on the strip theory and statistical short term response prediction method. Multiple regression analysis is used for numerical assessment through a computer software. RMS heave-pitch motions and absolute vertical accelerations on passenger saloon for Sea State 3 at head waves are investigated for this purpose. It is well known that while ship weight and the ratios of main dimensions are the primary factors on ship motions, other hull form parameters ( C P , C WP , C VP , etc. ) are the secondary factors. In this study, to have an idea of geometric properties on ship motions of gulets three different regression models are developed. The obtained outcomes provide practical predictions of seakeeping behavior of gulets with a high level of accuracy that would be useful during the concept design stage.

Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States, and one of the main contributors to salmonellosis is the consumption of contaminated poultry and poultry products. Since deleterious effects of Salmonella on public health and the economy continue to occur, there is an ongoing need to develop more advanced detection methods that can identify Salmonella accurately and rapidly in foods before they reach consumers. Rapid detection and identification methods for Salmonella are considered to be an important component of strategies designed to prevent poultry and poultry product-associated illnesses. In the past three decades, there have been increasing efforts towards developing and improving rapid pathogen detection and characterization methodologies for application to poultry and poultry products. In this review, we discuss molecular methods for detection, identification and genetic characterization of Salmonella associated with poultry and poultry products. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the established and emerging rapid detection and characterization methods are addressed for Salmonella in poultry and poultry products. The methods with potential application to the industry are highlighted in this review.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major foodborne pathogen that has posed serious problems for food safety and public health. Recent outbreaks and recalls associated with various foods contaminated by E. coli O157:H7 clearly indicate its deleterious effect on food safety. A rapid and sensitive detection assay is needed for this harmful organism to prevent foodborne illnesses and control outbreaks in a timely manner. We developed a magnetic bead-based immunoassay for detection of E. coli O157:H7 (the most well-known Shiga toxigenic E. coli strain) with a 96-well microplate as an assay platform. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and tyramide signal amplification were coupled to the assay to increase its sensitivity and specificity. This immunoassay was able to detect E. coli O157:H7 in pure culture with a detection limit of 50 CFU/ml in less than 3 h without an enrichment step. The detection limit was decreased 10-fold to 5 CFU/ml with addition of a 3-h enrichment step. When this assay was tested with other nontarget foodborne pathogens and common enteric bacteria, no cross-reactivity was found. When tested with artificially contaminated ground beef and milk samples, the assay sensitivity decreased two- to fivefold, with detection limits of 250 and 100 CFU/ml, respectively, probably because of the food matrix effect. The assay results also were compared with those of a sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an ELISA coupled with IMS; the developed assay was 25 times and 4 times more sensitive than the standard ELISA and the IMS-ELISA, respectively. Tyramide signal amplification combined with IMS can improve sensitivity and specificity for detection of E. coli O157:H7. The developed assay could be easily adapted for other foodborne pathogens and will contribute to improved food safety and public health.

Dünya genelinde, Salmonella spp. nörovirüslerden sonra en fazla besin zehirlenmesinesebebiyet veren patojenik bakterilerdir. Salmonellacinsine ait 2600’den fazla serovar tanımlanmış olup, bu cinse ait serovarlarınen çok tercih ettiği konak kanatlı hayvanlardır. Dolayısıyla, Salmonella cinsine ait serovarlarınınsebebiyet verdiği gıda zehirlenmelerinin en yaygın olanı kümes hayvanlarıetlerinin (özellikle tavuk eti ve bu etin kullanıldığı mamullerin)tüketilmesiyle ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Adıyaman İli’nde tüketimesunulan kümes hayvanı (tavuk) etlerinde Salmonellacinsine ait bakterilerin yaygınlığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç içinSalmonella spp.’ye spesifik olarakbağlanabilen manyetik mikro boncuklar kullanılmış ve immünomanyetik separasyon(IMS) yapılarak bakteriler izole edilmiştir. Daha sonra tiramid amplifikasyonu(TA) yardımı ile bu patojenik bakterilerin kanatlı etlerindeki bulunma oranlarıbelirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada perakende olarak satılan tavuk etlerinden rastgeleolarak seçilen 124 örnek çalışılmış ve bunların 35 (% 28.23) adedinde Salmonella spp.’ye rastlanılmıştır., Worldwide, species belonging to thegenus Salmonella are pathogenicbacteria and are the second most food poisoning causative agents afternoroviruses. More than 2600 serovar of Salmonellahave been defined, and their primary reservoir is poultry. Therefore,salmonellae serovars are most frequently associated with consumption of poultrymeat and poultry products, which leads to Salmonella-relatedfoodborne illnesses. The main purpose of this study was to determine theprevalence of Salmonella spp. by useof biotinyl-tyramide signal amplification from retail poultry (chicken) meat inAdıyaman province. For this purpose, magnetic micro-beads which canspecifically bind to Salmonella spp.,was used for isolation by applying Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS), andTyramide Amplification (TA) was used for detection of the bacteria in order todetermine the presence (by ratio) of Salmonellaspp. in poultry meat. In this study, 124 samples of poultry meat were studiedand 35 (28.23%) of them were Salmonellapositive.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a genotoxic mycotoxin that can contaminate a wide variety of foods. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg184Trp polymorphisms and the frequencies of spontaneous and AFB1-induced DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 100 healthy individuals in Turkish population. In vitro cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CMBN) assay was used to detect the spontaneous and AFB1-induced DNA damage. Genotyping of XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp polymorphisms were carried out by using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Treatment of the lymphocytes with AFB1 slightly increased (for Arg399Gln 0.73 ± 0.4 vs. 0.40 ± 0.26, Arg280His 0.80 ± 0.4 vs. 0.41 ± 0.28) the overall frequencies of micronucleus (MN) when compared to untreated cultures. No results were obtained for Arg194Trp polymorphism. Obtained overall results do not correspond to any significant (P < 0.05) association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp Polymorphisms and MN frequencies. The results of this study indicate that Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp polymorphisms do not play an important role in human sensitivity to the genotoxic effects of AFB1.

A gulet series with cruiser stern was produced from the original main of 21 gulets with cruiser stern as a result of iterative study. Some important relations and graphs are presented for use in the geometric design stage by determining significant design requirements and a geometric design process. Geometric design block coefficient (CB0) was chosen as main parameter in determining the gulet hull forms. The method of form derivation was then developed related to CB0. In this method, the change of the ratio of any station breadth at any waterline to breadth overall (Bi,k/BOA) according to CB0 was exactly represented with a quadratic polynomial function. In addition, a computer program named CGCS was developed. With this program, a gulet hull form with cruiser stern can be derived for the desired number of cabins or the desired number of guests, LOA, CB0 and the keel breadth. At the end of the study, by using CGCS and AutoCAD programs, a gulet hull form was derived and some geometric and hydrostatic values, the offset values and form plans were presented.

Introduction Heterogeneity in cancer is the difference of tumour cells in biological behaviours. Neuroblastoma treatment depends on risk classification including molecular tests. In this study, we searched for heterogeneity in DNA ploidy, MYCN amplification, 1pLOH, 11q deletion and 17q gain in metachronous neuroblastoma samples. Material and methods 25 cases among 882 cases from Turkish Paediatric Oncology Group neuroblastoma database had multiple samples. MycN amplification, 1pLOH, 11qdel and 17q gain was evaluated by RT-PCR and DNA ploidy by flow cytometry for both fresh tumour samples. Statistical analyses are made using SPSS 22.0 by paired sample T test and frequencies were calculated. Results and discussions The mean age of 25 cases was 41.00±43.76 months. 13 patients were female and 12 patients were male. 25% of patients were in low risk, 25% intermediate risk and 50% in high risk group. Heterogeneity was observed in 20% cases for MycN, 44% for 1pLOH, 12% for 11qdel, 24% for 17q gain and 28% in DNA ploidy. Conclusion Molecular heterogeneity is observed in neuroblastoma among different tumour samples of the same patients. Molecular tests are better analysed in tumour tissues in each sample obtained at different times and cases should be evaluated for risk classification possible changes.

This paper presents the results of the resistance and propulsion tests carried out during the development of the Fishing Boat Hull Form Series of ITU, providing the means of designing modern fishing boats capable of operating in the Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. Initially, nine modern hull forms were generated using the hull forms of the traditional Turkish fishing boats. The model resistance tests of these fishing boats were carried out in the lightship, loaded, and highly loaded conditions. In the present paper, these hull forms are introduced, followed by a systematic presentation of comparative results illustrating the scale effects and the extrapolation diagrams, the influence of the block coefficient, the length to beam ratio, the type of stern, the shape of chine and the fore and aft trim on viscous resistance (form factor k), and wave-making resistance (wave-making resistance coefficient CW). The findings on the effects of some appendages such as the rudder, the heel of the rudder and the stern tube on the viscous resistance (form factor k), and the total resistance (total resistance coefficient CTs) are also illustrated. Finally, a general discussion of the results obtained from the resistance tests, wake measurement tests, and flow visualization tests are presented.

In the present paper, first 13 hull forms of fishing boats with different block coefficients were generated. Later, 26 hull forms of fishing boats with two different ratios of length to beam were generated by utilizing previous hull forms of fishing boats mentioned. In total, 39 fishing boats were generated. This series is called "Fishing Boats Series of ITU" (Istanbul Technical University). In this Series, the forms of the body stations and beams of the boats are the same for equal block coefficient and different lengths. The ratio of the beam of any station at any waterline to the beam of boat, Bz/B varies with respect to block coefficient, CB. These variations have been represented with the third-degree polynomials. Thus, a hull form of the fishing boat in the desired length and block coefficient can be obtained by using these polynomials. For this purpose, a computer program called "Turetme" was developed. Finally, by using this program, three hull forms of fishing boats were obtained and presented here.

The influence of ship length, length to beam ratio, beam to draft ratio, prismatic coefficient, non-dimensional radius of gyration and Froude number upon significant amplitude of coupled heaving and pitching motions of trawler hull forms for six different sea states has been studied. For this purpose, 540 trawler hull forms have been generated from Doust trawler series to cover appropriate ranges of the design parameters. Seakeeping behavior of these forms has been studied by using an established ship motion computer program and regression models of significant seakeeping events have been derived. Through this study, it is believed that a method has been produced for the seakeeping evaluation of trawler forms during the early design stages, hence allowing for the design of safer and more seakindly trawler designs.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of rolipram, a phosphodiesterase 4 enzyme inhibitor, on Escherichia coli-induced renal oxidative damage in an acute pyelonephritis (PYN) rat model. METHODS A total of 35 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 5) as follows: control (uninfected), PYN 24 hours, PYN 48 hours, PYN 72 hours, PYN + rolipram 24 hours, PYN + rolipram 48 hours, and PYN + rolipram 72 hours. Ascending PYN was induced in the study groups by E. coli inoculation into the bladder, and the urethras were then occluded by collodium for 4 hours. Rolipram injections (1 mg/kg) were started before bacterial inoculation and repeated at 24-hour intervals in the PYN + rolipram groups until death. The rats were killed at the indicated times. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were determined in kidney homogenates. Histopathologic examinations were also performed. RESULTS Tissue malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly increased in the kidneys from the PYN groups. However, rolipram administration reduced renal malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The histopathologic examinations demonstrated that rolipram treatment reduced the inflammation grade in the kidney specimens. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study have shown that rolipram has a protective effect on renal tissue from E. coli-induced oxidative injury. Therefore, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors might be a novel therapeutic option for the prevention and/or management of acute PYN.

This paper presents habitability indices of gulet-type boats for the vertical plane motions in specified sea states. Gulets are commonly used in the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea as pleasure boats. Therefore, it is very important to obtain their habitability indices. Thus, 21 different gulet forms developed as a result of iterative studies are used for analyses. The ISO 2631 standard that defines the effect of different levels of vertical accelerations on humans is used as the first seakeeping criterion. Other seakeeping criteria are obtained from NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) documents for pitch motion. Seakeeping analyses are carried out by using commercial software which is based on the strip theory and statistical short term response prediction method. The effect of displacement forces, selected criteria and sea conditions on habitability indices is presented.