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Professor Peter Sudhölter, a renowned mathematician and economist, passed away on April 2, 2024, after a courageous battle with cancer. Throughout his career, he made significant contributions to the field of cooperative game theory, publishing 61 articles and one book. He obtained his PhD in mathematics from the University of Bielefeld in 1988 and went on to become a full professor at the University of Southern Denmark in 2013. Sudhölter's research focused on various topics, including cooperative games, non-transferable utility games, and the characterization of equilibrium concepts. His work has had a lasting impact on the field and will continue to influence future research. [Extracted from the article]

The article "La vieillesse d'Amon-Rê à Karnak" by Sébastien Biston-Moulin examines a passage from the White Chapel of Senusret I in Karnak. The author proposes a new interpretation, which is compared to a related text from the Akhmenu of Thutmose III in Karnak. Both inscriptions refer to the reconstruction of the temple of Amun-Ra in Karnak and use the metaphor of the aging and rejuvenation of the god. The inscriptions emphasize the worship of the Egyptian god Amun-Ra by the kings Thutmose III and Senusret I. The article also describes the closeness between the rulers Sesostris I and Thutmose III and the aging deity Amun-Ra in the temple of Karnak. It is speculated that the rulers bestowed years of life and rejuvenation upon the god. The article provides detailed information and analysis on various aspects of the temple of Karnak. [Extracted from the article]

The problem of signal desynchronization in passive imaging based on noise correlation for defect detection in elastic plates is investigated. Although a post-processing resynchronization process relying on the symmetry of noise correlation functions can be applied prior to the imaging algorithm, perfect synchronization might not be achieved experimentally. Effect of such residual synchronization errors on the defect detection performance is quantified as a function of their probability density function. A mathematical regularization process is then proposed to reduce the standard deviation of the resynchronization errors by a factor of N − 1 / N (N is the number of sensors), which results in a significant improvement in the detection performance. Finally, these theoretical results are validated through a simple flexural-wave propagation simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with illicit stimulants use, less is known about their prospective association in university students. We aimed to examine the association between ADHD symptoms at inclusion and illicit stimulants use following 1 year among university students. Methods: The i-Share cohort recruited French students from February 2013 to July 2020. The study included 4270 participants. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to evaluate ADHD symptoms at inclusion. Illicit stimulants use was assessed at inclusion and 1 year after inclusion. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to assess the association between ADHD symptoms at inclusion and illicit stimulants use following 1 year. Results: High levels of ADHD symptoms at inclusion were associated with a greater probability of illicit stimulants use following 1 year (adjusted OR: 2.42 (1.51–3.8)). The adjusted odds ratio was 2.7 (1.08–7.84) among participants who had used illicit stimulant at least once (continuation) and 2.25 (1.04–4.37) among participants who had never used illicit stimulants at inclusion (initiation). Conclusion: High levels of ADHD symptoms are a feature that may promote both initiation and continuation of illicit stimulants use among university students. Our findings suggest that university students with high levels of ADHD symptoms may benefit from screening to help identify those at risk of illicit stimulants use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In medical and biomedical education, traditional teaching methods often struggle to engage students and promote critical thinking. The use of AI language models has the potential to transform teaching and learning practices by offering an innovative, active learning approach that promotes intellectual curiosity and deeper understanding. To effectively integrate AI language models into biomedical education, it is essential for educators to understand the benefits and limitations of these tools and how they can be employed to achieve high-level learning outcomes. This article explores the use of AI language models in biomedical education, focusing on their application in both classroom teaching and learning assignments. Using the SOLO taxonomy as a framework, I discuss strategies for designing questions that challenge students to exercise critical thinking and problem-solving skills, even when assisted by AI models. Additionally, I propose a scoring rubric for evaluating student performance when collaborating with AI language models, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of their learning outcomes. AI language models offer a promising opportunity for enhancing student engagement and promoting active learning in the biomedical field. Understanding the potential use of these technologies allows educators to create learning experiences that are fit for their students' needs, encouraging intellectual curiosity and a deeper understanding of complex subjects. The application of these tools will be fundamental to provide more effective and engaging learning experiences for students in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis syndrome (WHIMS) is a rare combined primary immunodeficiency caused by the gain of function of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. We present the prevalence of cancer in WHIMS patients based on data from the French Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry and an exhaustive literature review. The median follow‐up of the 14 WHIMS 'patients was 28.5 years. A central review and viral evaluation of pathological samples were organized, and we conducted a thorough literature review to identify all reports of WHIMS cases. Six French patients were diagnosed with cancer at a median age of 37.6 years. The 40‐year risk of malignancy was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6%–74%). We observed two human papillomavirus (HPV)‐induced vulvar carcinomas, three lymphomas (two Epstein–Barr virus [EBV]‐related) and one basal cell carcinoma. Among the 155 WHIMS cases from the literature, 22 cancers were reported in 16 patients, with an overall cancer 40‐year risk of 23% (95% CI: 13%–39%). Malignancies included EBV‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders and HPV‐positive genital and anal cancers as in the French cohort. Worldwide, nine cases of malignancy were associated with HPV and four with EBV. Immunocompromised WHIMS patients appear to be particularly susceptible to developing early malignancy, mainly HPV‐induced carcinomas, followed by EBV‐related lymphomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altered semitendinosus (ST) morphology and distal tendon insertion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may reduce knee flexion torque generating capacity of the hamstrings via impaired ST force generation and/or moment arm. This study used a computational musculoskeletal model to simulate mechanical consequences of tendon harvest for ACLR on ST function by modeling changes in ST muscle tendon insertion point, moment arm, and torque generating capacity across a physiological range of motion. Simulated ST function was then compared between ACLR and uninjured contralateral limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging from 18 individuals with unilateral history of ACLR involving a hamstring autograft was used to analyse bilateral hamstring muscle (ST, semimembranosus, bicep femoris long head and short head) morphology and distal ST tendon insertion. The ACLR cohort was sub‐grouped into those with and without ST regeneration. For each participant with ST regeneration (n = 7), a personalized musculoskeletal model was created including postoperative remodeling of ST using OpenSim 4.1. Knee flexion and internal rotation moment arms and torque generating capacities of hamstrings were evaluated. Bilateral differences were calculated with an asymmetry index (%) ([unaffected limb–affected limb]/[unaffected limb + affected limb]*100%). Smaller moment arms or knee torques within injured compared to uninjured contralateral limbs were considered a deficit. Compared to uninjured contralateral limbs, ACLR limbs with tendon regeneration (n = 7) had minor reductions in knee flexion (5.80% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.97–7.62]) and internal rotation (4.92% [95% CI = 2.77–7.07]) moment arms. Decoupled from muscle morphology, altered ST moment arms in ACLR limbs with tendon regeneration resulted in negligible deficits in knee flexion (1.20% [95% CI = 0.34–2.06]) and internal rotation (0.24% [95% CI = 0.22–0.26]) torque generating capacity compared to uninjured contralateral limbs. Coupled with muscle morphology, ACLR limbs with tendon regeneration had substantial deficits in knee flexion (19.32% [95% CI = 18.35–20.28]) and internal rotation (15.49% [95% CI = 14.56–16.41]) torques compared to uninjured contralateral limbs. Personalized musculoskeletal models with measures of ST distal insertion and muscle morphology provided unique insights into post‐ACLR ST and hamstring function. Deficits in knee flexor and internal rotation moment arms and torque generating capacities were evident in those with ACLR even when tendon regeneration occurred. Future studies may wish to implement this framework in personalized musculoskeletal models following ACLR to better understand individual muscle function for injury prevention and treatment evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroecological practices can be used to optimise ecological functions and improve the health of agroecosystems. The present study aimed to determine the effects of two agroecological systems (AG and AGSPP) on soil biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical market gardens. The AG (agroecological) cropping system allows the use of organic phytosanitary products, unlike the second one (AGSPP, agroecological without phytosanitary products). The cropping systems were established in the open field and compared in terms of (i) soil fauna, (ii) soil fertility, (iii) soil aggregation, (iv) pest regulation, and (v) crop production. A total of eighteen months after the establishment of the experiment, the macrofaunal communities of the two cropping systems were significantly different. The AGSPP cropping system was characterised by a higher abundance of predators, a better soil structure, a higher tomato fruit set rate, and a lower pest proliferation. The increase in plant diversity and the non-use of phytosanitary products could modify the macrofaunal communities and, consequently, the provision of some ecosystem services. We also observed an effect of repellent and host plants on pest control in both systems, promoting high crop production. Overall, we showed that small changes in agroecological practices can have positive effects on soil biodiversity, pest regulation, and crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociocognitive impairment is well known in the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). The purpose of the present study was to assess explicit and implicit humor abilities in this population. Based on clinical observation and contrary to the current cognitive model, we hypothesized that implicit performances (happy facial expressions) would be better than explicit ones (humor judgment assessed by explicit humor comprehension, subjective feeling of amusement as a conscious appreciation of funniness, and verbal justifications of funniness). Twenty-five RR-MS patients and twenty-five healthy participants completed the tasks. Their face was filmed during humor ratings. Patients' results suggest that 32% of them showed an impairment in explicit humor comprehension, with normal facial expressions. Both groups found great difficulty in justifying the cause of their amusement. All these results may suggest the existence of a supplementary implicit pathway in humor processing. The preservation of this implicit pathway may be advantageous for future remediation. Contrary to the current model, we found that the subjective feeling of amusement was preserved when comprehension was impaired. Further studies will be needed to clarify this component, and adjust the theoretical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that freedom in the divine creative act is better understood as a freedom of consent rather than freedom of will. However, even if some conundrums are thus avoided, one has to face the apparent antinomy between both God's creative act from His very nature and God's absolute freedom. Freedom of consent, as defined in David Burrell's works, finds a resonance with the French spiritualist philosopher, Henri Bergson, who resolves the apparent antinomy by showing that the necessity of the action springs from the nature of the self in a way that does not contradict the free perpetual auto‐creation of the consciousness. Notwithstanding its defects, the artisan model found in Genesis allows one to draw a parallelism between the divine creative act and artistic creation. Kandinsky faced precisely such an antinomy, for his principle of inner necessity combines both the absolute free creative power of the artist and the necessity emerging from the different levels of the cosmic order. To exemplify Kandinsky's solution, this article offers an original reading of Painting with White Border, based on Kandinsky's analysis in Reminiscences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'expertise judiciaire fait fréquemment l'objet de publications ; cependant, peu de travaux francophones s'intéressent aux modalités de restitution écrite d'une évaluation expertale, c'est-à-dire à la manière dont le rapport d'expertise est présenté et rédigé par son auteur, dans l'objectif de répondre aux questions posées par les autorités judiciaires et d'aider à la prise de décision. La manière dont le rapport est rédigé peut avoir une incidence sur la perception de la situation de l'expertisé, sur la valeur accordée à ce travail complexe d'évaluation et sur les décisions judiciaires. Ainsi, cet article vise à recenser les principales critiques mentionnées dans la littérature scientifique concernant les rapports d'expertise, et les ressources pour les améliorer et les rendre conformes aux attentes professionnelles. Cet article présente une recension narrative des écrits scientifiques. Il est basé sur des publications anglophones et francophones rapportant des études et revues de littérature concernant les rapports d'expertise judiciaires dans le domaine de la psychologie et psychiatrie légales. La recension des travaux dégage quatre axes qui peuvent affecter la qualité du rapport écrit : le cadre expertal et la position de l'expert ; la terminologie et les modes d'écriture utilisés dans le rapport ; le manque de référence aux principes généraux d'une évaluation psycho-légale ; les faiblesses dans l'organisation des données présentées dans l'expertise et dans la démarche argumentative pour répondre aux questions. Les faiblesses rapportées pourraient être améliorées par la formation des experts, les guides d'évaluation, la collégialité d'experts et les listes de contrôle. Forensic assessments are mandated by judicial authorities to answer various questions and to assist in the judicial decision-making process. Judicial expertise is frequently the subject of publications; however, few French-speaking studies have focused on written forensic reports, i.e. the way in which the report is presented and written by the author. The way in which the report is written could have an impact on the perception of the situation of the person being assessed, on the value attributed to this complex assessment, and on the judicial decisions. Thus, the objective of this article is to review the main criticisms in forensic reports in scientific literature, as well as the resources that could help to improve them and ensure conformity to professional expectations. This article presents a narrative review of the scientific literature. It focuses on English and French publications and literature reviews in the field of forensic psychology and psychiatry. The review of the literature identified four aspects that could affect the quality of the report: 1/The expert framework and the position of the expert; 2/The terminology and writing styles used in the report; 3/The lack of reference to general principles of psycho-legal assessment; and 4/Weaknesses in the organization of the data and in the argumentative approach to answering the questions. The weaknesses identified in the literature reviewed could be improved through training of the experts, the implementation of assessment guides, experts' collegiality, and checklists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of autobiographical memory (AM) recall posit some form of control process, but the extent to which we can reflect on this form of retrieval is under-researched. Here we propose a method for measuring such metacognitive awareness in AM. Since the verification of personal facts is difficult, we based our design on AM organisation. AMs are proposed to be organised into a coherent life story, that is, a subjective chronology reflecting the goals of the individual over time. We investigated the metacognitive awareness of this coherence. Eighty-three participants generated AMs and made two judgements of order for pairs of memories and gave a confidence rating. We found that participants were indeed able to distinguish pairs of memories that were coherent with their life story chronology from pairs which were not. We also found a significant effect of response time and task difficulty on confidence, suggesting that judgement of order fluency was determinant for metacognitive evaluation. This suggests common properties between metacognitive abilities related to autobiographical memory and those related to other forms of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies the concepts of anthropomorphism and kitsch developed by Robert Cooper (1986/2023a) to queering the ontology of organization. Cooper suggests a non-essentialist ontology of organization that allows us to think 'organization' beyond a concrete economic entity and to expand the field of Organization Studies beyond studies of organizations. I use Cooper's concepts to demonstrate that gender norms are anthropomorphic and kitsch forms of organization themselves. Cooper's work is not about gender, but for Cooper organizations operate to produce not only goods but also signs and symbols that organize society, including gender. He argues that 'organization' is not an entity but a constant process of micro-ordering our lives and world-making. In this sense, identities are forms of organizing, disrupting the essentialist and realist assumptions that organizations are entities and hence redefining the limits and objects of analysis of Organization Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daisy chain architectures, made by the self-complementary threading of an axle covalently linked to a macrocycle, represent a particularly intriguing family of supramolecular and mechanically interlocked (macro)molecules. In this review, we discuss their recent history, their modular chemical structures, and the various synthetic strategies to access them. We also detail how their internal sliding motions can be controlled and how their integration within polymers can amplify that motions up to the macroscopic scale. This overview of the literature demonstrates that the peculiar structure and dynamics of daisy chains have already strongly influenced the research on artificial molecular machines, with the potential to be implemented from nanometric switchable devices to mechanically active soft-matter materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In addressing the challenge of managing small renal masses, this study explored the efficacy of single-probe percutaneous cryoablation as a potential solution. The primary objective was to assess the procedure's impact on recurrence rates, particularly in relation to Renal nephrometry scores. Analysis of results from 26 renal tumors treated with this method revealed promising outcomes, with recurrence rates influenced by the aforementioned scores. The findings suggest that single-probe cryoablation is a promising modality, particularly when considering its cost-effectiveness and ergonomic advantages over traditional multi-needle argon-based cryotherapy. In conclusion, this novel technique offers potential benefits in treating small renal masses, emphasizing the need for further refinement and research. The study's insights could guide medical professionals in choosing efficient, cost-effective, and patient-friendly treatment options, thereby benefiting society at large by optimizing kidney tumor management. Kidney cancer accounts for 3% of adult malignancies and is increasingly detected through advanced imaging techniques, highlighting the need for effective treatment strategies. This retrospective study assessed the safety and efficacy of a new single-probe percutaneous cryoablation system using liquid nitrogen for treating T1a renal cancers. From May 2019 to May 2022, 25 consecutive patients from two academic hospitals, with a median age of 64.8 years [IQR 59; 75.5], underwent cryoablation for 26 T1a renal tumors. These tumors had a median size of 25.3 mm [20; 30.7] and a median RENAL nephrometry score, indicating tumor complexity, of 7 [5; 9]. No major complications arose, but three non-clinically relevant perirenal hematomas were detected on post-procedure CT scans. With a median follow-up of 795 days [573; 1020], the primary local control rate at one month stood was 80.8% (21 out of 26). The five recurrent lesions, which exhibited a higher renal score (p = 0.016), were treated again using cryoablation, achieving a secondary local control rate of 100%. No patient died, and the disease-free survival rate was 92% (23 out of 25). In conclusion, single-probe percutaneous cryoablation emerges as a promising modality for managing small renal masses. Notably, recurrence rates appear influenced by RENAL nephrometry scores, suggesting a need for further research to refine the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the study of metamemory monitoring originated in predictions for simple span tasks, the study of metacognition for working memory (WM) has been somewhat neglected in comparison with long-term memory. We aimed to fill this gap by exploring the ability to self-assess WM operations. Thirty-four participants performed 16 series of complex span tasks and rated their confidence in a verbal recall paradigm. We manipulated the cognitive load based on the TBRS model in order to analyze the role of attentional resources on both WM and metacognitive evaluations. As expected, we found that recall is affected by cognitive load and we found standard serial position effects. Interestingly, metacognitive evaluations followed the same pattern, and measures of metacognitive sensitivity suggest that participants are able to make item-by-item retrospective judgments reflective of their performance. We discuss how these results contribute to our understanding of metacognitive access to newly-formed WM contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the placement of an intraventricular catheter remains the gold standard method for the diagnosis of intracranial hypertension (ICH), the technique has several limitations including but not limited to its invasiveness. Current noninvasive methods, however, still lack robust evidence to support their clinical use. We aimed to estimate, as an exploratory hypothesis generating analysis, the discriminative power of four noninvasive methods to diagnose ICH. We prospectively collected data from adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), and ischemic stroke (IS) in whom invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring had been placed. Measures were simultaneously collected from the following noninvasive methods: optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), pulsatility index (PI) using transcranial Doppler (TCD), a 5-point visual scale designed for brain Computed Tomography (CT), and two parameters (time-to-peak [TTP] and P2/P1 ratio) of a noninvasive ICP wave morphology monitor (Brain4Care[B4c]). ICH was defined as a sustained ICP > 20 mmHg for at least 5 min. We studied 18 patients (SAH = 14; ICH = 3; IS = 1) on 60 occasions with a mean age of 52 ± 14.3 years. All methods were recorded simultaneously, except for the CT, which was performed within 24 h of the other methods. The median ICP was 13 [9.8–16.2] mmHg, and intracranial hypertension was present on 18 occasions (30%). Median values from the noninvasive techniques were ONSD 4.9 [4.40–5.41] mm, PI 1.22 [1.04–1.43], CT scale 3 points [IQR: 3.0], P2/P1 ratio 1.16 [1.09–1.23], and TTP 0.215 [0.193–0.237]. There was a significant statistical correlation between all the noninvasive techniques and invasive ICP (ONSD, r = 0.29; PI, r = 0.62; CT, r = 0.21; P2/P1 ratio, r = 0.35; TTP, r = 0.35, p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The area under the curve (AUC) to estimate intracranial hypertension was 0.69 [CIs = 0.62–0.78] for the ONSD, 0.75 [95% CIs 0.69–0.83] for the PI, 0.64 [95%Cis 0.59–069] for CT, 0.79 [95% CIs 0.72–0.93] for P2/P1 ratio, and 0.69 [95% CIs 0.60–0.74] for TTP. When the various techniques were combined, an AUC of 0.86 [0.76–0.93]) was obtained. The best pair of methods was the TCD and B4cth an AUC of 0.80 (0.72–0.88). Noninvasive technique measurements correlate with ICP and have an acceptable discrimination ability in diagnosing ICH. The multimodal combination of PI (TCD) and wave morphology monitor may improve the ability of the noninvasive methods to diagnose ICH. The observed variability in non-invasive ICP estimations underscores the need for comprehensive investigations to elucidate the optimal method-application alignment across distinct clinical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nothing was more important to Tolstoy than character development. For him, the purpose of life is to grow morally. The purpose of literature — as all art — is to aid that growth. Abstract philosophy and pedantic scholarship are therefore redundant. Indeed, even the psychological novel is a distraction. Moral truths are self‐evident. They are always simple. They are expressed by the humble. They are known by the meek. To become good, all we need to do is peel back the layers of hypocrisy and deceit that have overwrought us. Moral truths are known all over the world, but they are forgotten or covered up. There is nothing like a folktale, a pithy aphorism, or the words of a farm laborer or child to point this out. We may be surprised by what we already know and how deceived we were. All Tolstoy's varied endeavors, his literature, pedagogic theory and philosophy, center on moral conversion and its only legitimate motivation: love. Tolstoy's affront on modern civilization, documented vehemently in his later works sought to teach this lesson. This was a view of character development that had wide ranging impact all over the world, influencing many of the most famous thinkers, educators, and activists of the twentieth century. Tolstoy's stories continue to enthrall and inspire moral transformation. In this article Daniel Moulin explains why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of autobiographical memory (AM) recall posit some form of control process, but the extent to which we can reflect on this form of retrieval is under-researched. Here we propose a method for measuring such metacognitive awareness in AM. Since the verification of personal facts is difficult, we based our design on AM organisation. AMs are proposed to be organised into a coherent life story, that is, a subjective chronology reflecting the goals of the individual over time. We investigated the metacognitive awareness of this coherence. Eighty-three participants generated AMs and made two judgements of order for pairs of memories and gave a confidence rating. We found that participants were indeed able to distinguish pairs of memories that were coherent with their life story chronology from pairs which were not. We also found a significant effect of response time and task difficulty on confidence, suggesting that judgement of order fluency was determinant for metacognitive evaluation. This suggests common properties between metacognitive abilities related to autobiographical memory and those related to other forms of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters (SFAEs) from lignocellulosic biomass and oleic acid (C18:1) was catalyzed by immobilized‐stabilized derivatives of Candida antarctica lipase B in a methyl ethyl ketone medium. After steam‐explosion pretreatment of mixed hardwoods and enzymatic hydrolysis at 15%wt solids, xylose and glucose were purified/concentrated to a mass ratio of ~3 to 1. These lignocellulosic sugars were superior to commercial sugars as the carbohydrate source for the esterification reaction in terms of sugar conversions. The highest conversions were obtained using 1.5% w/v of Novozyme 435 (N435, uncoated) as the biocatalyst for the synthesis of SFAEs. Coating the N435 with polyethyleneimine (PEI) prevented enzyme leakage into the reaction medium and produced 35% and 50% higher xylose and glucose conversions to SFAEs, respectively, at the same enzyme loading. After six 24 h reuse cycles with the PEI‐coated N435, xylose conversion decreased by 44%, while a 65% reduction in xylose conversion was observed with the uncoated lipase. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the production of xylose and glucose mono‐ and di‐esters. Our purified product presented an emulsion capacity (EC) close to that of a commercial sugar ester and the ECs of the xylose oleate, laurate, and palmitate synthesized in previous studies. © 2023 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel graph‐based simulation approach for generating micro wrinkle geometry on human skin, which can easily scale up to the micro‐meter range and millions of wrinkles. The simulation first samples pores on the skin and treats them as nodes in a graph. These nodes are then connected and the resulting edges become candidate wrinkles. An iterative optimization inspired by pedestrian trail formation is then used to assign weights to those edges, i.e., to carve out the wrinkles. Finally, we convert the graph to a detailed skin displacement map using novel shape functions implemented in graphics shaders. Our simulation and displacement map creation steps expose fine controls over the appearance at real‐time framerates suitable for interactive exploration and design. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the generated wrinkles by enhancing state‐of‐art 3D reconstructions of real human subjects with simulated micro wrinkles, and furthermore propose an artist‐driven design flow for adding micro wrinkles to fictional characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research suggests that the prevalence of child and adolescent mental health problems has increased considerably during the COVID-19 crisis. However, there have been few longitudinal studies on children's mental health issues according to their social determinants in this context, especially in Europe. Our aim was to investigate the association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and children' mental health during the period of school closure due to COVID-19. Longitudinal data came from 4575 children aged 8–9 years old in 2020 and participating in the ELFE population-based birth cohort that focuses on children's health, development and socialization. Parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) when children were (a) 5 years of age and (b) 9 years of age, which corresponded to the period of school closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. We retrieved data from the ELFE cohort collected on children from birth to age 5 years (birth, 1 year, 2 years, 3,5 years and 5 years). Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured based on information obtained when the child was 5 years old. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression models. Children's elevated levels of symptoms of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the period of school closure were significantly associated with prior low family SES (aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.08–1.48). Children's elevated symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention and of emotional symptoms were associated with decline in income during the COVID crisis (respectively, aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.16–1.63 and aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.51). Moreover, when testing interactions, a low prior SES was significantly associated with a higher risk of emotional symptoms aOR 1.54 (1.07–2.21), only for children whose families experienced a decline in income, while gender, parental separation and prior mental health difficulties were not associated. This study underlines the impact of the financial crisis related to the COVID-19 epidemic on children's mental health. Both pre-existing family SES before lockdown and more proximal financial difficulties during the COVID crisis were negatively associated with children's psychological difficulties during the period of school closure. The pandemic appears to exacerbate mental health problems in deprived children whose families suffer from financial difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tolstoy had a lifelong interest in education and philosophy. However, he was suspicious of using philosophy as a foundation for educational practice or applying philosophy to the educational problems of his day, most importantly, the development of an education system in Russia around the time of the emancipation of the serfs. Tolstoy's rejection of the philosophy of education arose from his concerns about what would be identified in contemporary terminology as 'epistemic injustice' or 'epistemicide'. How could European philosophy inform a curriculum and pedagogy for the Russian peasantry when the peasants' own forms of knowledge were more valuable to their ways of life? Tolstoy sought to answer this question by engaging with children in peasant schools. This experience informed the development of his own worldview, articulated in the latter years of his life--a vision of uniting the insights of indigenous peoples from various times and places to inform what he considered to be the pursuit of authentic knowledge. This article considers Tolstoy's apparent rejection of the philosophy of education, exploring how this seemingly bombastic position led to the evolution of an innovative meta-philosophy that offers some contribution to thinking about contemporary educational problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we review the literature on the phenomenology of retrieval from the personal past, and propose a framework for understanding how epistemic feelings and metacognitive reflections guide the retrieval of representations of past events in the Self Memory System. Our focus is on an overlooked aspect of autobiographical memory, the phenomenology of the retrieval process, as opposed to the products of retrieval themselves. As we argue in the present paper, this is not some magical collection of phenomena, but centers on the feeling of familiarity derived from retrieval fluency during the process of retrieval. The relationship between retrieval fluency and retrieved content, interpreted metacognitively is what gives autobiographical retrieval its particular phenomenological "flavor." To illustrate our point, we focus on two phenomena that only recently were considered alongside each other: the déjà vu experience and involuntary autobiographical memories. Our proposal is that the feeling of familiarity (i.e., this reminds me of something) for the personal past acts to guide deliberate, conscious memory search. We argue that the critical concept in the phenomenology of retrieval is fluency—how readily information comes to mind. This article is categorized under:Psychology > MemoryPhilosophy > ConsciousnessPhilosophy > Knowledge and Belief [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the impact of different agroecological practices on the composition and diversity of edaphic bacterial and fungal communities. We designed two experimental agroecological vegetable cropping systems and analyzed their effects on soil microbial communities by pyrosequencing the 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes. Our results highlighted modifications to the Operational Taxonomic Units in both experimental systems compared with bare soil, particularly for the phyla Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, Bacteroidetes, and Mucoromycota. Multidimensional scaling plots based on beta diversity showed a clear distinction between the two experimental systems for fungi, whereas differences were observed between bare soil and the two experimental systems for bacteria. Overall, the agroecological systems enhanced soil microbial diversity. We showed a distinction between the two experimental systems and bare soil, correlated with the high total N and total P contents in the agroecological systems. Both experimental systems promoted soil enrichment with certain essential minerals. The agroecological systems had a positive impact on soil microbial communities, particularly by promoting the development of beneficial soil bacteria like Actinobacteria. In the two experimental systems, changes in the quality and quantity of organic matter (i.e. mulch, vermicompost, plant diversity) could have modified the abundance and diversity of microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the effect of private lower secondary schools on student achievement in France. I use propensity score matching on a large French database to estimate the effect of enrollment in a private school on academic achievement as measured by ninth-grade test scores in three school subjects. I find that private school attendance has a large and significant effect on educational success. Boys' (girls') scores in private school were between 0.193 (0.138) and 0.222 (0.198) standard deviations higher on standardized tests in ninth grade. A series of checks confirm the robustness of these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widespread use of tunnel junctions in high-efficiency devices (e.g., multijunction solar cells, tunnel field effect transistors, and resonant tunneling diodes), simulating their behavior still remains a challenge. This paper presents a new model to complete that of Karlovsky and simulate an I (V) characteristic of an Esaki tunnel junction. A review of different analytical models of band-to-band tunneling models is first presented. As a complement to previous work on tunnel junction simulation, the transmission coefficient is precisely determined and incorporated, the valley current between the tunneling and drift regimes is included, and calculations of physical parameters are updated. It is found that the model works for a broad range of values of the forward bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several risk factors of children's mental health issues have been identified during the pandemic of COronaVIrus Disease first appeared in 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to fill the knowledge gap regarding the association between parents' and children's mental health issues during the COVID-19 school closure in France. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the SAPRIS-ELFE study during the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Using multinomial logistic regressions, we estimated associations between parents' and children's mental health issues. Symptoms of anxiety were assessed by the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and depression by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for the parents. Hyperactivity/inattention and emotional symptoms in children were assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The sample included 3496 children aged 8 to 9 years, of whom 50.0% were girls. During the school closure, 7.1% of responding parents had moderate to severe levels of anxiety and 6.7% had moderate to severe levels of depression. A total of 11.8% of the children had an abnormal hyperactivity/inattention score and 6.6% had an abnormal emotional symptoms score. In multivariate regression models, parental moderate to severe level of anxiety and moderate to severe level of depression were associated with abnormal hyperactivity-inattention score (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 3.31; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.33–4.70 and aOR 4.65; 95% CI 3.27–6.59, respectively) and abnormal emotional symptoms score in children (aOR 3.58; 95% CI 2.33–5.49 and aOR 3.78; 95 CI 2.47–5.78 respectively). Children whose parents have symptoms of anxiety and/or depression have an increased likelihood of symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention and emotional symptoms during school closures in France due to COVID-19. Our findings suggest that public health initiatives should target parents and children to limit the impact of such crises on their mental health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article innovatively combines the analysis of both cultural and outdoor activities in Canada, activities that have been mostly studied separately until now. This study thus feeds into the debate between the distinction framework (focusing on the highbrow/lowbrow opposition) and the omnivorism thesis (distinguishing between omnivorous and univorous groups) in cultural sociology. From Latent Class Analysis (LCA), this study identifies five clusters, which differentiate people practicing either or both cultural and outdoor activities. The clusters are labelled as follow: "tele‐univore," "digital indoor," "conventional indoor," "outdoor univore," and "omnivore." Binary logistic regressions reveal that education, age and rural/urban identity are the key factors in identifying who practices which activities. The findings are threefold. First, while confirming the omnivore theory, our results show that cultural capital matters more than economic capital in explaining who participates in which activities. Second, rural people tend to be slightly more engaged than urban people in consumptive and motorized outdoor activities and less in all cultural activities. Third, the shift to digitization and the increase in outdoor activities appears to have exacerbated the divide between older and younger generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses share many attributes in common with extracellular vesicles (EVs). The cellular machinery that is used for EV production, packaging of substrates and secretion is also commonly manipulated by viruses for replication, assembly and egress. Viruses can increase EV production or manipulate EVs to spread their own genetic material or proteins, while EVs can play a key role in regulating viral infections by transporting immunomodulatory molecules and viral antigens to initiate antiviral immune responses. Ultimately, the interactions between EVs and viruses are highly interconnected, which has led to interesting discoveries in their associated roles in the progression of different diseases, as well as the new promise of combinational therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the relationships between viruses and EVs and discuss major developments from the past five years in the engineering of virus-EV therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our target article, we presented the idea that involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) and déjà vu may both be based on the same retrieval processes. Our core claim was thus straightforward: Both can be described as "involuntary" or spontaneous cognitions, where IAMs deliver content and déjà vu delivers only the feeling of retrieval. Our proposal resulted in 27 commentaries covering a broad range of perspectives and approaches. The majority of them have not only amplified our key arguments but also pushed our ideas further by offering extensions, refinements, discussing possible implications and providing additional empirical, neuroscientific and clinical support. The discussion launched by the commentaries proves to us the importance of bringing IAMs and déjà vu into mainstream discussions of memory retrieval processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) and déjà vu are phenomena that occur spontaneously in daily life. IAMs are recollections of the personal past, whereas déjà vu is defined as an experience in which the person feels familiarity at the same time as knowing that the familiarity is false. We present and discuss the idea that both IAMs and déjà vu can be explained as natural phenomena resulting from memory processing and, importantly, are both based on the same memory retrieval processes. Briefly, we hypothesise that both can be described as "involuntary" or spontaneous cognitions, where IAMs deliver content and déjà vu delivers only the feeling of retrieval. We map out the similarities and differences between the two, making a theoretical and neuroscientific account for their integration into models of memory retrieval and how the autobiographical memory literature can explain these quirks of daily life and unusual but meaningful phenomena. We explain the emergence of the déjà vu phenomenon by relating it to well-known mechanisms of autobiographical memory retrieval, concluding that IAMs and déjà vu lie on a continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of existing rules of international law in cyberspace and lawful responses to cyberattacks have been discussed for years, but certainty is still lacking in the field. To face external cyberthreats, actors like the European Union decided to adopt restrictive measures (e.g., assets freezing and travel restrictions). Unfortunately, this system did not succeed in preventing further cyberattacks, and it has its own paradoxes. For these reasons, it may be tempting to consider the adoption of stronger collective measures. In this article, I focus on the doctrine of countermeasures, and I intend to determine whether the doctrine of countermeasures may be a sound basis to help an international organization or a coalition of like-minded states – like the European Union and its members – build a mechanism of deterrence by punishment. This system consists of convincing a potential aggressor that an attack would not be the worth the consequences, due to the harmful answer which would follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following hamstring autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), muscle length, cross‐sectional area, and volume are reduced. However, these discrete measures of morphology do not account for complex three‐dimensional muscle shape. The primary aim of this study was to determine between‐limb semitendinosus (ST) shape and regional morphology differences in young adults following tendon harvest for ACLR and to compare these differences with those in healthy controls. In this cross‐sectional study, magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 18 individuals with unilateral ACLR and 18 healthy controls. Bilaterally, ST muscles were segmented, and shape differences assessed between limbs and compared between groups using Jaccard index (0–1) and Hausdorff distance (mm). Length (cm), peak cross‐sectional area (cm2), and volume (cm3) were measured for the entire muscle and proximal, middle, and distal regions, and compared between limbs and groups. Compared to healthy controls, the ACLR group had significantly (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = −2.33) lower bilateral ST shape similarity and shape deviation was significantly (p < 0.001, d = 2.12) greater. Shape deviation was greatest within the distal region of the ACLR (Hausdorff: 23.1 ± 8.68 mm). Compared to both the uninjured contralateral limb and healthy controls, deficits in peak cross‐sectional area and volume in ACLR group were largest in proximal (p < 0.001, d = −2.52 to −1.28) and middle (p < 0.001, d = −1.81 to −1.04) regions of the ST. Overall, shape analysis provides unique insight into regional adaptations in ST morphology post‐ACLR. Findings highlight morphological features in distal ST not identified by traditional discrete morphology measures. Clinical significance: Following ACLR, risk of a secondary knee or primary hamstring injury has been reported to be between 2‐to‐5 times greater compared to those without ACLR. Change in semitendinosus (ST) shape following ACLR may affect force transmission and distribution within the hamstrings and might contribute to persistent deficits in knee flexor and internal rotator strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) consists of blocking the arteries supplying the prostate to treat benign prostate hypertrophia (BPH). Its effectiveness on both urinary symptoms and flowmetric parameters has now been amply demonstrated by around a hundred studies, including several randomized trials. The main advantage of this procedure is the very low rate of urinary and sexual sequelae, including ejaculatory, with an excellent tolerance profile. The arterial anatomy is a key element for the realization of PAE. Its knowledge makes it possible to anticipate obstacles and prevent potential complications related to nontarget embolization. Nontarget embolization can occur with a small intraprostatic shunt or reflux and has no consequences except some local inflammation symptoms that resolve in a couple of days. Nevertheless, some situations with large arterial shunts arising from the prostatic artery must be recognized (accessory rectal, bladder, or pudendal branches), and must imperatively be protected before embolization, at the risk of exposing oneself to otherwise ischemic complications that are more severe, such as bladder necrosis and skin or mucosal necrosis. This article offers a step-by-step review of the various anatomical and technical key points to ensure technical and clinical success, while avoiding the occurrence of adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the longitudinal impact of co-occurring mental health problems, and to identify vulnerable groups in need of mental health support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses were based on data from 681 French participants in the international COVID-19 Mental Health Study, collected at four times (05/2020–04/2021). Symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the PTSD Check List for DSM-5. We performed k-means for longitudinal data to build trajectories of adults' depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms and identify subgroups psychologically vulnerable. We then assessed whether mental health trajectories were predicted by lockdown regulations. A high and a low cluster of mental health scores were identified. In both groups, mental health scores varied significantly across time. Levels of all mental health scores were lowest when COVID-19-related restrictions were lifted and highest when restrictions were in place, except for PTSD. No scores returned to the previous level or the initial level of mental health (p < 0.05). Participants with high levels of symptoms were characterized by younger age (OR: 0.98, 95 % CI: 0.97–0.99), prior history of mental disorders (OR: 3.46, 95 % CI: 2.07–5.82), experience of domestic violence (OR: 10.54, 95 % CI: 1.54–20.68) and medical issues (OR: 2.16, 95 % CI: 1.14–4.03). Pre-pandemic data were not available and the sample was recruited mainly by snowball sampling. This study revealed subtle differences in the evolution of symptom trajectories during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, and highlighted several characteristics associated with the two clusters. • Longitudinal studies encompassing period of lockdown and freedom are scarce. • Few studies investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PTSD symptomatology. • The easing of lockdown is associated with decreases in depression, anxiety and PTSD. • Differences in symptom trajectories during the Covid-19 pandemic exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of Rest-ZZZ, a natural sleep supplement, in healthy adults without a diagnosed sleep disorder. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study consisted of three 7-day supplementation periods with either Rest-ZZZ, Diphenhydramine (DPH), or Placebo, with a 7-day washout. Twenty-seven participants were randomized to one of three intervention sequences and the Healthy People Sleep Quality Index (HPSQI), Quality of Life (QoL), and Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires were assessed at the beginning and end of each supplementation period. Rest-ZZZ and Placebo showed improvements in sleep-related QoL (p ≤ 0.044) and total mood disturbance (TMD) (p = ≤ 0.028). Fatigue–Inertia was reduced by all study products (p ≤ 0.031). DPH did not result in any significant improvements on sleep quality parameters. A subgroup analysis of participants ≤ 45 years found enhanced efficacy of Rest-ZZZ and improvement in sleep-related QoL vs. Placebo (p = 0.007), as well as improvements in sleep duration (p = 0.007), sleep debt (p = 0.011), and sleep-related QoL (p = 0.033). DPH supplementation resulted in significant improvement in only sleep debt (p = 0.038). Rest-ZZZ had a safe hematology and chemistry profile. Rest-ZZZ resulted in restful sleep that generated corresponding improvements in sleep-related QoL and overall mood. Rest-ZZZ is an efficacious sleep supplement with a favorable safety profile, particularly in those aged 25–45 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the issue of the diversity of déjà experiences. According to the standard view in the neuropsychological literature, they should all be defined by means of a psychological criterion, by which they are experiences triggered by a perceived item and consist of a conscious clash between a first-order feeling of familiarity about the item and a second-order evaluation that assesses the first-order feeling as erroneous. This paper dismisses the standard view and contends there are two types of déjà experiences, labeled déjà vu and déjà vécu respectively. But it also takes issue with the rare proponents of a distinct déjà vécu type. Contrary to their achievement view, it argues that recollection is not involved in déjà vécu experiences as an actual mental state or a component thereof. In our ability view, déjà vécu involves the feeling that one could recollect past occurrences of a currently lived episode of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Like most living organisms, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster exhibits strong and diverse behavioural reactions to light. Drosophila is a diurnal animal that displays both short- and long-term responses to light, important for, instance, in avoidance and light wavelength preference, regulation of eclosion, courtship, and activity, and provides an important model organism for understanding the regulation of circadian rhythms both at molecular and circuit levels. However, the assessment and comparison of light-based behaviours is still a challenge, mainly due to the lack of a standardised platform to measure behaviour and different protocols created across studies. Here, we describe the Drosophila Interactive System for Controlled Optical manipulations (DISCO), a low-cost, automated, high-throughput device that records the flies' activity using infrared beams while performing LED light manipulations. Results: To demonstrate the effectiveness of this tool and validate its potential as a standard platform, we developed a number of distinct assays, including measuring the locomotor response of flies exposed to sudden darkness (lights-off) stimuli. Both white-eyed and red-eyed wild-type flies exhibit increased activity after the application of stimuli, while no changes can be observed in Fmr1 null allele flies, a model of fragile X syndrome. Next, to demonstrate the use of DISCO in long-term protocols, we monitored the circadian rhythm of the flies for 48 h while performing an alcohol preference test. We show that increased alcohol consumption happens intermittently throughout the day, especially in the dark phases. Finally, we developed a feedback-loop algorithm to implement a place preference test based on the flies' innate aversion to blue light and preference for green light. We show that both white-eyed and red-eyed wild-type flies were able to learn to avoid the blue-illuminated zones. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the versatility of DISCO for a range of protocols, indicating that this platform can be used in a variety of ways to study light-dependent behaviours in flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to offer a viable destination for green coffee beans classified as non-beverage type, this work aimed to extract and characterize the fixed oil from these beans and perform a preliminary evaluation of its functionality as a pharmaceutical ingredient. The extraction yield obtained was 3.70 ± 1.29% (w/w). The oil present in its composition high levels of fatty acids with emulsifying and emollient properties, palmitic acid (47.76%) and linoleic acid (32.98%); and compounds with antioxidant functional properties, tocopherols (788.71 ± 56.08 mg/kg) and phenolic compounds (3312.40 ± 14.62 mg/kg). This oil showed antioxidant activity against the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazil at all tested concentrations, reaching 50% inhibition at the concentration of 0.59 mg/ml and 90% at 0.96 mg/ml. The preliminary evaluation of the physical stability of the creams showed that, when incorporated into formulations, this oil has the potential to be used as a substitute for the synthetic ingredients liquid petrolatum, decyl oleate, and butylated hydroxytoluene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the article analyzes the discursive practices related to maternity and maternal body work that circulate among military firefighters, through the cultural construction of the hero firefighter that affects simultaneously the construction of military women as ideal mothers and firefighters. Theoretical framework: to do so, we used studies on maternal body work and gender in military organizations. Method: we conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers and pregnant military firefighters, and data were analyzed using the Foucauldian discourse analysis (FDA). Results: the hero establishes conflicts between motherhood and work that reduce the status of women firefighters in the organization. To deal with these conflicts and contradictions, women firefighters engage in maternal body work, seeking to reconcile the demands of work and motherhood. Conclusion: the results of the article show that building the hero firefighter’s imaginary represents an unwritten social norm, which establishes power relations that downgrade and push away simultaneously the maternal bodies from the possibility of being considered heroic and ideal bodies for the military firefighter work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand experiences with and measure the effect of mobile standing desks (MSD) on undergraduates' sedentary time (ST). Two samples of full-time undergraduates in Fall 2018. Study 1 (n = 21): baseline average daily ST was measured via activPAL4TM inclinometers and the NIGHTLY-WEEK-U questionnaire for 7 days. Participants received a MSD for one week then intervention ST was calculated. Study 2 (n = 28): baseline ST was measured with an online NIGHTLY-WEEK-U questionnaire, participants received a MSD for one month, then intervention ST was calculated. Paired-sample t-tests assessed differences. Interviews/online questions explored experiences. Study 1: objectively measured (p =.0045, d =.71) and self-report (p =.0005, d =.92) ST reduced significantly post-intervention. Study 2: ST reduced significantly post-intervention (p = <.0001, d =.98). Facilitators and barriers to desk usage were described. MSD were effective for reducing undergraduates' ST across one-week and one-month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the near future, the use of neurotechnologies—like brain-computer interfaces and brain stimulation—could become widespread. It will not only be used to help persons with disabilities or illness, but also by members of the armed forces and in everyday life (e.g., for entertainment and gaming). However, recent studies suggested that it is possible to hack into neural devices to obtain information, inflict pain, induce mood change, or influence movements. This Article anticipates three scenarios which may be challenging in the future—i.e., brain hacking for the purpose of reading thoughts, remotely controlling someone, and inflicting pain or death—and assesses their compliance with international human rights law (i.e., the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights) and international humanitarian law (Geneva Conventions III and IV, and the First Additional Protocol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosynthesis of sugar esters, molecules with biosurfactant properties, can occur through the esterification of sugars with fatty acids by enzymatic catalysis. An alternative to reduce the impact of raw materials on the final biosurfactant production cost and the reuse of industrial waste is to use residues from vegetable oil industries as a source of free fatty acids, such as oleic acid, and lignocellulosic residues of 2G ethanol as a source of sugar (xylose). In this scenario, the present work aimed at modeling the biosurfactants production via heterogeneous biocatalysis using lipase, oleic acid, and xylose. Product separation and purification were performed using a sequence of precipitations (adding ethanol, water, and methyl ethyl ketone). The simulation was performed using the equation-oriented software EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization), CAPE-OPEN compliant. The percentage of biosurfactants in the product was around 86%, with a recovery of 88% in the purification. Regarding the study of energy expenditure, a value of -604.1 kW of heat associated with cooling and a value of 137.6 kW associated with heating was observed. Developed mathematical models successfully described the process. The initial economic analysis of the process indicates a minimum biosurfactant selling price of US$ 72.37/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To study the longitudinal impact of co-occurring mental health problems, and to identify vulnerable groups in need of mental health support during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Analyses were based on data from 681 French participants in the international COVID-19 Mental Health Study, collected at four times (05/2020-04/2021). Symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the PTSD Check List for DSM-5. We performed k-means for longitudinal data to build trajectories of adults' depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms and identify subgroups psychologically vulnerable. We then assessed whether mental health trajectories were predicted by lockdown regulations.Results: A high and a low cluster of mental health scores were identified. In both groups, mental health scores varied significantly across time. Levels of all mental health scores were lowest when COVID-19-related restrictions were lifted and highest when restrictions were in place, except for PTSD. No scores returned to the previous level or the initial level of mental health (p < 0.05). Participants with high levels of symptoms were characterized by younger age (OR: 0.98, 95 % CI: 0.97-0.99), prior history of mental disorders (OR: 3.46, 95 % CI: 2.07-5.82), experience of domestic violence (OR: 10.54, 95 % CI: 1.54-20.68) and medical issues (OR: 2.16, 95 % CI: 1.14-4.03).Limitations: Pre-pandemic data were not available and the sample was recruited mainly by snowball sampling.Conclusion: This study revealed subtle differences in the evolution of symptom trajectories during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, and highlighted several characteristics associated with the two clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdiffusion in gold/titanium films with titanium evaporated on silicon at different oblique angles (0°, 30°, 50°, and 70°) and gold evaporated under normal incidence is investigated using a scanning electron microscope and in-situ sheet resistance measurements for the optimization of the films' effective gettering ability during and after a low-temperature thermal activation. Films have a tilted columnar structure and a porosity increasing with the deposition angle in agreement with calculated values. The oxygen effective gettering ability, characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, increases with the deposition angle. It is shown that the gold/titanium film with titanium deposited with an oblique angle of 50° is an optimized condition to obtain the largest sorption capacity after 1 h thermal activation at temperatures lower or equal to 300 °C. This film has a low initial residual stress that becomes highly tensile if thermal activation is performed above 300 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdiffusion in gold/titanium films with titanium evaporated on silicon at different oblique angles (0°, 30°, 50°, and 70°) and gold evaporated under normal incidence is investigated using a scanning electron microscope and in-situ sheet resistance measurements for the optimization of the films' effective gettering ability during and after a low-temperature thermal activation. Films have a tilted columnar structure and a porosity increasing with the deposition angle in agreement with calculated values. The oxygen effective gettering ability, characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, increases with the deposition angle. It is shown that the gold/titanium film with titanium deposited with an oblique angle of 50° is an optimized condition to obtain the largest sorption capacity after 1 h thermal activation at temperatures lower or equal to 300 °C. This film has a low initial residual stress that becomes highly tensile if thermal activation is performed above 300 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]