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Phubbing is a common sight, but it is not merely a technological faux pas. The present study aims to explore phubbing (phubbing others and getting phubbed) through the lens of two types of personalities (grandiose and vulnerable narcissism). Moreover, the study also aimed to evaluate the indirect role of motivational systems (BAS/BIS) between these two sets of variables. The sample of the study comprised 525 Indian college students. Data were analyzed through Hayes Process Macro (Hayes) in SPSS (Version 26). Vulnerable narcissism was found to be positively related to phubbing others and getting phubbed. Grandiose narcissism was found to be related to phubbing others but not to getting phubbed. BAS and BIS were significantly and positively related to phubbing and getting phubbed. BAS indirectly affected the relationship between two kinds of narcissism (vulnerable and grandiose) and phubbing (phubbing others and getting phubbed); however, BIS failed to influence the relationship between narcissism and phubbing. The results of the present study challenge the notion that all phubbing behaviors are truly deviant as narcissistic personality played an important role in phubbing behavior. The study also highlighted the importance of rewards and punishment on phubbing behaviors, and therefore there is a need to focus on BAS and BIS while dealing with phubbing behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this monograph, we expand and alter our psychoanalytic theory of motivation. Our original contribution of five motivational systems was extended to seven motivational systems which are referred to frequently. They are physiological regulation, attachment, affiliation, caregiving, exploration and preferences, sensuality and sexuality, and aversiveness/withdrawal/antagonism. These seven systems are meant to provide an experiential view of human intentions, feelings, and goals. Seeking, rather than instinctual drive, is the spark that triggers motivational activity; and a person's interest is what directs and sustains seeking. In this monograph, we add to these proposals a still more radical revision of psychoanalytic theory. This revision, if followed, offers a different perspective on what is sought in an analytic therapy. We propose that a common theme that animates all motivational activity is the sense of power. Power refers to the experience of can-do, of being a doer doing. Maintaining a sense of power, when conceptualized as the primary motivational goal of daily life, moves psychoanalytic theory from the abstract to the personal. The main focus in therapy, thus, is moved from past experiences to the greater significance of the present moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore Lichtenberg's conceptualization of "narrative as a central organizer of experience." The idea that narrative integrates immediate happenings as well as past happenings is a natural extension of Lichtenberg's other observations drawn from the new research on infancy – namely that the infant is primarily a "doer-doing" in a world constituted by the sharing of minds. Narrative replaces the older concept of representation in that it better describes the dynamics of meaningful action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichtenberg's chapter on "Empathy, Motivational Systems, and a Theory of Cure" was a brilliant effort to integrate his new paradigm of multimotivational systems with Kohut's empathic approach to psychotherapy. Lichtenberg shows how the clinical dialogue with patients can be monitored by using empathic perception to track shifts in motivational systems. At any given moment, a particular motivational system may become dominant. Successfully identifying the dominant motivation through empathic perception creates in patients a feeling of being understood without judgment. This ambience of safety allows for a shift that activates an exploratory motivation with patients and a spirit of inquiry. An observational platform is created where experience from the past with attachment figures and interaction in the here and now in therapy can be explored from new perspectives. Recent research in psychotherapy that uses monitoring the clinical dialogue with patients by tracking shifts in motivational systems supports the view of its positive effects. Lichtenberg's "theory of cure" is based on the premise that an empathic perception that monitors shifts in motivational systems will mobilize intrinsic self-righting capacities in patients. I note that there is controversy about what mutative factors in psychotherapy are most important: building an ambience of safety and trust or creating new insights into personal and internal conflicts through the use of language and symbolic representations. Both factors are crucial for positive changes in psychotherapy, and their importance will vary from patient to patient and from one patient–therapist relation to another. I note that Wilma Bucci's multiple code theory that sees experience coded at subsymbolic and verbal symbolic levels supports this view. I close by proposing that we can build on Lichtenberg's multimotivational system by adding a trans-survival need to give meaning to our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a direct association between patients with insecure attachment style (IAS), behavioural inhibition (BIS) and behavioural activation (BAS) motivational systems, and anorexia nervosa (AN). However, the possible direct relationships between these three variables have not been studied. Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyse the relationship between these variables and propose a framework for analysing and understanding these relationships. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, searching the following terms: 'anorexia', 'attachment' and those related to motivational systems. The final search was limited to publications in English dated between 2014–2022 for 'anorexia and attachment' and 2010–2022 for 'anorexia and BIS/BAS'. Results: Of the 587 articles retrieved, 30 were included in this study for the textual data analysis of the relationship between anorexia and attachment (17), anorexia and motivational systems (10) and anorexia, attachment and motivational systems (3). An association between avoidant IAS, AN and hypersensitivity to punishment of the BIS was observed in the analysis. A relationship was also observed with hyperreinforcement sensitivity of the BAS. After reviewing the articles, a possible relationship between the three factors, along with other mediating factors, was found. Discussion: AN is directly related to the avoidant IAS and to BIS. Similarly, bulimia nervosa (BN) was directly related with anxious IAS and BAS. However, contradictions were found in the BN–BAS relationship. This study proposes a framework for analysing and understanding these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows that the author's concept of priority motivational systems of youth civilizational creativity include the substantiation of: a) the value system of the continuity of viable generations, b) expert system for civilization errors detecting, c) sense forming (synthesis) motivational system of quality of civilizational sense of “link of times”.

A little over five weeks before Joseph Lichtenberg's death, I conducted an interview to discuss Joe's new ideas about the importance of tracking a sense of power in patients' experiences and in clinical interactions. At the time, we were aware that Joe was dying and his time was short. He also wanted to hear from me concerning my experience at the time we had first begun a supervisory relationship 33 years ago. He shared his impression of me from that time. We go on to discuss a few of his contributions, especially the concepts of wearing the attribution and the joint construction of model scenes – concepts that have become part of the contemporary psychoanalytic lexicon. Finally, we discuss Joe's legacy to psychoanalysis involving a way of thinking and a willingness to shift if a better idea emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alessandro Gigante, 48, teacher of Italian and Latin at a high school in Rome: I took my degree in psychology after undertaking an 8-year psychoanalysis as a patient with Gianni Nebbiosi. I was fascinated by psychoanalysis and I remained very attached to Gianni who, together with Susi, were my teachers during the 4 years of specialization school in psychotherapy at Isispé. I became a psychoanalyst to try to offer others the same opportunities for awareness, freedom, relationship, listening, affection and understanding that I have received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated personality and mental health variables for users of three popular social networking services (SNS): Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, among Japanese undergraduate students (N = 1030). Compared to non-users, Twitter users scored significantly lower in extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and self-esteem, and higher in neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity, and social comparison orientation. Instagram users scored significantly higher in extraversion, behavioral approach system (BAS) -drive, BAS-reward responsiveness, BAS-fun seeking, narcissism, self-esteem, and subjective happiness, and lower in neuroticism, anxiety, and to a marginal extent, depression. Facebook users scored significantly higher in extraversion, openness, BAS-fun seeking, self-esteem, and to a marginal extent, narcissism. Within SNS users, extraversion, agreeableness, and self-esteem were negatively associated with negative mental health variables, and positively associated with positive mental health variables. Neuroticism was positively associated with negative mental health variables, and negatively associated with positive mental health variables. Further, some associations were found within specific SNS users. Differences in personality and mental health were discussed based on the characteristics of each SNS platform.

The treatment room for mental health practitioners has transformed drastically since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the complications of moving therapy online further compounded by the stressors of a public health emergency and, in many cases, increasing racist rhetoric and violence toward minority communities. For many LGBTQ+ clients, feelings of anxiety, insecurity, and shame were already exacerbated by a contentious political climate in place well before the pandemic. No one was untouched by the effects of the spread of the virus; individual emotional and behavioral responses vary as we know from trauma research and the clinician's subjective experience of the pandemic will likely affect their practice in several ways. Though each clinical encounter is uniquely affected, the intersubjective dynamics created by a shared trauma put an onus on the clinician to adapt frequently to stay empathically attuned with a client. This paper will draw on concepts from motivational systems theory to help understand a composite case vignette involving a gay Asian American client with a history of relational trauma and a gay white therapist. Motivational Systems theory will be used to help elucidate how the client may be affected by the current moment, the affected intersubjective, gay-affirmative therapeutic dynamic, and how clinicians can maintain their attunement to clients in a way that allows them to respond effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following up on the previous article focalized on the emotion of rage, still according to his own clinical experience, the Author goes on with the attempt to develop a Culture of Emotions dealing with, in this contribution, the emotion of sadness. Recognizing that it derives from frustration and, in particular, from a loss of one of the aims of Motivational Systems, the Author attaches importance to its function of information and stimulus to action after a physiological period of wait, corresponding to the phase of mourning, whose extension risks to determine psychopathological drifts. Therefore, it's necessary to plan forms of psychotherapy based on a Culture of Sadness that can increase its useful functions and lead to its elaboration and transformation into affections and adaptive behaviours. In this way, the Author debates the notion of depression considering it as a conceptual abstraction, potentially iatrogenic, elevated to the level of a natural phenomenon that ends up by clouding the physiological and pathological dynamics tied to the emotion of sadness that really represents experiences belonging to human nature. The explanation of three clinical cases contributes to clarify the theoretical concepts formulated in the proposed essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective, efficient, and ecological transport service needs a decision support system to inform the administrations, while intelligently assisting citizens’ daily transportation choices. This work presents a full-fledged Gamification Platform to develop and run sustainable mobility campaigns promoting individual green mobility behaviors. We organize geolocalized and temporal information on users’ tracked trips into a rich dataset that decision-makers can exploit to analyze citizens’ daily transportation choices and balance the demand and the offer of the mobility ecosystem. Through the Gamification Platform, we define three different use case scenarios - i.e., mobility within the city, home-work mobility, and home-school mobility. We also evaluate the platform according to both gameful design guidelines and persuasive technology best practices. Our findings show how long-term retention and engagement can be achieved when the gameful system’s design and maintenance are assisted by the Gamification Platform, merging both administrative requirements and users’ needs towards an iteratively adaptive and personalized experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabajo pretende hacer una contribución a la comprensión de los efectos producidos por una realidad externa amenazante, como es la COVID 19, en el aparato psíquico partiendo de la obra de Hugo Bleichmar. Este autor ha incluido la hetero-autoconservación entre los sistemas motivacionales de su enfoque modular transformacional. A partir de dicho modelo se presenta el desarrollo normal del sistema de hetero-autoconservación que permitirá entender cómo el psiquismo se prepara ante las adversidades. El aparato psíquico tiene resortes que se activan ante peligros extremos personales o sociales; una condición extrema como la derivada de la pandemia actual puede convertirse en un factor de riesgo emocional, aunque también es preciso contar con las capacidades de las personas para enfrentarla. Es de gran importancia que los profesionales transmitan en sus intervenciones mensajes que no vulnerabilicen sino que promuevan desarrollos resilientes frente a la pandemia.

Emotions are limbic perceptions that, in relation to the aims of motivational systems that stimulate the flow of our mental life, announce: their achievement (joy), their loss (sadness), the impossibility to achieve them because of our limits and inabilities (fear). Rage is the emotion, the limbic perception, that indicates that someone or something prevented us from achieving them. As a perception it isn't possible, not even useful, to eliminate it; as well as pain that, from a somatic point of view, represents the perception of a dysfunction that threatens the integrity of our body. As a perception, it is necessary to distinguish it from hatred which represents an affection, a limbic answer, and from aggressiveness that is its most frequently consequent behavior. Clarifying these distinctions enables us to favour a cognitive elaboration of a healthy and functional rage that protects us from individual and social psychopathological drifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from an evaluation of the main theories of personality, the Author suggests a change of perspective which considers personality as a function and no more as a structure. As a consequence, considering the traditional (DSM) and more recently proposed psychodiagnostic systems (SWAP-200, PDM-2, STIPO), he assumes the passage from a nomothetic and categorical model to an innovative perspective that is totally idiographic and dimensional. Taking care of people's psychological suffering requires to give importance to their Motivational Systems, to their frustrated needs and to plan a course of cure and empowerment that will improve the quality of their life. In this way, each person will be a unique individual again, someone who writes his/her own story, different from all the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orientamenti Pedagogici is the property of Pontificio Ateneo Salesiano (Facoltà di Scienze dell'Educazione dell'Università Pontificia Salesian) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study aimed at determining differences in undergraduates' experience of test anxiety according to their years of education in the semester system and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) of motivation that influences learning. Design: Cross-sectional research design. Place and duration of the study: The study was carried out at COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, from January to September 2018. Sample and Method: Two hundred undergraduates with ages 18 to 26 (Mage = 20.24, SD= 1.62) were selected from COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, through convenient sampling. Participants responded to Westside Test Anxiety and BIS/BAS Motivational System Scales. Results and Conclusion: Analysis suggests that students in their first two years of education in the semester system experienced a significantly higher test anxiety level than students in their last two years (P≤ .05). Moreover, a significantly high test anxiety level has been identified in students with behavioral inhibition systems than the behavioral activation systems of motivation (P≤ .05). This study will help university students give insight into their anxiety issues; allowing university teachers to design appropriate interventions and plan lessons accordingly. Future endeavors for research are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern organizations often involve workgroup members who have different cultural heritage. This article provides an examination of how different cultural dimensions (e.g., uncertainty avoidance, individualism–collectivism) influence the ways that workgroups and their members respond to situations that involve threats and rewards. The threats and rewards activate distinct response patterns that are associated with a motivational systems theory of group involvement. Based on this theoretical foundation, a cultural dispositions approach is applied to reveal how culture could impact the ways group members respond (cognitively, affectively, motivationally) to situations that involve varying degrees of threats or rewards. This focus on cultural dispositions locates this article in the larger theoretical context of persons within situations that account for complexities of threat and reward cues as well as groups, organizations, and cultures. Consequently, this article has broad implications to the scientific and applied science communities interested in multicultural workgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon Giovanni Liotti's enormous contributions to the fi eld, this article will discuss the role of motivational systems in the challenging issue of dependency in therapy with individuals who experience complex trauma and dissociation. The central role of the separation cry in highly dependent clients will be explored, along its intersection with other animal defenses, attachment, collaboration and exploration, competition, sexuality, caretaking, and predatory motivational systems. The corresponding activation of the separation cry in the client and the caretaking system in the therapist will be highlighted as a natural but ultimately non-therapeutic pairing. When the therapist can recognize this counter-intuitive dilemma and make a harmonious shift to the collaboration system, dependency issues are more likely to be addressed therapeutically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I describe my collaboration with Giovanni over the span of almost 15 years during which time we developed a multimotivational model that built on attachment theory and explored some of its clinical implications. I mention the many ways Giovanni infl uenced my thinking, and provide a few personal stories about Giovanni that give a sense of his generous, warm and creative nature. Throughout the article I describe how I developed some of the ideas we worked on together to provide a broad evolutionary and developmental outlook on human nature. We had planned to write a book together on this ambitious project, but personal circumstances got in the way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Psicoterapia is the property of Revista de Psiquiatria y Psicologia Humanista, S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examined complaint avoidance as a function of both the strength of people's motivational systems and people's expectations of conflict interactions. We suggested outcome expectancies and efficacy assessments mediate the associations between aversive and appetitive motivational systems, and complaint avoidance. Three hundred and sixty-six students completed measures assessing motivational systems (BIS/FFFS/BAS, RTS/RIS), outcome expectancies, efficacy assessments, and complaint avoidance behaviors. Our study provided partial support for our hypotheses that motivational systems influence complaint avoidance, and these associations are influenced by both outcome expectancies and efficacy assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temptations elicit both appetitive and aversive responses because they offer hedonic gratification on the one hand and impede long-term goal pursuit on the other hand (Fujita, Personality and Social Psychology Review 15(4):352-366, 2011). In this paper, we investigate how people's affective responses toward temptations are regulated by the appetitive and aversive motivational systems. We employ the mini Motivated Action Measure (miniMAM; Lang et al., Communication Methods and Measures 5(2):146-162, 2011) to measure the signature patterns with which the two systems regulate affective activation: positivity offset and negativity bias. We found that positivity offset and negativity bias predict unique variance (5.5%) of dieters' ( N = 312) implicit attitude toward tempting foods, over and above predictors related to behavioral regulation (BIS/BAS: Carver, White, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:319-333, 1994; BSC: Tangney et al., Journal of Personality 72(2):271-324, 2004). By contrast, positivity offset and negativity bias did not predict dieters' behavioral intentions for tempting foods. Investigating how the appetitive and aversive systems regulate affective activation apart from behavioral responses offers unique insights into people's desires towards temptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Author, following up on his earlier contributions, proposes a model of the mind, resulting from extensive clinical experience working in the public mental health service, which allows better understanding of the etiological and pathogenetic processes of mental disorders promoting their more functional classification. The proposed model is based on a redefinition of Motivational Systems which drive psychic life and on an innovative concept regarding both the role played by emotions and their dynamic interactions with affections and cognitions to the production of behaviours that may be well adapted, potentially healthy, or maladapted, potentially pathological. The comparison with some contributions of affective neuroscience and philosophy of the mind also gives the proposed model its place in the debate on the mind-brain relationship and the nature of consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I re-analyze the history of my longlasting friendship with Gianni, marked by a peculiar style of agonistic cooperation, which led us to the mutual defi nition of my best enemy. I especially focus on our discussion about the best way to reach what he called psychotherapy without adjectives. I fi nally regret the loss of my friend, even in the gratitude for the richness that his presence granted to my life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Author, in an attempt to overcome the limitations of a rigidly nosographic diagnostic approach, of an exclusively symptomatic therapeutic trend and the stranding of the development of more effective forms of psychotherapy, due to incomplete or confused definition of the components of psychic life, in functionalist and evolutionist perspective, proposes a working model of the mind that attaches the necessary importance to the motivations of human action and brings much clarity to the definition of the different functions performed by the emotions and affections in the understanding of the dynamics that characterises their interaction. Applying this model to the study of obsessions and compulsions in sixteen clinical cases, with the aim of proposing a hypothesis on the etiopathogenesis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, preceded by a brief review of some of the related literature produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation (BIS/BAS) scales (Carver & White, 1994), which allow rating the Gray's motivational systems, were translated and adapted into Portuguese. In this study, the authors present the procedure and the psychometric analyses of the Portuguese version of the scales, which included basic item and scales psychometric characteristics, as well as confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. After the psychometric analyses provided evidence for the quality of the Portuguese version of the scales, the normative data was provided by age and school grade. The confirmatory factor analysis of the BIS/BAS scales that the authors performed did not demonstrate satisfactory fit for the 2- or 4-factor solution. The authors also tested the more recent 5-factor model, but the fit indices remained inadequate. As fit indices were not satisfactory they proceeded with an exploratory factor analysis to examine the structure of the Portuguese scales. These psychometric analyses provided evidence of a successful translation of the original scales. Therefore these scales can now be used in future research with Portuguese or Brazilian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how trait differences in the appetitive and defensive systems and how automatic, impulsive and deliberate, reflective responses to alcohol cues predict overall alcohol use. By utilizing a measure of trait motivational activation and measures of implicit and explicit attitudes toward alcohol that indicate the self-control system – impulsive vs. reflective – that determines behavior, this research demonstrates that higher trait appetitive system activity, ASA, and positive impulsive/implicit alcohol attitudes independently predict alcohol use, while trait defensive system activation, DSA, and explicit attitudes toward alcohol did not independently predict use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Author, having undertaken years of clinical work based on respect for the precise interaction between theory and practice, making reference to multi-motivational theories already proposed in the literature, puts forward a redefinition of the structure and functionality of the Personal and Interpersonal Motivational Systems, which form the basis of human behaviour. Taking into account various other contributions, including those resulting from affective neuroscience, and material derived from his own clinical work, he also arrives at a more precise definition for functions of the components of psychic life with particular focus on the central role of dynamic emotions-affections. He highlights how potentially dysfunctional motivational structure, distorted interpretation of the informative value of the emotions that flow from them and their inefficient cognitive processing may lead to the production of psychopathological affections and behaviour. He therefore elaborates on a theoretical etiopathogenetic model supported by the results of fifteen clinical case studies of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author proposes a general developmental frame that integrates the psychoanalytic theory of development, rooted in psychoanalytic object relations theory, with neurobiological aspects of the development of social cognition, the theory of mind, and the complex issue of empathy. It represents the next step in the integration of the author's earlier work on the developmental hierarchy of motivational systems with recent findings on affective neuroscience. A general conclusion relates to the parallel and mutually influential development of neurobiological affective and cognitive systems, ultimately controlled by genetic determinants, and psychodynamic systems, ultimately corresponding to both reality and motivated distortions of the internal and external relations with significant others. From the point of view of the psychoanalytic treatment of severe psychopathology, with fixation at the level of identity diffusion, the concepts of interpretation and mentalization as well as structural change are reformulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral approach system (BAS), and fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) are motivational systems that guide people's behavior. Motivational systems may be relevant to contexts of interpersonal communication, specifically those requiring social support. In these situations, people express preferences for approaching versus avoiding and emotion versus problem-focused comfort. This paper links people's preferences for supportive strategies with their motivational systems. 335 participants reported their preferences for different strategies of social support and their motivational system orientations. As expected, BAS was associated with preferences for involving, problem-focused support. BIS, BAS, and FFFS were significantly associated with emotion-focused support, and FFFS was negatively associated with comfort that downplays affect. The motivational systems interact when manifesting associations with preferences for support strategies, and the BAS reward responsiveness subscale emerged as the most influential BAS subscale. These results indicate that BIS, BAS, and FFFS influence people's preferences in contexts of interpersonal communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the behavioural activation system (BAS), the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and emotions in virtual work. BIS was found to have significant positive relationships with anger, anxiety, annoyance, nervousness, and distress. There were indications of emotional contagion between research confederates and participants. Self-report skill knowledge and the skill role of the research confederate both had significant relationships with performance. Self-report skill knowledge was fully mediated by the skill role played by the research confederate. Managers of virtual teams need to be aware of individual differences such as motivational systems and how these interact with state emotions and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of my Kohut Memorial Lecture was to share highlights of my personal and theoretical/clinical journey within our world of psychoanalysis. In addition, I took this opportunity to recognize some of those persons in our community who have played an invaluable role in my professional and personal life. Traversing my theoretical journey, I highlighted my work on dreams, motivational systems, transference, countertransference, listening perspectives, touch love, self psychological and Relational psychoanalysis, and implicit and explicit systems in the integration of cognitive science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the authors comments on the study concerning the constrasting motivation orientation and evaluative coding accounts of affective stimulus-response compatibility (aSRC) effects between positive/negative stimuli and approach/avoidance-related movements. One of the authors argues with an evaluative-coding approach which cannot fully account for aSRC effects with facial actions. The other author also mentions the importance for motivational-systems approach.

Freud and, later, Rapaport and Gill proposed metapsychological points of view they hoped would provide analysts with the means to organize the major findings in the field. The author proposes an open dynamic systems theory as a possible metatheory, as well as five areas of inquiry that can be used to organize, describe, and conceptualize the specifics of any psychic happening. The author illustrates the use of the five areas of inquiry with a clinical vignette. Primero Freud y luego Rapaport y Gill propusieron unos puntos de vista metapsicologicos que esperaban que podian suministrar a los analistas los medios para organizar los principales descubrimientos de nuestro campo. Yo propongo una teoria abierta de los sistemas dinamicos como una posible metateoria, y cinco areas de investigacion que se pueden utilizar para organizar, describir, y conceptualizar las particularidades de cualquier suceso psicologico. Se ilustra el uso de estas cinco areas de investigacion a traves de una vineta clinica. Freud, et plus tard Rapaport et Gill, ont propose des points de vue metapsychologiques avec l'espoir qu'ils donneraient ainsi aux analystes les moyens d'organiser les conclusions majeures de notre champ de pratique. Je propose une theorie des systemes dynamiques ouverts comme metatheorie possible et cinq domaines d'exploration qui peuvent etre utlises pour organiser, decrire, et conceptualiser les specificites de tout evenement psychique. J'illustre l'utilisation des cinq domaines d'exploration avec une vignette clinique. Freud, e successivamente Rapaport e Gill, speravano che i punti di vista metapsicologici da loro proposti offrissero agli analisti gli strumenti per organizzare le maggiori scoperte che avvenivano nel campo. Con questo lavoro propongo una teoria dei sistemi dinamici aperti quale possibile metateoria e cinque aree di indagine che possano essere usate per organizzare, descrivere e concettualizzare la natura specifica di qualsiasi accadimento psichico. Illustrero l'uso delle cinque aree di indagine con una vignetta clinica. Freud und spater dann Rapaport und Gill fuhrten metapsychologische Gesichtspunkte ein und hofften, diese wurden den AnalytikerInnen helfen, die wichtigsten Befunde/Aussagen auf ihrem Gebiet zu ordnen. Ich schlage eine offene, dynamische Systemtheorie als die mogliche Metatheorie vor und dazu 5 Bereiche der analytischen Untersuchung, die dazu dienen, jegliches psychische Geschehen in seiner spezifischen Art zu organisieren, zu beschreiben und zu konzeptualisieren. Ich illustriere den Gebrauch dieser 5 Bereiche in einer klinischen Vignette. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory and research methodology of self psychology are integrated with the experiences of modern dance choreographers to investigate the importance of creativity, art making, and aesthetics in mental health and our everyday lives. Empathy, as aesthetically based, is explored to understand the capacity of the arts to unite us in our humanity. Connections between aesthetic development, creativity, and infant patterns of learning are drawn. The influence of sensual and exploration/assertion motivational systems upon the contemporary choreographer are highlighted, leading to an understanding of the selfobject function of sensation and movement for the dance artist. Through an examination of the moment to moment ritualized experiences of studio work, the creative process in making dances is discussed. Ultimately understanding creativity and aesthetically based empathy inform our delineation of mental health and the need for aesthetic experience in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: During the 25 years since a motivational systems model was proposed to explain the brain mechanisms of aggressive behavior (D.B. Adams. Brain mechanisms for offense, defense, and submission. Behav. Brain. Sci. 2, (1979a) 200–241) considerable research has been carried out. Updating the model in the light of this research requires several changes. A previous distinction between submission and defense systems is abandoned and, instead, it is proposed that two distinct subsets of the defense motivational mechanism may be recognized, one for anti-predator defense and the other for consociate defense. Similarly, the offense motivational mechanism is now considered to have at least two subsets, one mediating territorial and the other competitive fighting. Data continue to indicate that the defense motivational mechanism is located in the midbrain central gray and adjoining tissue. Also data tend to support the hypothesis that the offense motivational mechanism is located in the hypothalamus at the level of the anterior hypothalamus. Consideration is also given to a motivational system for patrol/marking which is related to aggressive behavior. Research is reviewed that bears on the neural structure of motivating and releasing/directing stimuli and motor patterning mechanisms of offense, defense and patrol/marking, as well as the location of learning and hormonal effects, and attention is given to how the model can be tested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the parallel evolution of the psychoanalytic theory of affects, the neuropsychological theories leading to a contemporary affect theory from that perspective, and the neurobiological research on the brain structures and functions involved in affect activation. The paper concludes with a theoretical proposal that integrates neurobiological findings and contemporary affect theory, and illustrates the utilization of this model in the psychotherapeutic situation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Niko Tinbergen (1963) put behavioural development on the map as one of the four main problems in behavioural biology. Developmental research at the time was still in the grip of the nature/nurture debate. In his discussion, Tinbergen advocated an interactionist approach to development, which has been the main point of view in developmental research since then. In this paper, we review research in a number of different areas, including imprinting, song learning, motivational systems, human language, and attachment. It has become clear that sensitive periods are important in all these areas, and that some aspects of development are generally irreversible; but these phenomena are not as rigid as was thought previously. Similarly, predispositions, or biases, play an important role in perceptual development, but here too there is much more flexibility than is sometimes suggested. Learning mechanisms underlying imprinting and song acquisition are very similar to those underlying other forms of associative learning. Cognitive concepts such as neural representations and behaviour systems are becoming more common in the analysis of developmental questions. Finally, there are numerous parallels between developmental processes in humans and other animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews central concepts and research findings of attachment theory emphasizing its clinical relevance to psychoanalytically informed clinicians. We then turn to a historical analysis in order to understand why Bowlby's work was dismissed within psychoanalytic circles and the reasons why Bowlby's contributions and attachment theory have begun to have a significant impact among clinicians within the last ten years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]