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Introduction: The "Migrants' Approached Self-Learning Intervention in HIV/AIDS for Tajiks" (MASLIHAT) recruits and trains Tajik labour migrants who inject drugs as peer educators (PEs) in delivering HIV prevention information and encouragement to adopt risk-reduction norms and practices within their diaspora social networks while reducing their own HIV risk., Methods: The MASLIHAT intervention was tested in Moscow in a cluster-randomized controlled trial with 12 recruitment sites assigned to either the MASLIHAT intervention or an equal-time peer-educator training focused on other health conditions (TANSIHAT). From October 2021 to April 2022, 140 male Tajik migrants who inject drugs were recruited as PEs to attend the 5-session MASLIHAT training or the TANSIHAT non-HIV comparison condition. Each participant in both groups recruited two network members (NMs) who inject drugs with the intent to share with them the information and positive strategies for change they had learned (n = 280). All PEs and NMs (n = 420) participated in baseline and follow-up interviews at 3-month intervals for 1 year. All received HIV counselling and testing. Modified mixed effects Poisson regressions tested for group differences in injection practices, sexual risk behaviours and heavy alcohol use over time., Results: At baseline, across both groups, 75% of participants reported receptive syringe sharing (RSS), 42% reported condomless sex and 20% reported binge drinking at least once a month. In contrast to TANSIHAT where HIV risk behaviours remained the same, significant intervention effects that were sustained over the 12 months were observed for receptive syringe and ancillary equipment sharing among both MASLIHAT PEs and NMs (p < 0.0001). Significant declines in the prevalence of sexual risk behaviours were also associated with the MASLIHAT intervention (p < 0.01), but not the comparison condition. Binge alcohol use was not affected in either condition; the MASLIHAT intervention had a transitory effect on drinking frequency that dissipated after 9 months., Conclusions: The MASLIHAT peer-education intervention proved highly effective in reducing HIV-related injection risk behaviour, and moderately effective in reducing sexual risk behaviour among both PEs and NMs. Network-based peer education is an important tool for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs, especially in environments that are not amenable to community-based harm reduction., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International AIDS Society.)

Aim: Retrospective analysis of the underlying causes for death of patients who did and did not seek outpatient medical care (OPMC) for ischemic heart disease (IHD), and discussion of a possibility for using administrative anonymized but individualized databases for analysis., Material and Methods: The electronic database of the Central Administration of the Civil Registry Office of the Moscow Region (Unified State Register of the Civil Registry Office of the Moscow Region), including medical death certificates (MDC) for 2021, was used to select all cases of fatal outcomes with the disease codes of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) (codes of external causes, injuries, poisonings excluded) that were indicated as the primary cause of death (PCD). Personalized data of the deceased were combined with data from electronic medical records of patients who sought OPMC at institutions of the Moscow Region within up to 2 years before death. In addition to IHD, the following PCD codes were taken into account: malignant tumors, COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcohol-associated diseases, and, as examples of unspecified PCD, old age and unspecified encephalopathy.Results In total, among those who died from diseases, the proportion of those who died from IHD was 18.9%; for another 8.4%, IHD was indicated as a comorbid disease in Part II of the MDC. Among those who sought OPMC for IHD, the IHD proportion indicated as PCD was 27.5%, and among those who did not seek OPMC 17.4% (p &lt;0.0001). Those who died from IHD and who had sought OPMC were older (mean age, 75.59 ± 10.94 years) than those who died from IHD and had not sought OMPM (mean age, 73.96 ± 10.94 years; p &lt; 0.0001). The frequency of myocardial infarction as PCD among those who had and had not sought OPMC was the same (12%), chronic forms of IHD were 83.9% and 79.7%, the frequencies of "unspecified" acute forms of IHD (codes I24.8-9) were 4.1% and 8.3%, respectively. The proportion of deaths from COVID-19 was the highest (21.7% and 24.3%, respectively), from malignant neoplasms 11.6% and 12.7%, respectively, and from unspecified encephalopathy 10.6% and 10.7%, respectively., Conclusion: Only 25% of patients who had sought OPMC for IHD died from IHD, otherwise the causes of death were the same as for patients who had not sought OPMC for IHD. Analysis of administrative databases allows identifying disparities in the PCD structure and to direct the efforts of specialists to reconciling the criteria for death from various forms of IHD.

The mortality is a major component of damage caused by COVID-19. The comparative analysis of changes in mortality was carried out on the basis of the ROSSTAT data over 2012-2020 to determine differences in losses of male and female population caused by pandemic in Moscow. It is demonstrated that at close trends in mortality of males and females before pandemic, in 2020 their mortality changed differently. At equal increase of male and female mortality, main contribution into excess mortality (excluding contribution of COVID-19) was made approximately equally by diseases of nervous system and circulatory system in males and diseases of nervous system in females. The male mortality from COVID-19 is 1.9 times higher than female mortality. As a result of younger average age of death the amount of economic losses in terms of years of potential life lost (PYLL) due to premature death of males because of COVID-19 exceeds economic losses due to premature death of females up to 2 times. Although the average age of death of females from all causes decreased by smaller amount, their values of PYLL increased more, mainly due to higher rate of female mortality from disease of nervous system and from mortality related to drug addiction. In Moscow, the highest increase of PYLL is conditioned by dearth related to drug addiction and alcohol consumption. In the structure of this indicator in males they are ranked fourth and fifth. In females, alcohol-related deaths are ranked as sixth and drug-related deaths as eighth. The pandemic, contributing into increase in economic losses, didn't change their leading causes: diseases of circulatory system, external causes and neoplasms in males; neoplasms, diseases of circulatory system and external causes in females. The value of PYLL due to death from COVID-19 takes sixth place in males and fourth place in females.

Background: Long-term health outcomes in children and young people (CYP) after COVID-19 infection are not well understood and studies with control groups exposed to other infections are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) and incomplete recovery in CYP after hospital discharge and compare outcomes between different SARS-CoV-2 variants and non-SARS-CoV-2 infections., Methods: A prospective exposure-stratified cohort study of individuals under 18 years old in Moscow, Russia. Exposed cohorts were paediatric patients admitted with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection between April 2 and December 11, 2020 (Wuhan variant cohort) and between January 12 and February 19, 2022 (Omicron variant cohort). CYP admitted with respiratory and intestinal infections, but negative lateral flow rapid diagnostic test and PCR-test results for SARS-CoV-2, between January 12 and February 19, 2022, served as unexposed reference cohort. Comparison between the 'exposed cohorts' and 'reference cohort' was conducted using 1:1 matching by age and sex. Follow-up data were collected via telephone interviews with parents, utilising the long COVID paediatric protocol and survey developed by the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC). The WHO case definition was used to categorise PCC., Results: Of 2595 CYP with confirmed COVID-19, 1707 (65.7%) participated in follow-up interviews, with 1183/1707 (69%) included in the final 'matched' analysis. The median follow-up time post-discharge was 6.7 months. The incidence of PCC was significantly higher in the Wuhan variant cohort (89.7 cases per 1000 person-months, 95% CI 64.3-120.3) compared to post-infection sequalae in the reference cohort (12.2 cases per 1000 person-months, 95% CI 4.9-21.9), whereas the difference with the Omicron variant cohort and reference cohort was not significant. The Wuhan cohort had higher incidence rates of dermatological, fatigue, gastrointestinal, sensory, and sleep manifestations, as well as behavioural and emotional problems than the reference cohort. The only significant difference between Omicron variant cohort and reference cohort was decreased school attendance. When comparing the Wuhan and Omicron variant cohorts, higher incidence of PCC and event rates of fatigue, decreased physical activity, and deterioration of relationships was observed. The rate of incomplete recovery was also significantly higher in the Wuhan variant cohort than in both the reference and the Omicron variant cohorts., Conclusions: Wuhan variant exhibited a propensity for inducing a broad spectrum of physical symptoms and emotional behavioural changes, suggesting a pronounced impact on long-term health outcomes. Conversely, the Omicron variant resulted in fewer post-infection effects no different from common seasonal viral illnesses. This may mean that the Omicron variant and subsequent variants might not lead to the same level of long-term health consequences as earlier variants., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The interplay of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge and self-perception of risk for HIV among people who inject drugs is complex and understudied, especially among temporary migrant workers who inject drugs (MWID) while in a host country. In Russia, Tajik migrants make up the largest proportion of Moscow's foreign labor. Yet, HIV knowledge and self-perceived risk in association with sexual risk behavior among male Tajik MWID in Moscow remains unknown., Objective: This research examines knowledge about HIV transmission, self-perception of HIV risk, and key psychosocial factors that possibly contribute to sexual risk behaviors among male Tajik labor MWID living in Moscow., Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 420 male Tajik labor MWID. Modified Poisson regression models investigated possible associations between major risk factors and HIV sexual risk behavior., Results: Of the 420 MWID, 255 men (61%) reported sexual activity in the last 30 days. Level of HIV knowledge was not associated in either direction with condom use or risky sexual partnering, as measured by sex with multiple partners or female sex workers (FSW). Lower self-perceived HIV risk was associated with a greater likelihood of sex with multiple partners (aPR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.34, 2.40) and FSW (aPR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.59), but was not associated with condom use. Police-enacted stigma was associated with sex with multiple partners (aPR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49) and FSW (aPR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.54). While depression and lower levels of loneliness were associated with condomless sex (aPR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.24; aPR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.92, respectively), only depression was associated with condomless sex with FSW (aPR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.54)., Conclusions: HIV prevention programing for male Tajik MWID must go beyond solely educating about factors associated with HIV transmission to include increased awareness of personal risk based on engaging in these behaviors. Additionally, psychological services to counter depression and police-enacted stigma are needed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To create a new taxonomy of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) based on the comparability of the design of SSD and borderline states., Material and Methods: The total sample consists of 205 patients with an established diagnosis of SSD (F21; F25; F22 according to ICD-10) collected from studies of the department of borderline mental pathology and psychosomatic disorders of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Mental Health Research Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics of Moscow State Medical University in the period 2014 to 2024. Clinical, psychometric, statistical methods were used., Results: A new two-level model of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) has been developed: the first level is psychopathic-like disorders of the «Ferschroben» type; the second level are psychopathological disorders (positive, negative, etc.), appearing under their «mask», constituting a «tracing paper» of manifestations of schizophrenia «in miniature». The two-level psychopathological model of STPD is a complex clinical phenotype, including independent but overlapping phenotypic formations: psychopathic-like - the «Ferschroben» type; and basic - schizophreniform disorders., Conclusion: The clinical classification of schizophrenia spectrum disorders has been developed; pseudoneuroses and stress-induced disorders of the endogenous circle are considered in the aspect of the dynamics of STPD.

Climate change and formation of regional weather features increase both direct (immediate effects of extremal temperature and other weather and climatic anomalies) and indirect (environmental deterioration, etc.) consequences of global climate change. The development of investigations of medical weather assessment, medical and meteorological forecasting system, the use of treatment and preventive measures give the opportunity to prepare for weather biotropic conditions and reduce weather-conditioned exacerbations., Objective: To assess the clinical effectiveness of non-drug comprehensive methods, including balneotherapy and physiotherapy, in patients with somatic diseases, complicated by increased meteosensitivity, depending on the features of weather conditions in the Moscow region., Material and Methods: The study included 120 patients diagnosed with «osteoarthrosis/osteoarthritis» with predominant hip and knee joint damage. The majority of patients had comorbidities, namely hypertensive disease (67.2%), ischemic heart disease (32.8%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma (10.8%), grade II-III obesity (10%) and compensated diabetes mellitus (9.2%). The severity and main symptoms of the meteopathic reactions' manifestation were assessed by questionnaires consisting of three blocks, HAM, SF-36 tests and psychological stress scale. Medical and meteorological assessment of weather conditions in Moscow included analysis of the main weather-forming factors for 4 main synoptic observations in 10-minute mode for current and predictive 2 days, as well as daily characteristics of solar activity. Treatment methods included alternating magnetic field (AMF) procedures, general sodium chloride baths, massage and rehabilitation exercises (RE) (1st group); AMF, «dry» carbon dioxide baths, applications with brine on the affected joints and RE (2nd group); AMF, «dry» radon baths, applications with brine and RE (3rd group)., Results: The conducted studies have revealed the trigger role of most biotropic combinations of weather-forming factors that provoke exacerbation in patients with joint diseases. Sodium chloride, «dry» carbon dioxide and radon baths combined with AMF, applications with brine on the affected joints and RE are pathogenetically justified and contribute to increase of adaptive potential, functional reserves of the body and provide significantly high ( p< 0.05) meteocorrective action., Conclusion: The obtained results can be used for rehabilitation of patients with joint diseases complicated by increased meteosensitivity.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of discontinuation or prolongation of DMT on the activity of the disease during pregnancy and in the postpartum period in patients with aggressive MS from the Moscow region., Material and Methods: The study included female patients with an aggressive course of MS receiving DMT at the time of pregnancy. The patients were followed-up for the period 2016 to February 2024., Results: There were 17 cases of pregnancy during natalizumab (NZ) therapy; discontinuation of therapy in the first trimester of pregnancy provoked a resumption of disease activity in half of the patients. There were no exacerbations in patients whose therapy was prolonged until the 34th week of pregnancy. In 5 patients receiving fingolimod (FGL), therapy was discontinued upon the establishment of pregnancy, which caused the resumption of disease activity in three out of 5 cases. In 3 patients receiving anti-B-cell therapy, pregnancy occurred within a few months after the next infusion, there were no exacerbations during pregnancy., Conclusion: The cancellation of NS therapy in the early stages of pregnancy in most cases leads to the resumption of disease activity during pregnancy. Exacerbations in the postpartum period also correlated with early discontinuation of therapy and with a long period before the restart of infusions. Prolongation of infusions to 30-34 weeks of pregnancy contributed to stabilization of the condition throughout the perinatal period. Discontinuation of FGL therapy at the onset of pregnancy increased the risk of repeated relapses of the disease, up to the development of inflammatory immune restoration syndrome during pregnancy and contributed to the increase in disability in the postpartum period.

Objective: To analyze the contribution of alcohol and drug intoxication to fatal occupational injuries and sudden death at the workplace in Moscow., Material and Methods: A number of death cases of various organizations' employees equal 357 in Moscow in 2023 were investigated. The mean age of the deceased was 48.29±13.9 years, 92.4% of them were men., Results: Ethanol in blood has been determined in 15% of the deceased. Narcotic drugs and psychotropic medications have been found in 6.7% of cases. Signs of chronic intoxication have been established in 16.5% of the deceased. Chronic intoxication accompanied or aggravated the course of 70% of cardiomyopathies. The proportion of deceased in an accident at an industry or construction site equal 23.9%, as well as 1 / 2 of the deceased in an accident on the street and in a residential building were impaired by alcohol., Conclusion: The study of the contribution of alcohol and drug consumption to occupational mortality will allow to plan measures for reducing the mortality of working-age population.

Objective: To identify the association between cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) among patients over 50 years old in two independent populations of Moscow and Tyumen., Material and Methods: The study included 94 patients with MS in combination with CVD (main group) and 90 age-and sex-matched patients with MS without a vascular history (comparison group). An analysis of parameters such as disease duration, EDSS at different time points, disease progression index, duration of first remission in each population separately and in both populations together was carried out., Results: The presence of CVD in patients with MS was associated with the presence of other diseases that are associated with an increased risk of developing cerebrovascular pathology. In the main group, there was a statistically significant decrease in the duration of the first remission and an increase in the disease progression index. In addition, other diseases and syndromes were identified in the main group that, in combination with CVD in patients with MS, could lead to a worsening of the course of MS. These included arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, chronic venous insufficiency, and regular use of proton pump inhibitors., Conclusion: Comorbid vascular pathology can affect the severity of MS from the very beginning of the disease. It can lead to a shorter duration of the first remission and a higher disease progression index, increasing the degree of disability. The combination of autoimmune-inflammatory, demyelinating, and vascular processes can worsen the prognosis for MS.

Dementia is one of the main challenges to modern society. According to estimated data, as of 2019, there were 1.949.811 people living In Russia with dementia of various etiology. At the same time, there have been no large epidemiological studies of dementia in the Russian Federation. The article provides an overview of the available data on the epidemiology of cognitive impairment (CI) In Russia given from various sources. Not only estimated, but also available clinical data were analyzed. In general, the obtained prevalence values for CI are comparable to global values. Thus, in an epidemiological study of people over 60 years of age in a separate district of Moscow, the prevalence of dementia was 10.4%, Alzheimer's disease 4.5%. A study of outpatients aged 60 years and older showed a high prevalence of both dementia and non-dementia CI at general medical appointments (incidence of dementia 7.8%, MCI 49.6%). It has been shown that the problem of non-dementia CI is already relevant in people of pre-retirement age (the prevalence of non-dementia CI in patients 55-64 years old is 36.8-44.8%). Unique data obtained in a population of institutionalized centenarians (prevalence of dementia 69%), as well as data on the relationship of CI with both somatic and demographic factors are presented.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of laryngeal papillomatosis (LP) and LP recurrence in adults and to determine the risk factors for the development of LP recurrence in adults in Moscow. To solve the tasks set, a survey of patients carried out, including the collection of complaints and anamnesis, a standard examination of the ENT organs, an assessment of the condition of the larynx, and a histological examination., Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the case histories of 299 patients with LP observed and treated at the Sverzhevsky Research and Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology in the period 2010-2020., Results: On average, over the entire study period, the prevalence of PG was 17.80%. It was found that out of 299 patients, 69.6% ( n =208) had a relapse of LP. Papilloma of the larynx were more often localized in the glottis. 275 (92%) patients had a widespread form of LP. LP recurrences were significantly more common in women and in patients with an existing cicatricle process in the larynx. The relapse rate was higher in non-smokers (73.5% vs 47.8%; p <0.001). Although the recurrence rate was higher in patients with non-voice occupations (70.6% vs. 52.9%), there was no statistically significant association between relapses and the vocal professions ( p =0.125)., Conclusion: As a result of the study, a number of risk factors for laryngeal papillomatosis recurrent have been identified, and their study should be continued.

Tat, the trans-activator of transcription, is a multifunctional HIV-1 protein that can induce chronic inflammation and the development of somatic diseases in HIV-infected patients. Natural polymorphisms in Tat can impact the propagation of the inflammatory signal. Currently, Tat is considered an object for creating new therapeutic agents. Therefore, the identification of Tat protein features in various HIV-1 variants is a relevant task. The purpose of the study was to characterize the genetic variations of Tat-A6 in virus variants circulating in the Moscow Region. The authors analyzed 252 clinical samples from people living with HIV (PLWH) with different stages of HIV infection. Nested PCR for two fragments ( tat1 , tat2 ) with subsequent sequencing, subtyping, and statistical analysis was conducted. The authors received 252 sequences for tat1 and 189 for tat2. HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 was identified in 250 samples. The received results indicated the features of Tat1-A6 in variants of viruses circulating in the Moscow Region. In PLWH with different stages of HIV infection, C31S in Tat1-A6 was detected with different occurrence rates. It was demonstrated that Tat2-A6, instead of a functional significant 78 RGD 80 motif, had a 78 QRD 80 motif. Herewith, G79R in Tat2-A6 was defined as characteristic amino acid substitution for sub-subtype A6. Tat2-A6 in variants of viruses circulating in the Moscow Region demonstrated high conservatism.

Objective: We hypothesized that PWE have an increased risk to acquire COVID-19. This was a historical cohort study to determine COVID-19 incidence, severity, mortality and risk factors in adults with active epilepsy (PWE) compared to residents of Moscow without epilepsy matched by age, gender, and region of residence - Moscow Community Comparisons (MCC)., Methods: Subjects were derived from a cohort of adult PWE and a cohort of age- and gender-matched population-based MCC without epilepsy identified in 2018. Incidence of COVID-19 was compared in each cohort from 01.03.2020 through 28.02.21. Influence of age, gender, comorbidities, and for the PWE cohort, epilepsy type, seizure frequency, and number/class of antiseizure medications was evaluated using Pearson's chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis., Results: We found 887 COVID-19 positive people in the two cohorts: 156 in PWE (51.8 ± 19.7 years) and 731 in MCC (52.0 ± 17.3 years,). COVID-19 incidence was lower in PWE: 13.8 % versus 18.7 % in MCC (p = 0.0002). In PWE no specific epilepsy related variables influenced incidence. Despite no difference in severity distribution in PWE versus MCC, hospitalization rate (37.6 % versus 25.5 %, p = 0.002), disease duration (57.1 % versus 47.1, p = 0.023), and mortality (10.9% versus 4.2 %, p = 0.0009) were significantly higher in PWE. Age and number of comorbidities significantly influenced COVID-19 incidence, severity, duration, and outcomes in both cohorts., Significance: Incidence of COVID-19 in PWE in Moscow was significantly lower compared to MCC. Age and comorbidities were strongly associated with severity, duration and outcomes of COVID-19 for all infected persons. Higher mortality in PWE may be explained by a higher number of comorbidities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Despite implemented measures and general favourable trend, number of patients with myocardial infarction remains high, younger people are increasingly becoming ill and dying. The study purpose: to estimate age-sex mortality dynamics from acute and recurrent myocardial infarction in adults in Moscow compared to Russia's average in 2007-2021 to reveal patterns of mortality change within the implementation period of state prevention programs., Material and Methods: Standardized adult mortality rates for Moscow and Russia, mean expected age at death within interval 20-85 years and gain in life expectancy when eliminating this cause calculated and analyzed., Results: Moscow morbidity rates for acute and recurrent myocardial infarction are twice lower than Russia's, there are higher reduction rates for both diseases - by 16% and 58% respectively. During study period, mortality from myocardial infarction in men was by 45% higher than in women. In 2007 Moscow male-female difference estimated 3% and in 15 years it became 32% due to faster female mortality reduction. Whereas Russia's average age of death from myocardial infarction in 2021 returned to 2010-2011 levels, then in Moscow during 2020-2021 female rates returned to 2008's and male rates fall out the study period., Conclusions: Since implementation of the first programs on reducing mortality from chronic non-infectious diseases during the 15 years period morbidity and mortality rates from myocardial infarction reduced in Russia and Moscow in all ages. Acute and recurrent myocardial infarction have rejuvenated both in men and women as a negative effect of the pandemic.

Purpose of the Study: to determine the main threats to the health of the population of Moscow based on the analysis of the medical and demographic situation in Moscow and the Russian Federation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to develop management decisions at the regional level., Material and Methods: Materials of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), as well as statistical collections of the Russian Research Institute of Health of the Ministry of Health of Russia for 2013-2022 were used., Results: Coronavirus infection has changed the morbidity and mortality rates of the population of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. In the Russian Federation mortality in 2019-2021 increased from 12.3 to 13.6‰, while in Moscow the increase in the indicator is significant - from 9.5 to 16.7‰. The incidence of COVID-19 in Moscow in 2020-2021 (over the two COVID years) increased from 6191.0 to 8976.0‰oo. The noted decrease in incidence rates across almost all classes of diseases during the COVID period (2019-2020) was associated with the lower medical check-ups and preventive activities, while during 2019-2021 there was an increase in disease incidence of the following classes: mental disorders, behavior disorders; diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, etc., indicating the need for rehabilitation of this group of patients., Conclusions: The need to counter the threats to the health of the population of Moscow caused by the coronavirus infection requires the development of management decisions aimed at strengthening preventive activities and rehabilitation of patients in the post-COVID period.

Introduction: Puumala virus (family Hantaviridae , genus Orthohantavirus ) is distributed in most regions of the European part of Russia. However, information about its genetic variants circulating on the territory of the Central Federal District is extremely scarce., Materials and Methods: Rodents' tissue samples were tested after reverse transcription by PCR for the presence of hantaviral RNA. The amplified fragments of the L segment were sequenced by the Sanger method. For two samples, sequences of all three segments were obtained using the NGS method. Phylogenetic trees were built in the MEGA-X software., Results: Puumala virus was found in six samples. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of sequences of three segments, the obtained genetic variants belong to the sublineage previously designated as W-RUS., Conclusion: A genetic variant of the Puumala virus, belonging to the subline W-RUS, circulates on the territory of the Volokolamsk district of Moscow region.

Background: The control of tuberculosis (TB) may benefit from a prospective identification of areas where the incidence may increase in addition to the traditionally identified foci of high incidence. We aimed to identify residential areas with growing tuberculosis incidence rates and assess their significance and stability., Methods: We analysed the changes in TB incidence rates using case data georeferenced with spatial granularity to apartment buildings in the territory of Moscow from 2000 to 2019. We identified sparsely distributed areas with significant increases in the incidence rate inside residential areas. We tested the stability of found growth areas to case underreporting via stochastic modelling., Results: For 21 350 cases with smear- or culture-positive pulmonary TB among residents from 2000 to 2019, we identified 52 small-scale clusters of growing incidence rate responsible for 1% of all registered cases. We tested clusters of disease growth for underreporting and found them to be relatively unstable to resampling with case drop-out, but their spatial displacement was small. Territories with a stable increase in TB incidence rate were identified and compared to the rest of the city, which is characterised by a significant decrease in incidence., Conclusions: Identified areas with a tendency for an increase in the TB incidence rate may be important targets for disease control services., Competing Interests: Disclosure of interest: The authors completed the ICMJE Disclosure of Interest Form (available upon request from the corresponding author) and disclose no relevant interests., (Copyright © 2023 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved.)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia continues to grow with most infections occurring in high-risk groups including people who inject drugs and their sexual partners. Labor migrants from this region who inject drugs while in Russia are at especially high HIV risk. Male Tajik migrant workers who inject drugs in Moscow (N = 420) were interviewed prior to a randomized trial of the Migrants' Approached Self-Learning Intervention in HIV/AIDS (MASLIHAT) peer-education HIV-prevention intervention. Participants were interviewed about their sex and drug use behavior and tested for HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) prior to the intervention. Only 17% had ever been tested for HIV. Over half of the men reported injecting with a previously used syringe in the past month, and substantial proportions reported risky sexual behavior. Prevalence rates of HIV (6.8%) and HCV (2.9%) were elevated, although lower than expected when compared to estimates of prevalence among people who inject drugs at the national level in Tajikistan. Risk behavior in diaspora varied across the men's regional area of origin in Tajikistan and occupation in Moscow, with HIV prevalence rates highest among those working at the bazaars. Evidence-based prevention approaches and messaging that specifically address the drug- and sex-related risk behavior of migrants with varying backgrounds are needed.

Introduction: Pestiviruses and viruses of the Herpesviridae family are widely distributed among different species of ungulates, but the main information about these pathogens is related to their effect on farm animals. Data on detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus (BoHV) in wild ungulates reported from different countries in recent years raises the question of the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of cattle diseases., Aim of Work: To study the prevalence of herpesviruses and pestiviruses in the population of wild artiodactyls of the Moscow region., Materials and Methods: Samples of parenchymal organs and mucosal swabs from 124 wild deer (moose and roe deer) shot during hunting seasons 20192022 in Moscow Region were examined by PCR, virological and serological methods for the presence of genetic material and antibodies to bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea., Results: BVDV RNA was found in a sample from one moose, BoHV DNA was detected in samples from three roe deer and two moose shot in the Moscow region. Seropositive animals were of different sex and age, the total BoHVs and BVDV seroprevalence rates in wild artiodactyls were 46 and 29%, respectively., Conclusion: Wild ruminant artiodactyls of the Moscow Region can be a natural reservoir of BoHV-1, and this must be taken into account when planning and organizing measures to control the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Cases of BVDV infection in wild artiodactyls are less common, so more research is needed to definitively establish their role in the epidemiology of this disease in cattle.

The article presents analysis of the program of preventive examinations of Moscow residents in the "Healthy Moscow" pavilions and the routing of patients with established atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries. In 2022, within the framework of preventive examinations (check-ups) of Moscow residents in the "Healthy Moscow" pavilions, the pilot project of organization of surgical treatment of patients with established pathology of pre-cerebral arteries. The project included additional ultrasound examination of brachiocephalic arteries of males aged 45-72 years and females aged 54-72 years. the brachiocephalic artery stenosis was detected in 14 688 out of 370 416 people (4.0% of those passed the check-up). The stenosis was diagnosed in more than 50% - 1 369 people, 9.3% of all stenoses or 0.4% of those passed the check-up). At diagnosis of stenosis, more that 70% of patients were offered to undergo screening ultrasound examination at the "N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care of the Moscow Health Department". The consultation was received by 117 patients out of 254 people. Out of them 22 patients were referred for additional examination, 70 patients for outpatient treatment, 25 patients for surgical treatment. The preventive examination of population organized in the "Healthy Moscow" pavilions permitted to identify sufficient number of patients requiring additional examination with following outpatient and/or surgical treatment of brachiocephalic artery stenosis who timely received necessary care. This result was facilitated by a number of organizational methodological measures implemented jointly with the Moscow Health Department".

Economic and social losses due to epidemics of non-communicable diseases have put prevention and control of them on the first line in the field of sustainable development of the United Nations. The tasks of combating NCDs and risk factors within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals require targeted actions on the part of States in the field of policy and legislation and provision of health systems with appropriate resources. In the Russian Federation, such work is being implemented within the framework of the national project "Healthcare", federal programs to combat oncological and cardiovascular diseases. Each subject takes into account the peculiarities of economic development, staffing, implementation of informatization processes, etc. The rapid pace of transformation of Moscow healthcare, its unique institutional structure allowed to form the basis for the effective development of a system of proactive dispensary monitoring of patients suffering from chronic diseases. The authors describe the process of formation of preventive work and organization of dynamic dispensary observation in Moscow. The paper presents in detail the organizational, administrative and technological resources used to create a unique system of dynamic dispensary observation. In addition, the article illustrates the personalized subsystem of dynamic dispensary observation in EMIAS and the institute of "physician assistant". The introduction of a proactive dispensary monitoring system will reduce premature mortality and disability among residents of the city. Moscow through an individual monitoring program and motivation for the responsible attitude of metropolitan patients to their health.

Background: Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), now known as inborn errors of immunity, are a group of inherited diseases caused by defects in the genes that control the immune response. Patients with PIDs have risks of developing a severe course and/or death in COVID-19. Passive immunization with long-acting monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to SARS-CoV-2 should be considered as pre-exposure prophylaxis in patients with PIDs. Tixagevimab/cilgavimab is a combination of MABs that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein., Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pre-exposure prophylaxis of new SARS-CoV-2 infection in PIDs with the combination of tixagevimab/cilgavimab., Materials and Methods: Forty eight patients diagnosed with PIDs were included in the study. Median follow-up after drug administration was 174 days. The total number of confirmed coronavirus infections in patients with PIDs as well as 6 months before and after administration of MAT were assessed., Results: In the analyzed cohort, the overall incidence of COVID-19 from pandemic onset to MABs administration was 75% (36/48), with 31% (11/36) of over-infected patients having had the infection more than once. The incidence of COVID-19 immediately 6 months before the introduction of tixagevimab/cilgavimab was 40%. All patients who had COVID-19 after pre-exposure prophylaxis had a mild infection. The incidence of COVID-19 6 months after tixagevimab/cilgavimab administration significantly decreased compared to the incidence 6 months before administration (7 and 40%, respectively; p <0.001)., Conclusion: The use of tixagevimab/cilgavimab in patients with PIDs is effective as pre-exposure prophylaxis and reduces the risk of severe COVID-19.

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2, a severe acute respiratory illness virus that emerged in China in late 2019, continues to spread rapidly around the world, accumulating mutations and thus causing serious concern. Five virus variants of concern are currently known: Alpha (lineage B.1.1.7), Beta (lineage B.1.351), Gamma (lineage P.1), Delta (lineage B.1.617.2), and Omicron (lineage B.1.1.529). In this study, we conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis of the most prevalent genovariants in Moscow and the region. The aim of the study is to estimate the distribution of various variants of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow city and the Moscow Region., Materials and Methods: 227 SARS-CoV-2 sequences were used for analysis. Isolation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was performed on Vero E6 cell culture. Sequencing was performed by the Sanger method. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out using software packages: MAFFT, IQ-TREE v1.6.12, jModelTest 2.1.7, Nextstrain, Auspice v2.34., Results: As a result of phylogenetic analysis, we have identified the main variants of the virus circulating in Russia that have been of concern throughout the existence of the pandemic, namely: variant B.1.1.7, which accounted for 30% (9/30), AY.122, which accounted for 16.7% (5/30), BA.1.1 with 20% (6/30) and B.1.1 with 33.3% (10/30). When examining Moscow samples for the presence of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins of different genovariants, a significant percentage of the most common substitutions was recorded: S protein D614G (86.7%), P681H/R (63.3%), E protein T9I (20.0%); M protein I82T (30.0%), D3G (20.0%), Q19E (20.0%) and finally N protein R203K/M (90.0%), G204R/P (73.3 %)., Conclusion: The study of the frequency and impact of mutations, as well as the analysis of the predominant variants of the virus are important for the development and improvement of vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19. Therefore, ongoing molecular epidemiological studies are needed, as these data provide important information about changes in the genome of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Objective: To analyze the work of the Center for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Pathology in Children and Adolescents, operating on the basis of the Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Health Department for the period 2018-2021 and to assess the peculiarities of organizing the provision of specialized care to children and adolescents with acute cerebrovascular accident (ACA)., Material and Methods: Annual reports of the Center for the period 2018-2021; included children and adolescents aged 1 month to 17 years 11 months 29 days, with new onset ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS), cerebral venous thrombosis (sinus thrombosis), confirmed clinically and radiologically., Results: Statistical data on stroke and organization of care for children with this pathology in Moscow are presented. The incidence of IS in Moscow for the period 2018-2021 ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 per 100.000 children, HI - from 2.35 to 3.3 per 100.000, sinus thrombosis from 0.5 to 1.38 per 100.000. When assessing the main etiological factors of stroke in The Center for International Pediatric Stroke Research categories, we noted a prevalence of chronic head and neck diseases (20-37%) and chronic systemic conditions (conditions or diseases with known changes in coagulation or vascular structure, including connective tissue dysplasia, genetic, hematological, inflammatory or diseases of the immune system) (15-20%). In addition, data on reperfusion therapy carried out at the Center are presented. From 2018 (first thrombolysis was performed) to 2021, 7.3-14.7% of all patients with IS underwent thrombolysis., Conclusion: The experience of functioning of the Center for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Pathology in Children and Adolescents has shown that the creation of such centers in the regions of the Russian Federation is relevant, but requires taking into account the characteristics of the pediatric population when organizing their work.

Objective: Describe the structure of pathogenic germline variants and clinical and anatomical features in colorectal cancer patients in Moscow., Material and Methods: The whole genome sequencing results of patients with suspected hereditary cancer syndrome were evaluated. All identified genetic variants were validated using Sanger sequencing., Results: The study included 238 patients with colorectal cancer, 41/238 (17.2%) patients have pathogenic germline variants associated with hereditary cancer syndromes or increased cancer risk. Lynch syndrome accounts for 8% of all colorectal cancer cases (19/238), and familial adenomatous polyposis - 1.7% (4/238). 5 new genetic variants were described for the first time in a Russian colorectal cancer patients: MLH1 c.1921dup (p.Leu641fs), APC c.2929C>T (p.Gln977Ter), PMS2 c.327del (p.Ala110LeufsTer2), MSH2 c.1857dup (p. Val620CysfsTer24), ATM c.895G>T (p.Glu299Ter). In 197 of 238 patients, no significant variants were identified or variants with an uncertain clinical underlying cause were identified., Conclusion: According to the results of the study, an earlier manifestation of a malignant neoplasm and a more frequent occurrence of high-grade carcinomas in the presence of pathogenic germline mutations were noted compared to the group of patients without clinically significant varianrs, while in the group with identified mutations, the frequency of regional and distant metastasis was not increased.

According to the statistical forms medical and preventive treatment centres (MPTC), the analysis of dynamic indicators of the treatment of patients with acute sinusitis (AS) in outpatient polyclinic centers (OPC) and ENT hospitals in Moscow for the period from 2017 to 2021 was carried out. The total number of visits to an otorhinolaryngologist in the OPC in Moscow for 2017-2021 amounted to 6 834 952 patients, including 245 172 patients with AS (3.6%).The total number of hospitalizations in the departments of otorhinolaryngology for the same period amounted to 184 735 patients, including 12 906 patients with AS (7%).The number of patients with AS who was consulted by an otorhinolaryngologist from 2017 to 2021 decreased by 18.2%, which can be explained by a change in the routing of patients with mild form of AS to general practitioners. An analysis of the dynamic indicators of maxillary sinus punctures carried out in the medical and preventive treatment centres (MPTC) in Moscow during the period from 2017 to 2021 showed that there was a redistribution of this manipulation from ENT hospitals to the OPC. At the same time, the proportion of patients requiring puncture treatment in the OPC for 2017-2019 was stable and amounted to 9.3%. However, since 2020, there has been an increase in this indicator by more than 2 times (21.7%), which probably indicates an increase in the treatment of patients with moderate forms of AS in the OPC. The frequency of maxillary sinus punctures that were performed in ENT hospitals in 2017-2019 amounted to 83.5%, in 2020-2021 decreased to 63.4%. The average number of maxillary sinus punctures per patient in ENT hospitals from 2017 to 2019 was 13.3. Since 2020, this value has decreased by about 2 times and has become equal to 8.5. The decrease in the number of maxillary sinus punctures that were performed in ENT hospitals is probably due to the fact that patients with severe and complicated forms of acute sinusitis hospitalized from 2020 to 2021 required more radical surgical treatment.

The Aim of the Study: Was to compare the prevalence and structure of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of nonviolent death in Moscow Region as a representative of the large region and St. Petersburg as a city of federal importance. Frequency and structure of this parameter, as well as its dynamics were analyzed. The comparison of obtained results with data of Federal State Statistics Service was done. Nonparametric analysis of the initial data has been conducted. Clustering and visualization, based on the following parameters of initial sample, have been done: «death rate from CVD in the structure of nonviolent death», «morbidity rate», «incomes» and «unemployment rate». Correlation dependences between death rate from CVD according to the Form №42 and mentioned parameters of medical and social state of the subject have been determined. Dependences between sudden death rate from CDV and a number of medical and social parameters have been established.

Objective: Determination of the leading causes of death based on data from primary medical death certificates (MDCs) depending on the place of death., Material and Methods: From the electronic database of the Main Department of the Civil Registry Office of the Moscow Region (the USR registry office system) for 2021, all cases were selected in which diseases were indicated as the primary cause of death (PCD); all codes of external causes, injuries and poisonings were excluded. A total of 109.126 cases, 50.6% died in the hospital, 34% died at home, and 16.4% died elsewhere. Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination (BFME) issued 45.2% of MSS. Taking into account the frequency of use of ICD codes, the clinical similarity of individual codes, 20 groups were formed, which accounted for 90.1% of deaths from diseases., Results: The frequency of registration of individual groups of causes of death largely depends on the place of death. 5 leading groups of causes of death were established: 1) in general from COVID-19 23.55%, chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD-1) without postinfarction cardiosclerosis, aneurysm and ischemic cardiomyopathy (CMP) 14.5%, from encephalopathy indefinite (EI) 11.4%, malignant neoplasms (MN) 11.3%, stroke 6.2%; 2) in a hospital from COVID-19 45%, stroke 10%, MN 8.3%; CIHD-1 7.1%, CIHD with a history of MI/ischemic CMP 2.7%; 3) at home from CIHD-1 21.8%, EI 21.5%, MN 15.5%, from diseases associated with alcohol 3.3% and brain cyst 3.3%; 4) elsewhere from CIHD-1 22.7%, EI 21.6%, MN 12%, from other forms of acute coronary artery disease 5.4%, alcohol-associated diseases 4.8%. Acute MI ranked 6 th among deaths in general - 2.7%. PCD is also associated with the place of issue of the MDCs - 90% of the MDC with the indication of EI and «other degenerative diseases of the nervous system» as the cause of death were issued by the BFME. Not a single MDC issued by the BFME contained such PCDs as "old age" or "brain cyst"., Conclusion: The nosological structure of the causes of death and the issuance of individual ICD codes in the MDC as a PCD varies significantly depending on the place of death and the issuance of the MDC. The reasons need to be further clarified. The use of codes that are not permitted for use has been registered.

Background: Currently, obesity is considered one of the most significant health problems, representing a common chronic disease leading to the development of severe comorbidities, accompanied by the loss of disability-adjusted life years and high mortality. Due to the fact that obesity is one of the leading risk factors for a number of non-communicable diseases, such as diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the endocrine system and malignant neoplasms., Aims: assessment of adult mortality dynamics from obesity-associated causes in Moscow compared to the Russian Federation in 2011-2020., Materials and Methods: data from the analytic package FAISS (internal use program): standardized mortality rates for population of Moscow and the Russian Federation as a whole., Results: Over the 10-year period under study, mortality in the class of diseases of the circulatory system and malignant neoplasms was decreasing, while mortality from diseases of the endocrine system was increasing. Adult mortality from the diseases of the circulatory system in Moscow reduced by 12%, in the Russian Federation - by 25%. It should be noted, that mortality rate in Moscow (302.5 per 100,000) is significantly (by 34%) lower than in Russia (460.3), at the same time, the rate of mortality reduction over a 10-year period is equal and amounts to 23-25%. Myocardial infarction is the most serious obesity-associated disease characterized by high mortality in the class of the diseases of the circulatory system, it has a declining trend in Moscow and in the Russian Federation as a whole. Adult mortality from the diseases of the endocrine system in Moscow increased by 3 times, and in the Russian Federation - by almost 5 times, while the annual increase during the first year of the pandemic was 88% in Moscow and 24% in Russia. In Moscow, more than a half (66%) of deaths from endocrine causes belongs to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in the Russian Federation - about 80%. Compared to the Russia's average, in Moscow mortality rates from neoplasms are lower by 8%, but at the same time, the decline happens at a similar rate (11-12%)., Conclusions: Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Moscow demonstrates slowdown of growth of mortality rates from obesity-associated diseases compared to the Russian Federation, which could have been positively affected by prevention programs of noncommunicable diseases and promotion of healthy lifestyles.

The article presents information on trends in hospital morbidity of child population in Moscow, as well as morbidity of children in the first year of life. Authors used population data and information from Form No. 14 of the Federal statistical observational study "Information on the activities of the medical organization departments providing inpatient medical care" between 2014 and 2021.In addition to the general indexes, the article presents categories of diseases that were significantly affected by changes in the lifestyle of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant fluctuations in the incidence of infectious diseases are worth noting as they are certainly related to both fragmentations in groups of children during the pandemic, and proper nutrition, which led to positive changes in hospital morbidity due to gastrointestinal disorders. Changes in education, social isolation, better control over hygiene by the government, society and parents has led to unprecedented positive dynamics in morbidity rates of certain diseases. It is worth noting that the COVID-19 infection during pregnancy didn't lead to expected high increases in morbidity rates associated with diseases in the perinatal period.In addition to hospital morbidity, the article presents data on mortality in 24-hour inpatient facilities, as well as changes in the proportion of emergency admissions of patients under 18 to Moscow state hospitals.

An important goal of COVID-19 surveillance is to detect outbreaks using modern molecular epidemiology techniques based on methods to decode the full genome of the virus, since rapidly evolving RNA viruses, which include SARS-CoV-2, are constantly accumulating changes in their genomes. In addition to using these changes to identify the different virus lines spreading in the population, the availability of sequence information is very important. It will allow the identification of altered variants that may be more transmissible, cause more severe forms of disease, or be undetectable by existing diagnostic test systems. The global scientific community is particularly interested in changes in the spike protein (S-protein, Spike) because they are responsible for binding and penetration into the host cell, lead to false-negative results in diagnostic tests, and affect transmission rates, health outcomes, therapeutic interventions, and vaccine efficacy.Genomic surveillance uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications and makes data on the full genome of the virus available. These methods offer new means to detect variants that differ phenotypically or antigenically. This approach promotes earlier prediction as well as effective strategies to mitigate and contain outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 and other new viruses long before they spread worldwide.Today, molecular typing of strains is playing an increasingly important role in this process, as it makes it possible to identify samples that share a common molecular «fingerprint».

The article is a comparative analysis of the quality of life indicators of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with similar indicators in the Moscow population. We conducted a survey of patients in the register of rheumatoid patients in Moscow using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and the EQ-VAS visual analog scale. The population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in accordance with the recommendations of EuroQoL, was divided into 6 age and sex groups. The responses of patients from each age and sex group were compared with similar groups of respondents in the Moscow population. Key differences in the quality of life of rheumatoid patients were identified in comparison with both the population norm in Moscow and similar foreign registries.

The ponds of the Moscow region during the autumn migration of birds are a place with large concentrations of mallard ducks, which are the main hosts of avulaviruses (avian paramyxoviruses) and influenza A viruses (IAV). The purpose of this study was the determination of the biological diversity of IAV and avulaviruses isolated from mallards in Moscow's ponds. A phylogenetic analysis of IAV was performed based on complete genome sequencing, and virus genomic reassortment in nature was studied. Almost all IAV genome segments clustered with apathogenic duck viruses according to phylogenetic analysis. The origin of the genes of Moscow isolates were different; some of them belong to European evolutionary branches, some to Asian ones. The majority of closely related viruses have been isolated in the Western Eurasian region. Much less frequently, closely related viruses have been isolated in Siberia, China, and Korea. The quantity and diversity of isolated viruses varied considerably depending on the year and have decreased since 2014, perhaps due to the increasing proportion of nesting and wintering ducks in Moscow.

WHO has declared the outbreak of monkeypox as a public health emergency of international concern. In less than three months, monkeypox was detected in more than 30 000 people and spread to more than 80 countries around the world. It is believed that the immunity formed to smallpox vaccine can protect from monkeypox infection with high efficiency. The widespread use of Vaccinia virus has not been carried out since the 1980s, which raises the question of the level of residual immunity among the population and the identification of groups requiring priority vaccination. We conducted a cross-sectional serological study of remaining immunity among Moscow residents. To do this, a collection of blood serum samples of age group over 30 years old was formed, an in-house ELISA test system was developed, and a virus neutralization protocol was set up. Serum samples were examined for the presence of IgG antibodies against Vaccinia virus ( n =2908), as well as for the ability to neutralize plaque formation with a Vaccinia virus MNIIVP-10 strain ( n =299). The results indicate the presence of neutralizing antibody titer of 1/20 or more in 33.3 to 53.2% of people older than 45 years. Among people 30-45 years old who probably have not been vaccinated, the proportion with virus neutralizing antibodies ranged from 3.2 to 6.7%. Despite the higher level of antibodies in age group older than 66 years, the proportion of positive samples in this group was slightly lower than in people aged 46-65 years. The results indicate the priority of vaccination in groups younger than 45, and possibly older than 66 years to ensure the protection of the population in case of spread of monkeypox among Moscow residents. The herd immunity level needed to stop the circulation of the virus should be at least 50.25 - 65.28%., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Gushchin, Ogarkova, Dolzhikova, Zubkova, Grigoriev, Pochtovyi, Iliukhina, Ozharovskaia, Kuznetsova, Kustova, Shelkov, Zrelkin, Odintsova, Grousova, Kan, Davtyan, Siniavin, Belyaeva, Botikov, Bessonova, Vasilchenko, Vasina, Kleymenov, Slutskiy, Tkachuk, Burgasova, Loginova, Rozhdestvensky, Shcheblyakov, Tsibin, Komarov, Zlobin, Borisevich, Naroditsky, Logunov and Gintsburg.)

Background: Despite a considerable reduction in alcohol consumption, Russia has one of the highest levels of alcohol-attributable burden of disease worldwide due to heavy episodic drinking patterns. Further improvement of alcohol control measures, including early provision of screening and brief interventions (SBI), is needed. The legislative framework for delivering SBI in Russia was introduced in 2013. As part of the creation and validation of a Russian version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the present contribution explored challenges in using the AUDIT in Russia to inform a subsequent validation study of the tool., Methods: Qualitative in-depth expert interviews with patients and healthcare professionals from four primary healthcare and narcology facilities in Moscow. A total of 25 patients were interviewed, 9 from a preventive medicine hospital, 8 from a polyclinic, and 9 from narcology clinics. Also, 12 healthcare professionals were interviewed, 5 of whom were primary healthcare doctors and 7 were narcologists., Results: Patients and healthcare professionals expressed difficulties in dealing with the concept of a "standard drink" in the AUDIT, which is not used in Russia. Various patients struggled with understanding the meaning of "one drinking occasion" on the test, mainly because Russian drinking patterns center around festivities and special occasions with prolonged alcohol intake. Narcology patients had specific difficulties because many of them experienced zapoi-a dynamic drinking pattern with heavy use and a withdrawal from social life, followed by prolonged periods of abstinence. Surrogate alcohol use was described as a common marker of alcohol dependence in Russia, not accounted for in the AUDIT., Conclusions: The provided analyses on the perception of the Russian AUDIT in different patient and professional groups suggest that a series of amendments in the test should be considered to capture the specific drinking pattern and its potential harms., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests., (Copyright: © 2022 Neufeld et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is widespread throughout the world. An FCV infection is associated with conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and mouth ulcers that can lead to the animal's death. Because vaccination is not always effective, it is necessary to monitor the infection regularly., Objectives: This study examined the FCV epizootic situation in the Moscow metropolitan area by conducting a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the virus isolates., Methods: Samples from 6213 animals were examined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. For phylogenetic analysis, 12 nucleotide sequences obtained from animal samples were selected. Sequencing was performed using the Sanger method. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Maximum Likelihood method., Results: The FCV genome was detected in 1,596 (25.7%) samples out of 6,213. In 2018, calicivirus was detected in 18.9% of samples, 27.8% in 2019, 21.4% in 2020, and 32.6% in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of the F ORF2 region and the ORF3 start region led to division into two FCV genogroups. Most of the isolates (8 out of 12) were close to the Chinese strains. On the other hand, there were isolates closely related to European and American strains. The isolates circulating in Moscow were not included in clusters with vaccine strains; their nucleotide similarity varied from 77% to 83%., Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence and genetic diversity of the FCV in Moscow. The epizootic situation remains stably tense because 24 viruses were detected in 25% of animals annually., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2022 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.)

Background: Russia suffers from high alcohol-related mortality. Most forensic autopsies in Russia include blood alcohol tests, but a systematic analysis of these data has never been conducted for children's deaths., Methods: We performed an analysis of juvenile mortality using autopsy reports from the Moscow Region Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2018., Results: Despite a decrease in incidence ( Rs = -0.661), the number of cases of alcohol intoxication in minors was still high. The mean age of children in our study was 14.77 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.31-15.23). Death was predominantly among boys (72%) and those with higher blood alcohol concentrations (mean difference [MD], 0.295; 95% CI MD , 0.012-0.58). The number of cases of unnatural death increased with age ( Rs = 0.746, P = 0.001). Accidents were the most predominant cause of death, followed by suicide, homicide, and natural causes. Fatal alcohol intoxication was observed at an average blood alcohol concentration of 3.58 g/L (95% CI, 1.46-5.7), without any specific signs on autopsy. Even a strong smell of alcohol is an unreliable sign in the clinic., Conclusion: A systematic study of alcohol in forensic autopsy shows that the number of children who die with alcohol intoxication is high. Teenagers are the predominant age group experiencing alcohol intoxication. In our opinion, an alcohol blood test should be performed in all suspicious cases, especially in teenagers., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Previous studies assessing the prevalence of COVID-19 sequelae in adults and children were performed in the absence of an agreed definition. We investigated prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) (WHO definition), at 6- and 12-months follow-up, amongst previously hospitalised adults and children and assessed risk factors., Methods: Prospective cohort study of children and adults with confirmed COVID-19 in Moscow, hospitalised between April and August, 2020. Two follow-up telephone interviews, using the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium survey, were performed at 6 and 12 months after discharge., Results: One thousand thirteen of 2509 (40%) of adults and 360 of 849 (42%) of children discharged participated in both the 6- and 12-month follow-ups. PCC prevalence was 50% (95% CI 47-53) in adults and 20% (95% CI 16-24) in children at 6 months, with decline to 34% (95% CI 31-37) and 11% (95% CI 8-14), respectively, at 12 months. In adults, female sex was associated with PCC at 6- and 12-month follow-up (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.57 to 2.65) and (OR 2.04, 1.54 to 2.69), respectively. Pre-existing hypertension (OR 1.42, 1.04 to 1.94) was associated with post-COVID-19 condition at 12 months. In children, neurological comorbidities were associated with PCC both at 6 months (OR 4.38, 1.36 to 15.67) and 12 months (OR 8.96, 2.55 to 34.82) while allergic respiratory diseases were associated at 12 months (OR 2.66, 1.04 to 6.47)., Conclusions: Although prevalence of PCC declined one year after discharge, one in three adults and one in ten children experienced ongoing sequelae. In adults, females and persons with pre-existing hypertension, and in children, persons with neurological comorbidities or allergic respiratory diseases are at higher risk of PCC., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: The study of the intensity of humoral immunity to the measles virus (Paramyxoviridae: Morbillivirus) (MV) remains relevant due to the ongoing registration of the cluster cases of measles (including nosocomial cases).The aim of the study was to analyze correlation between the intensity of the humoral immunity to measles virus and the measles incidence in different age groups of the Moscow residents., Material and Methods: A simple analytic study was carried out under the framework of measles prevention improvement program conducted in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The study included the analysis of the reasons for the increase in the proportion of seronegative individuals and the comparison of the results of seromonitoring with the data of age-related measles incidence. Throughout 2018, total 1,855 blood serum samples obtained from employees of a large hospital center in Moscow who were previously vaccinated against measles were tested for IgG antibodies (ABs) to MV. The subjects were divided into 11 groups according to their age. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using nonparametric criteria., Results and Discussion: The proportion of seronegative individuals among the staff of the medical facility decreased with age, from 38.5% in persons aged 19-23 to 0% among employees aged 64 and over. Persons aged 19-43 years were the most susceptible to measles infection, which was confirmed also by the highest incidence rate at these age groups (from 6.93 to 14.03 per 100,000 population). The age group most protected against measles was those over 64 years of age, who were all seropositive and had the lowest rates of incidence. This is probably due to the fact that by this age most of them have had a measles infection and have formed a sufficient immune response. At the same time, younger individuals living in the post-elimination era have only vaccine-induced ABs to MV, the level of which declines rapidly to non-protective values in the absence of boosterization due to the exposure to the wild-type strain of the pathogen., Conclusion: The monitoring of the MV-specific IgG- AB levels is required for employees in the medical institutions under the age of 35. Administration of the single dose of the appropriate vaccine is recommended for seronegative individuals.

The article presents the results of analysis of repeated disability because of thyroid cancer in adult population of Moscow in 2015-2019. The study established negative dynamics of increasing of the number of individuals with repeated disability because of thyroid cancer in all essential age contingents (young, middle and elderly age) of adult population. The similar trend was revealed in gender contingents of individuals with repeated disability because of thyroid cancer (in males, increase was made up to 112.5% and in females up to 196.3%). In the gender and age structure of repeated disability because of thyroid cancer, predominated females and the elderly. The study established dynamics of decreasing of percentage of individuals with repeated disability because of thyroid cancer of the disability groups I and III and corresponding increasing in disability group II. The percentage of individuals with repeated disability because of thyroid cancer in disability groups I and II was higher in males as compared with females. Most individuals with disabilities because of thyroid cancer don't work. The study results make available spectrum of disorders of main functions of organism, their degree and types and intensity of limitations in vital activity of individuals with repeated disability because of thyroid cancer. The organized database of characteristics of repeated disability because of thyroid cancer in adult population can be used in implementation of personalized approach to medical social rehabilitation of increasing number of disabled individuals with malignant damage of the most important organ of endocrine system.

Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses and the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in hospitalized children., Methods: A total of 226 and 864 children admitted to the Children's City Clinical Hospital with acute respiratory infection in September to November of 2018 and 2020 in Moscow were tested for respiratory viruses using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae/Chlamydia pneumoniae using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: The detection rate of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses in 2020 was lower than in 2018, 16.9% versus 37.6%. An increase in the median age of children with respiratory viruses was observed during the pandemic (3 years vs 1 year). There was no significant difference in the frequency of intensive care unit (ICU) admission in children with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory virus infections (2.7% vs 2.9%). SARS-CoV-2 and human rhinoviruses, human metapneumoviruses, and human adenoviruses showed significantly lower than expected co-detection rates during co-circulation. An increase in body mass index (BMI) or bacterial coinfection leads to an increased risk of ICU admission and a longer duration of COVID-19 in children., Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in the epidemiological characteristics of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses during the autumn peak of the 2020 pandemic, compared with the same period in 2018., Competing Interests: Declarations of interest none, (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

A new theoretical model of epidemic kinetics is considered, which uses elements of the physical model of the kinetics of the atomic level populations of an active laser medium as follows: a description of states and their populations, transition rates between states, an integral operator, and a source of influence. It is shown that to describe a long-term epidemic, it is necessary to use the concept of the source of infection. With a model constant source of infection, the epidemic, in terms of the number of actively infected people, goes to a stationary regime, which does not depend on the population size and the characteristics of quarantine measures. Statistics for Moscow daily increase in infected is used to determine the real source of infection. An interpretation of the waves generated by the source is given. It is shown that more accurate statistics of excess mortality can only be used to clarify the frequency rate of mortality of the epidemic, but not to determine the source of infection., Competing Interests: The authors Andrey V Borovskiy and Andrey L Galkin declare that they have no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2022 Andrey V. Borovsky and Andrey L. Galkin.)

The presents an analysis of the trend of the postmortem ethanol tests in biological samples obtained from the deceased in Moscow in April-May 2019 and 2020. In total, 7110 reports of forensic chemistry studies were examined; all cases were classified by the age of the deceased, following the modern generational theory to study patterns of alcohol consumption in these age groups and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Stable patterns of alcoholic behavior were revealed in the groups of the deceased. It was shown that, on average, every 3rd representative of Generations «X» and «Y» consumes alcohol shortly before death; the highest average blood ethanol levels were found in representatives of Generations «Y» and «X». The number of positive ethanol test results increased in April-May 2020 among males of the baby boom and Generation «X» compared to the same period in 2019. The patterns identified can be used to further study the contribution of alcohol consumption to mortality.

Aim: To determine factors of adherence to treatment in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC)., Materials and Methods: The study was performed in the department of treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center from 2019 till 2021 years by surveying 1089 patients with UC. This analysis revealed patients with high adherence (HAP) and low adherence to treatment (LAP)., Results: In the survey analysis was determined, that there were more low-adherence patients, than high-adherence patients [596 (59.6%) and 404 (40.4%), respectively, (p0.001)]. In the group of HAP (100%) were 297 women (73.5%) and 107 (26.5%) men (p0.001). Also in this group prevailed patients with duration of disease more 5 years 305 (75.5%) and extraintestinal manifestations 261 (64.6%); p0.001. In the group of LAP (100%) were more patients younger 44 years, with bad habits and who did not follow diet (p0.001). The rate of UC reccurence more than 1 time per year was higher in LAP group 430 (72.1%), versus 137 (33.9%) patients in HAP (p0.001). The frequency of surgical procedures in UC patients was significantly higher in LAP 12 (2.0%) in comparison with 2 (0.5%) in HAP group (p0.001)., Conclusion: In our study was determined, that among UC patients, examined in the department of inflammatory bowel diseases, 60% patients had low adherence to treatment. High adherence to the treatment is statistically significantly associated with female gender, family accommodation, non-working patients, extraintestinal manifestations, additional medical maintenance. Low adherence to the treatment is associated with steroids, male gender, age less than 44 year, bad habits (smoking, alcohol consumption), higher education, complicated UC and frequency of reccurences.

The analysis of level and structure of general and primary morbidity according to medical care appealability of Moscow population during implementation of the State program "The Development of the City of Moscow Health Care (Metropolitan Health Care) in 2012-2020" was carried out according to the data from collections of main indices of functioning of medical organizations subordinated to the Moscow Health Care Department and health indices of Moscow population. The decreasing of both primary and general morbidity indices is established. At that, increasing of the life expectancy indices was marked. At the same time, population morbidity indices according to medical care appealability are not sufficiently reliable in assessing degree of achievement of results of any measures of improving population health due to their dependence on multitude of factors.

The purpose of the study is to to identify key social and medical problems of childhood psychiatry by analysis of statistical and clinical data of Moscow health care institutions. It is established that actual problems are related to increasing of incidence of morbidity of mental disorders in children, their late detection, absence or unavailability of diagnostic techniques with high evidentiary effect, inability to use modern achievements of psychopharmacotherapy, close relationship of mental disorders with social factors, as well as with high stigmatization of mental health sphere. It is necessary to intensify research in studying etiopathogenetic factors, elaborating strategies of mental disorders prevention in childhood, clinical trials targeted to expand age range of application of medications and to icrease activities on destigmatization and psychoeducation in society.

Introduction. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widespread in the environment and can cause various diseases in humans, especially immunocompromised patients. Hypothesis. Treatment of diseases caused by NTM is a complicated issue, mainly due to the resistance of the pathogen to most antimicrobial agents. Bedaquiline (Bdq) is now widely used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB). Aim. The main goal of our study was to evaluate the activity of Bdq against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), the most common species among NTM. Methodology. A total of 166 MAC cultures (124 Mycobacterium avium and 42 Mycobacterium intracellulare ) were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Bdq for M. avium and M. intracellulare were obtained by twofold serial dilutions in the Middlebrook 7H9 medium. MIC ranges were determined and the MIC 50 , MIC 90 and ECOFF values were obtained. Results. The MICs in respect of M. avium ranged from 0.003 to 1.0 µg ml -1 ; those for M. intracellulare ranged from 0.003 to 0.5 µg ml -1 . The Bdq MIC 50 and MIC 90 values were found to be 0.015 and 0.12 µg ml -1 , respectively, for M. avium and 0.007 and 0.06 µg ml -1 , respectively, for M. intracellulare . The tentative ECOFF values for M. avium and M. intracellulare were 0.12 and 0.06 µg ml -1 , respectively. Conclusion. The main bedaquiline susceptibility parameters for MAC strains isolated in the Moscow region were determined.

Introduction: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, the international community has been concerned about the emergence of mutations altering some biological properties of the pathogen like increasing its infectivity or virulence. Particularly, since the end of 2020, several variants of concern have been identified around the world, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2). However, the existing mechanism of detecting important mutations are not always effective enough, since only a relatively small part of all pathogen samples can be examined by whole genome sequencing due to its high cost., Material and Methods: In this study, we have designed special primer panel and used it for targeted highthroughput sequencing of several significant S-gene (spike) regions of SARS-CoV-2. The Illumina platform averaged approximately 50,000 paired-end reads with a length of ≥150 bp per sample. This method was used to examine 579 random samples obtained from COVID-19 patients in Moscow and the Moscow region from February to June 2021., Results: This study demonstrated the dynamics of distribution of several SARS-CoV-2 strains and its some single mutations. It was found that the Delta strain appeared in the region in May 2021, and became prevalent in June, partially displacing other strains., Discussion: The obtained results provide an opportunity to assign the viral samples to one of the strains, including the previously mentioned in time- and cost-effective manner. The approach can be used for standardization of the procedure of searching for mutations in individual regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. It allows to get a more detailed data about the epidemiological situation in a region.

(1) Background: Vital exhaustion (VE) is no less of an important risk factor (RF) for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cardiovascular events than the well-known RFs. Insufficient knowledge of the relationship between VE and CVD RF, quality of life, and lifestyle was the rationale for this study. (2) Methods: We examined 301 Muscovite men 41-44 years of age. The categorization of RFs for CVD was carried out in accordance with conventionally considered criteria. In order to evaluate the lifestyle and quality of life in study participants, we were offering them a self-filling questionnaire developed by I.A. Gundarov. The presence of VE signs was assessed using a 14-item short version of the Maastricht Vital Exhaustion Questionnaire scale (MVEQ). All study subjects were classified into three ordered groups depending on the distribution of VE indicators by tertiles: Group 1 consisted of men with a low VE (0-2 points), Group 2 included males with a medium VE score (3-5 points), and Group 3 comprised subjects with high VE scores (6-14 points). To analyze the obtained data, we used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's chi-squaredtest (χ 2 ), Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, and linear regression analysis. (3) Results: We established that every third male (36.8%) had VE signs, while 10.6% of men had high VE levels. With an increase of VE in men, the frequency of arterial hypertension (AH) was increasing as well, and it was significantly higher in men with a high VE compared to their peers with a low VE (48.4% versus 33%; p = 0.03). A significant linear relationship was discovered between VE levels and excessive alcohol consumption ( p = 0.001). The strongest linear associations were found between the VE level, and both psychosocial stress indicator and the amount of consumed ethanol. Self-assessment of personal happiness, job and sleep satisfaction, residential living conditions, and spiritual needs, as well as psychosocial stress indicator, total amount of consumed ethanol, and muscle strength (hand-grip dynamometry), were independent determinants of the VE level, and, collectively, they explained 46.6% of its variability. The greatest contribution to VE was made by the personal happiness level, explaining 25.5% of its variability. The proportions of the VE variance uniquely explained by various factors were as follows: 9.3% by the psychosocial stress, 4.9% by job satisfaction, 2.8% by sleep satisfaction, 2.3% by total consumption of ethanol, 1.6% by muscle strength, 1.1% by living conditions in the residential neighborhood, and just 0.8% by spiritual needs. (4) Conclusion: High VE levels in 41-44-year-old men are associated with AH, sedentary behavior, excessive alcohol consumption, and lower values of most indicators of both lifestyle and quality of life.