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A new scheme of low energy negative muon source with the muon catalyzed fusion (MuCF) is described. In the MuCF reaction process, muonic helium ions ($\mu$He$^+$) are created. By re-accelerating and stripping $\mu$He$^+$ ions, a low emittance negative muon beam is generated.

A new simulated tempering method, which is referred to as simulated tempering umbrella sampling, for calculating the free energy of chemical reactions is proposed. First principles molecular dynamics simulations with this simulated tempering were performed in order to study the intramolecular proton transfer reaction of malonaldehyde in aqueous solution. Conformational sampling in reaction coordinate space can be easily enhanced with this method, and the free energy along a reaction coordinate can be calculated accurately. Moreover, the simulated tempering umbrella sampling provides trajectory data more efficiently than the conventional umbrella sampling method., Comment: 5 pages, (Revtex4-1), 3 figures

In biomolecular systems (especially all-atom models) with many degrees of freedom such as proteins and nucleic acids, there exist an astronomically large number of local-minimum-energy states. Conventional simulations in the canonical ensemble are of little use, because they tend to get trapped in states of these energy local minima. Enhanced conformational sampling techniques are thus in great demand. A simulation in generalized ensemble performs a random walk in potential energy space and can overcome this difficulty. From only one simulation run, one can obtain canonical-ensemble averages of physical quantities as functions of temperature by the single-histogram and/or multiple-histogram reweighting techniques. In this article we review uses of the generalized-ensemble algorithms in biomolecular systems. Three well-known methods, namely, multicanonical algorithm, simulated tempering, and replica-exchange method, are described first. Both Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics versions of the algorithms are given. We then present various extensions of these three generalized-ensemble algorithms. The effectiveness of the methods is tested with short peptide and protein systems., Comment: 42 pages, 7 figures, to be published in "Biomolecular simulations: methods and protocols" edited by Luca Monticelli and Emppu Salonen (Humana Press, 2011)

In the replica-exchange molecular dynamics method, where constant-temperature molecular dynamics simulations are performed in each replica, one usually rescales the momentum of each particle after replica exchange. This rescaling method had previously been worked out only for the Gaussian constraint method. In this letter, we present momentum rescaling formulae for four other commonly used constant-temperature algorithms, namely, Langevin dynamics, Andersen algorithm, Nos\'{e}-Hoover thermostat, and Nos\'{e}-Poincar\'{e} thermostat. The effectiveness of these rescaling methods is tested with a small biomolecular system, and it is shown that proper momentum rescaling is necessary to obtain correct results in the canonical ensemble., Comment: 6 pages, (Revtex4), 4 figures

We present generalized-ensemble algorithms for isobaric-isothermal molecular simulations. In addition to the multibaric-multithermal algorithm and replica-exchange method for the isobaric-isothermal ensemble, which have already been proposed, we propose a simulated tempering method for this ensemble. We performed molecular dynamics simulations with these algorithms for an alanine dipeptide system in explicit water molecules to test the effectiveness of the algorithms. We found that these generalized-ensemble algorithms are all useful for conformational sampling of biomolecular systems in the isobaric-isothermal ensemble., Comment: 6 pages, (Revtex4), 4 figures

Using a purely hadronic model, we study the charge-symmetry-breaking $\rho$-$\omega$, $\sigma$-$\delta$, $\sigma$-$\rho$ and $\delta$-$\omega$ mixing amplitudes in isospin asymmetric nuclear matter. The basic assumption of the model is that the mixing amplitude is generated by nucleon and anti-nucleon loops and hence driven entirely by the difference between proton and neutron Fermi momenta and the proton-neutron mass difference. We find that the behavior of the mixing amplitude is very complicated in the spacelike region and quite sensitive to the proton fraction of nuclear medium and nuclear density. In particular, in neutron rich nuclei (like Pb) and/or neutron stars the mixing amplitudes become about 10 $\sim$ 100 times as large as those in typical mirror nuclei., Comment: 13 pages, 9 ps figures