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Pogonostoma (Pogonostoma) srnkai species-group Identification. In the concept presented in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2007) and maintained here, this species-group accommodates species with more subtile body (not exceeding 12.6 mm in length) than those of Pogonostoma (P.) subtile species-group, and possessing moderately or more distinctly gradually dilated apex of lacinia (inner margin not arcuate-convex). Pronotal disc elongate with almost parallel or only moderately convex lateral margins. Elytral punctation more or less effaced on elytral base, juxtasutural areas and posterior declivity, or also on posterolateral areas; elytral discal impression notably deep. Terminal teeth of mandibles (in male) shorter than those in P. (P.) subtile species-group (never distinctly inward-recurved). Aedeagus apex rounded, only in one species hooked (but not thinly uncinate). Revised key to species of Pogonostoma (P.) srnkai species-group 1 Femoral apices and basal areas of tibiae yellow-testaceous. Pronotal disc markedly elongate-cylindric with almost parallel lateral margins. Aedeagus apex hooked...................... P. (P.) mahimborondrense Moravec & Wiesner sp. nov. – All leg segments black (faded to black-brown in old specimens). Pronotal disc cylindric but notably much wider. Aedeagus never hooked........................................................................................ 2 2 External tooth of elytral apex notably protruding and thorn-like in both sexes; inner tooth thorn-like in male, triangular in female. Elytral punctation effaced on basal and narrow juxtasutural areas. Apex of lacinia wider than in other species. Aedeagus bent in middle, apex blunt............................................... P. (P.) externespinosum W. Horn, 1927 – External tooth of elytral apex normally shaped, small, pointed in male, blunt in female. Elytral punctation effaced on notably large or only limited areas. Aedeagus apex with apical portion almost straight or bent dorsad......................... 3 3 Elytral punctures more spaced with large, notably smooth and shiny areas on elytral base, discal impression, elytral disc and posterior declivity. Surface of pronotal disc shallowly striate-rugose, shiny. Labrum 6–9-setose. Apical portion of aedeagus turned ventrad................................................................ P. (P.) srnkai W. Horn, 1893 – Elytral punctation coarse and deep, effaced in much less extent on basal and juxtasutural area only. Surface of pronotal disc with more distinct sculpture. Apical portion of aedeagus never bent ventrad........................................... 4 4 Dorsal surface of metatibiae densely covered with microtrichia on their apical half. Surface of pronotal disc finely striate-rugulose on large median area, notopleural sutures barely obvious in dorsal view. Antennae in female shorter than body. Labrum 6–8-setose (with 5–6 anterior setae). Aedeagus apex slightly dorsad-bent and emarginated, blunt................................................................................................. P. (P.) impressum Rivalier, 1970 – Dorsal surface of metatibiae well obvious through sparse microtrichia. Surface of pronotal disc coarsely cristulate-rugose, posterior parts of notopleural sutures clearly obvious in dorsal view. Antennae in both sexes longer than body. Labrum 5–7-setose (with 4–5 anterior setae). Aedeagus with almost straight and regularly conical-constricted, rounded apex....................................................................................... P. (P.) subgibbosum Moravec, 2000, Published as part of Moravec, Jiří, Wiesner, Jürgen & Jocque, Merlijn, 2022, New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 26. A new species ofthe genus Pogonostoma Klug from northwestern Madagascar and a revised key to the Pogonostoma (P.) srnkai species-group (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), pp. 165-176 in Zootaxa 5169 (2) on pages 167-168, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6920115, {"references":["MORAVEC, J. (2007) Tiger beetles of Madagascar 1. A monograph of the genus Pogonostoma (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Nakladatelstvi Kabourek, Zlin, 499 pp.","Rivalier, E. (1970) Le genre Pogonostoma (Col. Cicindelidae). Revision avec description d'especes nouvelles. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, N ew S eries, 6, 269 - 338."]}

Moravec, Jiří, Wiesner, Jürgen, Jocque, Merlijn (2022): New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles-26. A new species ofthe genus Pogonostoma Klug from northwestern Madagascar and a revised key to the Pogonostoma (P.) srnkai species-group (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Zootaxa 5169 (2): 165-176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5169.2.4

Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) borisbubeniki sp. nov. (Figs 1–24) Type locality. Madagascar, Ambohitantely Special Reserve in the north-eastern part of Central Highlands, district of Ankazobe (Analamanga Region). Type material. Holotype ♂ in NMPC (temporarily in CJVB), labelled: “ Madagascar, 19.-25.XII. / Ambohitantely Spec. Res. / circuit Botanique, 2019 / S18°11´44´´; E47°17´16´´, / 1623 m, M. Trýzna leg.” [printed]. Allotype ♀ in CJVB (later in NMPC) with same locality label. Paratypes. 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ in CCJM, 1 ♂ in CJVB, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CMTD, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in COSJ, 1 ♂ in BBFM, 1 ♂ in BMNH, 1 ♂ in SDEI with same locality labels. 1 ♀ in CIMO: “ Madagascar, Antana- / narivo pr. Ankazobe Mts. / Ambohitantely res., 1600 m. / 2.–3.I.2013, I. Martinů leg.” [printed]. These type specimens labelled: “ Holotype (“ Allotype ” or “ Paratype ” respectively) Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / borisbubeniki sp. nov. / det. Jiří Moravec / & Miloš Trýzna 2022 ” [red, printed]. Differential diagnosis. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) borisbubeniki sp. nov. is treated here as a member of P. (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi species-group (as proposed by Moravec 2007). Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) andreevae Moravec, 2007 (Figs 25–31) notably resembles the new species in having the same coloration of its antennae, yellow-testaceous palpi, apices of femora and bases of tibiae (leg-knees), but is immediately distinguished by its testaceous metatarsi (Figs 28, 30, 31) (unique character within Pogonostoma), its pronotum (Fig. 30) particularly in female (Fig. 25) more elongated and with clearly testaceous posterior lobe in both sexes, and the sculpture on the pronotal disc consisting of more transversely arranged rugae. In addition, the labrum of P. (M.) andreevae is longer and with truncate anterolateral lobe (female labrum Figs 26–27), while the anterolateral lobe is deeply excised in P. (M.) borisbubeniki sp. nov. (Figs 6–10). Aedeagi of these two species also clearly differ. Despite the similar apex and some variability in the shape of the aedeagi of P. (M.) borisbubeniki sp. nov. in their lateral view (Figs 17–23), they are always widest in their upper straight portion and narrowed towards their bent basal portion. In contrast, the aedeagus of the male allotype of P. (M.) andreevae (Fig. 29) has markedly voluminous, ventrad-dilated base of its straight portion and the aedeagus is, moreover, notably shorter. Last but not least, these two species are separated also by their disjunct habitats. Although their localities are formally included into the Central Highlands domain, P. (M.) andreevae is known only from the Ranomafana National Park in the south-eastern part of the Central Highlands, considerably distant from Ambohitantely which is situated on the north-eastern edge of the domain with considerably separate ecosystems. Two other species, Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) skrabali Moravec, 2000 and P. (Microstenocera) horni Fleutiaux, 1899, are rather similar to the new species by their yellow-testaceous palpi and leg-knees, but the pattern of testaceous areas on their antennae markedly differ, and their pronotal disc is much wider and with much coarser surface sculpture. Although the aedeagus of P. (M.) skrabali also has rather similar apex, its basal portion is more distinctly (“boomerang-like”) bent. In addition, P. (M.) horni clearly differs in having its aedeagus distinctly elongated and constricted into narrow, dorsally hooked apex. For these and other characters of P. (M.) skrabali see Moravec (2007: 358–361, figs 1289–1296, 1776), and for P. (M.) horni (which belongs to P. (M.) schaumi species-group) see Moravec (2007: 353–357, figs 1275–1287, 1775). Description. Body (Fig. 1) medium-sized, length 8.00–8.80 (HT 8.60, AT 8.80) mm, width 2.10–2.50 (HT 2.40, AT 2.50) mm (size independent of sex), black, setal vesture white. Head (Figs 1–2) narrower than body, width 1.70–1.80 mm; temples rather long, only 2 times shorter than eyes. Frons-vertex. Frons indistinctly separated from clypeus by thin, barely visible suture and fluently merging with vertex; supra-antennal keels in shape of rather distinctly elevated, shortly sinuous anterolateral edge and small posterior one which usually merges with surface sculpture; frons-vertex and occipital surface finely scabriculousrugulose throughout (partly very irregularly and sometimes passing to fine, almost areolate-scabriculous sculpture), with two shallow sublateral anterolateral impressions (in form of only barely noticeable or even unrecognizable Ushaped impression) and indistinct vertex-occipital impression; surface appearing almost glabrous as covered with dorsally barely visible, scattered, white microtrichia which are denser and longer on frons and temporal areas. Genae shallowly wrinkled, with scattered, whitish, hairlike setae, which are partly appressed and therefore barely visible. Clypeus black, usually convex in middle, its surface finely coriaceous-rough, covered with white microsetae. Labrum 4-setose with yellow-testaceous setae, black, with moderate central convexity; surface coriaceous, sparsely covered with irregularly scattered, short, white microtrichia which occasionally surpass labral margin; male labrum (Figs 6–7) notably short, 0.50–0.55 mm long, 0.90–1.00 mm wide, lateral margins widely arcuate, lateral indentations with lateral setae indistinct and placed anteriad below small, irregularly acute anterolateral teeth; anterior margin with deep median excision forming two distinct, mostly acute but right-angled anterior teeth on either side; female labrum (Figs 8–10) longer, length 0.65–0.70 mm, width 0.90–0.95 mm, more prolonged anteriad with narrow bidentate anteromedian lobe formed by deep median excision. Maxillae (Fig. 5). Galea elongate, entirely black; lacinia black, with rather distinctly enlarged, 0.20–0.23 mm wide apex; setae black to black-brown. Palpi (Figs 1–2) rather long, both maxillary and labial palpi yellow-testaceous except for terminal palpomeres that are black with brownish-testaceous margin; setae black. Mandibles (Fig. 4) black with mahogany-testaceous teeth, rather slender, terminal teeth comparatively long, subsymmetrical (as usual, left terminal tooth shorter than right one); inner teeth in left male mandible almost of the same size, while right mandible in both sexes with third tooth smaller than the second tooth. Antennae (Figs 1, 3) very long, distinctly surpassing elytra in both sexes; scape black with ochre dorsoapical area in variable extend, pedicel black with ochre base or ochre-yellow basal half, antennomeres 3–4 black with ochre-yellow basal spot; antennomere 5 yellow-testaceous except for black-darkened apical quarter or third; antennomere 6 black-brown with short, yellow basal area; antennomeres 7–11 black-brown (antennomeres 2–4 with sparse microsetae, 5–11 with usual, dense pad of microtrichia). Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 11–12) black, elongate, length 1.80–2.05 mm, width 1.20–1.30 mm; anterior lobe narrower than posterior one, its surface finely irregularly granulate to granulate-rugulose; disc with arcuate-convex lateral margins (slightly less convex in female); notopleural sutures rather distinctly elevated, clearly obvious from above as separated from dorsally visible proepisternal margins only at discal basal area, then gradually narrowed anteriad and vanishing below anterior sulcus; median line thin but continuous, or only partly merging with surface sculpture in middle; discal surface very finely tuberculate-rugulose to wavy rugulose, rugae very irregular and almost vermicular on anterior area, becoming irregularly wavy and more continuous on large median area; only limited posterior area continuously transverse-striate; lateral areas irregularly and finely tuberculate; whole surface of anterior lobe and disc appearing glabrous, but in fact covered with short, sparse, barely visible, white microtrichia; posterior lobe black, very rarely with indistinct brownish shade at base (also in HT), obvious only under a certain light-angle, surface very irregularly transverse-rugulose, or very irregularly uneven in middle, glabrous, with only occasional microsetae laterally; proepisterna separated by the distinct notopleural sutures, nearly smooth with shallow rugae on large juxtanotopleural area, glabrous, shiny-black; ventral sterna black, prosternum with rather dense semierect or erect and rather long hairlike setae; mesosternum and metasternum with sparser hairlike setae; mesepisterna black, nearly smooth, glabrous, in both sexes with small deep pit-like impression at dorsal margin (mesepisterna in female indistinguishable from those of male); metepisterna with deep, longitudinal furrow and few microtrichia in their upper surface. Elytra (Figs 13–16) notably elongate, length 4.50–5.20 mm, surface convex with deep discal impression; humeri arcuate, obliquely declined; outer margins subparallel, then arcuate-dilated at anteapical angles; apices in male (Figs 13, 15) shallowly emarginated towards suture; apices in female (Figs 14, 16) with notably deep sutural excision, forming distinct inner tooth which is pointed or blunted; elytral surface irregularly, rather finely punctate, intervals flat, nearly smooth and shiny as covered with indistinct setigerous microtubercles of irregular density; punctures deepest and largest on basodiscal convexity and anterolateral areas, very irregular within discal impression, becoming smaller posteriad, sparse and shallow with flat, shiny intervals on median area of elytral disc (as covered with dense appressed microsetae, the punctate-sculpture may be barely visible); setal vesture consisting of whitish, decumbent or tightly appressed ornamental microsetae which, due to the black surface are darkened, usually forming tightly “coiffured-like” variously oriented ornaments; long, erect, hairlike sensory setae sparsely scattered on anteapical and humeral areas. Abdomen. Ventrites black, sparsely covered with white appressed microtrichia. Legs (Fig. 1). Coxae black with testaceous apex; trochanters yellow-testaceous; femora black with yellowtestaceous apical area (knees), tibiae black with yellow basal third; pro- and mesotarsi black (protarsi sometimes black-brown), metatarsi consistently black; setal vesture usual, femora appearing as glabrous. Aedeagus (Figs 17–24) elongate, length 2.00– 2.05 mm, width 0.35–0.40 mm, widest in its upper straight portion, narrowed towards rather moderately bent basal portion, apical portion constricted towards small, blunt rarely nearly pointed, dorsad directed apex; in its ventral view (Fig. 24) the aedeagus is conically attenuated towards rounded apex. Variability. Only unimportant variability, particularly in the shape of the aedeagi mentioned in the description above and obvious from the illustrations. Etymology. Dedicated to Boris Bubeník (M.D.), a dear colleague in entomology, Frýdek Místek, Czech Republic. Distribution and ecology (Figs 32–36). The new species is known only from its type locality in the Ambohitantely Special Reserve situated on the north-eastern edge of the Central Highlands in the district of Ankazobe, 140 km northwest of Antananarivo. The reserve was established in 1982 and represents the only protected area in the Analamanga Region. Encompassing 5600 ha, the area includes 1800 ha of primary forest and 3800 ha of grassland, at altitudes of 1300–1650 m. Ambohitantely is, therefore, highly important for its unique ecosystem as it includes both lowland and riparian forest, as well as upland forest formations with amazing biodiversity (e.g. Goodman et al. 2018). It is also noteworthy that apart from the 14 adults of P. (M.) borisbubeniki sp. nov., numerous adults of another possibly new species, externally similar to P. (Microstenocera) vybirali Moravec, 2000 and P. (Microstenocera) laportei W. Horn, 1900, were caught exclusively in Ambohitantely. Their prevailing occurrence may explain that only two other species of Pogonostoma come from the reserve. First male of P. (Pogonostoma) densisculptum Moravec, 2003 was described from Ambohitantely by Moravec & Vybíral (2020). One additional female of the latter was caught there together with one female of another rare species P. (Pogonostoma) impressum Rivalier, 1970 (new record here). Regarding adults of non-arboreous tiger beetle genera, Ambalia aberrans (Fairmaire, 1871), Cylindera (Cicindelina) pierroni (Fairmaire, 1880), Hipparidium equestre (Dejean, 1826), Chaetotaxis rugicollis (Fairmaire, 1871), and Peridexia fulvipes fulvipes (Dejean, 1831) were recently found there by the second author, who conducted his research in Ambohitantely. It is noteworthy that no historical specimens of tiger beetles labelled “Ambohitantely” were found in collections during the thorough revision of Madagascan Cicindelidae by the first author (Moravec 2002, 2007, 2010), and that Ambohitantely was not treated by Horn (1934) as well as in the map of Madagascar in Olsoufieff (1934). It might have been due to the fact that Ambohitantely lies merely 25–30 km northeast of Ankazobe (as addressed by Viette 1991), which has been a much better-known place. Also Andriamampianina et al. (2000) mentioned Ambohitantely as: “ areas of the central region that could be of interest include Ankazobe (Ambohitantely) ”. Consequently, among a number of historical tiger beetle specimens labelled “Ankazobe” and recently also “Manankazo env.”, some might have been in fact caught in Ambohitantely. It may be supported by the fact that the above-mentioned species (except for P. (M.) borisbubeniki sp. nov. and the above-mentioned potentially new Pogonostoma) also occurred in the forest near Manankazo and Ankazobe. The forest, formerly a forest station Manankazo (Viette 1991), lying along the road NR4 from Antananarivo to Mahajanga, is now destroyed and consists of mostly degraded forest fragments, yet still with some tiger beetle species which have found refuge in the forest remnants after the formerly large forested area had been destroyed (Moravec 2022). Unfortunately, like other Madagascan preserved areas, the ecosystem of Ambohitantely is in increasing danger, also due to fires, which have been commonly considered an important contributing factor to the rapid decline of Madagascan biodiversity. Klein et al. (2007) widely discussed recent alarming problems in protection of preserved areas, particularly of Ambohitantely. Frappier-Britton & Lehman (2022) presented a complete analysis to quantify the distribution and seasonal timing of fires across the entire island, based on satellite VIIRS data. They widely confer on the alarming danger for preserved ecosystems due to anthropogenic fire used across the entire island, which is now a major source of mortality for many Madagascan forest species. Regarding Ambohitantely, there are some fire-protection strips built in places where the forest adjoins the savannah, to prevent possible spread of fires to the protected forest. However, another serious danger for the biodiversity in Ambohitantely resides in the unregulated spread of an invasive grass species (tentatively considered to be Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q. Nguyen). This introduced and highly aggressive weed has been rapidly spreading into the forest of the reserve during the last few years. Ambohitantely was repeatedly visited in November 2011, January 2016, January 2017, and December 2019 by the second author who noticed a gradual but accelerating decline in the diversity of tiger beetles. In comparison to the as yet unaffected forest parts, a significant decrease in species of the strictly arboreous genus Pogonostoma was obvious on the trees densely overgrown by this invasive grass (Fig. 35)., Published as part of Moravec, Jiří & Trýzna, Miloš, 2022, New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 25. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) borisbubeniki sp. nov., compared to P. (M.) andreevae Moravec, 2007 and a revised key to the species-group (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), pp. 245-260 in Zootaxa 5155 (2) on pages 249-254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5155.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6673454, {"references":["Tryzna, M. & Banar, P. (2022) Diastatotropis arofaniana sp. nov. from eastern Madagascar, a new species close to D. rubra Frieser, with a redescription of the type of the latter, and notes on morphology (Coleoptera: Anthribidae). Zootaxa, 5120 (1), 30 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5120.1.2","Moravec, J. (2007) Tiger beetles of Madagascar 1. A monograph of the genus Pogonostoma (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Nakladatelstvi Kabourek, Zlin, 499 pp.","Goodman, S. M., Raherilalao, M. J. & Wohlauser, S. (Eds.) (2018) Les aires protegees terrestres de Madagascar: Leur histoire, description et biote. Tome III: L'ouest et le sud de Madagascar - Synthese / The terrestrial protected areas of Madagascar: Their history, description, and biota. Vol. III. Westhern and southwestern Madagascar - Synthesis. Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, pp. 1233 - 1716.","Moravec, J. & Vybiral, J. (2020) New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles - 18. Pogonostoma (Pogonostoma) ondravybirali sp. nov., elaborated redescriptions of P. (P.) atrorotundatum, P. (P.) densisculptum and P. (Microstenocera) fabiocassolai (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Zootaxa, 4881 (2), 201 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4881.2.1","Rivalier, E. (1970) Le genre Pogonostoma (Col. Cicindelidae). Revision avec description d'especes nouvelles. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 6, 269 - 338.","Horn, W. (1934) Catalogue Bibliographique et synonymique des Cicindelides de Madagascar. In: Horn, W. & Olsoufieff, G., Les Cicindelides de Madagascar (premiere partie). Memories de l'Academie Malgache, 20, 7 - 31 + 3 pls.","Olsoufieff, G. (1934) Essai de Revision systematique et Biologie des Cicindelides de Madagascar. In: Horn, W & Olsoufieff, G., Les Cicindelides de Madagascar (deuxieme partie). Memoires de l'Academie Malgache, 20, pp 31 - 73.","Viette, P. (1991) Principales localites ou des Insectes ont ete recueillis a Madagascar. Chief field stations where Insects were collected in Madagascar. Faune de Madagascar. Supplement 2. Privately published, Paris, 88 pp.","Moravec, J. (2022) Coleoptera, tiger beetles (Cicindelidae). In: Goodman, S. M. (Ed.), The new natural history of Madagascar. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 1014 - 1023.","Klein, J., Reau, B., Kalland, I. & Edwards, M. (2007) Conservation, development and a heterogenous community: the case of Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Society and Natural Resources, 20 (5), 451 - 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08941920701211900","Frappier-Britton, T. & Lehman, S. M. (2022) The burning island: Spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence in Madagascar. Plos One, 17 (3), 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0263313"]}

Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) andreevae Moravec, 2007 (Figs 25–31) Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) andreevae Moravec, 2007: 361–363, figs 1298–1306, 1777. Type locality. Evergreen forest of the Ranomafana National Park, south-eastern area of Central Highlands (Fianarantsoa Province). Type material. Holotype ♀ in JWCW, labelled: “ Madagascar / Ranomafana res. / 15–25.XII.2004, leg. R. Andreeva & I. Andreev ” [printed]; “ Holotype / Pogonostoma / (Microstenocera) andreevae sp. nov. / J. Moravec 2006 det.” [red, printed]. Allotype ♂ in CAS: “ Madagascar: Fianarantsoa province / Ranomafana Nat. Park / Talatakely, elev. 1080 m / 14–23. April 2002 ” [printed] // “ 21°15.99’S, 47°25.21’E / California Acad. of Sciences / malaise [trap]” // “secondary tropical forest MA-02-09C-25” [printed] // “CASENT 8068375” [printed] // “ Pogonostoma sp. 11, det. D.H. Kavanaugh 2006” // “ Allotype / Pogonostoma / (Microstenocera) andreevae sp. nov. / J. Moravec 2006 det.” [red, printed]. Other material examined. 1 ♀ in CJVB: “ Madagascar Centr. / Ranomafana N. P., 8.I.2017 / Jan & Ondřej Vybíral lgt.”. Differential diagnosis. Pogonostoma (M.) andreevae is immediately distinguished from all species of the genus by its yellow-testaceous metatarsi. For other diagnostic characters see under P. (M.) borisbubeniki sp. nov. above, as well as the illustrations here and the original description and illustrations in Moravec (2007). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 37). Pogonostoma (M.) andreevae is known only from the evergreen forest of the Ranomafana National Park in south-eastern part of the Central Highlands. The three known adults were caught along Talatakely touristic circuit in an elevation 1080 m, in fact nearby the village of Ranomafana. Despite that Talatakely is characterized as a low montane secondary forest, it maintains amazing biodiversity. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) sawadai Moravec, 2007, P. (Mantistenocera) zasterai Moravec, 2003 and P. (Mitopogon) ranomafanense Moravec, 2007 also come from Talatakely (Moravec 2007, Rainio 2012). Developmental stages unknown. Remarks. Pogonostoma (M.) andreevae was originally described by the first author (Moravec 2007) from the female holotype, while the only known male was identified by him from specimens sent for his study by David Kavanaugh (CAS) much later, when the monograph of Pogonostoma was in press. Consequently, the male was additionally included into the monograph and designated as allotype. As only diagnostic characters of the male allotype were illustrated in the monograph, its habitus and metatarsi are illustrated for the first time here (Figs 30–31, photographed in CAS database)., Published as part of Moravec, Jiří & Trýzna, Miloš, 2022, New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 25. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) borisbubeniki sp. nov., compared to P. (M.) andreevae Moravec, 2007 and a revised key to the species-group (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), pp. 245-260 in Zootaxa 5155 (2) on page 255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5155.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6673454, {"references":["Moravec, J. (2007) Tiger beetles of Madagascar 1. A monograph of the genus Pogonostoma (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Nakladatelstvi Kabourek, Zlin, 499 pp.","Rainio, J. (2012) Distribution and community composition of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 32 (2), 69 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1742758412000124"]}

Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi species-group Identification. Species of this species group (proposed by Moravec 2007) share black maxillae combined with testaceous labial or also maxillary palpi with those of P. (Microstenocera) schaumi species-group (modified by Moravec 2007) but are distinguished by their elytra with almost shiny elytral surface due to nearly smooth, shiny, or only indistinctly microtuberculate intervals between punctures. Note. As discussed by the first author previously (Moravec 2007), Rivalier (1970) created his P. (M.) schaumi species-group for species with testaceous labial palpi combined with “more or less brilliant” elytral surface, which also included P. (M.) fleutiauxi W. Horn, 1905 and other species with testaceous labial palpi. His division appeared, however, very heterogenous, partly due to the fact that also P. (Microstenocera) humbloti Rivalier, 1970, placed by Rivalier into his P. (Microstenocera) anthracinum species-group, has testaceous labial palpi. Furthermore, Rivalier (1970) underestimated that some species, including P. (M.) schaumi W. Horn, 1893, possess matt-tuberculate intervals between elytral punctures (previously recognized and described by Horn (1893), thus differing from P. (M.) fleutiauxi and other species with shiny, never bumpy elytral intervals. Consequently, only species with bumpy elytral intervals (and testaceous labial, or also maxillary palpi) were accommodated in P. (M.) schaumi species-group by Moravec (2007), while species with shiny, almost smooth, or only microtuberculate intervals combined with similarly coloured palpi were housed in P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group, this division being maintained also here. Revised key to species of P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group (labial palpi always yellow-testaceous) 1 Metatarsi consistently black (as usual in the genus).......................................................... 2 - Metatarsi ochre-testaceous (unique character within the genus). Maxillary (and labial) palpi, yellow. Antennae distinctly yellow-maculate (antennomere 5 yellow except for blackened apex). Posterior pronotal lobe testaceous. Leg knees yellow-testaceous..................................................................... P. (M.) andreevae Moravec, 2007 2 Maxillary palpi yellow-testaceous except for black-brown terminal palpomere or its apex (similarly coloured as labial palpi). Antennae distinctly yellow-maculate. Bases of tibiae or also apices of femora (knees) yellow-testaceous. Pronotal disc with notopleural sutures obvious in dorsal view on almost whole length, surface finely or more coarsely tuberculate-rugulose or wavy rugulose only limited posterior area continuously transverse-striate. Posterior pronotal lobe black or with brownish tinge.. 3 - Maxillary palpi black except for basal (shortest) palpomere at least partly whitish-testaceous. Antennae concolorous black (with only usual indistinct basal macula). Femora and tibiae concolorous black (including knees)........................... 4 3 Maxillary palpi entirely yellow-testaceous except for brown-darkened margin of terminal palpomere. Body 7.0– 8.5 mm long. Antennae in both sexes as long as body, antennomere 5 with only basal area yellow. Head temples short, 2.5 times shorter than eyes. Pronotal disc ellipsoidal to almost subglobose, finely to more coarsely tuberculate or granulate-rugulose on anterior and lateral areas, vermicular-rugulose in middle. Mesepisterna in both sexes with elongate but short anteromedian furrow in middle. Aedeagus stout with short, rounded apex, basal portion boomerang-bent.................. P. (M.) skrabali Moravec, 2000 - Maxillary palpi yellow-testaceous, but with black terminal palpomere (only its apical margin brownish-testaceous). Body 8.0– 8.8 mm long. Antennae in both sexes longer than body, antennomere 5 yellow except for blackened apical area. Head temples longer, 2 times shorter than eyes. Pronotal disc extremely finely sculptured, rugae almost vermicular on anterior area, irregularly wavy and more continuous on large median area, only anterior and lateral areas tuberculate. Mesepisterna in both sexes with deep, pit-like impression at dorsal proepisternal margin...................... P. (M.) borisbubeniki sp. nov. 4 Temples long, only 1.5 times shorter than eyes. Pronotal anterior lobe markedly narrower than posterior one. Elytra with conspicuous basodiscal convexity, delimited by deep discal impression from notably gibbose disc........................ 5 - Temples short, 2.4 times shorter than eyes. Surface of vertex markedly coarsely areolate-rugulose. Body 6.5–7.0 mm long. Pronotal anterior lobe only slightly narrower than posterior one. Pronotal disc elongate, angular-ellipsoidal notably coarsely transverse-parallel rugose; notopleural sutures well obvious in dorsal view. Pronotal posterior lobe indistinctly reddish-brown on basal area. Elytral discal impression moderate. Antennae shorter than body.......... P. (M.) rugosiceps Rivalier, 1970 5 Pronotal disc mostly widely ovoid, surface covered with very fine, mostly short, irregularly vermicular rugae which are more continuous and transverse-wavy only on posteromedian area; notopleural sutures thin, flat, but at least partly obvious in dorsal view. Posterior pronotal lobe black. Antennae in both sexes longer than body. Body 7.5–8.5 mm long. Aedeagus boomerangbent in middle “snake-like” shaped, apical portion rather voluminous, its dorsal (left) margin variably straight or slightly emarginate, ventral apical outline dilated, arcuate towards rounded apex............................................. 6 - Pronotal disc regularly subglobose, finely transverse wrinkled; notopleural sutures indistinct. Posterior pronotal lobe notably ochre-testaceous. Antennae of male as long as body, female antennae shorter. Body 8.5–9.0 mm long. Aedeagus of dolabriform (axe-like) shape with rounded apex............................................... P. (M.) basale Fleutiaux, 1899 6 Notopleural sutures well obvious in dorsal view in form of lines markedly narrower than dorsally visible outer proepisternal margins. Basal (shortest) palpomere of maxillary palpi black except for testaceous apical area. Second tooth of left mandible in male larger than third one...................................................... P. (M.) fleutiauxi W. Horn, 1905 - Notopleural sutures in dorsal view nearly copy ovoid lateral margins of pronotal disc. Basal (shortest) palpomere of maxillary palpi entirely whitish-testaceous. Second tooth of left mandible of male smaller than third one................................................................................................ P. (M.) globulithorax Rivalier, 1946, Published as part of Moravec, Jiří & Trýzna, Miloš, 2022, New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 25. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) borisbubeniki sp. nov., compared to P. (M.) andreevae Moravec, 2007 and a revised key to the species-group (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), pp. 245-260 in Zootaxa 5155 (2) on pages 248-249, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5155.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6673454, {"references":["Moravec, J. (2007) Tiger beetles of Madagascar 1. A monograph of the genus Pogonostoma (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Nakladatelstvi Kabourek, Zlin, 499 pp.","Rivalier, E. (1970) Le genre Pogonostoma (Col. Cicindelidae). Revision avec description d'especes nouvelles. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 6, 269 - 338.","Horn, W. (1893) Die Gattung Pogonostoma Klug. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1893 (1), 13 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48018930103"]}

Financial Aspects of Global Payment Systems Abstract This dissertation summarizes findings on Digital Asset's development, which would fit under the era of Blockchain 1.0. We analyzed and synthetized available resources focusing on the following areas: (i) historic aspects of Digital Assets, (ii) technical solutions of Digital Assets, (iii) actual use of Digital Assets, (iv) abuse of Digital Assets, (v) Digital Assets' legal integration, (vi) Digital Assets as a global payment system. Analyzing history of Digital Assets, we summarize that Digital Assets were developed with the intent to liberate payment systems from existing financial supervision. Once such system became functional it was immediately abused. In connection with technical solutions, we find that as technical complexity of Digital Assets (especially the lack of the trusted third party) diminishes protection of Digital Assets users, it incentivizes criminal activity. Consequently, Digital Assets are vastly abused for different criminal purposes, including development of services dedicated to criminal activity, such as Dark Web Marketplaces or Digital Assets Mixer. Further, Digital Assets are used for payments on minimal scale, and the retail use if practically nonexistent. Currently, Digital Assets' legal integration is slow and fractional;...

Pogonostoma (Microgeniatum) signifemorale sp. nov. (Figs 1–10, 14) Type locality. Northwestern Madagascar: dry deciduous forest of the Ankarafantsika National Park, “Tour du Lac” (Ambato Boeni Region, Province of Mahajanga). Type material. Holotype in NMPC (temporarily in JVCB), labelled: “NW Madagascar, 71 m, / Ankarafan- tsika N.P., Tour du Lac / S 16°18´13.0´´; E 46°48´49.1´´, / 23.- 26.i.2015, M. Trýzna leg.” [printed] // “Pogonos- toma / (Microgeniatum) / signifemorale sp. nov. ” / det Jiří Moravec / & Miloš Trýzna 2021 ” [red, printed]. Differential diagnosis. By its extremely small body and boomerang-bent aedeagus with similarly shaped apex, P. (M.) signifemorale sp. nov. may resemble P. (M.) infimum. The new species is immediately distinguished from it, however, and from other three species of the subgenus by its markedly bicoloured meso- and metafemora (Fig. 1) with their basal third yellow, while their remaining, markedly dilated portions are black; moreover, also the basal area of all tibiae is yellow. Antennomeres of the new species are uniquely coloured as well: the scape is black dorsally, yellow-testaceous apically; antennomeres 2–4 ivory to yellow-testaceous (Figs 1, 3–4). In contrast, the femora and tibiae, as well as the antennae of P. (M.) infimum are uniformly black or black-brown (Moravec 2007, fig. 1819); the other two species also possess black femora, tibiae and antennae. In addition, the surface of the pronotal disc of the new species is covered with finer rugae (Fig. 8) than the coarser and more almost subreticulateanastomosing ridges on the pronotum of P. (M.) infimum (see Moravec 2007, fig. 1621). Moreover, the aedeagus of the new species is more abruptly bent above the middle and wider in the point of the angle (Fig. 5), while the angle is arcuate in P. (M.) infimum (see Moravec 2007, fig. 1622); the aedeagi of other two species are very differently shaped. For other differences see “Key to species” above, and the detailed redescriptions and illustrations in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2007). It should be mentioned here that also P. (Microstenocera) sicardi W. Horn, 1927 may superficially resemble the new species by its yellow femoral bases; however, the yellow area is much less expanded and apart from the irregular elytral setal vesture (diagnostic for Microstenocera), P. (Microstenocera) sicardi differs in a complex of other characters including the very different shape of its aedeagus (see Moravec 2007). Description (male holotype). Body (Fig. 1) extremely small, length 5.60 mm, width 1.50 mm, shiny-black; setae whitish. Head (Fig. 3) slightly narrower than body, width 1.20 mm; temples obliquely sloped, only indistinctly arcuate, 2 times shorter than eyes. Frons anteriad-prolonged, merging with clypeus in middle and continuously confluent with vertex, surface rather finely, irregularly scabrous-rugulose and granulate to foveolate, much finer on anterior area; supra-anten- nal keels indistinct, merging with coarse surface sculpture. Vertex with indistinct anterior-sublateral impressions, median area moderately convex, occipital impression shallow, median area coarsely, irregularly scabrous-rugulose, passing posteriad into irregularly subreticulate-scabrous sculpture; limited occipital area with several very coarse, transverse-wavy rugae; temporal area irregularly sculptured by short, irregularly wavy ridges; whole surface ap- pears glabrous as covered with indistinct, sparse and extremely short, white microtrichia, which are barely notice- able in dorsal view. Genae coarsely rugose nearly throughout their surface, glabrous or with few inconspicuous, short, white mi- crotrichia. Clypeus black, convex in middle when merging with frons, finely wrinkled, with sparse, whitish microtrichia. Labrum (Fig. 2) 4–setose, rather short, length 0.32 mm, width 0.60 mm, basolateral margins arcuate towards right-angled lateral indentations, then obliquely narrowed anteriad towards rather distinct, right-angled anterolateral teeth, anterior margin shallowly emarginate between two blunt, yet well developed anterior teeth; surface blackbrown, with moderate basodiscal convexity, glabrous except for a few, barely noticeable whitish microtrichia. Maxillae. Galea black (except for whitish apical orifice of penultimate galeomere); lacinia black with brown- ish-testaceous setae, 0.12 mm wide. Palpi (Fig. 3). Maxillary palpi with longest palpomere metallic black (only short basal palpomere testaceous), penultimate and terminal palpomere brown with faint reddish tinge; setae whitish; penultimate (longest) palpomeres of labial palpi notably long, their glabrous side black, while their uneven setose side is pale brownish with ivorytestaceous tinge and ivory-white apices; long setae pure white but irregularly interspaced with darker setae; terminal palpomeres brownish with mahogany tinge. Mandibles (Fig. 3) metallic black with mahogany-reddish teeth; with moderately arcuate margins, subsymmetrical, with terminal tooth in left mandible notably shorter than that in right mandible; second tooth of left mandible shorter than third one, while inner teeth of right mandible of approximately equal size; distinct basolateral portions arcuate, with very sparse indistinct microtrichia. Antennae (Figs 1, 3–4) shorter than body, reaching anteapical elytral angles (when completed), notably pale, scape black dorsally, while ventrally and apically yellow-testaceous; antennomeres 2–4 ivory to yellow-testaceous with darkened apices, antennomeres 5–6 with ivory base, then gradually testaceous-darkened towards brownish apex, remaining antennomeres pale brownish-testaceous. Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 8) elongate, length 1.35 mm, width 0.85 mm; anterior lobe narrower then posterior one, irregularly rugulose and with coarse, irregularly transverse ridges; disc oblong, lateral margins only moderately arcuate; notopleural sutures invisible from above; sculpture of discal surface consisting of coarse but rather dense transverse-wavy ridges which are irregularly anastomosing on anterior area, while more continuous, wavy and coarser on median area of posterior discal half, and more irregular and commonly anastomosing on lateral areas; rugae passing over notopleural sutures on proepisterna; median line indistinct, partly merging with surface sculpture; posterior lobe rather finely and irregularly transverse rugulose, its posterior half ochre-testaceous; whole pronotal surface appears glabrous; proepisterna covered with coarse but rather dense ridges (passing from lateral discal areas over notopleural sutures), glabrous; prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum rather sparsely covered with long and short, hairlike setae; mesepisterna with uneven surface and sparse microtrichia; metepisterna nearly glabrous. Elytra elongate, 3.30 mm long, humeri arcuate, then obliquely sloped towards posterior pronotal suture; outer margins subparallel with slightly arched dilatation above the middle and slightly dilated towards rather distinct anteapical convexity; apex arcuate and shallowly emarginated towards small sutural spine; surface moderately convex, basodiscal convexity and discal impression rather distinct, coarsely punctate throughout, punctures notably large and deep with shiny intervals, often anastomosing with declined lateral intervals, often forming irregularly elongate caverns; setal vesture regular, microsetae confined to punctures, very short and therefore barely visible and easily abraded to the measure that particularly posterior elytral third appears glabrous. Abdomen. Ventrites black, except for last ventrite and pleurite which are testaceous, their surface rather sparse- ly covered with short, whitish microtrichia. Legs (Fig. 1). Coxae black, trochanters testaceous; profemora voluminous, black, except for yellow base; meso- and metafemora with basal third yellow, remaining portion black and subclavate-dilated towards constricted apex; basal quarter or third of all tibiae yellow; tarsi brownish to black-brown, claws testaceous; setal vesture of legs inconspicuous: femora glabrous, tibiae and tarsi covered with usual, rather dense microsetae. Aedeagus (Fig. 5) abruptly boomerang-bent above middle, length 1.10 mm, width 0.20 mm, apical portion rather wide, notably dilated in the dorsal angle, conical-constricted towards blunt apex which is ventrally arcuate, dorsally very slightly emarginate, thus slightly directed dorsad; in its dorsal (and ventral) aspect the apical portion appears gradually conical-constricted towards blunt apex. Distribution and habitat (Figs 9–10, 14). Known only from the male holotype caught by the second author in the dense, dry deciduous forest of the Ankarafantsika National Park (previously known as Ampijoroa Forest Station, see Viette 1991) near Marovoay, northwestern Madagascar (Ambato Boeni Region, district of Mahajanga). The only male was caught along the tracking path “Tour du Lac” in a margin between primary and secondary forest when running along a surface of an almost horizontal fallen twig of about 10 cm in diameter (Fig. 9, bottom). No other adult was observed in the area despite an intense search. Unfortunately, due to serious bushfires which have recently afflicted some of the Madagascan protected areas, including the Ankarafantsika National Park (see Bezain 2021, Vyawahare 2020), the chance of finding other adults of the new species appears even more improbable. Etymology. Derived from Latin signo [signum] = marked, referring to the markedly bicoloured femora of the new species.

Subgenus Microgeniatum Rivalier, 1970 Pogonostoma (Microgeniatum) Rivalier, 1970: 306 (partim). Pogonostoma (Microgeniatum): Moravec 2007: 447. Type species: Pogonostoma pseudominimum W. Horn, 1934 (by original designation). Revised differential diagnosis. Because of their extremely small to small, 5.4–7.5 mm long, black bodies, and 4–setose labrum, the four known species of the subgenus Microgeniatum may resemble some species of the subgenus Microstenocera Jeannel, 1946. However, in contrast to the irregular elytral setal vesture in Microstenocera, the species of Microgeniatum are characterized by their regular elytral setal vesture, consisting of ornamental se- tae, which are confined to punctures—each ornamental seta (microtrichia) arising from anterior margin of corre- sponding puncture (as in the nominotypical subgenus, which, however, houses species with much larger body with multisetose labrum). Elytra shiny black, notably coarsely punctate throughout, with smooth, glabrous intervals. Pronotal disc sculptured by coarse, or very coarse, transverse-wavy, or partly anastomosing ridges. Head temples moderately long, approximately 2 times shorter than eyes. Galea entirely black (or with slightly brownish apex of terminal galeomere). Labial palpi black, or partly or entirely testaceous. Antennae entirely black, or black-brown, or (in one species) predominantly ivory-testaceous. Legs with apical half of mesofemora, or also metafemora, more or less conspicuously subclavate-dilated, entirely black, except for one species with markedly bicoloured femora and tibiae. Aedeagus of various shapes. Nomenclatorial note. Because of their regular elytral setal vesture, species of the subgenus Microgeniatum had been treated by Olsoufieff (1934), Jeannel (1946) and Horn (1934) in the nominotypical subgenus Pogonostoma. When Rivalier (1970) established the subgenus Microgeniatum for the three above-mentioned species, he included also Pogonostoma gladiator W. Horn, 1934 there. Due to extremely distinctive diagnostic characters of Pogonos- toma (Hornogeniatum) gladiator (unique within the whole genus), the species was placed later (Moravec 2007) into a separate, monobasic subgenus Hornogeniatum Moravec, 2007. Distribution (Figs 11–14). Species of the subgenus are very rare, absent in most collections (including BMNH—see Moravec & Gillett 2009). Behaviour of adults is similar to most species of the silvicolous and strictly arboreal genus; developmental stages unknown. Somewhat more common is only P. (Microgeniatum) pseudomini- mum W. Horn, 1934 (type species of the subgenus), which is known from eastern Madagascar (Antongil Bay, dis- trict of Maroantsetra), penetrating through the forest of the Mananara Nord National Park (Province of Toamasina) to central area of Central Highlands, through Antsianaka near Lac Alaotra and the forest of Didy (both in the district of Ambatondrazaka) up to the forest of Analamazaotra-Perinet (type locality) east of Moramanga. The syntypes (1 ♂, 1 ♀, lectotype not designated) of P. (Microgeniatum) pseudominimum are deposited in SDEI; other specimens examined are in MNHN, CCJM, CJVB and JWCW (Moravec 2007 and recent personal data). The following two species have not been confirmed recently. P. (Microgeniatum) flavopalpale Jeannel, 1946 is known only from one male and one female (MNHN), caught in the forest of Piton Saint-Louis, north of Tolagnaro (= Fort Dauphin), 121 years ago. Only the male holotype (MNHN) of P. (Microgeniatum) infimum Rivalier, 1970 exists; it was caught in the deciduous forest of Analamerana, 50 km south-east of Antsiranana (= Diego Suarez) in northern Madagascar (in January 1959). Finally, P. (Microgeniatum) signifemorale sp. nov. is known only from the single male caught recently in the dense, dry deciduous forest of the Ankarafantsika National Park in northwestern Madagascar.

Physodeutera (Toxoma) dubia (Mařan, 1942) (Figs 24–45, 106) Prothyma (Megalomma) dubia Mařan, 1942: 70. Physodeutera (Toxoma) sikorai dubia: Moravec 1998: 169. Physodeutera (Toxoma) dubia: Moravec 2002a: 115, figs 303–308, 723. Type locality. “Ampanefena” (about 70 km south of Vohémar, Northeastern Madagascar). Type material. Holotype ♂ in NMPC, labelled: “ Madagascar, Ampanefena, Mus. Praha” [printed]; “Typus” [red, printed]; “ Prothyma dubia m. Dr. Mařan det.” [handwritten]; “ Holotype, Prothyma (Megalomma) dubia Mařan, 1942, J. Moravec 1998 design.” [red, printed]. Paratype 1 ♂ in NMPC “Vohemar, III, 1938” [printed]; “CoTypus” [red, printed, the “Co” handwritten]; “ Paratype, Prothyma (Megalomma) dubia Mařan, 1942, J. Moravec 1998 design.” [red, printed]. The two type specimens provided with labels “ Physodeutera (Toxoma) sikorai dubia (Mařan, 1942), J. Moravec 1998 det.” and “ Physodeutera (Toxoma) dubia (Mařan, 1942) det. J. Moravec, 2001” [printed]. Note to the typification. Mařan (1942) based the original description of this species on two males, each from a different locality, both deposited in NMPC. He stated it as: “ Habitat: Madagascar, Ampanefena ♂ typus; Vohémar, III 1934, Lamberton leg. 1 ♂ — ♀ ignota ”. It means that the male from Ampanefena was designated by Mařan as type and in accordance labelled by him with the red label “Typus” (see Fig. 44 here), while the male from Vohémar bears the same red printed label but rewritten by hand as “CoType” (see Fig. 45 here). This statement was previously misinterpreted by the first author (Moravec 1998) who examined the male from Vohémar and erroneously designated and illustrated it as holotype. This error was later rectified in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2002a: 115) where the male from Ampanefena was correctly designated as the holotype according to the original type designation by Mařan (1942). Nonetheless, the illustrations remained in error the same, thus the picture of the paratype from Vohémar was presented as holotype (Moravec 2002a, figs 304–308, 723). The true holotype from Ampanefena is illustrated here in Figs 24, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 37, 40–41. Differential diagnosis. Physodeutera (Toxoma) dubia shares similar, rather uniformly bright green-blue elytra with only lateral areas violaceous (Figs 24–25, 40–43) with Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. Diagnostic for both species are also the ivory to ochre-testaceous two basal thirds of the antennomere 4 in male (Figs 26–27), but Ph. (T.) dubia differs from the new species in having shorter antennae, more arcuate-curved labial palpus in male (Fig. 30), coarser, sharpened rugae on whole surface of the pronotal disc (Figs 31–32), larger elytral punctures also on posterior elytral half (Figs 40–43), shorter antennae, slightly longer aedeagus apex, which is more rounded, particularly ventrally and on its top (Figs 37–39), and somewhat different sclerites within the internal sac (Figs 38–39). Moreover, the elytral apex in male is rounded in Ph. (T.) dubia (Figs 40–42), while subacute in Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. Nevertheless, one of the characters considered diagnostic for Ph. (T.) dubia previously (Moravec 2002a), the anteriad-prolonged, triangular median tooth in the anteromedian lobe of the labrum (Fig. 36), proved to be present only in the paratype (which was misinterpreted previously as the holotype). In contrast, the true holotype of Ph. (T.) dubia has the anterior margin of its labrum almost subtruncate (Fig. 35), thus somewhat similar to that in Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. Despite the significant biodiversity in Madagascar, we consider here these differences in the shape of the male labrum to be exceptional variability, also due to the fact that the two only known males come very probably from the same locality (see “Distribution” below). Notwithstanding, as also the body of the paratype is notably wider, particularly across the elytra (Fig. 25), a possibility that the paratype may in fact represent another undescribed species cannot be excluded. Unfortunately, female of Ph. (T.) dubia remains unknown. Redescription (male). Body (Figs 24–25) medium-sized, length 8.80–9.00 (HT 8.80) mm, width 2.70–2.90 (HT 2.70) mm. Head (Figs 33–34) with large eyes, only slightly narrower than body, width 2.60–2.70 mm. Frons deep metallic blue, convex in middle, nearly smooth on anteromedian area, laterally parallel-wrinkled; supraantennal plates uneven, flat; frons-vertex fold rounded merging fluently with vertex, finely vermicular-wrinkled. Vertex bright blue in middle, with bronze and cupreous lustre in lateral and posterior areas, with deep transverse anterior impression crossing juxtaorbital areas, which are striate-rugose, but rugae interrupted by two shallower impressions; median area longitudinally vermicular to wavy-rugose, posterior area vermicular-rugose; divergent sublateral rugae coarser, wavy, passing onto temples; posterior and occipital areas bronze-green, vermicular-rugulose. Genae metallic green-blue, finely striate-wrinkled. Labrum (male) 0.90–1.05 mm long, 1.10 mm wide, basically shaped and coloured as in preceding species except for the shape of the anteromedian lobe, which differs in the two known males: while the holotype has the anteromedian lobe notably shorter, subtruncate and with rounded lateral margins (Fig. 35), the anteromedian lobe of the paratype possesses two right-angled, indistinctly pointed teeth in either side of notably protruding, right-angled median tooth (Fig. 36). Clypeus metallic-blue with greenish lustre, smooth. Mandibles (Figs 33–34) subsymmetrical, normally shaped with four teeth and basal molar, brown with mahogany tinge and blackened margins, inner teeth gradually smaller towards basal molar, fourth tooth markedly distant from third tooth. Palpi (male) ivory testaceous, maxillary palpi with terminal palpomeres brownish-testaceous with darkened subapical area (Figs 28–29); labial palpi with dark brown terminal palpomeres, outer margin of penultimate (longest) palpomeres arcuate, inner margin straight or slightly emarginated, ochre-testaceous (Fig. 30). Antennae (Figs 26–27) rather long, passing elytral half; scape ivory or testaceous with only apical seta; antennomeres 2–3 metallic black, antennomere 4 black-brown with two basal thirds ivory-testaceous to yellowish, antennomeres 5–9 light brownish testaceous, 10–11 moderately darkened. Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 31–32) elongate, length 1.85–1.90 mm, width 1.50–1.55 mm; metallic blue-green with indistinct bronze-cupreous and violet lustre on discal median area and intense violaceous lustre within well-pronounced anterior and posterior sulci; anterior lobe markedly narrower than posterior lobe and disc; lateral margins of disc almost parallel in middle, slightly constricted anteriad; notopleural sutures barely visible from above; discal surface distinctly transversely wavy-rugose, rugae coarser on median area; median line thin but running throughout; posterior lobe with distinct basal rim, dorsolateral bulges pulvinate-elevated, almost smooth, with strongly violaceous lustre, gradually passing to smooth or finely wrinkled median area with faint greenish lustre; prosternum and proepisterna metallic blue-green, finely wrinkled; mesepisterna black-blue with purple lustre; metasternum and metepisterna metallic green with bronze tinge. Elytra (Figs 40–43), elongate, 5.30–5.35 mm long; juxtahumeral impressions deep, short and wide, basodiscal convexity and discal impression distinct, apical impressions moderate; lateral margins subparallel, anteapical angles arcuate, apices rounded, more distinctly so in female, with only faint emargination towards indistinct, blunt sutural spine; limited baso-humeral area smooth and shiny, other elytral surface rather coarsely punctate, punctures notably larger on anterior elytral third, largest within humeral impressions, occasionally arranged in chains but not entirely anastomosing, their mostly narrow intervals optically forming irregular reticulum; elytral coloration bright metallic blue-green, more cyaneous green-blue within humeral and discal impression, with faint bronze-greenish lustre on posterior declivity and deep violaceous on outer lateral areas and apices; whitish to ivory maculation consisting of only one, large humeral macula. Abdomen. Abdominal ventrites dark metallic-blue with violaceous reflections, their surface smooth and glabrous (except for sensory seta on either side of posterior ventrite margins). Legs of HT similarly coloured as in Ph. (T.) conturbata, but notably paler in PT. Aedeagus short (Figs 37–39), length 2.20–2.25 mm, width 0.45 mm, ventral outline straight or slightly bent ventrad apically, dorsally conically attenuated towards narrow, rounded apex; sclerites within internal sac consisting of distinct arciform piece with dilates apex, thin satellite piece which appears more distinct in right lateral view, membranous plate and large, longitudinal membranous upper-ventral piece with obtuse apex. Distribution (Fig. 106). Physodeutera (Toxoma) dubia is known only from the two males caught in Northeastern Madagascar. Ampanefena lies about 70 km south of the city of Vohemar (also spelled Vohémar). However, the name on the label probably means the whole district, which is very large, and therefore we may suppose that the two males come from the same locality (Moravec 2002a). Although no collector name is indicated on the labels, according to Mařan (1942), the two type specimens were caught by Lamberton. Remarks. This taxon, originally described as Prothyma (Megalomma) dubia by Mařan (1942), was later (Moravec 1998) treated as a subspecies of Ph. (T.) sikorai. However, as further examinations have confirmed the above-mentioned characters, this taxon was treated (Moravec 2002a) as a natural member of the subgenus Toxoma. Only male specimens of Ph. (T.) dubia are known. For the previous confusion of the type designation see “Note to the typification” above and the discussion in “Introduction” of this paper.

Key to species of Physodeutera, subgenus Toxoma (individual females may be barely identifiable in some species) 1 Apex of antennomere 4 dilated in male. Elytra entirely immaculate in both sexes. Body medium-sized, bright metallic blue with green, greenish-bronze and violet reflections. Aedeagus long with elongate basal half, apical portion ventrally arcuate-emarginated, forming ventrad-directed, rounded apex............................................................... 2 - Antennomere 4 normally shaped. Body medium-sized to large. Elytra with at least humeral macula in male.Aedeagus variously shaped.............................................................................................. 3 2 Antennomere 4 (in male) simply clavate-dilated. Lateral margins of pronotal disc almost parallel, slightly emarginated in middle. Pronotum slightly more elongate with rather rounded, less parallel lateral margins of disc. Elytra bright green-blue. Aedeagus moderately enlarged in middle.............................. Ph. (T.) lobicornis lobicornis Moravec, 2000 - Antennomere 4 (in male) more distinctly dilated, eccentric-spatulate. Elytra deep green-blue. Aedeagus more distinctly enlarged in middle.................................................. Ph. (T.) lobicornis nosybensis Moravec, 2000 3 Elytra with conspicuous or well noticeable velvety black shadowy zone on elytral disc; punctures rather coarse and occasionally anastomosing on anterior elytral half, much finer or almost effaced on posterior elytral half...................... 4 - Elytra without noticeable velvety black zone on elytral disc (yet inconspicuous shadowy areas may diffuse on elytral disc or various elytral areas)................................................................................... 5 4 Body medium sized. Elytral disc with conspicuous, well-delimited velvety black shadowy zone in middle, remaining surface metallic black with feeble or bright, blue, green-blue, or bronze reflections, or with chatoyant, gold-bronze, or purple lustre on posterior declivity; whitish maculation consisting of humeral-lateral lunule (absent in female) and sublateral-median macula. Antennomere 4 in male ochre testaceous with black-brown base and apical third. Aedeagus short, attenuated into slightly ventrad-bent, rather wide, rounded apex...................................... Ph. (T.) subtilevelutina ( W. Horn, 1934) - Body larger. Elytral disc with faint, yet notable velvety-black shadowy zone diffusing from central area towards outer elytral margins; remaining surface deep cyaneous-blue and green-blue with strong violaceous lustre laterally, sometimes with indistinct bronze lustre; only whitish humeral macula in male, which is in female only indicated as a small, dark, and almost invisible spot, or entirely absent. Antennomere 4 black with basal half light brownish or dark brown. Aedeagus with notably short apical portion towards very short, regularly rounded apex........................ Ph. (T.) sulcoprothoracica (W. Horn, 1913) 5 Elytra with only white humeral macula in male, female elytra immaculate or with only inconspicuous, darkened humeral macula. Aedeagus rather stout (including its basal portion).................................................... 6 - Elytra also with white sublateral-median macula, punctate throughout, punctures coarser and anastomosing on anterior elytral half, much finer on posterior half. Aedeagus with narrowly elongate basal half..................................... 8 6 Antennomere 4 in male with two basal thirds ivory to ochre-testaceous, elytra bright green-blue, only lateral areas and apices violaceous........................................................................................... 7 - Antennomere 4 entirely black or black-brown in both sexes. Elytra rather coarsely punctate on their anterior half, posterior half with finer and notably spaced punctures yet not entirely effaced, deep cyaneous-violaceous with brighter greenish and indistinct bronze lustre within discal impression; elytral disc with only barely noticeable, feebly diffusing shade. Pronotal disc distinctly attenuated anteriad in male. Aedeagus apex short, regularly rounded.................. Ph. (T.) conturbata Moravec, 2002 7 Elytra distinctly, almost equally punctate throughout, lacking any shadowy area on elytral disc. Pronotal disc less notably attenuated anteriad in male. Aedeagus apex regularly rounded yet narrower. Female unknown.... Ph. (T.) dubia (Mařan, 1942) - Elytral punctation finer, particularly so and spaced on posterior half of elytral disc, sometimes with indistinct shade in middle. Aedeagus apex wider, rounded but almost triangular-topped (ventrally moderately arcuate and dorsally obliquely sloped towards indistinct emargination)..................................................... Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. 8(5-) Pronotum elongate. Elytra predominantly metallic green to green-blue, punctures coarser on anterior elytral half; whitish humeral macula combined with subhumeral-lateral lunule in male, while in female only subhumeral lunule present. Aedeagus with notably narrowly elongate basal half, dorsally enlarged apical half, while ventral margin straight; internal sac notably simple.................................................................... Ph. (T.) sikorai (W. Horn, 1896) - Pronotum approximately as long as wide with notably wider disc. Elytra predominantly deep cyaneous, distinctly punctate throughout; whitish humeral macula in male simple, absent in female, yet obscurely indicated subhumeral appendage may occur in both sexes; lateromedian macula smaller. Aedeagus shorter, its apical half more enlarged and apex slightly directed ventrad; internal sac more armed, with distinct, longitudinal-sigmoid ventral piece with clavate apex......................................................................................... Ph. (T.) breviformis (W. Horn, 1904)

Physodeutera (Toxoma) conturbata Moravec, 2002 (Figs 1–23, 106) Physodeutera (Toxoma) conturbata Moravec, 2002a: 118, figs 309–316, 724–725. Type locality. Antseva, northwestern Madagascar, Sambirano (see “Distribution” below). Type material. Holotype ♂ in SDEI, labelled: “Antseva / XI. 33” // “NW-Madag. / J. Mellis ” [printed] // “ Coll. W. Horn / DEI Eberswalde” [printed // “ Holotype / Physodeutera (Toxoma) / conturbata sp. n. / det. Jiří Moravec, 2000 ” [red, printed]. Paratypes. 2 ♀♀ in SDEI: “Antseva-Ammbobako / N.W. Madagaskar ” [printed] // “ R. Ramena N.W. Madag. / J. Mellis ” [printed] // “ Coll. W. Horn / DEI Eberswalde” [printed]. 1 ♀ in SDEI with partly illegible locality label: “Antsabetsienne / XI. 33” [handwritten]; other labels identical. All paratype specimens labelled: “ Paratype / Physodeutera (Toxoma) / conturbata sp. n. / det. Jiří Moravec, 2000 ” [red, printed]. Differential diagnosis. Physodeutera (Toxoma) conturbata and the three other species treated below are clearly distinguished from Physodeutera (Toxoma) sikorai (W. Horn, 1896) and Ph. (T.) breviformis (W. Horn, 1904) by their white elytral maculation reduced to only humeral macula, somewhat thinner penultimate palpomeres of labial palpi, and shorter, much stouter aedeagus. Ph. (T.) conturbata immediately differs from Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. and Ph. (T.) dubia in having much darker, prevailingly deep cyaneous-violaceous dorsal coloration particularly on elytra, with indistinct shadowy tinge on elytral disc and much finer punctures on the posterior declivity (Figs 1, 19–22) than in Ph. (T.) dubia, distinctly anteriad-attenuated lateral margins of its pronotal disc (Figs 16–17) (except for one large aberrant female (Fig. 18), entirely metallic black antennomeres 2–4 in both sexes (Figs 2–3), darker penultimate palpomere of maxillary palpus in female (Fig. 4) and wider aedeagus with short, regularly rounded apex (Figs 8–9). Physodeutera (Toxoma) sulcoprothoracica immediately differs in having rather matt green-blue elytra with notably distinct, velvety-black shadowy zone on the elytral disc and almost effaced punctures within the area and on posterior declivity (Figs 90, 102–104). For other differences see under Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. and Ph. (T.) sulcoprothoracica below. Redescription. Body (Fig. 1) medium-sized to large, length 9.25–10.35 (HT 9.25) mm long, width 2.90–3.20 (HT 2.90) mm, deep cyaneous-violaceous. Head (Figs 10–12) with large eyes, only slightly narrower than body, width 2.65–3.10 mm. Frons metallic deep green-blue, convex in middle, finely longitudinally striate-wrinkled, wrinkles passing through frons-vertex blunt fold onto vertex; supraantennal plates flat, indistinct. Vertex black-cyaneous with deep, transverse anterior impression reaching eyes, surface coarsely and irregularly (mostly longitudinally) striate-rugulose, striae wavy, passing to irregularly vermicular rugae on posterior and occipital areas; large juxtaorbital areas with denser parallel striae deformed by anterior and two posterior impressions (on either side); sublateral parallel rugae divergent when passing onto temples. Genae deep blue with violaceous lustre, finely wrinkled. Clypeus metallic black-blue with green lustre, lateral upper areas reddish. Labrum ivory to ochre-testaceous with metallic black-blue basolateral areas of central convexity (more expanded in female); male labrum (Fig. 13) rather short, length 0.95 mm width 1.20 mm, lateral margins conically attenuated towards indistinct lateral indentations, and prominent, acute anterolateral teeth; tridentate anteromedian lobe short and subtruncate with right-angled teeth and bluntly indicated median tooth; female labrum (Figs 14–15) almost as long as wide, length 1.20–1.35 mm, width 1.25–1.45 mm, anteromedian lobe tridentate with prominent acute or subacute teeth and longer, protruding, almost cylindrical, blunt median tooth. Mandibles (Fig. 10) subsymmetrical, brown with testaceous basolateral areas, teeth mahogany-brown with dark margins, shaped as in other species treated below (the exact shape of opened mandibles is not illustrated here as the mandibles in the type specimens are firmly closed, resistant to rehydration). Palpi. Maxillary palpi (Figs 4–5) ivory-testaceous with terminal palpomere brownish in male, with last two palpomeres brownish in female; labial palpi in male with brown terminal palpomere, their penultimate (longest) palpomere moderately dilated with subparallel lateral margins, ochre-testaceous in male (Fig. 7), brownish in female (Fig. 6). Antennae (Figs 1, 2–3) slightly surpassing elytral half; scape whitish-testaceous in male (Fig. 2), while dark mahogany-brown in female (Fig. 3), antennomeres 2–4 metallic black-brown in both sexes, antennomere 5 ochretestaceous or brownish-testaceous, antennomere 6 variably testaceous or brownish, 7–10 brownish, gradually darkened towards terminal antennomere that is smoky-blackish. Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 16–18), elongate, length 1.95–2.25 mm, width 1.55–1.80 mm, dorsally deep cyaneous with violaceous lustre within sulci and on lateral areas of disc and faint bronze lustre in middle in male, greenish lustre in female; anterior and posterior sulci well pronounced, anterior lobe narrower than posterior lobe and disc; lateral margins of disc distinctly attenuated anteriad, except for subparallel margins in one of the females (Fig. 18); notopleural sutures almost invisible from above; median line narrow, partly merging with surface sculpture anteriorly; surface of disc distinctly and coarsely transversely rugose on entire discal surface, rugae rather sharp, wavy and occasionally anastomosing, passing to transverse-parallel rugae on lateral areas; posterior lobe bordered with sharp basal rim, dorsolateral bulges rather distinct, pulvinate, fluently passing to irregularly and shallowly rugulose median area; prosternum and mesosternum deep blue, finely wrinkled; proepisterna shiny black-blue with violaceous lustre, nearly smooth; mesepisterna black blue with purple lustre, mesepisternal coupling sulci variable (also between left and right mesepisternum), entirely absent, or present in form of indistinct, rarely distinct pit. Elytra (Figs 19–22), elongate, 5.55–6.20 mm long; lateral margins subparallel, only slightly dilated towards arcuate anteapical angles, apices almost subacute in male, rounded in female, indistinctly emarginate towards indistinct sutural spine; juxtaepipleural area with sparse white microsetae; humeral impressions very short, basodiscal convexity and discal impression rather distinct, apical impressions moderate; surface punctate throughout (except for smooth basohumeral limited area), punctures much coarser on anterior elytral half and lateral area, occasionally anastomosing in chains, their elevated anterior margins optically forming subreticulate ornament (in different light angle the intervals appear as if forming crests giving rasp-like appearance of the surface sculpture); posterior half of elytral disc with much smaller and more spaced punctures, particularly within indistinctly shadowed area; elytral coloration deep cyaneous with brighter greenish lustre within discal impression and deep violaceous on lateral and apical areas, and with indistinct, feebly diffusing shade on elytral disc; whitish maculation consisting of distinct humeral macula in male, which is brownish-darkened, barely visible in female. Abdomen. Abdominal ventrites black-blue with violaceous reflections, smooth and glabrous (except for usual sublateral sensory seta (on either side) at ventrite margins. Legs. Male procoxae and mesocoxae pale testaceous, metacoxae and all female coxae metallic blue with testaceous apices, trochanters in both sexes testaceous, male femora distinctly bicoloured: profemora dorsally brown, while their whole ventral and apical area ochre-yellow; mesofemora brown, their ochre ventral area less expanded; metafemora almost entirely brown; tibiae and tarsi testaceous to brownish, protarsi darkened; female legs much darker, entirely brown to black-brown. Aedeagus (Figs 8–9), stout, length 2.25 mm, width 0.45 mm, dorsally dilated, apical portion conically constricted, while ventral outline almost straight, only slightly ventrad-bent apically and fluently arcuately passing into short, regularly rounded apex; structure of internal sac consisting of distinctly arcuate-bent arciform piece accompanied with shorter, apically bilobed satellite piece, basal plates, and large, longitudinal, apically clavate-rounded, membranous piece. Only cleared aedeagus was illustrated by the first author (Moravec 2002a, fig. 316) and since the same aedeagus is photographed here, it is impossible to compare the shape of untreated aedeagus to that of Ph. (T.) dubia and Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. Distribution. (Fig. 106). Only the four type specimens from the type locality of Physodeutera (Toxoma) conturbata are known. Antseva (Antseva-Ambobako) lies 15–20 km southeast of the town of Ambanja at the base of the Tsaratanana Massif and the Ramena River, geographically Sambirano (see Viette 1991). The locality name Antseva must not be confused with homonymous places in other areas of Madagascar named as such not only recently (a case of homonymous names and recent changes in names in a number of places throughout Madagascar). The same is true of the name of the Sambiranense Ramena River, which must not be confused with the town of Ramena in the northernmost promontory of Madagascar. Behaviour of adults unknown. Remarks. The four type specimens examined were deposited in a series standing under the name Prothyma schaumi in the collection of Walther Horn (SDEI). Because of the complex of characters, particularly the shape of its penultimate palpomeres of the labial palpi and the structure of the internal sac of the aedeagus, characteristic of the subgenus Toxoma, this species was described by the first author (Moravec 2002a) in the subgenus Toxoma. The characters clearly differentiate Ph. (T.) conturbata from the holotype of Megalomma schaumi W. Horn, 1872, which is a junior synonym of Ph. (Diarrhiza) viridicyanea (Audouin & Brullé, 1839), and also from all other species of the subgenus Diarrhiza Jeannel, 1946. It must be noted here that there are in fact three females in SDEI originally labelled as paratypes instead of the two females mentioned in typo error in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2002a).

Physodeutera (Toxoma) sulcoprothoracica (W. Horn, 1913) (Figs 90–106) Prothyma (Physodeutera) viridicyanea sulcoprothoracica W. Horn, 1913: 15. Prothyma (Megalomma) viridicyanea sulcoprothoracica: W. Horn 1934: 14. Megalomma (Diarrhiza) viridicyanea sulcoprothoracica: Jeannel 1946: 191. Physodeutera (Diarrhiza) viridicyanea sulcoprothoracica: Rivalier 1967: 276. Physodeutera (Toxoma) sulcoprothoracica: Moravec 2000: 212. Physodeutera (Toxoma) sulcoprothoracica: Moravec 2002a: 120, figs 322, 323–329, 726–727. Type locality. “Diego Suarez”. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Moravec 2000), ♀ in SDEI, labelled: “Diego Suarez” [dark green, printed] // “Donckier” [printed] // “peut-être / la vraim / viridicyaneum / Brullé” [handwritten, nearly illegible] // “f. sulcoprotho- / racica / mihi” [blue, handwritten] // “Type! / Dr. W. Horn” [printed] // “ Syntypus ” [red, printed] // “Coll. W. Horn // DEI, Eberswalde” [printed] // “ SDEI Coleoptera / # 301924”. Paralectotype. 1 ♀ in MNHN, labelled: “Diego Suarez” [handwritten]; “voisin viridicyaneum / qui a les élytres entierement punctuis / le labre plus grand / noirâtre / rouge au milieu et aussi bords” [handwritten by Fleutiaux, partly illegible]; “Collection / Fleutiaux” [printed]; “Co-type W. Horn vidit pr. 14 / Collection Fleutiaux” [handwritten (nearly illegible) / printed]; “ Prothyma (Physodeutera) / sulcoprothoracica m. / Dr. W. Horn det. 1914” [handwritten/printed]; “Muséum Paris / Coll. E. Fleutiaux” [printed]; “Cotype / W. Horn” [printed]. The two type specimens are provided with labels: “ Lectotype (or Paralectotype respectively) / Prothyma viridicyanea / sulcoprothoracica / W. Horn, 1914 / design. by J. Moravec, 2000 ” [red, printed], and “ Physodeutera (Toxoma) / sulcoprothoracica / (W. Horn, 1914) stat. nov. / det. Jiří Moravec 2000 ” [printed]. Other material examined. 1 ♂ in CCJM (ex APCA): “ Ambre ”; “ Mt. d’Ambre ”. 1 ♀ in MNHN: “ Diego Suarez”. Differential diagnosis. Physodeutera (Toxoma) sulcoprothoracica differs from the other species treated above in having a larger and dully cyaneous body, notopleural sutures of pronotal disc distinctly visible from above and distantly from lateral margins of dorsally visible proepisterna, notably distinct, velvety black shadowy zone on elytra with almost effaced punctures within the area and also on posterior declivity (Figs 90, 102–104), more voluminous aedeagus with uneven ventral margin (Figs 100–101) and different sclerites within the internal sac, particularly the voluminous, uniquely shaped (bird-like) upper dorsal piece with small acute apex, which is well-visible both in left and right lateral aspect (Figs 100–101) but has not been observed in the other species. Due to its similar (though somewhat less distinct) velvet-black shadowy zone on the elytral disc, Ph. (T.) sulcoprothoracica may resemble Physodeutera (T.) subtilevelutina (W. Horn, 1934). However, apart from its different body coloration, Ph. (T.) subtilevelutina is immediately distinguished by its elytral maculation consisting of elongate humeral-lateral lunule and sublateral-median macula, as well as by very different shape of its aedeagus (see Moravec 2002a). The discovery of the male (Moravec 2000, 2002a) has revealed that the aedeagus and internal sac also differ from those in the subgenus Diarrhiza and that Ph. (T.) sulcoprothoracica is a distinct species of the subgenus Toxoma. Females of these two subgenera can easily be recognized by the shape of the penultimate palpomeres of labial palpi, which are only moderately dilated in Toxoma, whereas those in Diarrhiza possess widely inflated lateral margins. Redescription. Body large and rather robust (Fig. 90), length 9.60–10.8 (female LT 10.75) mm, width 3.00– 3.50 mm. Head (Fig. 93) with large eyes, length 3.10–3.30 mm. Frons dark metallic cyaneous, convex, almost smooth; supraantennal plates indistinct, inconspicuously bordered, merging with surface sculpture; frons-vertex fold blunt, fluently passing into vertex. Vertex deep cyaneous, with faint violet lustre, with deep and large transverse anterior impression reaching eyes; surface densely parallel-longitudinally striate-rugulose, rugae divergent posteriorly when passing onto temples; large juxtasutural areas with dense parallel rugae interrupted by two shallow yet distinct posterolateral impressions; posteromedian area finely wavy-rugulose; posteromedian and occipital areas finely irregularly rugulose. Genae deep blue with violaceous reflections, finely wrinkled. Clypeus black-blue, smooth with few wrinkles in middle. Labrum with four setae, ivory-testaceous to testaceous with metallic black-blue basomedian area, 1.05 mm long, 1.30 mm wide, basolateral margins arcuate, then conically attenuated towards indistinct lateral indentations and prominent, subacute anterolateral teeth and elongate, anteriad-prolonged tridentate median lobe; male labrum (Fig. 94) with anteromedian lobe possessing right-angled but pointed teeth; female labrum (Fig. 95) almost as long as wide, length 1.40–1.45 mm, width 1.50 mm, possessing longer anteromedian lobe with acute or three mucronate teeth, median tooth of which slightly longer. Mandibles (Fig. 93) almost symmetrical, normally shaped with four teeth and basal molar, brown with mahogany tinge, inner teeth gradually smaller towards basal molar, fourth tooth distinctly distant from third tooth. Palpi in male testaceous, only terminal palpomeres brownish-darkened in male (Fig. 96), while last two palpomeres of maxillary palpi brown-darkened in female; penultimate palpomeres of labial palpi moderately dilated with subparallel lateral margins (Figs 97–98), their ventral (smooth) side ochre-testaceous in male, brownish darkened in female. Antennae sexually dimorphic in coloration; in male with scape testaceous, antennomeres 2–3 black, 4 black with basal half paler, brownish (brown on right antenna), 5–7 testaceous, gradually darkened, 8–11 brownishsmoky; in female antennomeres 1–4 black-brown (except for paler ventral area of scape and base of antennomeres 3 and 4), antennomeres 5–6 testaceous, remaining ones darkened. Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 99) moderately elongate, length 2.00– 2.10 mm, width 1.65–1.85 mm, dark cyaneous with faint, deep violet lustre; anterior and posterior sulci well pronounced; anterior lobe narrower than posterior lobe and disc, with distinct anterior rim, surface shallowly irregularly rugulose; disc with lateral margins including dorsally visible proepisternal margins moderately convex, almost subparallel in female, slightly anteriad-attenuated in male, notopleural sutures markedly visible from above, mutually parallel-running or slightly mutually constricted in middle; median line narrow, but distinct; surface of disc densely transversely wavy-rugose; posterior lobe with distinct posterior rim, dorsolateral bulges pulvinate-elevated, almost smooth, fluently passing to irregularly wrinkled median area; proepisterna iridescent blue-green, indistinctly parallel-striate, striae particularly present along notopleural sutures; prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum iridescent blue-green, finely wrinkled (metasternum smooth); mesepisterna and metepisterna shiny blue-green; female mesepisternal coupling sulci indistinct, in form of opened shallow pit in middle. Elytra (Figs 102–104) elongate, 5.90–6.50 mm long; humeral impressions short yet rather deep, basodiscal convexity moderate, discal impression shallow yet large, apical impressions moderate; lateral margins slightly dilated in middle and at arcuate anteapical angles (more distinctly so in female), with sparse and short white setae on juxtaepipleural area, apices rounded in both sexes, indistinctly emarginated towards indistinct blunt sutural spine; elytral punctation with denser and coarser punctures on humeral, discal and lateral areas, occasionally anastomosing in chains, sometimes their elevated anterior margins forming blunt crests (the sculpture appears rasp-liked when observed under different light-angle); posterior half of elytral disc almost smooth as the punctures are almost effaced within black-velvety shadowy zone and on posterior declivity; elytral coloration dark metallic cyaneous with diffusing bronze and violet lustre and velvet-black shadowy zone passing from lateral margins across middle of elytral disc (the intensity of the dark zone changes depending on angles of illumination); elytral maculation consisting of large, white to yellowish humeral macula in male, which is reduced, brownish, barely visible in female. Abdomen. Abdominal ventrites metallic black-blue with faint bronze lustre, their surface glabrous as in other species. Legs. Coxae pale brownish with testaceous apices except for nearly testaceous male procoxae, female procoxae metallic brownish-blue; trochanters dirtily testaceous; male pro- and mesofemora distinctly bicoloured, blackbrown dorsally, testaceous or light-brownish ventrally; metafemora black with testaceous base; female legs much darker, femora almost entirely black or black-brown with mahogany tinge. Aedeagus (Figs 100–101) notably stout, length 2.55 mm, width 0.65 mm; dorsally with uneven margin while ventral outline almost straight in middle, apically moderately bent ventrad; apical portion almost fluently passing towards short, regularly rounded apex; structure of internal sac consisting of thin, straight (stick-like) arciform piece while the satellite piece is only rudimental; other sclerites consist of basal and dorsal plates, thin longitudinal ventral-upper piece, and additional, uniquely shaped dorsal-upper tooth that is voluminous in middle (bird-like shaped). Distribution (Fig. 106). Known only from the type locality in the prefecture of Diego Suarez (northern Madagascar); the only male (CCJM ex APCA) comes from the Montagne d’Ambre of the same area. Remarks. This species was originally described by Horn (1913) as Prothyma (Physodeutera) viridicyanea sulcoprothoracica (the issuing date was previously interpreted as 1914, also in Moravec 2002a) and this status was consecutively maintained by Jeannel (1946) and Rivalier (1967) (as subspecies of Physodeutera (Diarrhiza) viridicyanea). However, Ph. (T.) sulcoprothoracica only superficially resembles Ph. (D.) viridicyanea and clearly differs from it by numerous characters, which are distinctive of the subgenus Toxoma, especially the moderately dilated but not inflated penultimate palpomeres of the labial palpi, aedeagus with reduced sclerites within the internal sac and the differently shaped and coloured labrum. Also the reduced epimero-proepisternal furrow of the prothorax (laterally separating posterior lobe from proepisterna), which was used as one of the diagnostic characters in the description of “ssp.” sulcoprothoracica by W. Horn (1913), is a diagnostic character of the subgenus Toxoma. In the original description, only two females from Antsiranana (Diego Suarez), North Madagascar (Montagne d’Ambre) were mentioned, and also Jeannel (1946), who treated it as Megalomma (Diarrhiza) viridicyanea sulcoprothoracica, mentioned only two females from the collection of Fleutiaux (probably the same type females on which Horn (1913) based the description and which are now deposited in SDEI). The only hitherto known male of Ph. (T.) sulcoprothoracica is that in CCJM (ex APCA), first described and illustrated in line drawings by the first author (Moravec 2002a), accompanied with a colour photograph of its habitus (fig. 726); the colour photographs of the male are presented here. Only the elytron of the female lectotype (SDEI) is illustrated here (Fig. 103); for other illustrations of the lectotype see Moravec (2002a).

Physodeutera (Toxoma) lokobensis sp. nov. (Figs 46–89, 106–107) Type locality. Madagascar Nord: Sambirano, Forest of Lokobe on the island of Nosy Be. Type material. Holotype ♂ in NMPC, labelled: “N Madagascar, Nosy Be isl. / Lokobe Nat. Park, 26.-30.xi., / circuit Mitsinjo, 2019, / S 13°24´21´´; E 48°18´35´´, / 296 m, M. Trýzna leg.”. Allotype ♀ in CJVB with same label data. Paratypes. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CJVB, 2 ♀♀ in CCJM, 2 ♀♀ in CMTD, 1 ♀ in SDEI, 1 ♀ in NMPC, 1 ♀ in COSJ, 1 ♀ in MHCW with same label data. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in JWCW: “ Madagascar, Nosy Be / Sambirano / forêt de Lokobe, 5.– 9.12.2001, I. Andrew, / V. Dolin & R. Andreeva leg.” [printed]. Differential diagnosis. Physodeutera (Toxoma) lokobensis sp. nov. is generally largest of the four species treated here. It shares the whitish-testaceous (to yellow-testaceous) area on the antennomere 4 (Figs 50–51) with Ph. (T.) dubia, but the antennae are notably longer towards the body length. Moreover, Ph. (T.) dubia differs in having its aedeagus apex more simply and regularly rounded, while the aedeagus apex of Ph. (T.) lokobensis sp. nov. (Figs 64–66) is almost triangular-topped (dorsally obliquely sloped towards small dorsal emargination); the difference is notably obvious when the aedeagus (the same of the holotype) was slightly turned (Fig. 65). The internal sac is rather similar to that in Ph. (T.) conturbata , yet the satellite piece moved on the opposite side of the arciform piece that is straighter in the new species (Figs 67–68). However, Ph. (T.) conturbata possesses the antennomeres 2–4 metallic black, elytra deep cyaneous-violaceous (Figs 19–23), and its aedeagus has shorter, wider, and regularly rounded apex (Figs 8–9). Physodeutera (T.) sulcoprothoracica is immediately distinguished from the new species and from the two species treated above by its elytral disc notably shadowed with diffusing, well noticeable (depending on light-angle) velvety black area which extends towards elytral outer margins. Moreover, its elytral punctation on posterior area of the elytral disc is much finer, almost effaced. The only examined and hitherto known male (CCJM ex APCA) has much shorter and wider apical portion of its aedeagus towards wider and rounded apex; moreover, the internal sac contains stick-like (not arcuate) arciform piece and a well-defined voluminous piece with apical tooth (Figs 100–101). Furthermore, the body of Ph. (T.) sulcoprothoracica is notably larger, elytral apex in male slightly emarginated towards small sutural spine, antennomere 4 brownish with blackened apical half, its male labrum has notably anteriad-prolonged anteromedian lobe with more distinct teeth, which are even more acute and of almost equal length in female labrum (see illustrations of the relevant characters in the monograph (Moravec 2002a, figs 323–329). Etymology. Named after the Parc National de Lokobe, the type locality of the new species. Description. Body (Figs 46–47, 75–76), medium-sized to large, 9.50–10.8 (HT 9.6) mm long, 2.85–3.30 (HT 2.90, AT 3.20) mm wide, rather uniformly bright green-blue, with only lateral areas violaceous. Head (Figs 48–49, 79; ventrally Fig. 59) with large eyes, almost as wide as body, width 2.90–3.30 mm. Frons metallic deep blue-green, convex, and almost smooth in median juxtaclypeal area, finely longitudinally striate-wrinkled laterally, fluently passing over blunt frons-vertex fold into vertex; supraantennal plates flat, indistinct. Vertex black-cyaneous with deep, transverse anterior impression reaching eyes, anteromedian area very finely irregularly rugulose, median surface behind the transverse impression coarsely and irregularly (mostly longitudinally) striate-rugulose, striae wavy, often irregularly fragmented in centre; posterior and occipital areas irregularly vermicular or zigzag rugulose; large juxtaorbital areas with two or three impressions, covered with denser, irregularly parallel rugae, which are deformed by the impressions; sublateral parallel rugae divergent when running onto temples; posteromedian and occipital areas covered with vermicular or irregularly wavy and fragmented rugae. Genae deep blue with violaceous lustre, finely wrinkled. Clypeus bright or deep metallic green-blue, often with violet lateral margins, surface almost smooth, indistinctly coriaceous-wrinkled. Labrum ivory to ochre-testaceous with metallic black-blue basolateral areas of central convexity (more expanded in female); male labrum rather short, length 1.05–1.10 mm, width 1.20–1.25 mm, lateral margins conically attenuated towards indistinct lateral indentations, and prominent, acute anterolateral teeth; tridentate anteromedian lobe in HT short, subtruncate with right-angled teeth and bluntly indicated median tooth (Fig. 53), but in one male PT (JWCW) prolonged anteriad and with rounded lateral margins (Fig. 81); female labrum (Figs 54–55, 82) almost as long as wide, length 1.25–1.45 mm, width 1.35–1.45 mm; anteriad-prolonged tridentate anteromedian lobe with prominent acute or subacute teeth on either side of protruding medial tooth with obtuse apex. Mandibles (Figs 48–49, 79–80) normally shaped, subsymmetrical, with four teeth and basal molar, reddishbrown with blackened margins and apices of teeth; inner teeth gradually smaller towards basal molar, fourth tooth markedly distant from third tooth. Palpi. Maxillary palpi (Figs 56, 96) ivory-testaceous with terminal palpomere brownish in male, with last two palpomeres brownish in female; labial palpi in male with brown terminal palpomere, their penultimate (longest) palpomere moderately dilated with subparallel lateral margins, ochre-testaceous in male (Figs 57, 97), brownish in female (Figs 58, 98). Antennae (Figs 46–47, 50–52, 75–78) markedly long, almost or entirely reaching anteapical angles of elytra, scape with only apical seta; coloration sexually distinctly dimorphic: male with scape whitish, ivory or ochre-yellow; antennomeres 2–3 metallic black; antennomere 4 black with median area or two basal thirds ivory to ochreyellow, antennomere 5 brownish testaceous, 6–11 brownish, gradually darkened to blackened. Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 60–62, 83–84), moderately elongate, length 2.10–2.30 mm, width 1.70–1.85 mm; coloration bright green-blue with violaceous lustre within sulci and on lateral areas, rarely with indistinct bronze lustre in middle; anterior and posterior sulci well pronounced, anterior lobe markedly narrower than posterior lobe and disc; lateral margins of disc convex, usually moderately attenuated anteriad; notopleural sutures almost invisible from above; median line narrow, often partly merging with surface sculpture; surface of disc distinctly but rather shallowly transversely rugulose, rugae irregularly wavy and occasionally anastomosing, coarser on median area, much finer and shallower on sublateral areas, while lateral areas with wider, short, transverse-parallel stria-like rugae; posterior lobe bordered with sharply delineated basal rim, dorsolateral bulges distinctly pulvinate, fluently passing to irregularly and shallowly wrinkled median area; proepisterna variably bright green-blue, deep blue or violet-blue, finely but rather distinctly parallel striate (striae passing over notopleural sutures from lateral margins of pronotal disc); mesepisterna shiny deep blue green with strong violaceous lustre, their surface finely coriaceousasperate in male, mostly nearly smooth in female, female mesepisternal coupling sulci in form of deep longitudinal furrow, which is deeper dorsally, and with variably recognizable, indistinct, rarely more distinct but shallow medioventral pit; metepisterna bright blue-green with chatoyant violet lustre, surface finely asperate; ventral sterna (Fig. 63): iridescent green-blue with violet lustre, prosternum finely transverse striate, mesosternum irregularly wrinkled, metasternum smooth very shallowly wrinkled along middle. Elytra (Figs 69–73, 86–89) elongate, 5.50–6.30 mm long; humeral impressions short yet deep, basodiscal convexity and discal impression distinct, the elytral disc becomes distinctly convex below the impression; apical impressions moderate; outer lateral margins slightly dilated above the middle and usually very slightly at arcuate anteapical angles (more often so in female), apices almost subacute in male, rounded in female, mostly without emargination towards indistinct blunt sutural spine; surface punctate throughout, punctures coarser on anterior elytral third, few largest punctures within humeral impressions and on basodiscal convexity, occasionally anastomosing in chains; posterior half of elytral disc and posterior declivity with much finer and spaced punctures; elytral coloration rather bright green-blue, (in some females and the male (JWCW) with violet lustre); central-discal area sometimes with indistinct shade; surface glabrous except for usual, few sensory setae scattered mostly on basodiscal convexity and sparse, short white setae scattered along juxtaepipleural area; elytral maculation consisting of large, whitish or ivory yellow humeral macula in male; female elytra entirely immaculate. Abdomen (Fig. 63). Ventrites metallic black-blue, with strong green-blue lustre. Legs sexually dimorphic in coloration; male pro- and mesocoxae ivory to pale ochre with testaceous apices, glabrous except for easily abraded subapical seta, metacoxae metallic green-blue and testaceous apices; female coxae metallic black-blue with greenish lustre; trochanters ivory-yellow; male profemora distinctly bicoloured, blackbrown dorsally, yellow-ochre to ochre-testaceous ventrally and on subapical dorsal area; mesofemora with yellowtestaceous ventral area less expanded and with testaceous subapical spot; metafemora black with testaceous base. Female legs much darker, femora almost entirely black, profemora sometimes with testaceous subapical spot. Aedeagus (Figs 64–66) elongate, length 2.30–2.40 mm, width 0.40–0.50 mm, almost straight, only moderately dilated in middle (except for more voluminous, 0.55 mm wide aedeagus of the aberrant male in JWCW, Fig. 85); apical portion of ventral margin slightly directed ventrad, dorsally conically attenuated towards apex, which is rounded but almost triangular-topped (ventrally moderately arcuate and dorsally obliquely sloped towards indistinct emargination); the difference from other species treated here is notably obvious when the aedeagus (the same of the holotype) was slightly turned (Fig. 65); internal sac (Figs 67–68) somewhat similar to that in Ph. (T.) conturbata yet the satellite piece is placed ventrad from almost straight and thinner arciform piece. Variability. The dorsal body coloration varies, some females are prevailingly blue. One female (CCJM) has its labial palpi anomalously ivory-testaceous as in the males. The two previously caught adults (JWCW) (Figs 75–89), have more rounded pronotal disc with finer surface sculpture, and the male has much darker antennomere 4 with only paler, brownish basal half. Unfortunately, the aedeagus apex of the male (JWCW) is broken ventrally (Fig. 85), thus its original shape is not exactly known (its internal sac was not cleared in order to avoid further damage of the aedeagus). Despite the above-mentioned differences, we have considered the two JWCW specimens conspecific and included them, with some hesitation, into the paratype series. Nonetheless, as also the aedeagus (apart from its broken apex) is wider and has somewhat different shape, the two JWCW specimens may represent another undescribed species. Distribution (Fig. 106, 107). Physodeutera (Toxoma) lokobensis sp. nov. is obviously a very rare species known only from the type locality, the forest of Lokobe on the island of Nosy Be, phytogeographically Sambirano. The primitive evergreen forest is now protected within the Parc National de Lokobe, managed by Madagascar National Parks. The adults caught by the second author in the area of the Mitsinjo Circuit within the national park occurred on larger living trees (> 20 cm in diameter). On sunny days, the adults ran and flew very quickly along the trunk bark of the trees up to four meters above the tree bases, while on the next day, after a heavy overnight rain, they ran and flew rather slowly and only up to two metres above the tree bases. It is interesting that the twelve type specimens were caught by the second author in the forest of Lokobe 20 years after the discovery of the male and female (JWCW). The new species inhabits the forest of Lokobe sympatrically with Physodeutera (Axinomera) rectipenis (W. Horn, 1934), yet adults of the latter forage on boulders scattered on the forest bed along a semidried brook. As in other species of the genus, developmental stages are unknown. Physodeutera (Toxoma) lobicornis nosybensis Moravec, 2000 also occurs in Nosy Be but not in the forest of Lokobe; it was described from a degraded forest near Ambatozavavy (also spelled “Ambatozavary” in maps), situated at the Ambatozavavy Bay, northeast of the Parc National de Lokobe (see Moravec 2000, 2002a). Also recently caught specimens come only from the area of Ambatozavavy (Michio Hori, pers. com.).