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There has been a recent surge in social entrepreneurship to address pressing social problems. Social ventures drive positive change and reshape traditional business norms by providing innovative solutions and fostering inclusive growth. Social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is crucial to studying social entrepreneurship since it sheds light on the underlying motivations and factors that drive people to engage in social enterprise. The study examines empathy, moral obligation, perceived social support, social self-efficacy, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness as determinants of SEI. Data collected through an online questionnaire from 349 commerce and management students were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal a significant influence of social self-efficacy, perceived social support, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness on SEI. Notably, the results highlight an indirect influence of empathy and moral obligation on SEI mediated by social self-efficacy and perceived social support. The study also reveals how social vision and social proactiveness relate to social self-efficacy. The findings have significant implications for encouraging social entrepreneurship. Policymakers and educators may use these insights to develop specific activities that assist prospective social entrepreneurs by enhancing the attributes that affect their desire to establish social ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to analyse the role of axiological variables — values, pro-environmental identity and moral obligation — in pro-environmental behaviours. To do this, we carried out two studies with a non-experimental cross-sectional design: the first on sustainable clothing consumption (n = 480; 70.6% women; Mage = 26.62, SD = 10.63) and the second on the adoption of a vegetarian lifestyle (n = 217; 73.5% women; Mage = 32.04, SD = 10.75). The data were collected in Spain by means of an online questionnaire using the snowball technique. In both studies, regression analysis showed that pro-environmental identity and moral obligation predict both sustainable clothing consumption and vegetarian lifestyle. Moral obligation is the main predictor of both pro-environmental behaviours. The axiological variables explain 53% of the variance for sustainable clothing consumption and 41% of the variance for a vegetarian lifestyle, highlighting that the axiological route is key to reversing our impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine how social identity, moral obligation and the relationship between the two shaped support for the 2016 Academics for Peace petition in Turkey. We examine the pre‐trial statements of nine defendants charged for signing the petition and appearing in court on the same day in December 2018. We first conduct an inductive thematic analysis on one statement, and then, using the themes from this analysis, we conducted a deductive thematic analysis on the remaining eight statements. In line with the existing studies, we find considerable evidence that social identity and moral obligation are invoked as key reasons for signing in this highly repressive context. However, rather than these being separate factors, the two are reciprocally constitutive. That is, social identities define moral obligations and, at the same time, enacting moral obligations defines identity (both the position of the individual in the group and the nature of the group in the world). In discussion, we consider the broader implications of a moralized view of social identities for our understanding of both collective action and social identity processes more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on the socioemotional selectivity theory and the volunteerism literature, this study aims to examine the influence of empathy, altruism and opportunity recognition, on social entrepreneurial intentions (SEI) of people who have retired from a full-time career. Furthermore, the study examines whether the above-mentioned relationships are mediated by moral obligation. Design/methodology/approach: A set of hypotheses is tested by applying partial least squares structural equation modelling on a survey sample of 227 retirees in Oman, who had participated in an entrepreneurial leadership training after retirement. Using SmartPLS software, the path model is tested through bootstrapping. Findings: The findings suggest that altruism and opportunity recognition do not have a direct relationship with SEI, however, they are significant only when mediated through moral obligation. Nevertheless, empathy has a significant direct association with SEI, and an indirect relationship through moral obligation. Practical implications: The findings of this study demonstrate that to develop intentions to indulge in social entrepreneurship, among retirees who are approaching their senior years, the focus should be on driving their sense of moral obligation to society. Hence, policymakers and authorities connected to social wellbeing goals can fine-tune their initiatives, such as training, by emphasizing on moral obligation to address social issues through social entrepreneurship. Originality/value: The novelty of this study is twofold. Firstly, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it seems to be among the first empirical study that is at the crossroads of the senior entrepreneurship and the social entrepreneurship literature. Secondly, this study fills a gap in the extant literature by deploying the socioemotional selectivity theory to examine the antecedents of SEI of people who have retired from full-time employment in their early to late senior years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the research is substantiated by the fact that the principles of the educational process are almost always interconnected in their essence. However, usually a separate principle is taken as a basis, while establishing the relationship between the principles of benevolence and beneficence contributes to a much deeper understanding of the dialectics of educational interactions.The problem statement: without a sense of benevolence and beneficence, learners are less likely to be interested in thinking and acting in ways that meet the needs of others.The goal of the research is to analyze contemporary literature to identify the relationship between the principle of benevolence and beneficence, which should encourage young people to know about the lives of other people and specific circumstances.The object of research is the principles of benevolence and beneficence as humanitarian prerequisites for the moral process, and the subject is the education of the individual on this basis.The research method is conceptual analysis. A detailed examination of the presented concepts, which forms a clear idea of their essence and content, deserves special attention in this work.The conclusions: in order to understand what exactly contributes to the formation of a basis for familiarity with different points of view and worldviews, as well as with the structural causes of social problems and the potential consequences of actions taken to solve them, aspects for the emergence of these principles were considered. Also, during a detailed study of materials devoted to this issue, the principle of justice and charity has been discovered and described in the context of the connection between benevolence and beneficence. It has been noted that the use of the principle of benevolence and beneficence, considering age characteristics, can become one of the foundations in determining the mechanisms for implementing the continuity of teacher education.The results of the study can be used not only in training teachers, but can also be useful for specialists in the field of psychology, culture, etc.

Abstract AI Generated Content Law was extensively promoted in 2023; hence, it is crucial to uncover factors influencing people’s behavioral intentions to comply with the AI Generated Content Law. This study extends the theory of planned behavior to explore the factors influencing people to follow AI Generated Content Law in China. In addition to the factors in TPB model, such as one’s attitudinal factors, normative factors, and perceived behavioral control, we add another factor-moral obligation to extend the theory of planned behavior model. We used convenient sampling and there were 712 effective samples. Using the statistical software Amos17.0, the result shows that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and moral obligation all have positive effects on intentions to follow AI Generated Content Law.

This article investigates reasons to participate in non-deterministic elections, where the outcomes incorporate elements of chance beyond mere tie-breaking. The background context situates this inquiry within democratic theory, specifically non-deterministic voting systems, which promise to re-evaluate fairness and power distribution among voting blocs. This study aims to explore the normative implications of such electoral systems and their impact on our moral duty to vote. We analyze instrumental reasons for voting, including prudential and act-consequentialist arguments, alongside non-instrumental reasons, assessing their validity in the context of non-deterministic systems. The results indicate that non-deterministic elections could strengthen the case for voting based on prudential and act-consequentialist grounds due to their proportional nature and the increased influence of each vote. We conclude that, while non-deterministic elections strengthen our duty to vote overall, they do not strengthen it for all the arguments in the literature. This paper contributes to the discourse on electoral systems by critically evaluating the moral obligation to vote in non-deterministic elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global focus on environmental sustainability has led to a growing emphasis on green purchase behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the classical theories used to understand individual green purchase behavior from the perspective of psychology. Data are collected through an online survey, and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method is employed for analysis. The research findings demonstrate that consumers' green purchase intention and environmental knowledge significantly and positively influence green purchase behavior. Moreover, moral obligation plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between green purchase intention and green purchase behavior, as well as in the relationship between environmental knowledge and green purchase behavior. By incorporating moral obligation and environmental knowledge into the TPB framework, this study advances the theoretical understanding of the drivers of green purchase behavior. Furthermore, this study reveals that green purchase intention, compared to environmental knowledge, exerts a greater influence on promoting consumers' green purchase behavior. This finding underscores the crucial role of consumers' internal motivation in driving sustainable choice. This study offers valuable implications for the design of green marketing strategies and have the potential to promote environmentally sustainable consumption behavior, thereby contributing to the global sustainability efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should we respond to moral theories that put excessive demands on individual agents? Intramoral strategies concern the content of morality and set limits on how exacting moral demands may be. Extramoral strategies concern the normative status of morality and set limits on how significant moral demands may be. While both strategies are often discussed separately, I focus on a specific aspect of how they relate to each other: Do intramoral approaches assume that extramoral approaches fail, and if so, does that render them implausible? This challenge becomes apparent when the two strategies are considered together, and my goal is to show how it can be dealt with. In particular, I argue that intramoral strategies do not depend on the failure of extramoral strategies: Even if morality has limited practical significance (which I also doubt), moral theories can be criticised for being too demanding in terms of content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sources shaping a moral theory range from "reason" to "societal command" to "religious texts." The prominence and relationship between these sources is contingent upon the ethicists' approaches and inquiries. Although Kant's proposition of "pure reason" as a source of moral obligation marks a significant turning point in the field of ethics, scholars like Søren Aabye Kierkegaard argue for a divine command law of ethics, where religious texts become an inevitable source complementing individual ethical choices. This essay explores the intersection of religious texts and reasoning--the fusion between heteronomy and autonomy as sources of morality. It analyzes Muḥammad 'Abd Allāh Drāz's "Moral Obligation" as a categorical imperative within moral theories and his incorporation of Western scholars such as Immanuel Kant and Henri Bergson into his work, among others. The discussion features a significant episode of Muslim intellectual engagement with Western scholarship and its impact on understanding morality in the Qur'ān. The study shows that Drāz's La Morale du Koran adapts certain Western ethical theories and reinterprets specific Qur'anic passages, creating a new synthesis: an integration of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intentions and behaviour of entrepreneurs have been well researched and explored and now the limelight has shifted to sustainable entrepreneurship. The present study aims to examine the personal and institutional sustainability inclination that may help students develop their intent for sustainable entrepreneurship. Quantitative analysis with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was performed with 422 samples collected from students at Indian universities. The model tested the first-order variables for university and personal sustainability and further the effect on the intentions to start sustainable entrepreneurship. The first-order variables of university sustainability are education on sustainability and campus sustainability and the students' personal consumption profile and moral obligations for the first-order variables of personal sustainability. The findings indicated that the tendency towards sustainable entrepreneurship was more strongly influenced by personal than university sustainability inclination. Further, the results of the importance–performance map analysis (IPMA) highlighted the importance of personal sustainability as well as further advancements in ethical standards and campus sustainability to nurture students' intentions for sustainable entrepreneurship. The findings of this study offer policymakers, researchers and higher education institutes insights to establish campuses that contribute to sustainability and reframe the educational curriculum to focus on students' innate propensities to engage in sustainable endeavours. This article outlines the pioneering research effort into the personal and university sustainability inclination in consideration for shaping sustainable entrepreneurship intentions among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI Generated Content Law was extensively promoted in 2023; hence, it is crucial to uncover factors influencing people's behavioral intentions to comply with the AI Generated Content Law. This study extends the theory of planned behavior to explore the factors influencing people to follow AI Generated Content Law in China. In addition to the factors in TPB model, such as one's attitudinal factors, normative factors, and perceived behavioral control, we add another factor-moral obligation to extend the theory of planned behavior model. We used convenient sampling and there were 712 effective samples. Using the statistical software Amos17.0, the result shows that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and moral obligation all have positive effects on intentions to follow AI Generated Content Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to determine the source of moral obligation in al-Māturīdī’s thought. First of all, a classification of concepts of morality in his writings is presented. These concepts are found to be three in number: Utility, Virtue and Right. However, of these, the concept of right is found to be the ultimate representative of moral obligation, since it alone offers us the idea of a categorical imperative which is essential for morality to be objective. Thereafter, two main sources of moral obligation are noted. One is revelation and the other is reason. Revelation presents the notions of divine lordship and sovereignty together with the divine command and prohibition. Yet, at the same time, reason determines our moral understanding with objective principles and supports revelatory teachings. This means that the findings of reason in the field of morality are usually in accord with revelation; where they differ, it is often because humanity lacks access to the necessary knowledge, which makes it impossible for them to reach the correct conclusions. Hence, al-Māturīdī also notes that revelation is especially needed in regards to areas of morality that are obscure and controversial, since it offers answers that humans would not otherwise be able to know with certainty. At the same time, it is understood that reason is a source of obligation in accordance with natural law theory, and therefore this latter theory is a basic way to categorize al-Māturīdī’s thought. The natural world offers guidance to reason and is a source of knowledge from which moral conclusions can be derived that are in line with basic human needs and desires. Al-Māturīdī, in particular, cites peace and prosperity as fundamental aims for humanity that can only be ensured by a guiding foundation. However, since God is the creator and designer of the world, the principle that ultimately determines the form of morality is divine wisdom. In the third section of this article, the topic of moral motivation is addressed. This is the key to understand how people can behave morally, and it is concluded that al-Māturīdī shows that we can act for objective reasons and judge actions morally without only taking into consideration their consequences. This is because reason allows one to judge actions according to criteria that are not based only on contingent and subjective aspects of reality but also on categorical principles and imperatives. In the last part of this study, it is suggested that al-Māturīdī views reason as independently bringing moral obligations. This allows us to overcome the gap that David Hume presented between is- and ought- statements. Thus, it is concluded that for al-Māturīdī the source of moral obligation is not simply based on revelatory commands, but also derived from the principles of reason. These principles are to a significant degree the result of derivations made from observations on human nature and the natural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I develop and defend a moralized conception of epistemic trust in science against a particular kind of non-moral account defended by John (2015, 2018). I suggest that non-epistemic value considerations, non-epistemic norms of communication and affective trust properly characterize the relationship of epistemic trust between scientific experts and non-experts. I argue that it is through a moralized account of epistemic trust in science that we can make sense of the deep-seated moral undertones that are often at play when non-experts (dis)trust science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

本研究旨在以Beck與Ajzen（1991）納入道德義務因素的計畫行為理論來探討臺灣學生的作弊現況，並建構計畫行為理論的作弊結構模式，再以兩波資料追蹤縱貫效果。透過問卷調查法，以臺灣公立國高中生為研究母群，抽樣1,168位國高中學生，應用結構方程模式進行考驗。研究結果顯示：一、本研究建立計畫行為理論之作弊結構模式適配度佳。二、態度、知覺行為控制、道德義務可以顯著預測作弊意圖，且能透過作弊意圖間接預測作弊行為；作弊意圖也能顯著預測當前的作弊行為。三、計畫行為理論之作弊結構模式具有縱貫效果，當前作弊意圖可以顯著預測未來的作弊行為。最後，依據研究結果對教育現場與未來研究提出相關建議。 Adopting the Theory of Planned Behavior in moral obligation proposed by Beck and Ajzen（1991）, this study aimed to explore the current situation of cheating behaviors in students and to construct the structural model of cheating. The current study also sought to establish the longitudinal effect of the model of cheating via a two-waves data collection among Taiwanese students. Public junior and senior high school students in Taiwan served as study population, with 1,168 students participating in this study. Utilizing the structural equation modeling as data analyzing technique, the results were as follows. 1. The structural model of cheating indicated a reasonable model fit. 2. Attitude, perceived behavioral control and moral obligation can significantly predict cheating intention directly and can significantly predict cheating behavior indirectly through cheating intention; cheating intention can also significantly predict cheating behavior directly. 3. The longitudinal effects of the Theory of Planned Behavior structural model of cheating is significant; current cheating intention can significantly predict future cheating behaviors. The suggestions from the research findings were made for educational entities as well as future researchers.

Bernard Williams' critique of the morality system, as illustrated in his reading of Aeschylus' Agamemnon, is intended to show both that real moral conflicts can arise, and that a moral obligation is merely one reason among others and can be defeated by the thick concepts of a shared ethical life. In response, I want to advance two lines of argument. First, when Williams argues that a moral obligation can be the locus of moral conflict, a further step is required to explain why one should feel regret for not acting on a defeated reason. Second, Williams presupposes that, when a conflict is resolved, the conclusive reason will be a thick ethical concept, but there is no compelling justification for that assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on prospect and mindset theories, this study explores the joint effects of gain (vs. loss) message framing and fixed (vs. growth) mindset on the "willingness of consumers to pay a premium" (WTPP) for pro-environmental hotels. The findings of three studies indicate a congruence effect between message framing and mindset. Specifically, there is an increased likelihood that consumers with a "fixed" mindset will pay more when they are presented with loss-framing advertisements, whereas customers with a "growth" mindset are more convinced by gain-framing advertisements. These effects are mediated by guilt and moral obligation. This study enriches the research associated with pro-environmental hotels and advertisement marketing by proving that the persuasiveness of pro-environmental hotel advertisements depends on the joint effects of message framing and mindset. Practically, pro-environmental hotel managers could utilize these findings to target consumers with specific mindsets and deliver a matching advertising message to maximize marketing impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship, once a choice, has now evolved into a critical lifeline for the youth in Lebanon amid a prolonged and extensive economic crisis, now entering its fourth year. This crisis has triggered a shift in the mindset of Lebanese youth, driven by the high unemployment rate, acting as a catalyst for a transition towards entrepreneurship as a viable career choice. This study underscores the necessity of comprehending the determinants shaping social entrepreneurial intentions among Lebanese students. The goal is to identify these determinants, allowing for the implementation of necessary measures to not only enhance these intentions but also facilitate their transformation into tangible actions, thereby propelling economic growth and fostering sustainable development. The research investigates the intricate interplay of entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial passion, and moral obligation, with entrepreneurial self-efficacy serving as a mediating factor. Conducting a survey among 265 participants from four universities in Lebanon using convenience sampling, this research employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for analysis. The results reveal that entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial passion significantly boost students' belief in their entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Simultaneously, entrepreneurial self-efficacy intensifies students' entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, a positive correlation is observed between moral obligation and social entrepreneurial intention. These findings hold significant implications for educators and policymakers, offering insights to guide initiatives aimed at enhancing entrepreneurial education and fostering an environment conducive to socially impactful ventures, in light of the economic and political crisis that Lebanon is currently facing. Likewise, researchers can gain insights from the theoretical foundations of the present study and discover possible pathways for future analyses. Moreover, integrating sustainability principles into entrepreneurial education could further amplify the social and economic impact of ventures in Lebanon's challenging context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People sometimes protest government corruption, yet our current understanding of why they do so is culturally constrained. Can we separate pancultural factors influencing people's willingness to protest government corruption from factors culturally specific to each socioecological context? Surprisingly little cross-cultural data exist on this important question. To fill this gap, we performed a cross-cultural test of the Axiological-Identitary Collective Action Model (AICAM) regarding the intention to protest against corruption. As a collective action framework, AICAM integrates three classical antecedents of collective action (injustice, efficacy, identity) with axiological variables (ideology and morality). A total sample of 2,316 participants from six countries (Nigeria, Russia, India, Spain, United States, Germany) in a multilevel analysis of AICAM predictions showed that the positive relationship of the intention to protest corruption with moral obligation, system-based anger, and national identification can be considered pancultural. In contrast, the relationships between system justification and perceived efficacy are culturally specific. System justification negatively predicted the intention to participate only in countries with high levels of wealth, while perceived efficacy positively predicted it only in countries perceived as less corrupt. These findings highlight the importance of accounting features of socioecology and separating pancultural from culture-specific effects in understanding collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and gradual development of human society, as well as the need to regulate relations between individuals within such a society, lead to the emergence of the first elementary rules of behavior. Undoubtedly, such rules arise spontaneously in the process of living together, have an oral form of expression and are supported by early traditions and customs. Gradually, the dynamic development of society causes complications and branching of ties between its members, giving impetus to the appearance of more regulated and established rules of behavior, namely, a system of social norms. The system of social norms is created and developed throughout the history of mankind, adapting to the emergence of new needs and interests of society. That is why this system is characterized by objectivity, as it expresses the laws of the development of society, its specificity, fixing stable and repeated social connections. At the same time, it is worth taking into account the subjective factor in the formation of social norms, since they cannot arise without the participation of public consciousness. The subjective nature of social norms is determined by the possibility of individuals and social groups to realize the needs of society in establishing value guidelines for behavior and to establish them in various rules or prescriptions, having formed a certain level of legal consciousness that would correspond to the level of development of society. So, on the one hand, social norms are created by people and have a conscious-volitional character, and on the other hand, they are determined by the action of objective laws that do not depend on a person. Thus, social norms can be defined as rules of behavior of a general nature existing in society, determined by objective laws, which express the will of a certain part of the population or the entire society and are provided by various means of social influence. At the nascent stage of the system of social norms, most of it consisted of social obligations and sanctions for their non-compliance, which were determined by the system of society at that time. Social duties arise together with the appearance in human society of the germs of morality and a person's awareness of his responsibility to his family and tribe. Accordingly, with the development of humanity and the diversification of social interactions, the institution of duty was modified, acquiring new features and giving impetus to the emergence of moral, religious, and later legal duties. A legal obligation arises and develops in a close relationship with other types of social obligations, in particular - moral, religious, corporate, so we consider it expedient to compare and compare them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resources are under pressure, which poses serious challenges for our society. Persuading individuals to conserve water is difficult, especially when they have the impression that they already conserve water. This is identified as the cognitive bias of self-assessment, where a lack of information can lead to misperceiving one's performance. This means that people misperceive their actual performance and have the self-perception of behaving "good enough", or "better" than others while this is not the case. This paper explores the magnitude of these misperceptions, their impact on water conservation intentions and linkages to personal and situational factors. An online survey (n = 1013) explored whether individuals under-/over-/correctly estimated their own water conservation performance in comparison with others and examines if personality traits (i.e. intentions to conserve water, moral obligation to conserve water, personal values) and situational factors (i.e. social influence, exposure to media content) can explain the tendency of the individuals' misperceptions of their self-assessment. The results revealed that people do have misperceptions about water conservation (with at least half of the sample misperceiving to perform better or even worse than the norm). Results also demonstrated that a combination of personal and situational factors is related to the incorrect self-assessment of water conservation performance. The work reveals tendencies and potential explanations for misperceptions, but also potential barriers to promote water conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consumers are increasingly mindful of the influence of their consumption choices on the environment and society, leading to a significant increase in demand for fair trade products. However, while this trend has been rapidly growing in recent years, the market for fair trade products is still in its early stage in the Middle East, despite the region's high per capita income. Focus of the Article: This study investigates the motivations behind fair trade product consumption in the Middle East. By doing this, it aims to provide valuable insights and practical implications for developing effective and tailored marketing strategies to promote fair trade products in the region. Research Question: This study addresses two main questions: (1) To what extent do environmental consciousness, social norms, moral obligation, and attitude influence Middle Eastern consumers' intention to purchase fair trade products? (2) Does gender moderate the relationships between these variables and fair trade purchase intention? Importance to the Social Marketing Field: By shedding light on the drivers of fair trade consumption in the Middle East, a largely under-researched region, this study expands the social marketing literature and informs advancements in the field. The findings equip marketers and policymakers with valuable insights for devising effective and tailored marketing strategies to promote fair trade products in the Middle East market. Method: The data were collected through an online survey administered to 252 consumers in the United Arab Emirates using Qualtrics. Established scales were adopted from prior research to measure the constructs. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling analysis and multi-group analysis. Results: The results showed that attitude towards fair trade products had the highest impact on purchase intention, followed by environmental consciousness, social norms, and moral obligation. Notably, the moderating analysis revealed that while attitude and environmental consciousness had comparable effects across genders, the impact of social norms on the intention to purchase fair trade products was significantly higher for females than males. Moral obligation, on the other hand, only significantly affected males' intention to buy fair trade products. Recommendations for Research or Practice: The study offers valuable insights for marketers and policymakers seeking to promote fair trade products in the Middle East market and highlights the need for tailored marketing strategies that consider gender differences in fair trade consumption. Limitations: The data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of the general public in the UAE based on voluntary participation. While this approach is commonly used in ethical consumption research, the potential for selection bias may limit the generalizability of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sources shaping a moral theory range from “reason” to “societal command” to “religious texts.” The prominence and relationship between these sources is contingent upon the ethicists’ approaches and inquiries. Although Kant’s proposition of “pure reason” as a source of moral obligation marks a significant turning point in the field of ethics, scholars like Søren Aabye Kierkegaard argue for a divine command law of ethics, where religious texts become an inevitable source complementing individual ethical choices. This essay explores the intersection of religious texts and reasoning—the fusion between heteronomy and autonomy as sources of morality. It analyzes Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh Drāz’s “Moral Obligation” as a categorical imperative within moral theories and his incorporation of Western scholars such as Immanuel Kant and Henri Bergson into his work, among others. The discussion features a significant episode of Muslim intellectual engagement with Western scholarship and its impact on understanding morality in the Qurʾān. The study shows that Drāz’s La Morale du Koran adapts certain Western ethical theories and reinterprets specific Qurʾanic passages, creating a new synthesis: an integration of knowledge.

We conducted a cross‐sectional study investigating whether sport identification predicts different forms of collective action intentions aimed to redress the unfavourable condition faced by disadvantaged individuals. In doing so, moral perceptions (moral convictions, moral violation and moral obligation) were tested as mediators. Participants were young football players from the grassroots of a professional Italian club (N = 111). Results revealed that sport identification was indirectly associated with greater willingness to engage in both normative and non‐normative solidarity‐based collective action via stronger moral obligation perceptions; moral convictions mediated the relationship between sport identification and normative collective action, while no mediation effects emerged for moral violation. We discuss findings in relation to collective action and sport research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People sometimes protest government corruption, yet our current understanding of why they do so is culturally constrained. Can we separate pancultural factors influencing people’s willingness to protest government corruption from factors culturally specific to each socioecological context? Surprisingly little cross-cultural data exist on this important question. To fill this gap, we performed a cross-cultural test of the Axiological-Identitary Collective Action Model (AICAM) regarding the intention to protest against corruption. As a collective action framework, AICAM integrates three classical antecedents of collective action (injustice, efficacy, identity) with axiological variables (ideology and morality). A total sample of 2,316 participants from six countries (Nigeria, Russia, India, Spain, United States, Germany) in a multilevel analysis of AICAM predictions showed that the positive relationship of the intention to protest corruption with moral obligation, system-based anger, and national identification can be considered pancultural. In contrast, the relationships between system justification and perceived efficacy are culturally specific. System justification negatively predicted the intention to participate only in countries with high levels of wealth, while perceived efficacy positively predicted it only in countries perceived as less corrupt. These findings highlight the importance of accounting features of socioecology and separating pancultural from culture-specific effects in understanding collective action.

This article investigates reasons to participate in non-deterministic elections, where the outcomes incorporate elements of chance beyond mere tie-breaking. The background context situates this inquiry within democratic theory, specifically non-deterministic voting systems, which promise to re-evaluate fairness and power distribution among voting blocs. This study aims to explore the normative implications of such electoral systems and their impact on our moral duty to vote. We analyze instrumental reasons for voting, including prudential and act-consequentialist arguments, alongside non-instrumental reasons, assessing their validity in the context of non-deterministic systems. The results indicate that non-deterministic elections could strengthen the case for voting based on prudential and act-consequentialist grounds due to their proportional nature and the increased influence of each vote. We conclude that, while non-deterministic elections strengthen our duty to vote overall, they do not strengthen it for all the arguments in the literature. This paper contributes to the discourse on electoral systems by critically evaluating the moral obligation to vote in non-deterministic elections.

Purpose – This study aims to determine the effect of altruism, moral obligation, and halal brand image on purchase intention for halal cosmetic products in Indonesia, mediated by e-WOM variables. Methodology – This study uses a purposive sampling method to collect the data. The primary data was collected through questionnaires with criteria of Indonesian Muslims and following halal forum accounts on Instagram, such as @halskin, @halalcorner, @halalcornercommunity, @halalstyleid, and @lppommui. Findings – Altruism positively but not significantly influences e-WOM, moral obligation positively and significantly influences e-WOM, e-WOM positively affects halal brand image and purchase intention, and halal brand image but does not significantly influence purchase intention. Implications – This research is expected to provide directions and suggestions for further studies in the halal industry, especially with regard to the variables in this study. This research is also expected to help marketing managers see the response/reaction of potential customers to the halal brand image they have built so that they can strategize on the responses that already exist in this study. This study also suggests that halal cosmetic product companies can work with halal forums to discuss their products in halal forums. This aims to make people more aware of halal cosmetic products and increase their buying interest in them. Originality/Value – This present study provides empirical studies that show that e-WOM can significantly influence HBI and PI because social media users can respond more positively when other consumers/social media users recommend the products

AbstractGlobally, taxes is a crucial source of income for various governments. However, in spite of the numerous importance of taxes for the socioeconomic growth of developed and developing countries, Jordan as a developing country faces challenges of tax evasion. It is pivotal in this regard to reduce tax evasion among Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). This study aimed to examine the relation between tax transparency and sales tax evasion among Jordanian SMEs considering the role of moral obligation as the moderating factor between the endogenous and exogenous variables. Using a quantitative approach, this study surveyed 400 SMEs owners/managers. Only 45% of these surveys were valid for further analysis. For hypothesis testing and data analysis, the partial least squares structural equational modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was used. The results revealed that tax transparency had negative and significant influence on sales tax evasion. This study also provides evidence that the model’s ability to explain tax evasion and the influence of tax transparency on sales tax evasion are both greatly strengthened by the integration of moderating role of moral obligation. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on this subject and can help scholars and practitioners investigate the effects of tax transparency and moral obligation on sales tax evasion among SMEs. Hence, tax authorities, and policymakers should incorporate these factors to formulate effective strategies to combat tax evasion in Jordan, which could lead to an overall improvement in the country’s revenue collection.

AbstractThe exceptional circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 closures of campuses and emergency online learning have caused challenging circumstances on preserving academic integrity. Still, little is known about how the interplay between diverse contextual and psychological determinants influences beliefs and inclinations to plagiarism during online learning. The current study aims to understand better multiple factors that predict attitudes and intentions to commit plagiarism during and after the pandemic. To that end, an extended model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) that examines the impact of socio-psychological, emotional, motivational, and ethical factors explaining plagiarism intentions was tested. The study applied a survey instrument to a sample of 435 undergraduate students from three universities in Oman. Using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the results showed that fear of COVID-19 significantly and positively impacted the plagiarism attitude. Academic self-efficacy significantly and negatively influenced attitudes to plagiarism. All TPB variables significantly influenced intention to plagiarize, including subjective norms, attitudes perceived behavioral control and past behavior, except moral obligation. The current study’s findings contributed to theory advancement by extending TPB to examining antecedents to subjective norms toward plagiarism and emotional and motivational determinants of attitudes. Finally, the current study recommends practical and research implications for curbing digital plagiarism in higher education post to the pandemic.

Abstract If destination marketing organisations (DMOs) are to contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, they have a moral responsibility to encourage the development of more sustainable tourism, to promote this to consumers and engage them to behave more sustainably. However, we know little about how these DMOs frame the sustainability discourses of their destinations or how they urge potential consumers to act. We conducted a content and discourse analysis of six European Arctic DMO consumer websites. The findings reveal examples of euphemistic labelling and using morally neutral language to conceal unsustainable activity. There is a sustainability communication discourse in what can be interpreted as moral muteness. Moral muteness helps us to interpret how DMOs downplay the negative impacts of tourism and promote low-effort pro-environmental behaviour to provide a narrative that allows the clients to morally disengage. This article contributes to the call for discussion on the ethics of sustainable tourism and the need to overcome an innately economic growth-friendly tourism science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The claim that skeptical theism induces moral paralysis or aporia (known as the moral paralysis objection) has been extensively discussed. In this context, Stephen Maitzen has introduced the Alien Doctor Analogy, an intriguing case that he employs to advance the moral paralysis objection. Michael Rea, however, has criticized the analogy for portraying the skeptical theist uncharitably. In this essay, I argue that Maitzen and Rea are both incorrect: the Alien Doctor Analogy is flawed indeed, but because it portrays the skeptical theist too charitably. I modify the analogy to remedy this flaw. I then use the analogy to advance an original version of the moral paralysis objection. Specifically, I contend that skeptical theists, whenever they encounter apparently gratuitous evil that they could prevent, should be convinced by what I call the "God-Knows-Best Argument," which always concludes that they should refrain from intervening. Thus, skeptical theism does induce moral paralysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a new theory of the morality of promissory obligations. T. M. Scanlon notoriously argued that promising consists in assuring the promisee that we will do something. I disagree. I argue that it is true that promising consists in assuring the promisee, but what the promisor gives to the promisee is not an assurance that they will do something, but that the normative situation is in a certain way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urgency of the research. Recently, the Ukrainian education system has undergone significant methodological and organizational transformations driven by both the development of information technologies and the universal demand for integrity within the educational environment. Adhering to academic integrity involves not only compliance with legislatively established rules but also an internal, profound alignment of participants in the educational process with the moral principles of responsibility ethics. This postulate, particularly in Ukrainian contexts, requires enhanced argumentation. The article discusses the search for ethical foundations in conditions of war, which simultaneously serves as a condition and an uncompromising requirement for the moral self-realization of individuals during times of great tension and uncertainty. This is why the article turns to ethical guidelines from ancient aretology. Target setting. Virtue ethics, rooted in Aristotle's moral philosophy, holds significant potential to assist modern individuals in shaping moral guidelines, indicating a path towards personal flourishing and societal well-being. Virtue ethics allows for context consideration and flexible responses to complex situations, fostering the interaction between personal interests and the common good. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Framing the problem in this aspect involves referring to the works of Elizabeth Anscombe, Alasdair MacIntyre, Philippa Foot, Rosalind Hursthouse, Roger Crisp, and Edith Hall. The issue of academic integrity has been addressed in the research of V. Romakin, T. Finikova, A. Artyukhov, M. Grynyova, L. Ryzhak, O. Tsokur, Y. Kalinovsky, V. Khmarsky and others. The research objective. Unveiling the creative potential of aretological ethics and its applicability in crafting a strategy of integrity and its effective implementation in the academic, cultural, and socio-political realms of contemporary Ukraine. The statement of basic materials. Changes in moral philosophy from Aristotle to the present day are shaped by diverse historical, cultural, and philosophical influences. In the mid-20th century, normative ethics was dominated by two theories: deontology, inspired by the 18thcentury philosopher Immanuel Kant, and utilitarianism, rooted in the philosophies of Jeremy Bentham and J.S. Mill. Elizabeth Anscombe, in her work “Modern Moral Philosophy” (1958), highlighted a legalistic shift in ethics, suggesting a departure from viewing virtues as mere duties or obligations, advocating a return to Aristotle's approach where virtues are seen as key qualities of character aimed at human flourishing. Anscombe's work sparked a revival of virtue ethics. Philosophers like Philippa Foot, Rosalind Hursthouse, Edith Hall, and others contributed to the rehabilitation and development of virtue ethics, emphasizing Aristotle's moral philosophy. These philosophers seek not only to revive but also to adapt Aristotle's teachings on virtue to the demands of modern society, addressing contemporary challenges. Their contributions have significantly influenced the development of normative ethics, expanding discussions and examining aspects of virtue in the context of contemporary moral theories. Conclusions. The implementation of academic integrity strategies in the complex and multifaceted modern Ukrainian contexts requires systematic and careful adherence to ethical standards in the educational environment and the practical realization of an ethical enlightenment project among the general population. The theoretical underpinnings of this project should be based on the universal principles of aretological ethics. Aristotle's idea of virtue, as a guiding force for achieving human well-being, takes on new meaning in contemporary conditions, contributing to the harmonious development of personality and the strengthening of moral foundations in the modern world. Even considering that socio-cultural contexts have changed, the key aspects of Aristotle's virtue concept remain relevant and valuable for moral development and personal flourishing in the modern world. In this context, virtues become a crucial foundation for shaping a holistic personality and defining moral conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theological Voluntarism is the view according to which certain moral properties or statuses have to be explained in terms of God’s commands, will, or other voluntary states of God. In his God and Moral Law, Mark Murphy criticizes theological voluntarism in general and Adams’ divine command theory of the nature of moral obligations in particular. Furthermore, he puts forward the first sketches for a theory of moral obligation that is not voluntaristic. In this paper I will first introduce Murphy’s proposed theory and will show that it is implausible. Then, drawing on Adams’ views of the nature of goodness and virtue, articulated in Finite and Infinite Goods and A theory of Virtue, I will try to put forward the first sketches of a viable theory of moral obligations that does not appeal to divine commands in explaining moral obligations and explains them in terms of goodness/badness. An important feature of morality that voluntarists appeal to for motivating their view and criticizing views that explain obligations in terms of goodness is the existence of supererogatory actions, i.e., actions that are good but not required. I will focus on this feature of morality and try to show how a theory of moral obligation that explains the obligations in terms of goodness can accommodate this feature.

The concept of metaphysical grounding refers to a dependence relation—a relation between facts that is asymmetrical and non-causal. I aim to apply this concept to a Divine Command Theory (DCT) of moral obligations. Divine command theorists say that moral obligations arise from God’s commands. I argue that the three main views on the relation between the divine command and the obligation—causal, supervenience, and identity—do not capture all that we desire in a moral theory of obligations. After attempting to clarify metaphysical grounding in general, I articulate the distinction between what I call normative grounding and metaethical grounding. I then use this distinction to criticize Walter Sinnott-Armstrong’s discussion of DCT and to highlight the compatibility of DCT with other ethical theories.

Obviously, in all jurisdictions it is required for the people to observe the laws and regulations; however, at the same time they need to have convincing reasons to obey laws and regulation. Seeking their different interests, people sometimes may break laws. However, sometimes people believe that there are morally justifiable reasons to break laws. As a matter of fact, the research question of this paper is as follow: what is the nature of reasons that required people to observe the laws and regulations? Generally, natural lawyers stress on the strong relationships between law and morality and they stress on moral (Not legal) reasons. Despite that, as it will be shown, natural lawyers (Specially modern ones) and positivists have similar justification regarding the observing laws and regulations, in that both of them recognizing legal reasons for observing laws and regulations and denying the necessity and Sufficiency of moral reasons.

Moral particularism, which is one of the intellectual orientations in contemporary ethics, opposes the importance of principles in morality and in principled theories of ethics on metaethical grounds, and regards it detrimental to moral thought and judgement. I believe that the particularist’s challenge against principled ethics is important, and therefore it is a requirement that the problems of particularism are identified to be then solved. In this paper, I investigate some problems of particularism that stem from particularists’ reliance on reasons. I first explain what reason is in moral metaphysics debates, and after discussing the relations between holism, atomism, particularism, and generalism, I make clear why particularism’s reliance on reasons is not useful for it. Reliance on reasons is also detrimental to particularism, in the sense that causes inadequacies in it. For, first, conceiving morality only in terms of reasons at best creates an inadequate conception of moral obligation and therefore of morality; and second, narrowly conceiving moral principles in terms of general reasons prevents particularism from being inclusive against all principled theories of ethics. I discuss why the categorical imperative as a significant example shows that the scope of moral principles is broader than the scope of moral reasons.

Theological voluntarism is the view according to which certain moral properties or statuses have to be explained in terms of God's commands, will, or other voluntary states of God. In his God and Moral Law, Mark Murphy criticizes theological voluntarism in general and Adams' divine command theory of the nature of moral obligations in particular. Furthermore, he puts forward the first sketches for a theory of moral obligation that is not voluntaristic. In this paper, I will first introduce Murphy's proposed theory and will show that it is implausible. Then, drawing on Adams' views of the nature of goodness and virtue, articulated in Finite and Infinite Goods and A theory of Virtue, I will try to put forward the first sketches of a viable theory of moral obligations that do not appeal to divine commands in explaining moral obligations and explains them in terms of goodness/badness. An important feature of morality that voluntarists appeal to for motivating their view and criticizing views that explain obligations in terms of goodness is the existence of supererogatory actions, that is, actions that are good but not required. I will focus on this feature of morality and try to show how a theory of moral obligation that explains obligations in terms of goodness can accommodate this feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pauline Kleingeld and Marcus Willaschek, in a co-authored article, declare that their purportedly new interpretation of Immanuel Kant's writings on autonomy reveals that his moral philosophy is neither realist nor constructivist. However, as I explain here, John Rawls already occupies the area of intellectual territory to which Kleingeld and Willaschek attempt to lay claim: Rawls interprets Kant's moral philosophy as neither realist, as Kleingeld and Willaschek evidently construe this term, nor constructivist, as they evidently construe this term. Contra Kleingeld and Willaschek, the moral constructivism attributed to Kant by Rawls is not voluntarist, and Rawls's account of Kant's concept of autonomy is not paradoxical. In order to understand autonomy, it is necessary to understand Kant's complex conception of the will, which structures his moral philosophy (as Rawls, unlike Kleingeld and Willaschek, explains). Rawls, like Kant, but unlike Kleingeld and Willaschek, clearly distinguishes between certain importantly different questions about normativity and obligation. Kant's moral philosophy, according to Rawls's insightful interpretation, is a form of objective moral constructivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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