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This study investigates the "educational borrowing" of Pestalozzi's and Fellenberg's reforms by James Bonwick, an Australian schoolmaster and inspector in the 1840s and 1850s. The article initially examines Pestalozzi's and Fellenberg's teaching methods and philosophies. Adopting a biographical approach, it then explores the circumstances that influenced Bonwick to embrace, utilise, and then become a protagonist in promoting the ideas of these European educationalists. Commencing with his teacher training, Bonwick was inspired to question the social and educational effectiveness of the monitorial teaching then in vogue. Transferring to the Australian Colony of Van Diemen's Land, he operated several schools based on Fellenberg's example. Then, in South Australia and Victoria, where he continued to implement Pestalozzian teaching methods, his superior teaching skills received recognition through being invited to appear before several governmental investigations into education. Finally, but most significantly, as a school inspector in Victoria between 1856 and 1859, he inspired a generation of the colony's schoolteachers to take up his enlightened and progressive teaching methods and views. Most studies of "educational borrowing" focus on parliamentarians and senior bureaucrats, but this study explains how a school inspector's energy and passion for Pestalozzian principles and methods generated widespread teacher support for their adoption.

Abstract The current coarse-resolution version of the Community Climate System Model is used to assess the impact of phytoplankton on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The experimental setup allows for the separation of the effects of climatological annual cycle of chlorophyll distribution from its interannually varying part. The main finding is that the chlorophyll production by phytoplankton is important beyond modifying the mean and seasonal cycle of shortwave absorption; interannual modifications to the absorption have an impact as well, and they dampen ENSO variability by 9%. The magnitude of damping is the same in the experiment with smaller-than-observed, and in the experiment with larger-than-observed, chlorophyll distribution. This result suggests that to accurately represent ENSO in GCMs, it is not sufficient to use a prescribed chlorophyll climatology. Instead, some form of an ecosystem model will be necessary to capture the effects of phytoplankton coupling and feedback.

Observations of ocean color from space have been part of the U.S. JGOFS strategy for discerning temporal and spatial variations in upper-ocean productivity on the global scale since the first planning workshops for a U.S. global ocean flux program (National Academy of Sciences, 1984). From the start, remote measurements of near-surface chlorophyll a concentrations were envisaged as the major tool for extrapolating upper-ocean chemical and biological measurements in time and space and linking calculations of new and primary production with the flux of particulate material through the water column.

One of the central objectives of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is to use data from the extensive field programs to evaluate and improve numerical ocean carbon-cycle models. Substantial improvements are required if we are to achieve a better understanding of present-day biogeochemical properties and processes in the ocean and to predict potential future responses to perturbations resulting from human activities. We have made significant progress in this regard and expect even greater strides over the next decade as the synthesis of JGOFS data sets is completed and disseminated to the broader scientific community.

Staffing rural and remote schools is an important policy issue for the public good. This paper examines the private issues it also poses for teachers with families working in these communities, as they seek to reconcile careers with educational choices for children. The paper first considers historical responses to staffing rural and remote schools in Australia, and the emergence of neoliberal policy encouraging marketisation of the education sector. We report on interviews about considerations motivating household mobility with 11 teachers across regional, rural and remote communities in Queensland. Like other middle-class parents, these teachers prioritised their children's educational opportunities over career opportunities. The analysis demonstrates how teachers in rural and remote communities constitute a special group of educational consumers with insider knowledge and unique dilemmas around school choice. Their heightened anxieties around school choice under neoliberal policy are shown to contribute to the public issue of staffing rural and remote schools.

Purpose: This article investigates the extent of multiple knowledges among smallholders and connected non-farm agents around Mount Elgon in Kenya and Uganda in order to build the communicative competence needed to scale up conservation agriculture production systems (CAPS). Design/methodology/approach: Our methodological approach examines local conditions through the analysis of farmers and non-farm agents' perceptions of agricultural norms and practices or technological frames across four sites. Responses to a list of 20 questionnaire items characterizing three ideal types of technological frames (conservation agriculture, conventional modern agriculture, and risk averse agriculture) were analyzed through inter-group comparisons and multiple regression. Findings: The findings indicate that there is a fundamental gap between the perspectives framing the knowledge of farmers and those of the service sector/community agents with respect to agricultural production norms and practices. Specifically, agricultural service providers and other community agents are significantly more supportive of conventional modern farming than farmers, and significantly less supportive of mixed crop and livestock farming; however, farmer perspectives also vary across sites. Practical implications: Recognition of multiple knowledges, their relationship to agro-ecologies and the technological frame gap between farmers and non-farm agents is important for effectively negotiating dialog among farm and non-farm knowledge networks. Originality/value: Our exploration of variation in local knowledges provides insights into how individual proclivities, adaptation to the agro-ecology, and a supporting set of network partners contribute to the mindset changes needed for establishing CAPS.

Conventional technology transfer is based on the assumption that autonomous individuals independently make behavioral decisions. In contrast, Actor-Network Theory (ANT) suggests that people and technologies are interconnected in ways that reinforce and reproduce some types of knowledge and consequent behavioral practices, but not others. Research on pest management in Mali shows the extent to which farm-level decisions are shaped off-farm through contracts that communicate commercial and regulatory decision-making information. Findings from the analysis of Ukrainian farmer pest management decision-making demonstrate the exercise of power of commercial interests. In light of these findings, evidence from Farmer Field School experiences in Indonesia is reinterpreted. This paper concludes that knowledge networks are not monolithic and, furthermore, there is competition between network segments to define appropriate knowledge and practice. It also recommends that agricultural scientists pay more attention to the negotiations framing legitimate knowledge about the networks in which their producer clienteles are embedded. (Contains 2 tables, 3 figures and 6 footnotes.)

In 1850, in the frontier township of Brisbane, William Duncan argued articulately that National schools bestowed moral benefits to children more effectively than their denominational rivals, but the aloof and sometimes arrogant Brisbane Customs Officer lacked the skill to generate widespread support for his views. In contrast, the proprietor of the influential Moreton Bay Courier, James Swan, and his editors, were more effective. Over the next nine years, they carefully persuaded their readers of the benefits of National education. Consequently, a groundswell of support for the system accompanied the sense of community purpose that preceded Queensland's formation in 1859. The following year, a large National school commenced in Brisbane and shortly afterwards, under an Education Act passed by the new Queensland government, National schools became virtually the only educational enterprises to receive aid. (Contains 80 notes.)

An efficient four-step synthesis of N-BOC-5-syn-and 5-anti-carboxymethanopyrrolidines and the conversion of N-BOC-5-syn-carboxymethanopyrrolidine to N-BOC-methanopyrrolidine are described.

Many studies of cavity-nesting birds in North America are conducted in large continental forests and much less is known about them in island ecosystems. We describe a 29-year study of tree species, nest site characteristics, and fledge dates of cavity-nesting birds on a small island in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (BC). Seven cavity-nesting bird species were documented on East Limestone Island and 463 nests were found in 173 different trees. Nest trees were significantly taller and had a greater diameter than a random sample of snags. Tree height did not differ among bird species but diameter at breast height was larger for trees used by Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) than for other species. Cavity-nesters selected tree decay classes 2-7 (all dead/near dead [snags]), with 85% in decay class 4 (35%) or 5 (50%), similar to the random snag sample (class 4, 32%; class 5, 42%). Cavity height ranged from 2.6 to 44.9 m and for all species, except Brown Creeper, the mean nest height was >60% of the mean tree height. Nest heights were generally greater than observed elsewhere in BC. Nest cavity orientation was random except for Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber), for which only 13% of the cavity entrances faced southeast. Median fledging dates ranged from 7 June (Chestnut-backed Chickadee [Poecile rufescens]) to 28 June (Northern Flicker [Colaptes auratus]). Estimated median dates of clutch completion were similar for all species. Our results show that large snags provide habitat for a high diversity of cavity-nesting birds on Haida Gwaii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background At present there is no established national minimum data set (MDS) for generic wound assessment in England, which has led to a lack of standardisation and variable assessment criteria being used across the country. This hampers the quality and monitoring of wound healing progress and treatment. Aim To establish a generic wound assessment MDS to underpin clinical practice. Method The project comprised 1) a literature review to provide an overview of wound assessment best practice and identify potential assessment criteria for inclusion in the MDS and 2) a structured consensus study using an adapted Research and Development/University of California at Los Angeles Appropriateness method. This incorporated experts in the wound care field considering the evidence of a literature review and their experience to agree the assessment criteria to be included in the MDS. Results The literature review identified 24 papers that contained criteria which might be considered as part of generic wound assessment. From these papers 68 potential assessment items were identified and the expert group agreed that 37 (relating to general health information, baseline wound information, wound assessment parameters, wound symptoms and specialists) should be included in the MDS. Discussion Using a structured approach we have developed a generic wound assessment MDS to underpin wound assessment documentation and practice. It is anticipated that the MDS will facilitate a more consistent approach to generic wound assessment practice and support providers and commissioners of care to develop and re-focus services that promote improvements in wound care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro study evaluated the color stability, gloss, and surface roughness (Ra) of four indirect composites. Enamel and dentin shades of Radica, Sculpture Plus, Belleglass-NG, and Gradia Indirect were evaluated for color stability. Specimens were stored in a staining solution (coffee) and assessed every 3 days for a period of 21 days, after which color difference (ΔE*) was calculated. Only enamel shades were used for measuring gloss and surface roughness at 0,5000,10,000, and 20,000 cycles of simulated tooth-brushing. The results were statistically analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Statistically significant changes in ΔE* during the 21-day period were observed in all indirect composites for enamel and dentin shades, and ΔE* was greater than the clinically acceptable value of 3.3. Belleglass-NG showed the least change in ΔE*, while Sculpture Plus had large changes in ΔE*. In all groups, gloss was 75% lower than baseline values after 10,000 cycles of toothbrushing. After 20,000 cycles, surface roughness was highest in Radica and lowest in Belleglass-NG. Belleglass-NG had higher color stability and gloss retention, and lower surface roughness, as compared with the other composite systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]