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Introduction Lipedema is a chronic condition that affects the majority of women. It involves swelling in fatty parts of the body such as the buttocks, hips, thighs and calves. It usually develops during a period of hormonal changes (puberty, pregnancy or menopause) and is often confused with lymphoedema or obesity, leading to a delay in correct diagnosis and the introduction of effective treatment. Fat oedema is estimated to affect 1 in 72,000 people. However, these figures, according to many sources, are much underestimated compared to the actual occurrence of the condition due to misdiagnosis. [1] Purpose of Research The aim of this work is to commonize the knowledge around the problem of lipedema, presenting the current diagnosis and treatment. State of knowledge Lipaemia is a chronic disease characterised by the development of fatty oedema in the lower extremities (in some cases also in the upper extremities), which is resistant to exercise. The pathogenesis of the disease is unclear and diagnosis and treatment still require much research. Review Methods The literature review was based on the most recent studies. PubMed and Google Scholar open databases were used in the research. The focus was put on literature published between 2013 and 2024. Summary Lipedema hinders women's physical, psychological and social functioning. Current diagnosis and treatment is not sufficient to be certain of an accurate diagnosis and to apply appropriate treatment. However, knowledge about this disease is becoming more publicised, through media, among other means, and research is being conducted at a larger scale.

Introduction and Purpose of Research: Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom disease, is a common neurological disorder significantly impacting one’s sleep and quality of life. It often coexists with various health issues, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Aim of study: The primary purpose of this research is to explore diverse therapeutic options for RLS which are tailored to individual patient needs. In order to understand the complex pathophysiology of the discussed disease, recent advancements are taken into account. Material and Methods of Research: The review is grounded in findings from 36 recent studies sourced through a systematic search of open-access databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on literature published between 2004 and 2024. Results: Adequate and effective management of RLS include non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical activity, acupuncture, yoga and near-infrared light therapy, which can complement pharmacotherapy or prevail as the primary treatment form. Iron therapy emerges as vital for many patients. The correlation between iron metabolism and RLS symptoms requires further analysis and research. Pharmacological strategies involve dopaminergic medications, low-potency opioids, and benzodiazepines, with a target on minimizing side effects and dependency. Conclusion: RLS affects approximately 5-10% of the population, severely disrupting sleep and daily functioning. The condition constrains individualized management, integrating non-pharmacological forms of treatment with pharmacological therapies to improve patient outcomes and reduce dependence on medication.

Introduction & Purpose of Research: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Given the high prevalence of PCOS and its impact on infertility, this research explores strategies to stimulate ovulation and improve pregnancy outcomes. To address this issue comprehensively, we specifically selected six main treatment methods: lifestyle changes, clomiphene citrate, antidiabetic drugs, gonadotropin analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and surgical approaches. Our aim was to review various studies, including meta-analyses and comparisons of methods from published texts, to gain valuable insights into the topic.

Introduction and Purpose of Research: Vegetarianism, characterized by the exclusion of meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and their derivatives, has gained popularity as studies continue to highlight its positive impact on health. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the health and lifestyle impacts of vegetarian diets by examining both the benefits and potential risks. Review Methods: The review is grounded in findings from 40 recent studies sourced through a systematic search of open-access databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on literature published between 2000 and 2024. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Vegetarian diets are associated with significant health benefits, including reduced risks of chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, largely due to their high content of fiber, antioxidants, and healthy fats. Additionally, vegetarians tend to have lower BMI and improved cholesterol and blood pressure levels. However, unbalanced vegetarian diets may lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients such as protein, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids, which can impact overall health. Conclusion: Properly planned vegetarian diets are healthy, nutritionally correct and can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Careful selection of meal ingredients and adequate supplementation are key to maximising the benefits and counteracting the potential risks associated with such diets.

The objective of this article is to assess the efficacy and safety of diverse therapeutic strategies for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), encompassing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Additionally, the review identifies potential avenues for future research within this domain. The article compares the results of selected studies. We conducted a literature search in November of 2024, using PubMed. Six studies were identified, chosen, and appraised. Among these studies, three are systematic reviews and three are narrative literature reviews. If it comes to treatment efficacy studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of several strategies. Ketamine and esketamine have shown rapid and substantial efficacy in mitigating the symptoms of TRD. Augmentation with aripiprazole and quetiapine has also been found to enhance the response to antidepressant treatment. The combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine is effective for treating TRD, however, it may be associated with metabolic side effects. Augmentation with lithium, triiodothyronine (T3), and lamotrigine shows promising results, though further research is required to fully evaluate their efficacy and safety in TRD management. The management of TRD is associated with several challenges. These include the absence of a standardized definition and grading system, which impedes the comparison of research outcomes. The multifactorial nature of TRD further complicates the development of a universal treatment strategy. Summarizing, there are several treatment strategies available for TRD, however, the most effective approach should be personalized for each patient. Ongoing research is critical to advancing our understanding of TRD and developing more effective therapeutic options.

Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a significant health issue affecting neonates born before the 37th week of gestation. It results from the immaturity of respiratory control mechanisms and is often exacerbated by various coexisting factors, which can intensify symptoms and lead to severe health consequences. Despite extensive research on the underlying mechanisms of AOP, a single effective treatment has yet to be identified. Current therapies, such as caffeine administration, are associated with potential adverse effects. Emerging interventions, including sensory stimulation, carbon dioxide inhalation, positional changes, and aromatherapy, offer promising alternatives. These approaches have the potential to complement standard treatments while being less invasive.

Introduction and Purpose of Research Nicotine pouches, popular especially among young people, are smokeless alternatives to traditional tobacco. Placed in the mouth, they release nicotine absorbed through the mucosa, reducing withdrawal symptoms and avoiding harmful tobacco smoke. Often used for smoking cessation, they are considered lower-risk than smoking and may help reduce smoking rates. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the impact of nicotine pouches on overall human health. Review Methods The review is based on 39 articles found in PubMed databases published between 2006–2024. Conclusion While nicotine pouches and snus are marketed as lower-risk alternatives to smoking, their health implications are still significant. These products, popular among young adults and athletes, may help with smoking cessation but carry risks, particularly with long-term use. Research suggests nicotine pouches and snus may have no performance-enhancing effects in sports and could impair physical performance, including endurance and strength. Moreover, their use is linked to various health concerns such as cardiovascular issues, type 2 diabetes, oral mucosal changes, and decreased sperm count. Snus has been associated with a modest increase in cardiovascular disease risk, although the risks are lower than smoking. Additionally, smokeless tobacco use is linked to an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma, especially in women. The use of snus during pregnancy has also been linked to higher risks of post-neonatal mortality and other adverse outcomes. Despite these findings, there is a need for more extensive, well-controlled studies to fully understand the long-term health effects of smokeless tobacco products and their role in public health.

Endometriosis is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. This leads to pain, inflammatory states, and disruptions in the functioning of pelvic organs, including infertility. Physical activity influences the symptoms of endometriosis associated with the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue in the body. This study analyzes available scientific evidence regarding the role of physical activity in alleviating pain caused by endometriosis. Research findings indicate that regular physical exercise of varying intensity can provide benefits by reducing inflammation, improving pelvic blood flow, and reducing muscle tension. The impact of physical activity on the hormonal system, including the modulation of endorphin levels and the endocannabinoid system, may contribute to pain relief. The effectiveness of exercise in endometriosis therapy depends on the type of exertion, its intensity and frequency, as well as individual factors such as the severity of the disease and the patient's health status. Studies point to yoga, Pilates, and aerobic exercises as the most beneficial forms of activity. Regardless of the type of activity studied, the most crucial factor is the frequency and duration of the exercise. The study also emphasizes the need for further research to develop personalized recommendations for physical activity for patients with endometriosis. In conclusion, physical activity can provide valuable support in the treatment of endometriosis, contributing to an improvement in the quality of life of patients through pain reduction and overall well-being.

This review explores treatment approaches and therapies for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition affecting adults, with symptoms often persisting from childhood into adulthood. The research examines the efficacy, tolerability, and accessibility of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. ADHD management necessitates a multimodal approach combining medications, behavioral therapies, and educational interventions tailored to individual needs. The analysis focuses on stimulant and non-stimulant medications, including methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, and alpha-2 agonists, with regional variations in treatment guidelines. Stimulants, primarily methylphenidate and amphetamine formulations, demonstrate robust efficacy in symptom reduction for patients. Non-stimulant options like atomoxetine are recommended for patients with contraindications to stimulants. Emerging formulations, such as extended-release medications, address tolerance and adherence challenges. Psychosocial interventions, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), complement pharmacological treatments by targeting organizational skills, emotional regulation, and comorbidities like anxiety and depression. Evidence suggests that combined approaches improve long-term functional outcomes, such as academic performance and interpersonal relationships. Despite advances, gaps in treatment access and the need for individualized care remain significant challenges. This review underscores the importance of ongoing research to optimize ADHD management strategies and ensure equitable access to effective therapies worldwide.