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The current study investigates the impact of an educational program based on cognitive neuroscience on developing reading comprehension skills among second-grade students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this objective, the researchers employed a quasi-experimental design, selecting a sample of 59 students from Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman Al Saud School for Girls and AlMadinah Al-Jamia Educational School for Boys, both under the supervision of the Education Directorate in Najran region. The sample was divided into two groups: 30 students in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. The researchers developed two instruments: a cognitive neuroscience-based educational program and a written test. After ensuring their validity and reliability, these instruments were administered to the study participants. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, while no significant differences were found based on gender or the interaction between gender and group. In light of the results, the researchers provided a set of recommendations.

Abstract Academic life satisfaction is an important indicator of students' contentment with both their academic and personal environments. Therefore, determining the factors that promote academic life satisfaction is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of flow experiences in the association between academic procrastination and personal satisfaction and satisfaction with the academic environment. A total of 581 undergraduate students (65.4% women) participated in the study. The students' ages ranged from 18 to 25 years, with an average age of 20.44 years (SD = 2.02). This study found that academic procrastination was negatively associated with flow experiences, personal satisfaction and satisfaction with the academic environment. Flow experiences were positively associated with personal satisfaction and satisfaction with the academic environment. Flow experiences acted as a mediator in the association between academic procrastination and personal satisfaction and satisfaction with the academic environment. The study findings show that academic procrastinators may have difficulty in experiencing flow, which in turn leads to poor academic life satisfaction. This study addresses the need for practices aimed at reducing academic procrastination and experiencing flow in interventions to enhance academic life satisfaction among university students.

Abstract The introduction of (p, q)-rung linear Diophantine fuzzy set into the field of fuzzy set theory is a significant advancement, providing a broader perspective to address complicated decision-making scenarios. Alongside, the preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluation (PROMETHEE) emerges as a widely recognized tool for tackling multi-criteria decision-making challenges. This study contributes theoretically to the decision-making field by integrating (p, q)-rung linear Diophantine fuzzy sets into the PROMETHEE framework, improving (p, q)-rung linear Diophantine fuzzy sets adaptability and efficiency in practical aspects, the proposed framework can effectively address various intricate decision-making challenges encountered in real-world scenarios. This enhancement enables the (p, q)-rung linear Diophantine fuzzy sets to be more capable of handling a wide range of complex problems that arise in practical situations, making it a valuable tool for decision-makers looking to tackle real-life issues with precision and reliability. By illustrating the application of this extended method in the context of robot selection problem, the study showcases the practical utility and relevance of the proposed method. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation and discussion of the proposed PROMETHEE method is presented, emphasizing its validity, sensitivity, superiority, robustness, and adaptability in addressing real-world decision-making complexities

Introduction: This study investigates the psychometric properties of the Moroccan dialect versions of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) in a sample of Moroccan university students. The objective is to evaluate the reliability and validity of these scales for assessing perceived stress and depressive symptoms among this population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 204 Moroccan university students. Stress and depression levels were measured using the PSS-10 and the CES-D-10. The psychometric properties of the PSS-10 and CES-D-10 were assessed based on internal consistency, internal coherence, and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: The study demonstrated an adequate fit for the PSS-10 (χ²(25) = 44.591, CFI = 0.989, TLI = 0.985, SRMR = 0.058) and CES-D-10 (χ²(25) = 62.993, CFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.942, SRMR = 0.046) scales. Additionally, the PSS-10 and CES-D10 exhibited significant correlation (r = .75, p < .01) further reinforcing their convergent validity. Discussion: Consistent with previous research, the internal consistency, internal coherence, and confirmatory factor analyses were satisfactory for both the PSS-10 and CES-D-10 in the Moroccan university context. These findings suggest that the PSS-10 and CES-D10 are robust tools for assessing perceived stress and depression, making them valuable instruments for researchers and clinicians in the field of mental health.

Sepsis is a major cause of mortality among critically ill children, particularly affecting neonates and children under five. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) have emerged as significant pathogens in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), contributing to high rates of antimicrobial resistance and complicating treatment outcomes. This systematic review aims to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacterial infections in pediatric sepsis cases within PICUs and to identify associated risk factors. An extensive search was conducted in PubMed and MEDLINE for studies published between 2019 and 2024, focusing on studies involving pediatric patients in PICUs with documented GNB infections. After a rigorous selection process, 11 articles were included in the review. The prevalence of GNB in PICUs varied widely across the studies, ranging from 5% to 65.7%, with a mean prevalence of 38.5%. Common pathogens included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The rate of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens ranged from 18.2% to 63.7%, with a mean of 47%. Key risk factors identified included previous PICU stays, invasive procedures, and prior antibiotic use. The findings underscore the significant burden of Gram-negative bacterial infections and the high levels of antibiotic resistance in PICUs. There is an urgent need for enhanced diagnostic practices, targeted infection control measures, and robust antimicrobial stewardship programs to manage and mitigate the impact of these infections. Future research should focus on validating these findings and developing effective interventions to improve patient outcomes in pediatric settings.

Abstract Background: The learning management system (LMSs) are online platforms that are used to conduct and support teaching and training at various institutions worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the perception towards the use of Moodle and Google classrooms LMS tools in the training among the National Health Emergency Operation Center (NHEOC) staff and compare their perceptions. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a post-test design conducted at NHEOC in Saudi Arabia in 2023. A training program regarding crises and disaster situations was delivered via Moodle and Google classrooms. At the end of each session, participants were invited to fill a questionnaire regarding their perception towards these tools. Results: A total of 72 and 65 individuals responded to the questionnaire after the end of Moodle class and Google classrooms, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean perception scores between Moodle and Google classrooms by; the easy access to the browser (4.18 ± 1.24 versus 4.14 ± 1.09, p-value = 0.692), the easy access to the App (4.02 ± 1.31 versus 4.11 ± 1.08 , p-value = 0.658), the ease of browsing the educational content (4.17 ± 1.13 versus 4.14 ± 1.06, p-value = 0.872), and the ease of dealing with the system functions (4.08 ± 1.14 versus 4.09 ± 1.16, p-value = 0.889). Conclusion: Participants reported similar perception towards the use of Moodle and Google classrooms in training programs. Meanwhile, majority reported that they preferred Moodle to Google classrooms. [SJEMed 2024; 5(2.000): 095-100]

Blood testing is widely regarded as a fundamental diagnostic procedure in healthcare, with blood cell counting being particularly vital for diagnosing conditions and evaluating overall health. Traditional methods employing hemocytometers and diverse laboratory instruments are typically employed to conduct blood counts manually. Using a microscope, manually counting, and examining blood cells takes time and effort. Thus, developing autonomous blood cells detecting and counting cells in this system becomes necessary to help doctors diagnose patients quickly and accurately. The proposed method integrates the YOLOv5 object detection framework with Enhanced Graywolf Optimization (EGWO) and an Attention Mechanism to improve the accuracy and efficiency of RBC detection. The YOLOv5 architecture is optimized for the task through the EGWO algorithm, which fine-tunes the model parameters, while the Attention Mechanism focuses on extracting critical features from blood cell images. The model is trained and validated using the BCCD dataset, employing an 80/20 split for training and validation. Data augmentation techniques, such as random rotations, flips, and color adjustments, are applied to enhance model generalization. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a high accuracy of 99.89 %, outperforming existing models like Faster R-CNN, CNN, and DCNN regarding accuracy, training time, and inference speed. The proposed method's moderate complexity and fast inference time make it suitable for real-time applications in clinical settings. This research provides a robust and efficient solution for automated RBC detection and counting, with potential implications for improving diagnostic processes in hematological analyses. Overall, in practical applications, it is helpful for counting red blood cells from smeared pictures in less than a second.

هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة العلاقة بين تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة في منظمات المجتمع المدني وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة. تكوّن مجتمع الدراسة من منظمات المجتمع المدني بأمانه العاصمة صنعاء وعددها (121) منظمة. لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة استخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتم إعداد استبانة كأداة رئيسة لجمع البيانات، تم توزيعها بأسلوب العينة الطبقية على (100) من رؤساء وموظفي الجمعيات والمؤسسات الاهلية. توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج أهمها: إنّ منظمات المجتمع المدني تؤدي دورا مهماً وحيوياً في تقديم الخدمات والإغاثة الإنسانية للمواطنين في مرحلة الصراع والانقسام السياسي الحالي. بالرغم من التحديات التي تواجهها وأبرزها ازدواجية جهات الإشراف عليها وارتفاع كبير للمخاطر الأمنية التي تواجهها، وتدني الإمكانات المادية والبشرية لهذه المنظمات مما أدى إلى تقليص دورها وإغلاق عدد كبير منها. وأنّ هناك ضعفّا لمستوى العمل المؤسسي والحوكمة الداخلية، وخاصة مبادئ الشفافية والمساءلة والمشاركة. وأنّ هناك علاقة طردية بين تطبيق الحوكمة وزيادة مساهماتها في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة. وأوصت الدراسة بأنّ على هذه المنظمات السعي نحو تطبيق الحوكمة عبر تحسين الأنظمة الداخلية ونشر ثقافة الحوكمة، لضمان زيادة كفاءتها وفعالية قدراتها للمساهمة بتحقيق التنمية المستدامة. وأنّ هذه المنظمات بحاجة إلى تبادل الخبرات والتعاون والتشبيك فيما بينها. كما يجب على الحكومة اليمنية والمانحين تعزيز قدرات هذه المنظمات باعتبارها وسيطّا وشريكاً في تقديم الخدمات والمشاريع وتحقيق التنمية المحلية والمستدامة.

Background and Aim: Malignant diseases are among the most common and deadly illnesses that are often spread due to lifestyle choices. These diseases are caused by unchecked cell growth, which can be curable if detected early. Cancer treatment is dependent on various internal and external factors. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has emerged as a promising virotherapeutic agent due to its oncolytic activity and safety profile. This study investigated the ability of virulent NDV to infect, replicate, and kill digestive tumor cells in esophageal and colorectal cancers. Materials and Methods: NDV was used at several concentrations (multiplicities of infection [MOI]: 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20) on two models of tumor cells: colorectal carcinoma (HRT) and esophageal carcinoma (SK-GT). The investigation focused on the cytotoxic effects of NDV in these cell lines. Results: The results indicated that SK-GT carcinoma cells (esophageal and colorectal carcinoma) exhibited a high cytotoxic response to NDV, which was directly proportional to the MOI concentration. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of NDV was 5.736 for the SK-GT cell line and 9.878 for the HRT cell line. Conclusion: NDV can replicate and kill cancer cells in esophageal and colorectal cancers. We recommend conducting in vivo studies on transplanted digestive system tumors in mouse models to evaluate their anti-tumor activity in vivo, as the present study was limited to in vitro models.

Abstract Heart failure (HF) constitutes a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide, contributing to elevated rates of mortality and morbidity. Iron deficiency (ID), both with and without concurrent anemia, has been identified in up to half of all patients with CHF and is associated with an increased risk of HF exacerbations, higher rates of hospitalization, and diminished quality of life. However, data from resource-limited settings remain limited. In this study, we reviewed 108 adult Yemeni patients with HF who also had concomitant ID, defined as serum ferritin concentrations of

Abstract Group action is defined to support Cayley’s claim that every group is isomorphic to a suitable subgroup of a symmetric group. Group actions have a wide range of applications, including the analysis of symmetries of geometric objects and algorithms and cryptographic systems. In 1965, Zadeh introduced the concept of fuzzy sets and provided a mathematical formulation for various concepts in this area. Since then, the concept of fuzziness has been integrated into several branches of mathematics to address the uncertainties of real-life scenarios. This article introduces the concept of group action in a fuzzy environment, termed fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -subacts. The study provide the concept of fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -orbits and fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -stabilizers and clearly outlines fuzzy permutation representations of $$\mathcal {G}$$ G and fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -morphisms. The research findings significantly contributes to the understanding of fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -congruences and fuzzy quotient $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -subacts with the help of fuzzy $$\mathcal {G}$$ G -partitions. This approach not only refines the underlying theories but also opens up new possibilities for practical implementation. Thus, the study demonstrates how the more complex fuzzy theory can expand and enrich the mathematical structures of abstract algebra, making them highly applicable.

Category: Ankle Arthritis; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Total Ankle Replacement (TAR) has rapidly grown in popularity over the last fifteen years as a treatment for ankle arthritis. With this growth, it is imperative to understand risk factors that may predispose patients to complications following the procedure. This information can be valuable in generating treatment plans and facilitating conversation regarding risks and benefits of those plans. Current literature on TAR-related outcomes is limited in timeframe and scope and does not investigate the association of diabetes with common post operative complications. The objective of this study was to perform a retrospective database analysis to quantify the risk of 90-day complications in patients with diabetes undergoing TAR when compared to patients without diabetes undergoing TAR. Methods: The TriNetX database was utilized for this study. Patients who underwent TAR were identified and stratified by those with a history of diabetes mellitus and those without a history of diabetes mellitus of any type. The cohorts were 1:1 propensity matched based on demographic information and medical history. The 90-day complication rates for readmission, inpatient service use, opioid use, anesthesia use, periprosthetic fracture, deep vein thrombosis, and wound dehiscence were calculated using chi-square analysis. Results: n=5,984 TAR patients were identified. 52% were male and 48% female with mean age of 73±10 years. There was a n=1,331 patients in each the patients with diabetes and without diabetes groups after cohort analysis and propensity matching. TAR patients with diabetes had a significantly higher 90-day odds ratio of inpatient service use (OR: 1.675, 95% CI 1.3082-2.144; p< 0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in opioid use (OR: 1.13, 95% CI 0.941-1.357; p=0.1908), anesthesia use (OR: 1.335, 95% CI 0.906-1.965; p=0.1424), and wound dehiscence (OR: 1.313, 95% CI 0.829-2.08; p=0.2445); Table 1. There was insufficient data to determine the role of diabetes on critical care services, periprosthetic fracture, and DVT within 90 days of TAR. Conclusion: TAR is a developing operation for ankle arthritis and little data exists on diabetes related perioperative complications. The results of this study show that although diabetes is significantly associated with a higher rate of inpatient service use, it may not have as large a role in opioid use, anesthesia use, and wound dehiscence in the immediate postoperative period. More information is still needed to address long term outcomes and the role diabetes plays in other postoperative complications.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is a significant health concern affecting a substantial population in India. This study outlines the limitations of current treatment options. Specifically, the toxicity of cyclophosphamide sets the stage for investigating the comparative effectiveness of rituximab in the context of RA-ILD. Methodology: This randomized, open-label study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of rituximab and cyclophosphamide in treating severe or progressive RA-ILD. The inclusion and exclusion criteria, randomization process, and treatment protocols for each group are thoroughly described. The study’s ethical considerations, adherence to guidelines, and approval from the institutional ethics committee are highlighted. The comprehensive methodology encompasses patient recruitment, informed consent, treatment administration, and the rigorous assessment of clinical and spirometry parameters over a 48-week period. Results: The study enrolled 95 RA-ILD patients, randomly assigning them to rituximab and cyclophosphamide groups. The mean age, gender distribution, and baseline clinical parameters were comparable between the groups. Spirometry measurements, including forced vital capacity (FVC), were assessed at regular intervals up to 48 weeks. Results indicate that both rituximab and cyclophosphamide groups demonstrated improvement in FVC from baseline, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups at 24 and 48 weeks. Quality of life parameters, adverse effects, and other relevant clinical endpoints are thoroughly reported. Conclusion: Rituximab emerges as a comparable alternative to cyclophosphamide in increasing FVC and improving quality of life parameters in RA-ILD patients. Notably, rituximab demonstrated a superior safety profile with fewer adverse effects.

The objective was to improve the effectiveness of collaboration among teachers who are both national and expatriate in the AI KG schools. There were three sub-questions to answer in the study, conducted using the qualitative phenomenological technique. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data for this research. There were five native teachers and five expatriate teachers that participated in the discussion. Audio files were used to store the information gleaned from the interview. After that, the NVIVO application version 1 0 was used to clean, inspect, code, and analyze the data. For both native and expatriate instructors, the study found that collaboration is essential for success. Further evidence was found to support the incredible impact of collaboration, particularly when it comes to helping students learn a new language. Aside from that, researchers discovered what factors made the team more productive and what obstacles they faced were impeded.

Objectives Patients with empty nose syndrome typically experience paradoxical nasal congestion, nasal dryness, epistaxis, and suffocation. Conservative management is generally preferred for empty nose syndrome. However, some patients continue to experience persistent symptoms. When symptoms do not resolve, surgical options are considered. Therefore, we reviewed the surgical and regenerative treatment options for empty nose syndrome. Methods PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar were searched from the earliest date provided in the database until December 2022. This review included studies that assessed treatment outcomes using patient symptom scores, including the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20, -22, and -25) and the Empty Nose Syndrome 6-Item Questionnaire, supplemented by various clinical examinations. Results Twenty-eight studies were analyzed. Various materials were utilized, including submucosal injectable materials, allografts/xenografts/cadaveric implants, autologous implants, and synthetic implants. The polyethylene implant was the most commonly used (23.3%), followed by autologous, homologous, or cadaveric costal cartilage (20%). The anterior-inferior lateral nasal wall was the most frequent site of administration. Most studies indicated that surgical intervention led to significant improvements in clinical outcomes, as evidenced by endoscopic exams, acoustic rhinometry, and computed tomography scans, along with patient-reported enhancements in nasal symptoms, psychological well-being, and overall health-related quality of life. However, several studies found no improvement in certain psychological-related questionnaires or saccharin transit times. The average follow-up duration was 12.0 months (range, 2.0–27.6 months). Only two studies reported postoperative adverse effects. Conclusion Several surgical options and recent tissue regeneration techniques have demonstrated efficacy in treating empty nose syndrome. However, more detailed investigations involving a larger number of participants and a randomized control study are necessary to establish a standardized treatment protocol for patients with empty nose syndrome.

Background: Flecainide is an anti-arrhythmic medication with a narrow therapeutic index and a high mortality rate, when overdosed. Few cases of flecainide toxicity in neonates and children due to medication error have been reported in the literature. A case of an accidental flecainide overdose in a neonate in Oman was presented. Case Presentation: A 19-day-old newborn girl developed persistent supra ventricular tachycardia (SVT) after receiving nebulized albuterol for acute bronchitis. After unsuccessful treatment with adenosine, she was given flecainide 5.6 mg orally every 24 hours for resolution of the SVT. On day four of admission, the child inadvertently received 100 mg of flecainide orally due to a dose calculation error. The child developed wide complex tachyarrhythmia followed by pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Sodium bicarbonate IV bolus followed by an infusion was administered. The patient developed two additional episodes of pulseless VT that coincided temporally with two interruptions of the sodium bicarbonate infusion, and required high dose of inotropic support. The patient developed convulsions but her brain ultrasound was normal. Her condition stabilized on day three after the toxicity occurred. Repeated echo showed a normal EF. The patient was discharged on propranolol and levetiracetam and was doing well on outpatient follow up. Conclusion: Flecainide is a potentially lethal medication in overdose due to its sodium channel blocking properties. Sodium bicarbonate remains an essential component of treatment. [SJEMed 2024; 5(1.000): 049-054]

يهدف هذا البحث دراسة العلاقة بين النظام النحوي والإبداع الشعري عند الشاعر ابن مشرف الأحسائي. ويسلط الضوء على شاعر لم يحظ بالدراسات الكافية، وتبرز كيفية توظيف الشاعر للقواعد النحوية لخدمة المعاني والانسجام الموسيقي في قصائده؛ لاستكشاف كيفية توظيف ابن مشرف للنظام النحوي في شعره بما يتماشى مع الإيقاع الشعري والقافية، وتحليل بعض الظواهر اللغوية التي استخدمها الشاعر لإثراء نصوصه، مع التركيز على التداخل بين النحو والشعر؛ لتحقيق التعبير الأدبي. وتم اختيار نماذج محددة من شعر ابن مشرف. وتم التركيز على أهمية القافية في شعره، وكيفية توظيفها لخدمة الوزن والإيقاع، مع المرونة في استخدام التقديم والتأخير والتركيب النحوي. وأثبتت الدراسة أن ابن مشرف شاعر ذو براعة لغوية استثنائية، إذ يستخدم النحو العربي بشكل مرن يتناسب مع متطلبات النص الشعري. وأكدت الدراسة أن الظواهر النحوية في شعر ابن مشرف لم تكن أخطاء أو تجاوزات، بل كانت ضرورة شعرية مقصودة تهدف لتحقيق دلالات محددة، سواء أكانت موسيقية أم نصية. وأظهرت الدراسة أن الشاعر لم يلتزم دائما بالقاعدة النحوية، ولكنه استخدم تلك الخروقات بمهارة لتحقيق أهداف موسيقية أو معنوية.

Alterations in hemostasis are linked to the development of ischemic stroke. Intrinsic coagulation pathway activity is typically assessed via Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT). This study investigates the association between shortened APTT duration and ischemic stroke development. This retrospective case-control study included 85 patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to the Ibb University-affiliated Hospitals, from Jun 2022 to Sept 2023 and 35 control subjects with no history of stroke. Shortened APTT was defined with a duration lower than 28.4 seconds. Multivariate analysis was conducted analyzing factors associated with acute ischemic stroke using Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The mean age of control subjects and acute ischemic stroke cases was 40.69±8.28 years and 62.08±12.19 years, with female gender present in 10 (28.6%) and 41(48.2%) respectively. In the multivariate regression, advanced age (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.13-1.30), APTT less than 28.4 seconds (OR: 7.61; 95% CI: 2.85-20.32), hypertension (OR: 28.74; 95% CI: 6.45-128.04), diabetes mellitus (OR: 10.96; 95% CI: 4.06-29.59), family history of cerebrovascular disease (OR: 13.37; 95% CI:1.73-103.27), current smoking status (OR: 2.48; 95% CI:1.09-5.64), higher cholesterol level (OR: 1.01; 95% CI:1.00-1.02), higher triglycerides level (OR: 1.05; 95% CI:1.03-1.08), and higher LDL level (OR: 1.07 95% CI:1.04-1.10) were predictive factors for acute ischemic stroke occurrence and were statistically significant (all p

Objectives: Parkinson’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Combining levodopa with other drugs, including decarboxylase inhibitors (DCI) is its most effective treatment. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common cause of hospitalization in Parkinson’s patients, making it crucial to find an appropriate treatment to reduce the incidence of this complication. This study aimed to investigate UTIs in Parkinson’s patients using levodopa with DCI supplements. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched up to March 2024. Only randomized controlled trials involving Parkinson’s patients were included in the present study. Parkinson’s patients who used levodopa along with carbidopa or benserazide were considered the intervention group, while those who used levodopa with another drug were considered the control group. Results: Nine interventional studies were ultimately analyzed. The relative risk (RR) of UTI in patients taking DCI was 26% lower than those who did not (RR Treatment/Control = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58-0.95, p = 0.019). Furthermore, observations at different times of follow-up showed that at 13-24 weeks and at > 24 weeks of treatment with DCI, there was a reduction in the incidence of UTI (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.46-1.01 and RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.58-1.0, respectively). On the contrary, there was an increase of the risk of UTI in the first 12 weeks of treatment with DCI (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.37-3.33). Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that using DCI drugs is associated with a reduced relative risk of developing UTIs. The beneficial effect of the drug showed after 12 weeks of treatment after an initial negative effect on the risk of UTI.