Prevalence and independent predictors of Iron deficiency in Yemeni patients with congestive heart failure: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Abstract Heart failure (HF) constitutes a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide, contributing to elevated rates of mortality and morbidity. Iron deficiency (ID), both with and without concurrent anemia, has been identified in up to half of all patients with CHF and is associated with an increased risk of HF exacerbations, higher rates of hospitalization, and diminished quality of life. However, data from resource-limited settings remain limited. In this study, we reviewed 108 adult Yemeni patients with HF who also had concomitant ID, defined as serum ferritin concentrations of