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This research was conducted with the aim of designing a strategic extension-education theoretical model for agricultural waste management to sustain agricultural development in Mazandaran Province. The statistical population of this study included experts, gardeners, and farmers in Mazandaran Province, among whom 30 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and snowball technique. A semi-structured interview was conducted to collect research data. The data collection process continued until the theoretical saturation level. A qualitative data analysis was performed using MAXQDA12 software. Analyzing this model showed that factors affecting agricultural waste generation consisted of five categories as, respectively, farming practice, market and transportation, processing procedures, agricultural and natural and support policies, based on their impact factors. In addition, 12 factors within these categories affected the establishment of agricultural waste management extension education were identified. Based on their impact factors in the model, these categories included class participation, food processing industry development and expansion, general knowledge and information about agricultural waste, appropriate farming practice education, educational workshop participation, farm visits, farmers and gardeners education, listening to the radio and TV educational programs, group discussion participation, transfer of new applied waste management technologies, and contact with agricultural extension agents, respectively. Therefore, it is highly recommended to put in action the theoretical model provided in this research for the sake of agricultural development in Mazandaran, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of public financial institutions in agricultural education and extension has received less attention. In this study, quantitative SWOT analysis was used to determine the strategy of the Agricultural Bank of Iran in education and extension of entrepreneurship and innovation in agriculture sector. Based on the literature review and global experiences, the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) framework was considered. For this purpose, the multi-criteria decision making models were used along with the combination of SWOT and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodologies. The analysis of AHP-SWOT results in two-dimensional graphic space emphasizes the need for the bank to adopt aggressive strategies, which means following different combinations of the mentioned strengths and opportunities. According to the findings of this research, the most important strengths of the bank and the coefficient of importance of each (in parentheses) include branches across the country (0.6), trust in the bank as a governmental institution (0.25), and the developmental nature of the bank (0.15). The most important opportunities include the possibility of increasing productivity in the agricultural sector (0.35), innovation in financial area (0.28), international cooperation (0.24), and Internet impact and cyberspace (0.13). This study provides new insights into the role of a financial institution from the perspective of education and extension in agricultural sector. The important novelty of this study is that it develops a framework in which the preferred strategy of public institution can be identified in PPP programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Perfectionists often evaluate their own manners and as a result, they have a different experience of pride and self-esteem. The aim of the present study was the investigation of perfectionism effect on university students' experience of pride and selfesteem. Method: 80 students, selected using random multistage cluster sampling, took part in this experimental study. To select healthy and unhealthy perfectionist, Terry-Short et al perfectionism scale was used. In addition, Self-Conscious Affect test and Rosenberg Selfesteem Scale were used at pretest. For experimental manipulation, the Multi-Motive Grid was used, and finally at the posttest, the State Shame and Guilt Scale and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale were used. The gathered data was analyzed using ANCOVA and Tukey HSD test. Results: The results showed that healthy perfectionists experienced more pride and self-esteem than unhealthy perfectionists. It was also observed that healthy perfectionists experienced more pride than unhealthy perfectionists after receiving feedback on their success Conclusion: Regardless of the presence or absence of feedback, healthy perfectionists were observed to experience more pride and self-esteem in comparison with unhealthy perfectionists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature review indicates that systemic agricultural Human Resource Development (HRD) interventions are rarely carried out in developing countries, and limited knowledge exists about how successful they have been. A comparative study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of three multi-project HRD interventions including Extension Plans, Adaptation Plans and Diffusion-Push Plans in Fars Province of Iran, and to determine factors correlated with their effectiveness. The research population consisted of 41 target farmers of HRD interventions, whom were all interview surveyed. 41 farmers were also randomly selected from non-plan partners of the same communities as the comparison group. Data were gathered through two separate questionnaires. Face validity was verified by a panel of experts, and reliability was obtained through pilot test. Wilcoxon Test revealed significant differences in HRD levels of interventions partners, before and after the programs, and Mann-Whitney Test showed significant differences between HRD levels of partners and non-partners. Statistically significant correlations were observed between some variables such as supportive environment or plans characteristics and plan effectiveness. The results could improve the understanding of HRD effectiveness and its influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to synthesize the available evidence and determine the overall brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in individuals diagnosed with perinatal depression (PND)., Methods: We performed a thorough search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, from their start until April 30, 2023. Our search strategy involved using specific keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH) terms related to BDNF, perinatal, post-partum, and antepartum depression. In the meta-analysis, we employed a random-effects model, and subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate any variations in the results., Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 10 were used in the quantitative analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in BDNF levels in both individuals with antepartum depression (SMD: -0.31; 95% CI: -0.48 to -0.13; p-value = 0.0008; I 2  = 71%), and post-partum depression (SMD: -0.61; 95% CI: -0.99 to -0.22; p-value = 0.0002 I 2  = 77%). Furthermore, a significantly higher rate of PND among individuals in the lowest BDNF quartile (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.01 to 6.89; p-value = 0.05; I 2  = 90%) was seen. The results of subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant effect of the depression assessment tool on overall heterogeneity between studies., Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence of lower BDNF protein levels in individuals diagnosed with PND. The results indicate that BDNF dysregulation may play a part in the development of PND. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this and explore potential therapeutic applications., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Due to the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of current antidepressants, research has been launched into alternative treatment approaches, such as the administration of psychedelics. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, has been shown to exert considerable positive influence on depression symptoms through its serotonergic and glutamatergic effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of psilocybin in treating depression., Methods: A comprehensive search of Medline (via PubMed) and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria were applied to select studies that investigated the therapeutic impact of psilocybin on depression. A mixed-effects multi-level model was used to estimate the overall effect size. Effectiveness over time was also investigated as a secondary analysis., Results: The results of the primary analysis revealed a large and clinically observable reduction (SMC: -1.24, 95%CI: -1.83 to -0.65, I 2 level2  = 11.39%, I 2 level3  = 77.67%) of depressive symptomatology in patients receiving psilocybin in addition to supportive therapy compared to baseline measurements. The decrease was also marked when compared to placebo ( p -value = 0.032). The results remained significant even when a secondary analysis assessed the effect in various time intervals since the administration of psilocybin., Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis substantiate the claim that psilocybin is superior in treating depression compared to established psychotherapy alone used for treating depression. This finding warrants further studies with larger sample sizes and across a longer timeframe., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is a novel analgesic technique that can reduce post-operative pain and postoperative opioid consumption in laparoscopic surgeries., Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on November 17th, 2023 for clinical trials comparing ESPB with other analgesic techniques or placebo for laparoscopic surgeries. We meta-analyzed post-operative pain at rest, postoperative opioid consumption, time to first rescue analgesic request, and postoperative nausea and vomiting using a random effects model., Results: ESPB significantly reduced opioid consumption compared to placebo (SMD, (95CI), p-value; -1.837, (-2.331, -1.343), < 0.001) and also compared to transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) (SMD, (95CI), p-value; -1.351, (-1.815, -0.887), < 0.001) but not quadratus lumborum plane block (QLB) (SMD, (95CI), p-value; 0.022, (-0.241, 0.286), 0.869). ESPB also significantly reduced participant-reported pain scores at rest at 24h post-operation compared to placebo (SMD, (95CI), p-value; -0.612, (-0.797, -0.428), < 0.001) and TAPB (SMD, (95CI), p-value; -0.465, (-0.767, -0.162), < 0.001), however, there was a significant increase in pain score compared to QLB (SMD, (95CI), p-value; 1.025, 0.156, 1.894), 0.021). A statistically significant increase in time to first rescue analgesic in ESPB groups compared to placebo and TAPB groups was observed in our meta-analysis. There was a lower post-operative nausea and vomiting rate in the ESPB groups compared to placebo groups, yet a comparable rate with QLB and TAPB groups was observed in the meta-analysis., Conclusion: ESPB is an effective and safe analgesic technique for managing post-operative pain and opioid consumption in laparoscopic surgeries compared to placebo, reducing postoperative nausea or vomiting as well. Compared to other techniques, ESPB has a similar efficacy to QLB, except for the pain score at 24 h post-operation, but appears to be superior to TAPB as an analgesic technique in laparoscopic surgeries, with a similar safety profile., Trial Registration: Prospero registration ID: CRD42024508363. Link: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) manifests with hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, follicle loss, and infertility. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are emerging as a promising treatment for POI. This systematic review aims to assess the effects of MSC-EVs on follicle number, hormonal profile, and fertility in POI animal models., Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to December 14th, 2023 was conducted. Two reviewers independently conducted screening, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction. Meta-analysis was performed to analyze treatment versus control outcomes using a random effects model. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression test and sensitivity analysis was assessed using the leave-one-out method. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were conducted based on EV source, induction model, type of animal, study quality, administration route, administration frequency and route, and dose., Results: a total of 29 studies were included. MSC-EVs treatment significantly increased total follicle count (SMD, (95CI), p-value; 3.56, (0.91, 6.21), < 0.001), including primordial (SMD, (95CI), p-value; 2.86, (1.60, 4.12), < 0.001), primary (SMD, (95CI), p-value; 3.17, (2.28, 4.06), < 0.001), mature (SMD, (95CI), p-value; 2.26, (1.02, 3.50), < 0.001), and antral follicles (SMD, (95CI), p-value; 2.44, (1.21, 3.67), < 0.001). Administration frequency and route did not affect this outcome, but EV source affected primordial, primary, secondary and antral follicle count. Additionally, MSC-EVs treatment elevated anti-müllerian hormone (SMD, (95CI); 3.36, (2.14, 4.58)) and estradiol (SMD, (95CI); 3.19, (2.20, 4.17)) levels while reducing follicle stimulating hormone levels (SMD, (95CI); -2.68, (-4.42, -0.94)). Unlike EV source, which had a significant impact on all three hormones, administration frequency, route, and EV dose did not affect this outcome. Moreover, treatment increased offspring number (SMD, (95CI); 3.70, (2.17, 5.23)) and pregnancy odds (OR, (95CI); 10.25, (4.29, 24.46)) compared to controls. Publication bias and a high level of heterogeneity was evident in all analyses, except for the analysis of the pregnancy odds. However, sensitivity analysis indicated that all of the analyses were stable., Conclusion: MSC-EVs therapy shows promise for POI treatment, potentially facilitating clinical translation. However, Further research is warranted to optimize methodology and assess side effects., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Medical decision-making is crucial for effective treatment, especially in psychiatry where diagnosis often relies on subjective patient reports and a lack of high-specificity symptoms. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT, has emerged as a promising tool to enhance diagnostic accuracy in psychiatry. This comparative study explores the diagnostic capabilities of several AI models, including Aya, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, GPT-3.5 clinical assistant (CA), Nemotron, and Nemotron CA, using clinical cases from the DSM-5., Methods: We curated 20 clinical cases from the DSM-5 Clinical Cases book, covering a wide range of psychiatric diagnoses. Four advanced AI models (GPT-3.5 Turbo, GPT-4, Aya, Nemotron) were tested using prompts to elicit detailed diagnoses and reasoning. The models' performances were evaluated based on accuracy and quality of reasoning, with additional analysis using the Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) methodology for models accessing the DSM-5 text., Results: The AI models showed varied diagnostic accuracy, with GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 performing notably better than Aya and Nemotron in terms of both accuracy and reasoning quality. While models struggled with specific disorders such as cyclothymic and disruptive mood dysregulation disorders, others excelled, particularly in diagnosing psychotic and bipolar disorders. Statistical analysis highlighted significant differences in accuracy and reasoning, emphasizing the superiority of the GPT models., Discussion: The application of AI in psychiatry offers potential improvements in diagnostic accuracy. The superior performance of the GPT models can be attributed to their advanced natural language processing capabilities and extensive training on diverse text data, enabling more effective interpretation of psychiatric language. However, models like Aya and Nemotron showed limitations in reasoning, indicating a need for further refinement in their training and application., Conclusion: AI holds significant promise for enhancing psychiatric diagnostics, with certain models demonstrating high potential in interpreting complex clinical descriptions accurately. Future research should focus on expanding the dataset and integrating multimodal data to further enhance the diagnostic capabilities of AI in psychiatry., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts 69 million individuals annually, resulting in numerous neuropsychiatric sequelae. Here, we investigate the possible relation between TBI and depression., Methods: an online database search of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted on November 3rd, 2023 for observational studies investigating post-TBI depressive symptoms incidence or comparing the prevalence of depressive symptoms between TBI and non-TBI individuals., Results: a total of 43 studies were included in our review, 15 of which reported novel cases of depressive symptomology post-TBI and 34 of which compared depressive symptoms in TBI participants with non-TBI participants. Our meta-analysis showed an incidence of 13 % among 724,842 TBI participants, and a relative risk of 2.10 when comparing 106,083 TBI patients to 323,666 non-TBI controls. 11 of the 43 included studies were deemed as having a high risk of bias. Sensitivity analysis showed our findings to be robust and no publication bias was detected using Egger's regression test., Conclusion: Individuals suffering from TBI are almost twice as likely to develop depressive symptomology compared to non-TBI individuals., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The relationship of patient characteristics and social determinants of health (SDOH) with hospitalizations and costs in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has not been assessed using real-world data., Objective: To identify factors associated with higher hospitalizations and costs in patients with MDD., Methods: A retrospective observational study identified patients aged 18 years and older newly diagnosed with MDD between July 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. SDOH were linked to patients at the "near-neighborhood" level. Multivariable models assessed association of patient characteristics with hospitalizations (incidence rate ratios [95% CI]) and costs (cost ratios [95% CI])., Results: Of 1,958,532 patients with MDD, 49.6% had Commercial and 50.4% Medicaid insurance; mean ages were similar (43.9; 43.4) with more female patients (67.6%; 70.5%). MDD patients with Commercial insurance had a mean household income of $75,044; 53.2% were married; 76.5% owned their home; 64.4% completed high school or less; and 2.8% had limited English-language proficiency (LEP). Patients covered by Medicaid had a household income of $46,708; 68.1% lived alone with 41.6% married; 54.6% owned their home; more than 4-in-5 patients (80.8%) completed high school or less, and 6.3% had LEP. Nearly one-third of Medicaid insured patients with MDD had at least 1 hospitalization (29.6%) with a mean length of stay 6.8 days; total health care costs were $21,467 annually. Commercially insured patients with MDD had 14.7% hospitalization rates with a length of stay of 5.9 days; total costs were $14,531. Multivariable models show female patients are less likely (Commercial 0.87; Medicaid 0.80; P < 0.05), and patients with more comorbidities are more likely to be hospitalized (Commercial 1.33; Medicaid 1.27; P < 0.05). All treatment classes relative to antidepressants only increased likelihood of hospitalizations-particularly antipsychotic+antianxiety use (Commercial 2.99; Medicaid 2.29)-and costs (Commercial 2.32; Medicaid 2.00) (all P < 0.05). Household income was inversely associated with hospitalizations for both insured populations. LEP reduced the likelihood of hospitalizations by more than 70% among Medicaid patients (0.27, P < 0.05) and was associated with higher costs for Commercial (2.01) but lower costs for Medicaid (0.37) ( P < 0.05). Living in areas with no shortage of mental health practitioners was associated with higher hospitalizations and costs., Conclusions: We identified patient characteristics associated with higher rates of hospitalizations and costs in patients with MDD in 2 insured populations. Female sex, higher comorbidities, and living in areas with no shortage of mental health practitioners were associated with higher hospitalizations and costs, whereas income was inversely associated with hospitalizations. The findings suggest disparities in access to care related to income, LEP, and availability of mental health practitioners that should be addressed to assure equitable care for patients with MDD.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a long-term disorder characterized by frequent blockages in the upper respiratory tract during sleep, often leading to abrupt awakenings, with or without a decrease in oxygen levels. The systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) on blood interleukin (IL) levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-17 in OSA adults., Materials and Methods: The published databases from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from 2003 to 2024, without any restrictions. The Review Manager software 5.3 was employed to compute effect sizes, which were presented as the standardized mean difference (SMD) along with a 95% confidence interval (CI)., Results: In total, 320 records were identified through database searching; ultimately, 42 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and then the meta-analysis. The CPAP therapy significantly reduces IL-6 levels, as indicated SMD=0.64 [95% CI: 0.35, 0.93] and P<0.0001. CPAP therapy significantly reduced IL-18 and IL-1β levels in adults with OSA, but there is no significant difference in IL-10, IL-4, or IL-17 levels. Age, blood sample, body mass index, ethnicity, and treatment duration for IL-6 and apnoea-hypopnea index with IL-10 levels were effective factors in the pooled results. Experimentally, there was an interaction between IL-18 and IL-1β., Conclusions: CPAP therapy has a positive impact on inflammatory markers in OSA adults; remarkably, it reduces IL-6 and IL-1β levels. Nevertheless, more evidence (such as the role of ethnicity) and understanding of interactions are needed., (Copyright © 2024 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)