Depression after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts 69 million individuals annually, resulting in numerous neuropsychiatric sequelae. Here, we investigate the possible relation between TBI and depression.
Methods: an online database search of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted on November 3rd, 2023 for observational studies investigating post-TBI depressive symptoms incidence or comparing the prevalence of depressive symptoms between TBI and non-TBI individuals.
Results: a total of 43 studies were included in our review, 15 of which reported novel cases of depressive symptomology post-TBI and 34 of which compared depressive symptoms in TBI participants with non-TBI participants. Our meta-analysis showed an incidence of 13 % among 724,842 TBI participants, and a relative risk of 2.10 when comparing 106,083 TBI patients to 323,666 non-TBI controls. 11 of the 43 included studies were deemed as having a high risk of bias. Sensitivity analysis showed our findings to be robust and no publication bias was detected using Egger's regression test.
Conclusion: Individuals suffering from TBI are almost twice as likely to develop depressive symptomology compared to non-TBI individuals.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript.
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