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Abstract The endocrine system is critical for adapting to malnutrition, which can disrupt the pituitary-liver axis and induce inflammation, leading to health complications. Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), known for their high protein content and anti-inflammatory properties, present a potential nutritional intervention. This study investigated the effects of lima bean powder on pituitary-liver axis regulation and anti-inflammatory activity in malnourished rats. Rats were divided into four groups: Normal (N), Malnourished (MAL), MAL treated with 25% lima bean flour (MAL + 25% LB), and MAL treated with 50% lima bean flour (MAL + 50% LB) for 6 weeks. Proximate composition was determined to analysed its major nutrients and metabolites in the methanol extract were analysed through LC–MS/MS. Parameters such as weight gain, serum albumin, total protein levels, Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), and liver inflammation markers were measured. Bioactive compounds such as L(-)-pipecolinic acid, choline, trigonelline, L-phenylalanine, and oleamide were identified, highlighting the nutritional and therapeutic potential of lima beans. Compared to the N group, the MAL group showed significant decreases in body weight gain, serum albumin, and total protein levels. However, both MAL + 25% LB and MAL + 50% LB groups demonstrated significant improvements in these parameters, approximating the levels observed in the N group. Lima bean supplementation appeared to regulate GH at both the cellular and mRNA levels, positively impacting the pituitary-liver axis. Additionally, the study revealed reduced liver inflammation in the MAL + 25% LB and MAL + 50% LB groups, suggesting the anti-inflammatory properties of lima beans. These findings indicate that lima bean flour supplementation can ameliorate disruptions in the pituitary-liver axis and reduce inflammation in malnourished rats. Graphical Abstract

Centella asiatica is a medicinal plant widely used as a traditional medicine due to several biological activities, such as antioxidants in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the active antioxidant compounds of C. asiatica leaves extract using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics approach. Extracts were prepared using different concentrations of ethanol p.a., i.e. 70% ethanol, 50% ethanol, 30% ethanol, and water. Antioxidant activity was tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The results showed the highest antioxidant activity was C. asiatica extracted by 70% ethanol with IC50 of 72.48 ± 2.42 µg/mL. The positive control was ascorbic acid, having an IC50 value of 3.38 ± 0.04 µg/mL. Ascorbic acid and 70% ethanol extract have strong antioxidant activity. Metabolite profiling using LC-MS/MS could identify 35 metabolites consisting of flavonoids, fatty acids, phenolics, terpenes, and several other groups of compounds. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis classified the metabolites into active (ethanol 70% and ethanol 50%) and inactive (ethanol p.a., ethanol 30%, and water) antioxidants. Five metabolites have potential as antioxidants, namely 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (11), kaempferol (13), and three unknown compounds.

This work describes the development of an electrochemical biosensor method based on bacterial consortia to determine antioxidant capacity. The bacterial consortium used is a combination of bacteria from the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas which can produce the enzymes tyrosinase and laccase. The consortium bacteria were immobilized on the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to form a biofilm. Biofilms were selected based on the highest current response evaluated electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry analysis techniques. Optimum consortium biofilm conditions were obtained in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 7, and biofilm formation occurred on day 7. This work produces analytical performance with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9924. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values are 0.5 µM and 10 µM, respectively. The biosensor showed a stable response until the 10th week. This biosensor was used to measure the antioxidant capacity of five extracts, and the results were confirmed using a standard method, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The highest antioxidant capacity is guava extract and the lowest is tempuyung extract. Thus, the development of this biosensor method can be used as an alternative for measuring antioxidant capacity.

ABSTRACT. Azadirachta excelsa is a plant belonging to the same genus as the Indian neem (Azadirachta indica) which is expected to have similar biological activities. However, its active components and pharmacological effects are limited. The composition and quantity of these metabolites in A. excelsa may differ due to different polarities of extracting solvents, so selecting an effective extractive solvent with a high level of biological activity is important. Therefore, in this study, we examined differences in the metabolite finger printing using FTIR-based metabolomics, as well as evaluated their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739). A. excelsa was extracted using chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol p.a., 70% and 50% ethanol. Extracts obtained were analyzed using FTIR and the inhibition zones were then determined. The results showed that principal component analysis (PCA) could distinguish each sample based on the extraction solvent. In this study, we found 50% and 70% ethanol extracts had similar metabolite compositions and concentrations based on their respective FTIR spectrum. The inhibition zone of A. excelsa extracts ranged from 12.37-17.20 mm and 13.88-15.89 mm against S. aureus and E.coli, respectively. The chloroform extract was more effective against both bacteria. Duncan's further test showed that chloroform extract reduced E. coli similarly to ethyl acetate but not S. aureus. While 50%, 70%, and ethanol p.a. extracts inhibited S. aureus and E. coli equally. Based on these results, the polarity of the extracting solvent had an important influence on the metabolite profile and antibacterial activity of A. excelsa. Keywords: Azadirachta excelsa, antibacterial activity, metabolite fingerprinting, FTIR.

The prevention and management of hypertension through healthy lifestyle modifications is a challenge for public health. The prevalence of hypertension among Indonesians was 34,1%. Lifestyle behaviors such as body mass index, central obesity, and sodium intake are associated with the risk of hypertension. This study aimed to analyze the influence of nutritional status and abdominal circumference on blood pressure in adult men. This cross-sectional research was conducted in Sukajadi Village, Bogor, between 2022-2023. The subjects were 73 purposively selected adult men. Data on subject characteristics were obtained through interviews. Anthropometric data were obtained by measuring abdominal circumference, body weight, and body height to assess the body mass index (BMI). Consumption data were collected using SQ-FFQ. The data analysis was performed using a linear regression test with a significance level of 95%. The results showed that Body mass index (p=0,007) and abdominal circumference (p=0,005) affected systolic blood pressure, while sodium intake (p=0,906) was not related to systolic blood pressure in adult men. Conclusions: Body mass index and abdominal circumference greatly influenced the systolic blood pressure. Further studies are needed to determine the various factors that influence systolic blood pressure and the risk of hypertension.

In solid-phase extraction for preconcentration, silica (Si) is the most commonly used as an adsorbent. However, the selectivity and effectiveness of silica gel adsorption on metal ions are low, so it needs to be modified to improve the adsorption capability. The modification was done using reflux and oven heating in the modification silica with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethylene glycol (TEG). A central composite design batch process determined the optimum conditions for cadmium adsorption. TEG-modified silica was successfully synthesized and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and elemental analyzers. Peaks of C-H and epoxy on FTIR spectra showed that Si- GPTMS was formed. The increase of %C and %H from the first to the second step indicated that Si-TEG was successfully synthesized. There was no significant difference in silica particle morphology on SEM before and after modification. The reflux method gave a higher yield compared to the heating method. The constant stirring by the magnetic bar and solvent cycle in the reflux method catalyzed the reaction. This study found that at pH 7, 30 mg of adsorbent weight at 35°C and 22 minutes of contact time were optimum Cd2+ adsorption conditions. As the weight of the adsorbent increases, the adsorption capacity decreases. Contact time and temperature have no significant effect on Cd adsorption by Si-TEG.

Centella asiatica, or pegagan in Indonesia, is a perennial plant used in Indonesian traditional medicine (jamu) and functional food with many biological activities. Those biological activities come from the bioactive metabolites present in C. asiatica. Differences in metabolite pathways in each part of the plant affect the accumulation of metabolites contained, thus impacting its biological activity. Therefore, this study aims to identify and evaluate differences in the distribution of metabolites in each part of C. asiatica, namely leaves, stems, stolons, and roots. Each plant part was extracted using methanol and sonicated for 30 minutes. The metabolites in the samples were separated and detected using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Differences in the distribution of metabolites in each part of the plant were evaluated using chemometrics analysis. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis could positively identify 37 metabolites, most of which belong to the phenylpropanoid, triterpenoid, triterpenoid saponin, and flavonoid groups. Principal component analysis was able to clearly distinguish each part of the plant using the peak intensity of the overall chromatogram and the peak area of the identified metabolites. The different biosynthetic pathways of metabolites in plants could cause a difference in the distribution of metabolites in each plant.

Information about the chemical structure of the phosphorus (P) fraction in sediments is very important for identifying the bioavailability of P and eutrophication in marine ecosystems. Sediment as a source of P has an important function in P adsorption in waters. To estimate the phosphorus load in water bodies, it is required to define the fraction of phosphorus compounds. This study purposed to evaluate the composition of phosphorus speciation in sediments of Kendari Bay and evaluate their possible contributions to the eutrophication of the coastal ecosystem. P fractionation was examined by chemical extraction and sequencing methods. Sediment characterization was conducted by gravimetry, hydrometry, and spectrophotometry methods. The study result found the total P concentration in the sediment ranged from 0.30 to 0.41 mg/g. Phosphorus content in exchangeable P (Exc-P), Fe-P, Al-P, Ca-P, and organic P (OP) contributed 1.8%, 12.7%, 1.5%, 63.1%, and 21.5% of total P (TP), respectively. We found significant positive correlations between Exc-P, FeP, Al-P, and OP and finer sediment and organic matter. Exc-P and OP are bioavailability (BAP) fractions that potentially release overlying water, contributing 10–35% to TP.

Context: Hypertension is a health problem that is a major factor triggering cardiovascular diseases; however, effective treatment has not been found. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of Indonesian propolis in hypertension treatment through metabolomic study. Methods: A total of 36 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group, high-NaCl diet group, high-NaCl diet + captopril group (25 mg/kg), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago group, high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung group, high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi group. An 8% NaCl diet was used to induce hypertension for 3 weeks, while 200 mg/ kg propolis was administered for 1 week following the induction. The bioactive compounds of ethanol extract of propolis were identified using UHPLC. Moreover, the metabolomic profile was performed using LC-MS/MS. Data was processed using principal component analysis and was used for metabolic pathway analysis. Results: All propolis samples significantly ameliorated the blood pressure of hypertensive rats. The metabolites that were mainly found in rat serum were amino acids, glycerophospholipids, and acylcarnitine. Rats administered with propolis from South Sulawesi had the closest metabolite profile to the standard group, where L-acetylcarnitine could be the potential marker of hypertension. Several metabolic pathways, including the degradation of tryptophan, β-fatty acid oxidation, degradation of threonine, and 2-oxobutanoic acid, were the most impaired pathways in hypertension. Conclusions: Indonesian propolis, especially from South Sulawesi, could be used for controlling blood pressure.

ABSTRACTThe demand for authentic meat has increased due to the growing consumption of halal meat. In this study, a combined metabolomics and chemometrics approach was employed to authenticate beef and pork samples from specific muscle groups. By using an untargeted metabolomics analysis, distinct metabolite profiles were observed in TB, LD, and BF muscles, differentiating pork from beef. Subsequently, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results confirmed the distinguishable metabolite profiles between beef and pork. Cluster analysis further revealed that the metabolites in each muscle of beef and pork have different characteristics. Additionally, Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis identified 15 potential metabolites could be used to authenticate the halal status of meat. Creatine, L-carnitine, carnosine, nicotinamide, L-phenylalanine, DL-lactic acid, acetyl L-carnitine, hypoxanthine, inosine, DL-malic acid, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, L-glutathione, Inosine-5-monophosphate (IMP), L-tyrosine, and palmitoylcarnitine is a potential metabolite to differentiate beef and pork. This study offers valuable insights into determining the halal status of meat based on metabolite profiles.

* Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs, Kayu bawang (Meliaceae) is economically valuable and widely used by the local community in Bengkulu (Sumatra) as carpentry and construction wood because of its good durability class. However, it still has ambiguous scientific multiple names, such as Azadirachta excelsa, Protium javanicum, and Dysoxylum mollissimum. Additional tools such as molecular approaches can be used to verify whether it is true or not that Kayu bawang is scientifically named as Azadirachta excelsa based on previous morphological identification. This study aimed to construct draft chloroplast genome and verify the scientific name based on molecular identification using a single rbcL gene marker. Genomic DNA was extracted from bark cambium originated from three different provenances in Bengkulu, Indonesia, namely TBT-A, TBT-K, and TBT-S. MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies was used to sequence the samples following manufacture protocols SQK-LSK109 yielding 481.6 Mb for TBT-A, 597.4 Mb for TBT-K, and 853.1 Mb for TBT-S, respectively. Generated data were assembled and constructed, namely 58,780 bp (14 tRNAs and 47 encoding genes) for TBT-A, 142,139 bp (4 rRNAs, 24 tRNAs, and 78 encoding genes) for TBT-K, and 84,906 bp (24 tRNAs and 53 encoding genes) for TBT-S. Based on the phylogenetic tree, Azadirachta excelsa from three identified tree stands were placed in the same group with other Azadirachta excelsa accessions.

Antioxidants are very beneficial for health as they protect the body from the effects of free radicals on various degenerative diseases caused by food contamination, air pollution, sunlight, etc. In general, methods for measuring the capacity of antioxidants generally use accurate methods such as spectrophotometry and chromatography. Still, this takes time, accurate sample preparation, and must be performed in a laboratory with particular expertise. Therefore, a new, more practical method needs to be developed for determining antioxidants, namely the electrochemical method. The electrochemical method is a promising method to develop because it comes with several advantages, including high sensitivity and fast response. The electrochemical method discussed in this article reviews sensors, biosensors, and nanosensors. This paper comprehensively analyzes contemporary developments in electrochemical biosensor techniques and antioxidant evaluation methodologies. The discussion centers on utilizing multiple biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors have been determined to be prevalent in analyzing food quality, assessing active factor functionality, and screening practical components. The present study outlines the difficulties linked with electrochemical bio-sensor technology and provides insights into the potential avenues for future research in this domain.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint profile analysis can be used for quality control of herbal medicinal raw materials through identification, authentication, and discrimination. This study aims to develop a fingerprint analysis method for tempuyung TLC (Sonchus arvensis L.), which is then used for quality control. Tempuyung was extracted with methanol using ultrasonication which was then analyzed using the developed fingerprint TLC method. The optimum mobile phase used to separate compounds from tempuyung was a composition of chloroform: ethyl acetate: dichloromethane: formic acid (7.5:2:0.5:0.1) and produced eleven bands. The mobile phase composition produced good separation and had a typical luteolin band with an Rf value of 0.22, detected under UV 366 nm and derivatized with 10% sulfuric acid reagent. This method was applied to tempuyung from three locations, including Malang, Solo, and Yogyakarta, whose fingerprint patterns did not differ significantly. The fingerprint method has been validated and met the acceptance requirements for quality control of tempuyung.

Extraction techniques are continuously developed by the scientific community. Meanwhile, avocado peel is a by-product of avocado processing and a source of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this review was to summarize the use of advanced techniques for extracting bioactive compounds from avocado peel to help understand which techniques have and have not been applied to avocado peel. Three primary databases were used to collect the information, including Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, by using the keywords “avocado”, “peel”, and “extraction”. Additional keywords related to the extraction technique were also used, including “Microwave-Assisted Extraction”, “Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction”, “Enzyme-Assisted Extraction”, “Pressurized Liquid Extraction”, “Supercritical Fluid Extraction”, “Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents”, “Three-phase partitioning (TPP)”, “Pulsed-Electric Field”, “High Voltage Electric Discharge Plasma”, “Centrifugal Partition Extraction”, and “Surfactant-Mediated Extraction”. The results show that microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, TPP, and natural deep eutectic solvent extraction have been used to retrieve bioactive compounds from avocado peel. Other techniques have not yet been applied for the extraction of bioactive compounds from avocado peel. This article is the first review discussing the advanced extraction technique for retrieving bioactive compounds from avocado peel. This article creates a paradigm for future studies.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become popular due to their unique properties that can be used as biosensors, composite fibers, semiconductor materials, and other medical applications. Green synthesis of AgNPs using natural reagents from plant extract offers advantages as an efficient and environmentally friendly technique by which the compounds from the extract perform as bio-reductor for silver ions and the capping agent for stabilizing the AgNPs. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to conduct the synthesis of AgNPs by utilizing an extract of Capsicum chinensie Jacq as the bioreductor. The effect of extract concentrations, duration of exposure to sunlight, and temperatures on AgNPs formation was studied to obtain the optimum synthesis condition. The biosynthesized AgNPs characteristics were analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM, X-Ray Diffraction, and PSA. The results showed that the higher extract concentration produced smaller AgNPs. The synthesis under sunlight exposure showed more product of AgNPs compared to heating on a hot plate. The optimum conditions of biosynthesis of AgNPs were attained at the volume ratio of extract (20%) and AgNO3 (1mM) of 1:1 and duration of sunlight exposure of 90 min, resulting in AgNPs characterized with maximum wavelength 422 nm and average particle sizes of 67.94 nm.

Sida rhombifolia belongs to the Malvaceae family and is often used to treat gout in Indonesia. S. rhombifolia has many efficacies and contains many different chemical components. The abundance and variation of chemical content and chemical compounds in this medicinal plant are challenging factors in ensuring medicinal plants' safety and quality control. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint analysis derived from S. rhombifolia extract can also be used for the medicinal plant's quality control. This research aimed to develop the optimum condition for the chemical fingerprint analysis of S. rhombifolia using a TLC fingerprint analysis. A total of 11 bands were produced with optimum separation using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate, a mixed mobile phase condition with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol (6.5:2:1.5). This fingerprint analysis performed an excellent separation in the TLC plate at 366 nm with sulfuric acid as reagent derivatization. In general, the results of the analysis validation, including stability, specificity, precision, and robustness of TLC fingerprints, met the acceptance criteria. The TLC fingerprint of S. rhombifolia can be distinguished from 2 related plants with similar leaf shapes, Turnera ulmifolia L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. The developed method was validated, so it could be used to control S. rhombifolia quality.

Cosmos caudatus, a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine, is also consumed as a vegetable. This study aimed to determine the total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and metabolite profiles of C. caudatus extracts obtained using different extraction methods (direct and successive macerations) and solvents. In addition, metabolite profiles were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to distinguish samples and correlate them with their antioxidant activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in C. caudatus varied from 97.03 to 472.60 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried sample and 24.56–68.00 mg quercetin equivalent/g dried sample. Ethanol extracts obtained through direct maceration method showed the highest antioxidant capacity. PCA using LC-HRMS chromatogram data distinguished the samples with a total PC of 95.1% (positive ionization mode) and 98.5% (negative ionization mode). Using PLS-DA, we identified several compounds, such as isoquercitrin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, avicularin, rutin, quercitrin, and vitexin, which likely contribute to the antioxidant capacity of C. caudatus.

In Indonesia, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., known as Longevity Spinach or Sambung Nyawa, is commonly grown in tropical and subtropical Asian countries. Many biological activities of G. procumbens have been reported. As we know, the composition and concentration of metabolites, as well as plant parts will significantly affect the biological activities. In this work, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS was used for the putative identification of metabolites present in 70% ethanol extract of G. procumbens leaves and stem extract. Also, we performed clustering of G. procumbens leaves and stem extracts using principal component analysis (PCA) with the peak area of the identified metabolites as the variable. Thirty-one metabolites were identified, and the number of identified peaks in the leaves is higher than in the stem. Those identified metabolites are phenolics, fatty acids, oxo monocarboxylic acids, porphyrins, and chlorophyll fragments. The PCA results showed that the leaves and stem extracts could be grouped, indicating that the composition and concentration of detected compounds differed.

Sidaguri atau Sida rhombifolia L. telah digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional, yaitu: penghilang rasa nyeri, radang, asam urat, penyakit kuning, muntah darah, dan sakit gigi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi kandungan metabolit sekunder adalah kondisi lingkungan seperti tempat tumbuh, iklim, interaksi intra dan inter-spesifik serta waktu panen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan serta kadar flavonoid dan fenolik total ekstrak sidaguri berdasarkan tempat tumbuh. Sampel diekstraksi dengan ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) dan diuji penangkapan radikal bebas menggunakan metode 2,2’-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) dan 2,2’-azino-bis(3-diethyl4benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), serta penetapan kadar flavonoid total dan kandungan fenolik total. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan sidaguri dari Cangkringan dan Ngemplak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi baik pada metode penangkapan radikal DPPH dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 0,400±0,004 dan 0,403±0,004 mg/mL, maupun metode ABTS dengan nilai TEAC masing-masing sebesar 40,733±0,240 dan 35,598±0,153 mg/g serbuk sidaguri, dengan kadar flavonoid total masing-masing sebesar 10,095±0,068 dan 12,066±0,025 mg/g serbuk sidaguri dan kadar fenolik total masing-masing sebesar 56,45±0,068 dan 31,502±0,025 mg/g serbuk sidaguri.

This work involves an investigation of the mechanics of the herding behavior using a non-linear timescale, with the aim to generalize the herding model which helps to explain frequently occurring complex behavior in the real world, such as the financial markets. A herding model with fractional orders of derivatives was developed. This model involves the use of derivatives of order α where $0 \lt \alpha\unicode{x2A7D}1$ . We have found the generalized result which indicates that number of groups of agents with size k increases linearly with time as $n_{k} = \frac{p(2p-1)(2-\alpha)}{p(1-\alpha)+1}\Gamma\left(\alpha+\frac{2-\alpha}{1-p}\right)\frac{\Gamma(k)}{\Gamma\left(k-1+\alpha+\frac{2-\alpha}{1-p}\right)}t$ for $\alpha \in (0,1]$ , where p is a growth parameter. The result reduces to that in a previous herding model with a derivative order of 1 for α = 1. The results corresponding to various values of α and p are presented. The group-size distribution at long time is found to decay as a generalized power law, with an exponent depending on both α and p , thereby demonstrating that the scale invariance property of a complex system holds regardless of the order of the derivatives. The physical interpretation of fractional calculus is also explored based on the results of this work.

Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh) is an endemic forest tree species found in Sulawesi whose basic information on its metabolite profile is still lacking. The objective of this research was to separate and identify putatively metabolite present in the leaves and wood of ebony across Sulawesi. Separation and identification of ebony metabolites were carried out using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis. Using ultrasonication with ethanol as the extracting solvent, we used powdered ebony leaves and wood. The results showed that the metabolites contained in the leaves and wood of ebony were 59 metabolites. About 14 compounds were found in the leaves and wood, 21 compounds in the wood, and 24 compounds in the leaves. The identified metabolites are flavonoids, terpenoids, amino aldehydes, alkaloids, quinones, steroids, amino acids, fatty acids, and saccharides. Clustering of ebony using principal component analysis obtained leaves and wood groups using peak area of known compounds as the variable.

Sida rhombifolia, also known as sidaguri in Indonesia, is a medicinal plant commonly used as a herbal medicine because of its metabolite and biological activities. One of the several factors that affect plant metabolite composition and concentration is the use of plant parts. In this study, the experiment aimed to identify the metabolite profile in the leaves and stem extracts of S. rhombifolia using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics. The samples were distinguished by principal component analysis (PCA). Extraction of metabolites was conducted by sonication for approximately 30 min with 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent; 28 metabolites were identified. Seven metabolites were identified only in the leaves, three were identified only in the stems, and 18 other metabolites were identified in both the leaves and stems. These metabolites were categorized as flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, phenolic aldehydes, phenolic acids, ecdysteroids, fatty acids, and monoterpene lactones. Based on the classification results, PCA grouped the leaves and stem extracts of S. rhombifolia using the peak area variables of the identified metabolites.

Coriander seeds essential oil have shown some remarkable biological properties and health benefits. The coriander seeds used in Indonesia are imported and also treated with hydrogen peroxide before reaching consumers. Hydrogen peroxide is known to be a strong oxidizer, but so far, there has been no information that explains its effects on the essential oil composition and concentration in coriander seed. This study aims to determine the effect of using hydrogen peroxide and the drying method on the composition of essential oils in coriander seeds. Yield and volatile oil compounds were measured, and the results were compared between the hydrogen peroxide concentration (0,35 and 50% ) and drying method (mechanical drying (50 ℃) and room temperature drying). GC-MS analysis detected linalool as the most common volatile constituent in all treatments. The highest concentration of linalool compounds (70.16%) was found in seeds without hydrogen peroxide (0%) treatment combined with mechanical drying, followed by without hydrogen peroxide (0% H2O2) combined with room drying (23.74%), then by 35% hydrogen peroxide combined with room drying (18.71%), 35% hydrogen peroxidecombined with mechanical drying (18.84%), 50% hydrogen peroxide combined with room drying (22.18%) and by 50% hydrogen peroxide combined with mechanical drying (15.45%). Therefore, the yield was clearly affected only by hydrogen peroxide treatment where no hydrogen peroxide treatment gave the highest yield. The drying method did not have any significant effect on yield.

Camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica C. F. Gaertn.) is a vulnerable tropical tree species that has been exploited for its timber as well as its resin, which is used for medicinal uses. The use of camphor in Indonesia is limited owing to the decreasing size of the species' population in its native habitat. Therefore, replanting programs have been encouraged for this species owing to its adaptability to mineral soils and shallow peatlands. However, experimental evidence of the effect of different growing media on morphology, physiology, and biochemistry is very limited, which is needed to evaluate the replanting program's success. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the responses of camphor (D. aromatica) seedlings grown in two different types of potting media i.e. mineral and peat, for 8 weeks of planting. In particular, the types of bioactive compounds produced in camphor leaves and their levels were assessed by analyzing their metabolite profiles. Leaf growth was evaluated morphologically using the plastochron index, while photosynthetic rates were measured with LI-6800 Portable Photosynthesis System. Metabolites were identified by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The percentage of LPI of 5 or more was lower in the peat medium at 8% than in the mineral medium at 12%. The photosynthetic rate of camphor seedlings was 1–9 μmol CO2 m⁻2 s⁻1, with a higher rate in the peat medium than in the mineral medium, suggesting that the peat medium was better for growth. Lastly, the metabolomic analysis in the leaf extract revealed the presence of 21 metabolites, which were dominated by flavonoid compounds.

The authenticity of essential oils has become an important issue in supplying essential oil raw materials for the pharmaceutical, perfume, and cosmetic industries. Citronella oil is one of the essential oils used in those industries. Cymbopogon nardus is one of the lemongrass species that can produce citronella oil. However, with the high price of citronella oil from C. nardus, there is a possibility of being substituted or adulterated with closely related plants, namely Cymbopogon citratus. This paper described the feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics analysis for rapid identification and authentication of C. nardus from C. citratus essential oil. NIR spectra of both essential oils and their mixture (10 % and 25 % v/v of C. citratus in C. nardus) showed a similar spectral profile, so we cannot easily discriminate them and need help from chemometrics analysis. For chemometrics analysis, we used absorbance data from the preprocessed NIR spectra at wavenumbers 4000–6500 cm−1. Using PCA, we could separate each essential oil from C. nardus and C. citratus but cannot discriminate between 10 % and 25 % of CC in CN. While using OPLS-DA with R2X(cum) = 0.88, R2Y(cum) = 0.859 and Q2(cum) = 0.723, we could group each sample. The OPLS-DA score plot clearly shows the difference between C. nardus and C. citratus essential oils and their mixtures. The combination of NIR and OPLS-DA could provide a suitable method for identifying and authenticating C. nardus from C. citratus essential oil.

The leaves of Annona muricata (sirsak), Gynura procumbens (sambung nyawa), and Typhonium flagelliforme (keladi tikus) have been used as traditional medicines in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the antioxidant capacity and putatively identified phenolics from the leaves of three medicinal plants forementioned above. We used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method for measuring radical scavenging (antioxidant assay) while the phenolics profiling was determined using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The results showed that the percentage of radical scavenging activity of G. procumbens leaves extract in ethanol was higher than the other two plants. Phenolics profiling of the three medicinal plants was identified with 38 compounds belonging to flavones and flavanols hydroxycinnamic acid, and several other groups. The number of metabolites identified putatively was 12, 31, and 19 metabolites in the extracts of A. muricata, G. procumbens, and T. flagelliforme, respectively. The results confirmed the correlation between the phenolics presence and the antioxidant capacity of three plants used in this study.

Pomegranate is known to have valuable nutrients and contains various bioactive compounds found in the fruit's peel. The utilization of these bioactive compounds could be used as herbal medicines and supplements, such as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity, phytochemical profile, and pomegranate peel extract grouping using different extracting solvents. The extraction solvents used were water, 70% ethanol, and ethanol pro analysis (p.a) grade. The antioxidant capacity of the three extracts was measured using DPPH and CUPRAC methods. We also determined the total phenolic and flavonoid levels and the TLC fingerprint analysis and FTIR spectrum of the pomegranate peel extracts. The 70% ethanol extract owned the largest antioxidantcapacity. Itwas significantly different fromthe other two extracts with a value of 358.67 and 2981.59 μmol trolox/g dried sample using the DPPH and CUPRAC methods, respectively. The three pomegranate peel extracts' total phenolic and flavonoid levels ranged from 287.26–1068.81 mg GAE/g dried sample and 0.24-0.75 mg QE/g dried sample. TLC fingerprint analysis of pomegranate peel extract yielded 2, 6, and 6 bands for water extract, 70% ethanol, and p.a ethanol, respectively. The three extracts can be grouped based on FTIR spectrum data using principal component analysis using three principal components with a total variance of 93%. The results obtained showed that using different extracting solvents provides different antioxidant capacities and phytochemical profiles.

Kaempferia angustifolia also known as kunci pepet in Indonesia, has been widely used as a traditional medicine to treat cold, cough, stomachache, diarrhea, fever, and dysentery, also used as a slimming agent. The level of biological activity depends on the composition and concentration of bioactive compounds present in the plants. In addition, extraction solvents affects the composition and concentration of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying the metabolite profile of K. angustifolia and to evaluate the inhibitory potential of their various solvent extracts towards lipase enzyme. Extracts were prepared using water and different concentration of ethanol (30–99%) and then analyzed their metabolite profile using LC-MS/MS. Lipase inhibitory activity was assessed using in vitro enzymatic inhibition assay. In this study, profile of K. angustifolia was shown to be rich in terpenoids (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids), and phenolics (carboxylic acid and phenolic acid). Most of the identified compounds were detected in ethanol extract of K. angustifolia. The ethanol extract at 100 μg/mL displayed 59.82% inhibitory activity towards lipase and was found to have the highest inhibitory activity compared to the other extracts. A partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed for clustering the extracts based on the peak area of 53 putatively identified compounds. Based on the result obtained, 50% ethanol extract is the best extract that gives the highest inhibition results and 15 metabolites were identified, mainly from the carboxylic acid and terpenoid groups.

Sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia) is one of the herbal components used in traditional medicine. The application of chemometrics in the standardization of herbal medicine is common. The objective of this study was to classify Sidaguri from different regions based on FTIR spectra with chemometrics of principal component analysis (PCA) and to correlate the antioxidant activities with FTIR spectra using the multivariate calibration of partial least square regression (PLSR). The extraction of Sidaguri powder was performed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at optimum conditions. The obtained extracts were subjected to antiradical scavenging activities using DPPH (2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. The PCA result shows that Sidaguri from different regions could be separated using 14 wavenumbers of FTIR spectra based on the PCA's loading plot. PLSR regression using the second derivative FTIR spectra at wavenumbers of 3662–659 cm–1 could predict radical scavenging activities (RSA) of Sidaguri with R2 values of 0.9636 and 0.9024 for calibration and validation models, with RMSEC and RMSEP values of 1.45% and 2.65%, respectively. It can be concluded that FTIR spectra treated by PCA were reliable for classifying Sidaguri from different regions. At the same time, PLSR was accurate and precise enough to predict the RSA of Sidaguri.

Abstract In this article, we introduce a new type of conformable derivative and integral which involve the time scale power function G ˆ η ( t , a ) $\widehat{\mathcal{G}}_{\eta }(t, a)$ for t , a ∈ T $t,a\in \mathbb{T}$ . The time scale power function takes the form ( t − a ) η $(t-a)^{\eta }$ for T = R $\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}$ which reduces to the definition of conformable fractional derivative defined by Khalil et al. (2014). For the discrete time scales, it is completely novel, where the power function takes the form ( t − a ) ( η ) $(t-a)^{(\eta )}$ which is an increasing factorial function suitable for discrete time scales analysis. We introduce a new conformable exponential function and study its properties. Finally, we consider the conformable dynamic equation of the form ▽ a γ y ( t ) = y ( t , f ( t ) ) $\bigtriangledown _{a}^{\gamma }y(t)=y(t, f(t))$ , and study the existence and uniqueness of the solution. As an application, we show that the conformable exponential function is the unique solution to the given dynamic equation. We also examine the analogue of Gronwall’s inequality and its application on time scales.

Sonchus arvensis, the local name for tempuyung, is acknowledged to have many biological activities, including the antioxidant activity. This study aimed to cluster the leaves extracts based on the extracting solvent and to determine the functional groups significantly contributing to the antioxidant activity. From the water, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% ethanol, and absolute ethanol extracts, we analyzed the total phenolics content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), antioxidant activity (DPPH method), and the FTIR spectra. The 70% ethanol extract exhibits the highest total phenolics and the highest antioxidant activity. The extracts were grouped based on the extracting solvent using the principal component analysis (PCA) with 95% total variance from its principal component 1 and 2. The partial least square (PLS) regression was employed for finding a functional group from the antioxidant constituents present in the sample extract. We predicted by PLS regression that the –OH and the C-O groups are attributed to the phenolics that give a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of the S. arvensis leaves.

Andrographis paniculata is one of the medicinal plants used for the treatment of antidiabetic. Cultivation ages and solvent extraction affected metabolites' composition and concentration that directly cause the plant's efficacies. This research aimed to distinguish A. paniculata based on cultivation ages and solvent extraction using data fusion of UV-Vis and FTIR spectra combined with principal component analysis (PCA). A. paniculata with 2, 3, and 4 months post-planting were extracted by water, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, and ethanol. In each extract, we measured UV-Vis and FTIR spectra. Then, we used the data fusion from both spectra. We used UV-Vis and FTIR absorbance from 200–400 nm and 1800–400 cm–1, respectively. Each extract gives a similar pattern of UV-Vis and FTIR spectra, only differ in their intensities. PCA score plot in two and three-dimensional showed A. paniculata extracts could be distinguished based on cultivation ages and solvent extraction with a total variance of 86 and 92%, respectively. Furthermore, this study confirms the data fusion of UV-Vis and FTIR spectra could distinguished A. paniculata extracts combined with chemometrics based on cultivation ages and solvent extraction.

There is a difference in the selling price for cassava, taro, and wheat flour, with taro flour having a higher price. It could be a reason for adulterating the taro flour from the other two flours and reducing quality. This study aims to distinguish the three types of flour using the near-infrared (NIR) spectra combined with chemometrics. The NIR spectra of all samples were measured at a wavelength of 1000-2500 nm. The multivariate analysis used was principal component analysis (PCA), and PCA followed with discriminant analysis (DA). The preliminary process of the signal using area normalization was carried out before the multivariate analysis. The PCA results showed that most of the samples were grouped in their respective groups except for two samples, namely 1 sample of taro flour and 1 sample of cassava flour. Meanwhile, the PCA-DA results using seven main components showed that the three samples were grouped well. DA validation was carried out using the cross-validation method, showing that the samples could be identified into their respective groups. Therefore, a combination of NIR spectrum and chemometric analysis can be used to differentiate cassava, taro, and wheat flour

Syzygium polyanthum, known as salam in Indonesia, which is rich in phenolics compounds with high antioxidant activity. In this study, we performed the determination of total phenolics and characterization of the antioxidant activity of S. polyanthum leaves extracts using the FTIR-based fingerprinting technique. The extracts of S. polyanthum in water, ethanol, and ethanol-water (30, 50, and 70%) were measured for their antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and FTIR spectra. The antioxidant activity of S. polyanthum extract with different solvent extraction showed the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content is 70% and 50% ethanolic extract, respectively. The FTIR spectrum of each extract showed identical FTIR spectra patterns. According to their different solvent extraction, S. polyanthum extract could be grouped based on FTIR spectra using principal component analysis. Correlation between the functional group in the FTIR spectra with IC50 from S. polyanthum extract was analyzed using partial least square (PLS). The PLS analysis results showed that O–H, C–H sp3, C=O, C=C, C-O, and C–H aromatic are the main functional groups contributed to the antioxidant activity of S. polyanthum extract. FTIR-based fingerprinting combined with chemometrics could be used to classify different extracts of S. polyanthum and predicted functional groups having a significant contribution to antioxidant activity.

Guazuma ulmifolia is one of the common tropical plants that has long been used as a traditional medicine to reduce body weight as slimming herbs and to lower the cholesterol in the body. The leaves of G. ulmifolia contain phenolics compound such as flavonoids and tannin that contributes to its biological activities. In this research, we determined the content of total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, antioxidant activity, and FTIR spectrum profile from four extracts of G. ulmifolia leaves. The extraction method used in this study was stepwise maceration with different solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids were found high in ethanol extract of G. ulmifolia leaves with 35.42 and 44.85 mg QE/g dry powder, respectively. The highest content of total tannins was obtained in ethyl acetate extract of G. ulmifolia leaves as 0.55%. Antioxidant activity from four extracts of G. ulmifolia leaves was measured using DPPH, CUPRAC, and reducing power method. The highest antioxidant activity for DPPH and CUPRAC method was obtained in ethyl acetate extract with the antioxidant capacity as 55.47 and 98.17 µmol trolox/g dry powder, respectively. While using reducing power assay gives the capacity 176.75 µmol trolox/g dry powder in the water extract. The pattern of FTIR spectra from four extracts of G. ulmifolia leaves gives the distinct characteristics of each spectrum profile. Principal component analysis using FTIR spectrum shows good clustering for each extract with 94% data variability (PC1= 77% and PC2 = 17%). It can be concluded that each extract of G. ulmifolia leaves gives a distinct phytochemical profile (phenolics content, flavonoids, tannins, and FTIR spectrum) that contributes to the antioxidant activity. This antioxidant activity mainly influenced by the concentration of phenolic compounds, which is known to have antioxidant properties.

Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp. & Endl.] H. Robinson (Asteraceae) also known as Yacon or insulin plant, is traditionally used for treating diabetes. Varying geographical origins and postharvest handling, however, seem to affect quantitative and qualitative metabolites in the leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp. & Endl.] H. Robinson (Yacon). The study was conducted to compare and differentiate metabolites profile/fingerprint of Yacon leaves which were grown and obtained from different locations in Pulau Jawa i.e. Lembang (Jawa Barat) and Wonosobo (Jawa Tengah). Three different solvents (95% ethanol, 50% ethanol and water) were used to synthesize Yacon leaves extracts, in order to determine the suitable solvent to produce discernable differentiation through FTIR and HPLC-based metabolomics. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of FTIR data (4000–400 cm1 wavenumber) indicated that Yacon leaves extracted with ethanol at 95%, had a distinctive FTIR fingerprint profile when compared to others. However, the FTIR-based PCA could not differentiate the extracts based on their geographical origins, although PCA analysis of HPLC-data successfully differentiated the extracts based on their geographical origins. Furthermore, the prominent peak for the leaves extract from Lembang and Wonosobo as regards retention time, was observed at 21.59–25.10 min and 20.69–21.695 min respectively. Notably, R2Y and Q2 value obtained by cross-validation and permutation tests showed all multivariate models were statistically reliable. Overall, there is the need to conduct further research using a more sophisticated tool such as LC-MS, to identify which metabolites represented by the aforementioned FTIR and HPLC data.

Sample collection activities for a study of population genetics across the natural distribution of targeted tree species require a lot of resources, mainly if repeated field visits are necessary. Conventionally, population genetic studies use good sample material like leaves. In addition, cambium or small pieces of fresh wood can be used to replace leaf samples. Currently, restrictions from the permit regulation have caused only a limited number of samples that can be collected. Therefore, efficient use of samples must be designed to maximize their uses for research. Due to the small amount of successfully sampled materials, hence there are limitations to extend their uses for other analyses and are often sufficient only for genetic analysis. Therefore, innovation in sampling methods using pickering punch (https://www.agroisolab.com/pickering-punch) to collect ebony wood cores in this study is required to cover multi-analyses not only limited to genetics but also for other analyses such as isotopes, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRs), anatomy, and chemical compounds. • Pickering punch is recommended for efficient wood core sample collection from ebony standing trees. • 323 wood core samples were successfully collected from 16 natural populations across Celebes (Sulawesi). • Multi-analyses studies on sampled wood cores are possible for ebony wood identification (e.g., species and origin/provenance).

The potential application of Xylocarpus granatum, a mangrove species, as traditional medicine has been widely linked to its high secondary metabolite and antioxidant contents. However, few studies have been reported to identify and classify active metabolites responsible for such excellent biological activities. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the antioxidant activity, identify the metabolite profiles, and predict the metabolites acting as antioxidants in X. granatum extract using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approach. The seeds, stems, fruit peel, pulp, leaves, and twigs of X. granatum were macerated with ethanol. Each extract was analyzed with GC-MS, and the data were processed using mass spectrometry data-independent analysis (MS-DIAL) software to identify the metabolites. The IC50 value of plant parts of X. granatum ranged from 7.73 to 295 ppm. A total of 153 metabolites were identified and confirmed in the X. granatum extracts. Among the identified metabolites, epicatechin and epigallocatechin were the two most abundant in the stem extracts and are expected to have the greatest potential as antioxidants. Principal component analysis (PCA) succeeded in grouping all parts of the plant into three groups based on the composition of the metabolites: group 1 (stems, fruit peel, and twigs), group 2 (seeds and pulp), and group 3 (leaves).

Silica gel (SG) is one of common adsorbent on solid phase extraction for preconcentration. Due to the low selectivity and effectiveness of adsorption to metal ions, SG should be modified. The SG was modified with d-glycine (Si-Gly) using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Capability of Si-Gly as adsorbent for cadmium ions (Cd) was investigated using batch adsorption. The result was proved by infrared spectra. The optimum condition of Cd adsorption by the Si-Gly was obtained at pH 5, with 0.3 g of adsorbent and 11 minutes of contact time. The percentage of Cd adsorption at the optimum condition by the Si-Gly (99.34%) which is greater than the SG (89.03%). The maximum adsorption capacity of the Si-Gly is 9.77 mg/g, obtained at 400 mg/L. The Cd(II) adsorption on the SG and the Si-Gly follow the Langmuir isotherm equation.

Abstract In this paper, a new kind of conformable fractional derivative on arbitrary time scales is introduced. The basic conformable derivative rules are proved. We introduce a new definition of exponential functions, and their potential uses in the definition of conformable integrations are explored. Linear first-order conformable differential equations with constant coefficients are investigated, as well as the conformable analogue of Gronwall’s inequality.

Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity from six Indonesian ornamental plants have been studied. Those plants are Yellow Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.), Bigleaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.), Crystal Anthurium (Anthurium crystallinum Linden & André), Kapok Bush (Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume), Siamese Calypha (Acalypha siamensis Oliv. Ex Gage), and Wishbone Flower/Bluewings (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn). Extraction was carried out by maceration using ethanol as the extracting solvent. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. Based on the results obtained, Bigleaf Hydrangea has the highest yield and total phenolic content about 15.45% and 13.86 mg gallic acid/g dry powder respectively. Siamese Acalypha leaves have the highest antioxidant activity for all methods used namely DPPH, reducing power, and CUPRAC with a value of 180.45; 202,17; and 589.90 µmol trolox/g dry powder, respectively. This indicates that antioxidant activity is not only derived from phenolic compounds because Siamese Acalypha leaves which have lower total phenolic levels than Bigleaf Hydrangea leaves provide higher antioxidant capacity.

Chili is widely used in many food products, especially in Indonesia food. Sometimes a synthetic dye, i.e., rhodamine B or red textile dye were found in commercial chili powder. A fast, precise and accurate analytical method is necessary to authenticate chili powders from the two synthetics dye as they can cause a health problem. A combination of UV-Vis spectroscopy and chemometrics (multivariate analysis) were used in this study to detect rhodamine B and red textile dye present in chili powder samples. Authentication of chili powder from the two dyes by principal component analysis (PCA) with absorbance data from the UV-Vis spectra of samples was not able to classify all of the samples into each group (pure and adulterated chili powder). Fortunately, by using principal component analysis-discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), approximately 89 and 86% of chili samples mixed with rhodamine B and commercial red textile dye were successfully classified into their corresponding group respectively. The combination of UV-Vis spectroscopy with PCA-DA could be used for fast authentication of chili powder from rhodamine B and textile dye used in this study.

A cataract is a condition that causes 17 million people to experience blindness and is the most significant cause of vision loss, around 47.9%. The formation of cataracts is linked to both the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the reduction of endogenous antioxidants. ROS are highly reactive molecules produced by oxygen. Examples of ROS include peroxides, super-oxides, and hydroxyl radicals. ROS are produced in cellular responses to xenobiotics and bacterial invasion and during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Excessive ROS can trigger oxidative stress that initiates the progression of eye lens opacities. ROS and other free radicals are highly reactive molecules because their outer orbitals have one or more unpaired electrons and can be neutralized by electron-donating compounds, such as antioxidants. Examples of natural antioxidant compounds are vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. Numerous studies have demonstrated that plants contain numerous antioxidant compounds that can be used as cataract preventatives or inhibitors. Natural antioxidant extracts for cataract therapy may be investigated further in light of these findings, which show that consuming a sufficient amount of antioxidant-rich plants is an excellent approach to cataract prevention. Several other natural compounds also prevent cataracts by inhibiting aldose reductase and preventing apoptosis of the eye lens.

Tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TEGMM) and tetraethylene glycol (TEG) modified silica were synthesized and used in capillary liquid chromatography as stationary phases. The stationary phases were prepared by chemically bonding TEGMM or TEG on silica via reaction with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The present stationary phases were successfully used for the separation of several inorganic anions and phenolic compounds. The TEG-modified silica stationary phase had a better selectivity and higher retention for five anions compared to TEGMM-modified silica stationary phase. The repeatability of retention time for the five anions was satisfactory on both stationary phases. By using 2 mM sodium chloride as eluent, the relative standard deviation values were in ranging from 0.68–3.21 and 2.00–2.16% for analytes in the TEG-and TEGMM-bonded stationary phase, respectively. It was found that the TEG-bonded stationary phase had hydrophilic properties due to the presence of the hydroxyl group at the end of the TEG chains.

Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthoriza) is one of the native plants from Indonesia. Java turmeric is known as a medicinal plant with a high content of volatile oils. In this study, we investigated the chemical profile of java turmeric essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation associated with different harvesting times of the rhizome (7, 9, and 11 months). The constituent of the essential oil was determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. About 19, 20 and 34 compounds were identified in 7, 9, and 11-month old java turmeric. Fifteen compounds were found in all samples namely β-elemene, zingiberene, γ-elemene, β-farnesene, α-curcumene, benzofuran, α-cedrene, epicurzerenone, ar-curcumene, germacrone, aromadendrene, α–longipene, trans-caryophilene, curcuphenol, and xanthorrhizol. This study showed the level of all compound detected in 7, 9, and 11 months old of java turmeric is different.

ABSTRAK Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik (HAP) berasal dari proses alamiah dan limbah antropogenik di lingkungan. HAP merupakan polutan di udara, tanah, dan padatan yang mengendap pada fase cair (sedimen) dan berkembang akibat pembakaran tidak lengkap material organik. Kajian ini berupa studi literatur mengenai informasi secara lebih detil tentang laju kenaikan HAP pada tanah, gambaran umum proses metabolisme, proses biodegradasi HAP melalui keterlibatan mikroorganisme, dan alternatif pengolahan sebagai media teknologi penunjang aktivitas proses degradasi. Proses degradasi HAP dan substrat hidrofobik digunakan untuk membatasi jumlah fase cair terlarut melalui sorbsi, kristalin, dan non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) sehingga HAP terlarut menjadi tidak tersedia. Laju peningkatan HAP di dalam tanah terbagi atas tiga fase, yaitu fase eksponensial, fase lanjutan dengan pertumbuhan pseudo-linear, dan fase pseudo-stasioner pada kondisi tidak ideal berdasarkan ciri akses bakteri tersedia dalam jumlah tidak terbatas, dan transportasi substrat adalah homogen. Pada media heterogen, seperti tanah, HAP diserap dalam partikel organik pada pori-pori dengan ukuran kecil sehingga bakteri tanah tidak dapat mengakses HAP. Pada kasus pencemaran dalam skala besar, HAP akan berbentuk semacam tar droplet sehingga membatasi bakteri untuk mendegradasi HAP. Selain bakteri, jenis organisme dan mikroorganisme spesifik pendegradasi HAP dapat ditemukan pada jamur (fungi), cyanobacteria, dan alga. Kata kunci: biodegradasi, hidrokarbon aromatik polisiklik, mikroorganisme, proses metabolisme. ABSTRACT Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are derived from natural processes and the anthropogenic wastes in the environment. PAHs are pollutants found in the air, soil, and sediments which are developed due to incomplete combustion of the organic materials. This review provides a more detail literature study regarding the microbial growth, the metabolic process, and PAHs microbial biodegradation processes overview. The process of PAHs and the hydrophobic substrate degradation is applied to limit the amount of dissolved aqueous phase through sorption, crystalline, and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) so that the dissolved PAHs are no longer available. microbial growth on PAHs as the sole carbon source can be divided into three phases which are the exponential phase, the advance phase with pseudo-linear growth, and pseudo-stationery phase in a non-ideal condition based on the characteristic of the unlimited bacterial access and the homogenous substrate transport. In the heterogeneous medium, such as soil, PAHs are absorbed into the organic particles of small sized pores so that the PAHs become inaccessible for the soil bacteria. In large scale pollution, the PAHs are in the form of tar droplets which limit the access for soil bacteria to degrade the PAHs. Other than bacteria, the specific organisms and microorganisms to degrade PAHs are found in fungi, cyanobacteria, and algae. Keywords: biodegradation, growth rate, metabolic process, microbial, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Citation: Kurniawan A., Wirasembada, Y.C., Razaad, I.M.N., Novriansyah, A., Rafi, M., Effendi, A.J.(2018). Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik pada Lahan Tercemar Limbah Minyak Bumi: Tinjauan Pertumbuhan Mikro-Organisme, Proses Metabolisme dan Biodegradasi, Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 16(1), 9-24, doi:10.14710/jil.16.1.9-24

Tabat Barito (Ficus deltoidea) is known as a plant that has potency as an antioxidant because of containing a significant phenolic compound. In this study, we performed metabolite profiling on F. deltoidea leaves by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS to identify its phenolic compounds. Extraction by maceration and ultrasonication techniques with methanol (MM and UM) and ethanol (ME and UE) were used to extract the F. deltoidea metabolites. About 70 metabolites were identified by using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS in negative ion mode. The amounts of metabolites found in each extract were different, i.e., 45 metabolites in MM, 64 metabolites in UM, 42 metabolites in UE and 41 metabolites in ME. MS/MS could further tentatively identify 16 metabolites. The identified compounds belonged to the class of flavonoids and phenolic acid. Also, we conducted an antioxidant activity by using DPPH method on each extract to determine its potency as an antioxidant. The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by UM extract (IC50 71.93 ppm) may be due to the number of metabolites in UM extract which was higher than the other extract based on the detected metabolites.