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Acetaminophen is one of the most used analgesic agent for the relief of acute and chronic pain in humans. Equine analgesia poses a common challenge to clinicians, so acetaminophen could be considered as an alternative to common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in horses. The purpose of this research was to observe the safety of treatment with acetaminophen, and it was carried out at the USAMV Cluj-Napoca. In order to initiate treatment with acetaminophen, a dose of 20 mg/kg was administered orally, once every 12 hours, for a period of 14 days, in two horses of approximately 500 kg, aged 16 and 17 years, from Lipizzan breed. We administered the commercial product Paracetamol Terapia, containing 500 mg acetaminophen each tablet, for human use. The horses in this study were monitored throughout the treatment, from a clinical point of view, and complementary examinations were made (the gastric mucosa was monitored with gastroscopy). The haematological analyses were performed with the Abacus Junior Vet5, and for the biochemical analyses a Skyla vb1+ analyser was use. In this study during the treatment, no significant haematological or biochemical changes were observed after acetaminophen administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy is an essential diagnostics method that can increase the accuracy of the differential diagnosis between acute and chronic nephropathies. In addition, it will help clinicians perform an etiologic diagnosis, issue a prognosis, and orient therapy for the majority of parenchymal nephropathies. Due to the relative invasiveness and potential adverse effects, the use of kidney biopsies is limited among practitioners. Results: Twenty-eight dogs, of mixed breed and variable ages, of which 11 (39, 29%) were males and 17 (60, 71%) were females, were examined and underwent an ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy to establish a definitive diagnosis. The patients were presented with a variety of diffuse nephropathies, such as kidney lymphoma: 1 (3.57%), glomerulonephritis: 13 (46.43%), tubulointerstitial nephritis: 11 (39.29%), and nephrocalcinosis. A total of 3 (10.71%) of 18 (64.29%) were in acute kidney injury, and 10 (35.71%) were CKD patients. The type and the severity of the kidney lesions were correlated with changes in the urinary n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase index (iNAG. To quantify the side effects of percutaneous kidney biopsy, the magnitude of post-biopsy hematuria and changes in urinary iNAG activity were evaluated. The results indicate a significant post-biopsy increase in the urinary iNAG activity in all the patients that underwent this procedure (100.08 ± 34.45 U/g), with a pre-biopsy iNAG vs. 147.65 ± 33.26 U/g post-biopsy iNAG (p < 0.001), suggesting an intensification in the kidney tubular damage that comes consecutives to kidney puncture and sampling. Transitory macro- or microhematuria were constant findings in all the dogs that underwent ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy, but the magnitude and extent could not be associated with the platelet count (PLT 109/L), aPTT (s), and PT (s) levels in our patients, and they were also resolved after 12–24 h without therapeutic interventions. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy was shown to be a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure that causes transient and limited effects on kidney structures. Although these effects were minor and resolved without intervention, we feel that the benefit of obtaining higher-quality biopsied tissue outweighs the higher risks associated with this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of abdominal organs in horses represents a stringent necessity in the case of gastrointestinal emergencies (e.g., intestinal ileus). Even though physical examination represents a fundamental component of the medical assessment in these pathological conditions, the diagnostic efficiency of this method is sometimes limited by the anatomic and topographical peculiarities of the abdominal organs. The use of abdominal ultrasonography helps overcome this inconvenience by significantly reducing the areas that are clinically inaccessible. Moreover, it supplies precise information regarding the extension, severity and nature of the organ lesion in question. The ultrasonographic technique described in this article is transcutaneous, a simple, noninvasive, repetitive and relevant method for the majority of the gastrointestinal segments. The results offer a comparative perspective over the normal and pathological echotopographical and echostructural aspects of the equine gastrointestinal organs. The precise identification of the extension and severity of the lesions facilitates choosing between conservative or surgical methods of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The interest in the study of equine gastric ulcer syndrome resides both from its negative effects on equine sport performance and from the difficulties in its diagnosis. Based on the location of the lesions, there are two distinct entities within equine gastric ulcer syndrome: equine squamous gastric disease and equine glandular gastric disease. Even though these two diseases have distinct etiopathogenesis, their clinical manifestations are similar, consisting of appetite loss, poor body conditions, bruxism, sialorrhea and abdominal pain expressed by colics of varying intensity. Therefore, the gastroscopy represents the optimal method for correctly diagnosing equine squamous gastric disease and equine glandular gastric disease, thus assuring a differentiated and efficient treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard echographic technique used in the diagnosis of intestinal ileus in horse, also known as ”Fast Localized Abdominal Sonography for Horse” (FLASH), is a rapid method and allows a accurate differentiation of different types of intestinal ileus. The severity of the clinical forms is determinated by the ileus type and the time elapsed since its installation and until the adequate therapy has been adopted. Therefore, early diagnosis, with exact indication of the intestinal segment involved, decisively determines the efficiency of the applied treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we have evaluated the changes that occur in ECG conformation depending on body position in dogs. We have evaluated ECG in dogs under 20 kilo. We have assessed the main ECG parameters in standing position and sternoabdominal recumbency reported to right lateral recumbency, which is considered the ideal position for ECG assessment. The parameters evaluated were: P wave amplitude, PR interval, R wave amplitude, and T wave amplitude. P wave amplitude was changed in four of seven cases. PR interval has presented abnormalities in five of seven cases. R wave amplitude was associated with changes in six of seven dogs. T wave amplitude also suffered changes. These results confirmed the presence of differences between these three ECG positions, therefore it is recommended to asses ECG in right lateral recumbency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-year-old and seven-year-old Lipizzan mares were referred for examination of colic episodes of 2 days and 5 days duration. Physical examinations revealed distended large colon filled with dehydrated faeces. Colon impaction/dystunction was diagnosed in both horses, and no resolution was observed after medical treatment. Surgical exploration of the abdomen confirmed a distended colon filled with hard faeces. Surgeries were performed by means of pelvic flexure and dorsal colon enterotomies and evacuations of contents. The enterotomies were closed using Polidioxanone 2-0 in a simple continuous pattern oversewn by a Lembert's pattern. Linea alba was closed routinely. The horses were discharged 14 days after surgery. Because of acute episodes of abdominal pain with signs of peritonitis occurred in a mare, it was euthanisied. A slight dehiscence of enterotomy site after 21 days postoperative was observed at necropsy. Informations obtained from the owner 3 months after discharge in case of the other mare revealed full recovery of the horse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indifferently of animal species (including humans) in magnesium deficiencies usually we have one drop of this mineral from bone tissue. This phenomenon is more intense in young animals and is directly correlated with severity of magnesium deficits. The total number of clinical cases was 15 dogs, belong of German Sheppard, Dobermann, Great Dane, Siberian Husky breeds with clinical symptoms of rickets and with ages between 6 to 9 mounts. Group I has included patients with moderate signs of rickets and the group II has included patients with more severe form . Our biochemical analysis was; serum Calcium (SCa), serum Magnesium (SMg), erythrocyte Magnesium (EMg), an inorganic Phosphate (inorg.P), serum Creatinine (SCr) and Alkaline Phosphatase (AP); from urine we determine : urinary Magnesium (UMg), urinary Creatinine (UCr) and Magnesium excretion fraction (MgEF). Median values of seric and erythrocytes Magnesium in both groups were below reference values, but in group 2 were lower than in group 1. Dismagnesiemia is followed by one abrupt decreses in magnesiuria and reduction of excretion fraction of magnesium. This mean that global magnesium reserve is dropping and magnesium activity in cell is deficencity. Rickets osteodystrophia can be associated with slow hipomagnesium tetany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac output (CO) is a critical circulatory parameter and, in correlation with other parameters, it gives an accurate overview of the hemodynamic status of critical care patients. Continuous CO monitoring has been intensively studied and many invasive as well as non-invasive methods have been developed, targeting accuracy, feasibility, efficiency and safety for the patient. All of these methods have both advantages and disadvantages, which need to be correctly understood in order to evaluate a patient's response in the clinical setting. Out of all animal species, the pig is one of the most used models in experimental hemodynamic analysis, having the advantage of a physiology that mostly resembles the human one. Therefore, the species is most suitable for research targeting human medicine. The aim of this paper is to review the available literature in correlation with the clinical reality, so as to offer an objective and helpful opinion on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a balance between maximum performance and health preservation is a fundamental desire of sport horse medicine. Endurance is the measurable result of some morpho-functional adaptations of the main effectors that support exercise. Rigorous experimental studies proved that only the skeletal muscle is able to significantly improve performance through training. Lactic acid, the major metabolite of anaerobic conversion of glucose into ATP, is an accurate indicator of the level of training of skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to observe the influence of AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators on blood lactate and glucose levels. The research was conducted on 10 sport horses trained for obstacle jumping. Lactate and glucose blood levels were measured before and after exercise, using the same biological material for the control group (without AD devices) and the experimental group (with AD devices). Investigations were conducted using the PREMIER GEM 3000 analyzer. The effort in the test exercise determined a statistically significant decrease of the blood glucose (p <0.05) and lactate levels (p <0.01), as a result of the direct action of the AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an interesting case of phimosis, that means inability of a horse to protrude its penis from the prepuce because of an acquired stricture of the preputial orifice. An Icelandic pony was admitted to the clinic for evaluation of a mass on the prepuce area, appeared gradually, after a trauma in the subabdominal region. At the palpation, the mass was fluctuant, and a very thin spurt of urine was eliminated during manipulation of the mass. After a general anesthesia and preoperative preparations, a part of external preputial lamina and cicatricial tissue, based toward the preputial ring was removed. The internal and external preputial laminae were attached with interrupted sutures. The owner reported 2 months after surgery that there was no swelling in the prepuce area and no problem associated with urine elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical techniques and post-operative care should decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with abdominal surgery in horses. The objectives of this study is to addresses some of advantages and disadvantages of ventral midline celiotomy observed in a geriatric horse. A ventral midline celiotomy through the linea alba was performed in order to resolve frequent episodes of colic reluctant to conservative management. The equipment, preoperative considerations, anaesthetic protocol, surgical technique and postoperative management are described. Our observations confirm that ventral midline celiotomy represents a modern approach of patients with colic having origin in abdominal viscera and who need surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied using ultrasound investigation the changes of heart function parameters as a result of acepromazine and xylazine administration in 9 adult horses, mixed breed. Comparing with control group (unsedated horses) acepromazine induced RVFWs statistically increase (p<0,05). Acepromazine also determined statistically decrease of LVIDd (p<0,05) resulting a decrease of Vd (p<0.01). Xylazine induced decrease of LVFWd (p<0.01) and increase of Vd (p<0.5). Acepromazine did not induce statistically significant changes on other parameters: RVFWd, RVIDs, RVIDd, IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVFWs and LVFWd. Comparing with control group, xylazine determined same results, and did not influence RVFWs, LVIDd, Vs and Vd, so, acepromazine and xylazine did not induce any statistically changes of SF% and EF %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic epidermal necrosis (MEN) was diagnosed in an unspayed nine-year-old male Poodle, associated with interface hepatitis and with active chronic pancreatitis. Also, a tumour formation was noticed at the cranial pole of the right kidney, both in ultrasound and in laparotomy examination. The histopathology did not establish the type of tumour, due to a human error. It is the first case of MEN in dogs recorded in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two mixed breed horses that died due to acute rhabdomyolysis, were realized histopathology and histochemical exams. There were examined the following muscles: mean gluteus, semitendinosus and semimembranosus. Histopathology exam revealed some specific lesions for acute rhabdomyolysis, such as interfibrillar edema, granular and vacuolar degeneration and Zenker myofiber necrosis. Histochemical exam noticed in affected myofibers normal glycogen and amylase-resistant polysaccharide complex. Myofibers lesions degree was more severe in muscle cells that were enriched in PAS positive amylase-resistant polysaccharide material. A certain cause of acute rhabdomyolysis in both horses was polysaccharide storage myopathy in which the muscular presence of amylase-resistant polysaccharide complex is the pathognomonic finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The squamous cell carcinoma is a very rare tumor in guttural pouch localization. Its development and growth are associated with the compression to the nasopharynx dorsal wall, which leads to dysphagia and subsequently exaggerate weight loss of the patient. Also, dysphagia leads to hydro-electrolyte abnormalities. On the necropisc examination we found a huge tumoral mass, covered by serosa, located below of the atlas vertebrae, till the ventral region of the mandibular angle and oral within the intermandibular space. Histological exam noticed the squamous cell type, with a large heterogeneity; some cell with huge nucleus, and others with small, hyperchromatic nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood coagulation is part of an important host defence mechanism termed hemostasis. In vitro evaluation of this complex process implies assessment of several factors and proteins generally known as coagulation profile. The purpose of this study was to determine the reference rage values for prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in normal dogs. These determinations were made on 40 healthy male and female dogs from various breeds, which were divided in two groups based on their age: under 1.5 years old (n=15) and over 1.5 years old (n=25). The PT and aPTT values were established using a KC-1A semiautomatic coagulometer and commercially available kit for human medicine. The rage value for aPTT in 1.5 years old dogs was 16.74± 0.35 sec, while for the adult dogs it was 12.36 ± 0.68 sec. Also, PT rage value was 5.3±0.63 sec in adult dogs and 5.7±0.4 sec in young dogs. In the experimental conditions mentioned previously, the human commercial kits proved their utility in establishing reference values of two coagulation parameters in dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were examined two mixed breed mares that had acute rhabdomyolysis. Necropsy revealed spread areas of acute muscular dystrophy, hypostatic lungs congestion and hyperemia, and myoglobinuria due to nephrosis. In histological samples muscle fibers were hypertrophied and showed sarcoplasm homogenization. Hypertrophied myofibers were necrotized and hyalinized. The majority of myofibers that have degenerative and necrotic lesions with hyaline deposits inside (Zenker hyaline necrosis) were fragmented. Despite of the presence of necrotic lesions local cell reaction degree is quite discreet indicating a fast evolution. Rhabdomyolysis affected only some myofibers not all muscle, which is in conformity with bibliographic dates. In areas with extended myofibers necrosis circulatory disturbances are intense, being accompanied by pronounced interstitial edema. Despite of that the capillaries maintained their structural integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonography is used in Veterinary Medicine to evaluate the structure of internal organs. Interpretation of ultrasound images is dependent on the evaluators experience, the machine settings or the frequency at which the scan is made. In order to assess more objectively the interpretation of digital ultrasound images, we propose the use of Fractal Analysis (FA) as a complementary method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to review the main urinary tract diseases, in which the ultrasound exani provides the most useful informations for an early and accurate diagnosis. The main urinary tract diseases diagnosed by this method were: acute and chronic bladder inflammations, bladder neoplasia, lithiasis of bladder and urethra, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, renal neoplasia, chronic nephritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that investigates the best methods of conducting echocardiography to Burmese Phyton in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Researchers studied and echocardiographed six Burmese Python, three of which are males and three are females. They also assessed the ventricle and vessels of the snakes. Moreover, results of the study are also mentioned.