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Abstract Introduction The therapeutic method for many malignant and non-malignant diseases is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but it is not always fully successful in all patients. Indeed, HSCT can be influenced by a variety of factors. Here we reviewed the effect of microRNAs (miRs) on HSCT-related outcomes, like survival, infections, relapse, engraftment, and so on, systematically. Method WOS, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases were searched. The PRISMA guideline was performed, and 24 studies were included through quality assessment. Classified data extraction was done based on the type of disease. Results The systematic review identified 47 miRs effective on HSCT. The role of miRs as tumor suppressors or oncogenes is reported in acute myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukemia patients undergoing HSCT due to their effects on overall or event-free survival. Additionally, relapse after HSCT in multiple myeloma is correlated with miRs expression. Also, recovery from post-autologous HSCT cytopenia or platelet and neutrophil engraftment can be influenced by miRs. We highlighted here reports on specific miRs. Conclusion We reported prognostic miRs for in-depth clinical management of the HSCT process and its outcomes. Also, miRs are introduced for the prevention of HSCT-related complications, and future studies are suggested to evaluate personalized medicine’s utilization of miRs in therapeutic methods like HSCT in neoplasia.

In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Abstract Since 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, such as H5N1, have been recognized as a possible pandemic hazard to men and the poultry business. The rapid rate of mutation of H5N1 viruses makes the whole process of designing vaccines extremely challenging. Here, we used an in silico approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine against H5N1 influenza A virus using hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens. B-cell epitopes, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and Helper T lymphocyte (HTL) were predicted via IEDB, NetMHC-4 and NetMHCII-2.3 respectively. Two adjuvants consisting of Human β-defensin-3 (HβD-3) along with pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) have been chosen to induce more immune response. Linkers including KK, AAY, HEYGAEALERAG, GPGPGPG and double EAAAK were utilized to link epitopes and adjuvants. This construct encodes a protein having 350 amino acids and 38.46 kDa molecular weight. Antigenicity of ~ 1, the allergenicity of non-allergen, toxicity of negative and solubility of appropriate were confirmed through Vaxigen, AllerTOP, ToxDL and DeepSoluE, respectively. The 3D structure of H5N1 was refined and validated with a Z-Score of − 0.87 and an overall Ramachandran of 99.7%. Docking analysis showed H5N1 could interact with TLR7 (docking score of − 374.08 and by 4 hydrogen bonds) and TLR8 (docking score of − 414.39 and by 3 hydrogen bonds). Molecular dynamics simulations results showed RMSD and RMSF of 0.25 nm and 0.2 for H5N1-TLR7 as well as RMSD and RMSF of 0.45 nm and 0.4 for H5N1-TLR8 complexes, respectively. Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) confirmed stability and continuity of interaction between H5N1-TLR7 with the total binding energy of − 29.97 kJ/mol and H5N1-TLR8 with the total binding energy of − 23.9 kJ/mol. Investigating immune response simulation predicted evidence of the ability to stimulate T and B cells of the immunity system that shows the merits of this H5N1 vaccine proposed candidate for clinical trials.

In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is spread by infected ticks or direct contact with blood, tissues and fluids from infected patients or livestock. Infection with CCHFV causes severe haemorrhagic fever in humans which is fatal in up to 83 % of cases. CCHFV is listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) and there are currently no widely-approved vaccines. Defining a serological correlate of protection against CCHFV infection would support the development of vaccines by providing a ‘target threshold’ for pre-clinical and clinical immunogenicity studies to achieve in subjects and potentially obviate the need for in vivo protection studies. We therefore sought to establish titratable protection against CCHFV using pooled human convalescent plasma, in a mouse model. Convalescent plasma collected from seven individuals with a known previous CCHFV virus infection were characterised using binding antibody and neutralisation assays. All plasma recognised nucleoprotein and the Gc glycoprotein, but some had a lower Gn glycoprotein response by ELISA. Pooled plasma and two individual donations from convalescent donors were administered intraperitoneally to A129 mice 24 h prior to intradermal challenge with CCHFV (strain IbAr10200). A partial protective effect was observed with all three convalescent plasmas characterised by longer survival post-challenge and reduced clinical score. These protective responses were titratable. Further characterisation of the serological reactivities within these samples will establish their value as reference materials to support assay harmonisation and accelerate vaccine development for CCHFV.

Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) pose a significant threat to human health. In recent years, VHF outbreaks caused by Ebola, Marburg and Lassa viruses have caused substantial morbidity and mortality in West and Central Africa. In 2022, an Ebola disease outbreak in Uganda caused by Sudan virus resulted in 164 cases with 55 deaths. In 2023, a Marburg disease outbreak was confirmed in Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania resulting in over 49 confirmed or suspected cases; 41 of which were fatal. There are no clearly defined correlates of protection against these VHF, impeding targeted vaccine development. Any vaccine developed should therefore induce strong and preferably long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity against these viruses. Ideally this immunity should also cross-protect against viral variants, which are known to circulate in animal reservoirs and cause human disease. We have utilized two viral vectored vaccine platforms, an adenovirus (ChAdOx1) and Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), to develop a multi-pathogen vaccine regime against three filoviruses (Ebola virus, Sudan virus, Marburg virus) and an arenavirus (Lassa virus). These platform technologies have consistently demonstrated the capability to induce robust cellular and humoral antigen-specific immunity in humans, most recently in the rollout of the licensed ChAdOx1-nCoV19/AZD1222. Here, we show that our multi-pathogen vaccines elicit strong cellular and humoral immunity, induce a diverse range of chemokines and cytokines, and most importantly, confers protection after lethal Ebola virus, Sudan virus and Marburg virus challenges in a small animal model.

In a time of climate change, population growth, and globalization, the risk of viral spread has significantly increased. The 21st century has already witnessed outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Ebola virus and Influenza virus, among others. Viruses rapidly adapt and evade human immune systems, complicating the development of effective antiviral countermeasures. Consequently, the need for novel antivirals resilient to viral mutations is urgent. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-Cas13b system to target SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, this system was also efficient against SARS-CoV, demonstrating broad-spectrum potential. Our findings highlight CRISPR-Cas13b as a promising tool for antiviral therapeutics, underscoring its potential in RNA-virus-associated pandemic responses.

Abstract Marburg and Ebola filoviruses are two of the deadliest infectious agents and several outbreaks have occurred in the last decades. Although several receptors and co-receptors have been reported for Ebola virus, key host factors remain to be elucidated. In this study, using a haploid cell screening platform, we identify the guanine nucleotide exchange factor CCZ1 as a key host factor in the early stage of filovirus replication. The critical role of CCZ1 for filovirus infections is validated in 3D primary human hepatocyte cultures and human blood-vessel organoids, both critical target sites for Ebola and Marburg virus tropism. Mechanistically, CCZ1 controls early to late endosomal trafficking of these viruses. In addition, we report that CCZ1 has a role in the endosomal trafficking of endocytosis-dependent SARS-CoV-2 infections, but not in infections by Lassa virus, which enters endo-lysosomal trafficking at the late endosome stage. Thus, we have identified an essential host pathway for filovirus infections in cell lines and engineered human target tissues. Inhibition of CCZ1 nearly completely abolishes Marburg and Ebola infections. Thus, targeting CCZ1 could potentially serve as a promising drug target for controlling infections caused by various viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, Marburg, and Ebola.

Abstract Unlike improved treatment response in multiple myeloma (MM), the mortality rate in MM is still high. The study’s aim is to investigate the potential role of circRNAs as a new biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and clinicopathological features of MM. We identified studies through Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and ProQuest databases, and Google Scholar to August 2022. The SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC were combined to investigate the diagnostic performance of circRNAs in MM. Also, HR and RR were used for prognostic and clinicopathological indicators, respectively. 12 studies for prognosis, 9 studies about diagnosis, and 13 studies regarding clinicopathological features. The pooled SEN, SPE, DOR, and AUC were 0.82, 0.76, 14.70, and 0.86, respectively for the diagnostic performance of circRNAs. For the prognostic performance, oncogene circRNAs showed a poor prognosis for the patients (HR = 3.71) and tumor suppressor circRNAs indicated a good prognosis (HR = 0.31). Finally, we discovered that dysregulation of circRNAs is associated with poor clinical outcomes in beta-2-microglobulin (RR = 1.56), Durie-Salmon stage (RR = 1.36), and ISS stage (RR = 1.79). Furthermore, the presence of del(17p) and t(4;14) is associated with circRNA dysregulation (RR = 1.44 and 1.44, respectively). Our meta-analysis demonstrates that the expression analysis of circRNAs is valuable for MM’s diagnosis and prognosis determination. Also, dysregulation of circRNAs is associated with poor clinicopathological features and can be used as the applicable biomarkers for evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas are a group of cancers affecting the GI tract and digestive organs, such as the gastric, liver, bile ducts, pancreas, small intestine, esophagus, colon, and rectum. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which are involved in regulating the expression of multiple target genes; mainly at the post-transcriptional level, via complementary binding to their 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR). Increasing evidence has shown that miRNAs have critical roles in modulating of various physiological and pathological cellular processes and regulating the occurrence and development of human malignancies. Among them, miR-145 is recognized for its anti-oncogenic properties in various cancers, including GI cancers. MiR-145 has been implicated in diverse biological processes of cancers through the regulation of target genes or signaling, including, proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. In this review, we have summarized the role of miR-145 in selected GI cancers and also its downstream molecules and cellular processes targets, which could lead to a better understanding of the miR-145 in these cancers. In conclusion, we reveal the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of miR-145 in GI cancer, and hope to provide new ideas for its application as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for the treatment of these cancer.

Combining high-speed AFM, single molecule recognition force spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations Zhu, Canena, Sikora et al. characterize the interaction dynamics of the trimeric spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 wt, and delta and omicron variants with its entry receptor ACE2. While delta variant increases avidity by multivalent binding to ACE2, omicron variant shows an extended binding lifetime.

Abstract Dysphagia affects a person's ability to swallow, and it causes health problems by directly limiting nutritional intake, being the elderly the most at‐risk group and also likely to be deficient in nutrition. Diets for patients with dysphagia require textural modifications to offer soft and safe food to swallow. Puree is easily consumed by the elderly, being an alternative food preparation providing essential nutrition for people with dysphagia. In this study, we aimed to create different formulations with soy protein and agar added to potato puree to add nutritional value and end up with printable material by designing food for the elderly and people with dysphagia. Some enriched potato puree formulations were obtained by adding soy protein (3%, 5%, and 7%) and up to 0.2% agar. The use of three‐dimensional food printing allows visual customization with appeal benefits of nutritional food formulations for specific consumers. The rheology and texture profile analysis of the different formulations has been performed. According to International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) scales, the texture of all modified samples was suitable for people with swallowing difficulties. The samples with agar presented a better‐printed shape and a more viscous‐like behavior than the samples with soy protein. These findings highlight that soy protein could modify the texture and, from the nutritional point of view, add value to the formulations. The addition of 0.2% agar can establish good material for designing three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed food that allows the creation of textures in accordance with the needs of the elderly and people with dysphagia.

Glioblastoma and gliomas can have a wide range of histopathologic subtypes. These heterogeneous histologic phenotypes originate from tumor cells with the distinct functions of tumorigenesis and self-renewal, called glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are characterized based on multi-layered epigenetic mechanisms, which control the expression of many genes. This epigenetic regulatory mechanism is often based on functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs have become increasingly important in the pathogenesis of human cancer and work as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate carcinogenesis and progression. These RNAs by being involved in chromatin remodeling and modification, transcriptional regulation, and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, as well as mRNA stability and protein translation, play a key role in tumor development and progression. Numerous studies have been performed to try to understand the dysregulation pattern of these ncRNAs in tumors and cancer stem cells (CSCs), which show robust differentiation and self-regeneration capacity. This review provides recent findings on the role of ncRNAs in glioma development and progression, particularly their effects on CSCs, thus accelerating the clinical implementation of ncRNAs as promising tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Abstract New variants in the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic are more contagious (Alpha/Delta), evade neutralizing antibodies (Beta), or both (Omicron). This poses a challenge in vaccine development according to WHO. We designed a more universal SARS‐CoV‐2 DNA vaccine containing receptor‐binding domain loops from the huCoV‐19/WH01, the Alpha, and the Beta variants, combined with the membrane and nucleoproteins. The vaccine induced spike antibodies crossreactive between huCoV‐19/WH01, Beta, and Delta spike proteins that neutralized huCoV‐19/WH01, Beta, Delta, and Omicron virus in vitro. The vaccine primed nucleoprotein‐specific T cells, unlike spike‐specific T cells, recognized Bat‐CoV sequences. The vaccine protected mice carrying the human ACE2 receptor against lethal infection with the SARS‐CoV‐2 Beta variant. Interestingly, priming of cross‐reactive nucleoprotein‐specific T cells alone was 60% protective, verifying observations from humans that T cells protect against lethal disease. This SARS‐CoV vaccine induces a uniquely broad and functional immunity that adds to currently used vaccines.

The current study dealt with characterizing the effect of external variables on the moisture migration phenomenon in two naturally ventilated rice warehouses. Secondly, the thermodynamic properties of rice during the rehydration cycle were illustrated as numerical models to predict their behavior. Thai rice was stored at Shiraz city and Abadeh town for a total of 9 months in two identical warehouses. The effect of outside temperature and relative humidity on ambient conditions inside the warehouses as well as rice moisture content was evaluated. The dehydration rate of rice stored at Shiraz facility was higher than those stored at Abadeh warehouse by an average of 166% resulting in lower rice moister content. The 60-day latency in reaching minimum rice bulk moisture content at Abadeh warehouse was due to its cooler climate and less intense boundary area temperature gradient. The type II sigmoid-shaped sorption isotherm (fitted with the GAB model) indicated moisture content elevation above 11% sharply increased with the water activity beyond 0.7. The isosteric heat of sorption was linearly correlated with the entropy of sorption indicating adsorption was governed by compensation theory, was enthalpy driven and non-spontaneous. The most suitable conditions to store rice were determined by relating the grain’s moisture content and its thermodynamic properties during the sorption process. Therefore, storage of rice for prolonged durations was possible by maintaining the ambient temperature and relative humidity between 20.0 °C and 28.5 °C and 15.0% to 25%, respectively.

Abstract Infective endocarditis (IE) rarely presents with cutaneous manifestations due to earlier diagnosis and treatment. We present a case of middle‐aged male patient presenting with an erythematous papular rash in the upper extremities and left knee, further progressing into painful ulcers with crusted and necrotic center in the arms and fingers. These cutaneous lesions were further followed by shaking chills and fever, which brought the patient to our hospital. Laboratory evaluation revealed elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and C‐reactive protein. Blood cultures taken were negative. Biopsy of the skin lesions were consistent with cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, and the gram smear revealed gram‐positive cocci. The patient developed dyspnea and chest pain, which raised suspicion for IE. TEE (transesophageal echocardiography) demonstrated mild LV diastolic dysfunction, 1+ tricuspid valve regurgitation, mild mitral regurgitation, and vegetation‐like lesions on the surface of mitral valve leaflets, consequently IE was confirmed. In conclusion, clinicians must look carefully for skin manifestations in cases with high likelihood of IE, even when other typical symptoms are absent.

While having already killed more than 7 million of people worldwide in 4 years, SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is still circulating and evolving. Understanding the pathogenesis of the virus is of capital importance. It was shown that in vitro and in vivo infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to cell cycle arrest but the effect of the cell cycle arrest on the virus infection and the associated mechanisms are still unclear. By stopping cells in the G1 phase as well as targeting several pathways involved using inhibitors and small interfering RNAs, we were able to determine that the cell cycle arrest in the late G1 is beneficial for SARS-CoV-2 replication. This cell cycle arrest is independent of p53 but is dependent on the CDC25A-CDK2/cyclin E pathway. These data give a new understanding in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and highlight some possible targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Bunyavirales was amended by creation of two new families, four new subfamilies, 11 new genera and 77 new species, merging of two species, and deletion of one species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

Abstract The recent emergence of multiple SARS‐CoV‐2 variants has caused considerable concern due to both reduced vaccine efficacy and escape from neutralizing antibody therapeutics. It is, therefore, paramount to develop therapeutic strategies that inhibit all known and future SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. Here, we report that all SARS‐CoV‐2 variants analyzed, including variants of concern (VOC) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, exhibit enhanced binding affinity to clinical grade and phase 2 tested recombinant human soluble ACE2 (APN01). Importantly, soluble ACE2 neutralized infection of VeroE6 cells and human lung epithelial cells by all current VOC strains with markedly enhanced potency when compared to reference SARS‐CoV‐2 isolates. Effective inhibition of infections with SARS‐CoV‐2 variants was validated and confirmed in two independent laboratories. These data show that SARS‐CoV‐2 variants that have emerged around the world, including current VOC and several variants of interest, can be inhibited by soluble ACE2, providing proof of principle of a pan‐SARS‐CoV‐2 therapeutic.

Intro: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV), is the causative agent of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Occurrence of the virus coincides with the distribution of its primary vector and reservoir, Hyalomma ticks. Global climate changes may be a cause for the introduction of the Hyalomma tick to new areas and consequently, spreading of the disease. With global distribution, high fatality rate, and no approved vaccine or effective treatment, CCHF constitutes a threat against global health. Methods: CCHFV nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP IFNAR-/- and immunocompetent mice. Findings: In the current study, we demonstrate that vaccination with nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP), encoding for the CCHFV nucleoprotein (N) or glycoproteins (GcGn) protect IFNAR-/- mice against lethal CCHFV infection. In addition, we found that both mRNA-LNP induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in IFNAR-/- and immunocompetent mice and that neutralizing antibodies are not necessary for protection. When evaluating immune responses induced by immunization including CCHFV Gc and Gn antigens, we found the Gc protein to be more immunogenic compared with the Gn protein. Discussion: This study shows that a CCHFV mRNA-LNP vaccine, based on viral nucleo- or glycoproteins, mediate protection against CCHFV induced disease. Consequently, genetic immunization is an attractive approach to prevent disease caused by CCHFV and we believe we have necessary evidence to bring this vaccine platform to the next step in the development of a vaccine against CCHFV infection. Conclusion: Here we show 100% protection against lethal CCHFV infection in mice immunized with mRNA-LNP encoding for different CCHFV proteins. The vaccination showed both robust humoral and cellular immunity. mRNA-LNP vaccines combine the ability to induce an effective immune response, the safety of a transient carrier, and the flexibility of genetic vaccines. This and our results from the current study support the development of a mRNA-LNP based vaccine against CCHFV.

Glioma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most prevalent and most lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Gliomas are highly invasive tumors with the highest death rate among all primary brain malignancies. Metastasis occurs as the tumor cells spread from the site of origin to another site in the brain. Metastasis is a multifactorial process, which depends on alterations in metabolism, genetic mutations, and the cancer microenvironment. During recent years, the scientific study of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has led to new insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in glioma. Many studies have reported that ncRNAs play major roles in many biological procedures connected with the development and progression of glioma. Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are all types of ncRNAs, which are commonly dysregulated in GBM. Dysregulation of ncRNAs can facilitate the invasion and metastasis of glioma. The present review highlights some ncRNAs that have been associated with metastasis in GBM. miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs are discussed in detail with respect to their relevant signaling pathways involved in metastasis.

In a time of climate change, population growth, and globalization, the risk of viral spread has significantly increased. The 21st century has already witnessed outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Ebola virus and Influenza virus, among others. Viruses rapidly adapt and evade human immune systems, complicating the development of effective antiviral countermeasures. Consequently, the need for novel antivirals resilient to viral mutations is urgent. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-Cas13b system to target SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, this system was also efficient against SARS-CoV, demonstrating broad-spectrum potential. Our findings highlight CRISPR-Cas13b as a promising tool for antiviral therapeutics, underscoring its potential in RNA-virus-associated pandemic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ureterocele is a distal ureteral segment cystic dilatation. Its prevalence in women ranges from 1/5000 to 1/12000.A 22-year-old adult female presented with a vulvar tumor with left-side pain. She was a candidate for an interlabial lump biopsy. A vulvar growth mimicking a uterine polyp was identified during her further evaluation. On ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis, a left-sided hydronephrisis (grade 1), proximal ureteral dilatation, and a ureterocele related to the distal portion of the left ureter that protruded into the urethra were detected. Under anesthesia examination, the ureterocele was removed.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including colorectal, gastric, hepatic, esophageal, and pancreatic tumors, are responsible for large numbers of deaths around the world. Chemotherapy is the most common approach used to treat advanced GI cancer. However, chemoresistance has emerged as a critical challenge that prevents successful tumor elimination, leading to metastasis and recurrence. Chemoresistance mechanisms are complex, and many factors and pathways are involved. Among these factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical regulators of GI tumor development and subsequently can induce resistance to chemotherapy. This occurs because ncRNAs can target multiple signaling pathways, affect downstream genes, and modulate proliferation, apoptosis, tumor cell migration, and autophagy. ncRNAs can also induce cancer stem cell features and affect the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Thus, ncRNAs could possibly act as new targets in chemotherapy combinations to treat GI cancer and to predict treatment response.