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Mucosal melanoma is a rare and highly malignant type of melanoma. Among the sites that mucosal melanoma arises, anorectal and gynecological melanoma has more aggressive behavior and worse prognosis. There was no effective therapy for mucosal melanoma at present. Only a small number of mucosal melanoma patients which harbor mutations in BRAF or KIT benefit from targeted therapy. So it’s an urgent need to identify more actionable mutations in mucosal melanoma. To identify more potential therapeutic targets in mucosal melanoma, 48 samples were collected from 44 patients with anorectal or gynecological melanoma and subjected to whole-exome sequencing. The tumor mutation burden was low with a median of 1.75 mutations per Mb. In chromosomal level, 1q, 6p and 8q of mucosal melanoma were significantly amplified while 9p, 10p, 10q, 16p and 16q were significantly deleted. Muc16 was the most frequently mutated oncogene in our samples(25%). The mutation frequency of KIT(20%) was comparable to the "triple-wild" genes-NRAS(20%), NF1(20%) and BRAF(11%). KMT2D mutation was found in 18.18% patients, which is previously unidentified. MAPK signaling pathway and lysine degradation were the most frequently mutated pathways. Moreover, patients with TP53 mutations tend to have worse clinical outcome (median survival time 19 vs. 50 months, log-rank P = 0.006). M 2000 ore mutated genes involved in MAPK signaling pathway were identified, which expand the patients potentially benefit from ample MAPK inhibitors. KMT2D could be a potential therapeutic target. Moreover, TP53 could be a potential prognosis marker for mucosal melanoma.

In this work, we designed an ECL ratiometric biosensor with a three-stranded Y-type DNA (Y-DNA) probe and induced a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for the highly sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. The important component of this system is the self-assembled Y-Shaped probe based on three nucleic acids. Y1, Y2, and Y3 can be linked by complementary base pairing to Hairpin1 (H1), Hairpin2 (H2), and Ru modified DNA (Ru1), respectively. H1 and H2 can trigger the HCR reaction when activated by the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp gene and the 5′ end of Ru1. The 5′ end of Ru1 is modified with the Ru complex, which can produce a strong electrochemiluminescence luminescence signal at 620 nm under an applied voltage. Through the amplification of Y-DNA-induced HCR reaction, Ru1 on the electrode surface gradually increased, the ECL signal at 460 nm was gradually quenched, and the signal at 620 nm was steadily generated. The SARS-CoV-2 RdRp gene can be quantified according to the degree of decrease of ECL signal at 460 nm and the increase of ECL signal at 620 nm. Combining the two signal amplification strategies, this ratiometric ECL biosensor can accurately and efficiently detect the target gene with a detection limit of 59 aM., Graphical abstract Image 1

© 2013 IEEE. Speech-based human-machine interaction (HMI) is essential to electronic navigation, autonomous cars, and intelligent vehicles. The noises generated by the mechanical motion or electric power equipment degrade speech quality and result in HMI failing to work effectively. However, there is relatively little literature available on speech enhancement under electric vehicle noise condition. This paper presents a speech enhancement method based on improved nonnegative matrix factorization (ImNMF). Unlike the traditional nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) trains its speech dictionary using speech recorded in advance which inevitably contains a little noise component, ImNMF generates the speech dictionary using the spectra of pitch and their harmonics via mathematical model. This purpose is to guarantee the purity of speech dictionary. In addition, in order to alleviate the loss of the information of the noise sample, ImNMF constructs noise dictionary by a combination of the gain adjusted spectrum frames of the noise samples separated online. Compared with traditional NMF, the ImNMF noise atoms are relatively larger. Thus, the representation of speech signal mixed with noise atoms is greatly reduced. Therefore, ImNMF can reduce distortion of reconstructed speech while enhancing the recovered speech quality. Speech enhancement and speaker verification experiments on NUST603 and TIMIT data showed that the proposed ImNMF can effectively enhance speech signal in the noise environment of electric vehicles and further can reduce the equal error rate of the speaker verification system.

The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) are increasing in China. Although surgery is the initially preferred intervention, systematic and individualized treatment has become far more important, on account of the considerable developments in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Nowadays, treatment decisions are usually made following multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings, especially in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC). With precise and specific imaging examinations, effective preoperative staging and restaging after neoadjuvant therapy have been the routine, resulting in individualized treatments guided by MDT. These advantages also result in less invasive and function-preserving surgery. Based on clinical evidence of targeted therapy compared with traditional chemotherapy, effective treatment of CRC with metastasis, especially liver and peritoneal metastasis (PM), became more effective. Screening of patients with hereditary CRC, special consultant for surgical procedure and surveillance of hereditary CRC families are routinely performed.

Rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) was a rare disease. This study sought to summarize clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of rectal GISTs. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of rectal GISTs were investigated by reviewing patients undergoing curative resection at the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between 1986 and 2010. Twenty-one patients, 15 male and 6 female, were included. The mean age of onset was 51 years. The most common initial presentation was hematochezia (7 cases). Eleven patients underwent radical resection, and the other 10 received local resection. No lymph node metastases were identified. All cases were positive for CD117. Seventeen patients were classified as high National Institutes of Health (NIH) risk category. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival were 33 and 46 %, respectively. Fifteen cases had recurrence postoperatively. Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated the NIH risk category (p = 0.028) and hematochezia symptom (p = 0.014) were independent prognostic factors of the DFS of patients. Hematochezia was the most common initial symptom. Over 50 % of patients received radical surgery. More than 80 % of patients were at high NIH risk of recurrence. Hematochezia symptom and high NIH risk category indicated poor prognosis of rectal GISTs.

Previous researches show that the approaches based on the total variability space (TVS) followed by Gaussian probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (GPLDA) work effectively for dealing with convolutional noise (such as channel noise) and can bring some degree of gains in term of accuracy under additive noisy environment as well. However they meet difficulty while many types of noises are unseen and non-stationary in real world. To address this issue, we introduce the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) into the TVS modeled speaker verification system, called RPCA-TVS, which regards the noise spectrum as the low-rank component and the speech spectrum as the sparse component in short-time Fourier transform (SFT) domain. The highlighting of this paper is to improve the robustness of speaker verification under additive noisy environment, especially in non-stationary and unseen noise conditions. For evaluating the performance, we designed and generated an additive noisy corpus, based on the TIMIT and NUST603-2014 database, using the NaFT tools with 12 types of noise samples deriving from NOISEX-92 and FREESOUND. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RPCA-TVS can achieve better performance than the competing methods at various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Especially, RPCA-TVS reduces the equal error rate (EER) by 5.12 % in average than the multi-condition system under additive noise conditions at SNR = 8 dB.

With respect to risk decision making problems with interval probability in which the attribute values take the form of the uncertain linguistic variables, a multi-attribute decision making method based on prospect theory is proposed. To begin with, the uncertain linguistic variables can be transformed into the trapezoidal fuzzy number, and the prospect value function of the trapezoidal fuzzy number based on the decision-making reference point of each attribute and the weight function of interval probability can be constructed; then the prospect value of attribute for every alternative is calculated through prospect value function of the trapezoidal fuzzy number and the weight function of interval probability, and the weighted prospect value of alternative is acquired by using weighted average method according to attribute weights, and all the alternatives are sorted according to the expected values of the weighted prospect values; Finally, an illustrate example is given to show the decision-making steps, the influence on decision making for different parameters of value function and different decision-making reference point, and the feasibility of the method.

Aim In this study we explored the prognostic impact of synchronous bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy in female patients with primary colorectal cancer undergoing radical surgery. Method From 1991 to 2000, 267 female patients with stage II or stage III colorectal cancer, who had undergone curative resection, were retrospectively reviewed. In 224 patients, the ovaries were preserved. The other 43 patients underwent synchronous bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy. Univariate and multivariate analyses (Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression, respectively) were used to evaluate the effect of prophylactic oophorectomy and other clinical factors on the prognosis of patients. Results Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that tumor stage and adjuvant chemotherapy were the only two significant clinical factors that affected the 5-year overall survival of patients (P 0.05). In the subgroup analysis by adjuvant chemotherapy, the 5-year overall survival in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy was similar between nonoophorectomy and oophorectomy groups. However, in patients without adjuvant chemotherapy, the oophorectomy group was shown to have a significantly better 5-year overall survival than the nonoophorectomy group (76%vs 51%, P = 0.047). Conclusion Prophylactic oophorectomy may improve the overall survival of female patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer without adjuvant chemotherapy, but its survival benefit vanished in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. The role of prophylactic oophorectomy may be substituted by adjuvant chemotherapy, which makes prophylactic oophorectomy unnecessary during surgery for locally advanced colorectal cancer.

Aim Rectal carcinoid is a rare rectal tumour with a good prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess its clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors in a single institution. Method Clinical and pathological information was retrospectively collected in a single institution, and patients’ outcomes were determined. Multivariate analyses were performed to find independent prognostic factors attributed to overall survival. Results A total of 106 patients with rectal carcinoid were included. In all, 66% of the patients underwent transanal local excision and 34% had transabdominal surgery. The 5-year survival rate was 87%. Muscularis invasion was the only independent prognostic factor for predicting 5-year survival (P = 0.00046). Tumour size was found to be significantly associated with muscular invasion (P = 0.00003). The area under the curve of tumour size in the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting muscular invasion was 0.92. Conclusion Patients with rectal carcinoid have a good prognosis. Muscular invasion is an independent risk factor of survival.

A series of Chinese prepubertal patients with congenital chordee without hypospadias is presented and the clinical data described. From July 1999 to September 2006, 79 boys with congenital chordee without hypospadias were treated in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China. The ages ranged from 21 months to 14 years, with a mean of 76.8 months (6.4 years). The patients were categorized according to structural defect into 4 groups, with the aid of intraoperative artificial erection. Group I included those with skin tethering (28 cases, 35.4%); group II, fascial chordee (22, 27.8%); group III, corporal disproportion (10, 12.7%); and group IV, urethral tethering (19, 24.1%). Chordee-related structural defect was considered the only criterion for classification, and urethral dysgenesis influenced the choice of surgical procedure. The chordee in group I patients was corrected with penile degloving; group II, release of dense fibrous tissue in addition; group III, dorsal-midline-plication-based correction; and group IV, longitudinal-island-flap-urethroplasty-based repair. At a mean follow-up of 14.8 months (range, 2 to 63), all patients had penile straightening except 1 group III patient with residual curvature that was managed upon reoperation. Glans dehiscence occurred in 1 group II patient who underwent a tubularized incised plate urethroplasty. Urethrocutaneous fistula and urethral stricture were found in 2 group IV patients who underwent island flap urethroplasty. With the categorization based on structural defect, chordee without hypospadias may be managed well with minimized complications.

Automatic gender recognition has been becoming very important in potential applications. Many state-of-the-art gender recognition approaches based on a variety of biometrics, such as face, body shape, voice, are proposed recently. Among them, relying on voice is suboptimal due to significant variations in pitch, emotion, and noise in real-world speech. Inspired from the speaker recognition approaches relying on i-vector presentation in NIST SRE, it's believed that i-vector contains information about gender as a part of speaker's characters, and works for speaker recognition as well as for gender recognition in complex environments. So, we apply the total variability space analysis to gender classification and propose i-vector based discrimination for speaker gender recognition. The results of experiments on TIMIT corpus and NUST603_2014 database show that the proposed i-vector based speaker gender recognition improves the performance up to 99.9%, and surpasses the pitch method and UBM-SVM baseline subsystems in term of accuracy comparatively.

Aims Based on the hypothesis that first-line chemoradiation followed by chemotherapy was superior for primary tumor and non-inferior for distant lesions compared to chemotherapy alone in synchronous unresectable distant metastases rectal adenocarcinoma, this study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of this strategy. Materials and methods Thirty two eligible patients received intensity modulated radiation therapy (45 Gy to the pelvis and a concomitant 10 Gy boost to the gross tumor), along with concurrent weekly capecitabine and oxaliplatin. Patients underwent radical surgery if all lesions were visually evaluated as resectable and received chemotherapy for a total of 6 months, whether pre- or post-operatively (definitive therapy group). The remaining patients received 6 months of consolidation chemotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy (non-definitive therapy group). Results The toxicities were acceptable, with radiation-induced dermatitis around the anal verge being the most common (18.8%). Fourteen patients underwent surgical resection of the rectal tumor, with 5 (35.7%) experiencing a pathological complete response. Nine out of 14 received definitive treatment, defined as R0 resections of all visible tumors. At a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 4–23 months), 2 cases were evaluated as local failure, and the median overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) for all 32 patients were 17.5 and 12 months, respectively. OS differed significantly in the definitive and non-definitive therapy groups (p=0.045), and PFS tended to differ (p=0.274). Conclusion It was demonstrated that the strategy of first-line chemoradiation followed by chemotherapy was effective and tolerable, especially for local control. OS and PFS were superior in patients who did than did not undergo curative therapy.

Aim Anorectal melanoma is a rare neoplasm with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate what clinicopathological factors predict lymph node metastases and to investigate their association with survival. Method Patients undergoing surgery with curative intent for primary anorectal melanoma in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between 1989 and 2011 were studied retrospectively. The associations between clinicopathological factors and lymph node metastases and prognosis were determined. Results Forty-three patients underwent a potentially curative resection with a median follow-up of 20 months; the 5-year overall survival rate was 29.6% with median overall survival of 28 months. Tumour diameter > 3 cm was associated with mesorectal and mesenteric lymph node metastases (P = 0.013). Perineural invasion (hazard ratio 5.683; 95% CI 1.978–16.328; P = 0.001) was the only factor that independently predicted survival. Conclusion Tumour diameter was associated with mesorectal and mesenteric lymph node metastases; therefore, wide local excision may not be appropriate for surgery with curative intent for patients with a tumour diameter ≥ 3 cm. Perineural invasion was an important prognostic factor for anorectal melanoma.

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the effect of apical lymph node (APN) metastasis in predicting prognosis in curatively treated node-positive rectal cancer. We also investigated the relationship between APN metastasis and the total number of metastatic lymph nodes. Method A retrospective study was performed of 510 curatively treated patients with node-positive rectal cancer. Clinicopathological variables, including APN status, were assessed in univariate and multivariate analyses. The prognostic significance of APN status in predicting patient outcomes and the relationship between APN status and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) N stage were analysed. Results At a median follow up of 47 months, the 5-year local recurrence (LR) rate, the disease-free survival (DFS) rate and the overall survival (OS) rate were 18.3%, 55.5% and 58.8%, respectively. The 5-year OS rate was 69.6% for patients with no metastasis in APNs (APN(−)) and 40.8% for patients with metastasis in APNs (APN(+)). DFS and OS for patients with undetermined APN status were between those for APN(−) and APN(+). Subgroup analysis gave a 5-year OS rate of 48.7% in Stage N1 patients with APN(+) and 58.8% for Stage N2 patients with APN(−) (P = 0.0004). Conclusion APN metastasis is an important prognostic factor in node-positive rectal cancer, which provides additional survival-related prognostic classification irrespective of N stage. As the APN is usually outside the radiation field, in the era of multidisciplinary treatment its assessment should be incorporated into prognostic evaluation of rectal cancer.

Numerical simulation models of high pressure common rail fuel system were established, the influences of nozzle hole diameter and nozzle hole number on injection rate were studied by means of these models. The research results show that software simulation technology is an effective method for simulation calculation and optimization design for high pressure common rail fuel system(HPCRFS) and comparison between simulation data and experiment data approved the accuracy of simulation models, and the injection rate curve still increases before the end of injection when the nozzle hole diameter is bigger, this kind of injection rate accords with ideal injection law.

Hardware-in-the-loop validation system of control strategies of common rail direct injection marine diesel engine was established, where control oriented cylinder-by-cylinder engine model (CCEM) was used. Simulation results show that CCEM is applicable to validate the control strategy of engine control system, and comparison between simulation results and test bench data approved the accuracy and real-time ability of the system, and electronically controlled common rail system can better the performance of marine diesel engine operation greatly.

To discuss the severity grading and procedure design of concealed penis.Between June 2004 and April 2008, 196 cases of concealed penis were surgically corrected. The age ranged from 1 year and 4 months to 44 years, with a median of 9 years. They presented with inconspicuous penis and abnormal cavernosa development. Four cases complicated by glanular hypospadias and 3 cases by penile epispadias. They were classified as mild in 49 cases, moderate in 109, and severe in 38 according to severity. Surgical procedures were selected based on varied anatomical changes in different categories.All the patients got satisfactory appearance immediately after surgery. No voiding problem, wound infection, and skin necrosis were found. With 6 months to 48 months (mean 16 months) follow-up, most patients achieved good results and the penile appearance resembled that after circumcision. Mild penile retraction was noted in 1 moderate case and 1 severe case; and recurrence occurred in another one, the result was satisfactory after reoperation.Various surgical procedures can be adopted for concealed penis. The key point is to design procedures according to the anatomical abnormalities.

The configuration and working principle of dual pressure common rail system (DPCRS) were introduced. In order to promote the performance of the DPCRS, a magnetostrictive actuator was designed. The finite element model of the actuator's magnetic field was built up, the influence of control rod material on the distributing of the magnetic field was calculated, then experiment study was done. The results proved that the relative permeability of the actuator's control rod should be smaller than that of the magnetostrictive material to avoid the magnetic flux be short., The magnetostrictive actuator has the characteristics of quick response, great output force, convenient drive.

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage is a serious complication in rectal cancer surgery. More than one third of rectal cancer patients with low anterior resection (LAR) will receive defunctional stomas during primary operation. METHODS: Six hundred thirty-nine consecutive rectal cancer patients, whose tumors were located 5 to 12 cm from the anal verge, were treated with LAR. A standardized pelvic drainage for all these patients and selective irrigation for patients with leakage were conducted, and defunctional stoma was used as a salvage modality. All the anastomoses were all extraperitonealized during primary operations. RESULTS: The anastomotic leakage rate was 7.04%. Male gender and location of tumor were found to be risk factors for leakage in patients with LAR. The overall stoma rate was 1.88%. Nearly 75% of leakage could be cured by irrigation-suction without surgical intervention. Severe complications, such as peritonitis, fistula, and obstruction, were strong predictors of irrigation failure. CONCLUSIONS: Extraperitonealized anastomosis and pelvic drainage obtained a very low rate of defunctional stoma for LAR. Pelvic irrigation-suction was an effective modality to resolve anastomotic leakage.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of metastatic lymph node ratio (LNR) in node-positive rectal cancer.A retrospective review was performed in 318 rectal cancer patients who received curative anterior resection in a single institution. Clinicopathological variables including LNR were studied in univariate and multivariate analyses by Cox regression. LNR was further studied when stratified by quartiles. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.With median follow-up of 41 months, the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate, overall survival (OS) rate, and local recurrence (LR) rate were 56.82%, 59.8%, and 11%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that LNR as a continuous variable was the most significant prognostic factor for DFS, OS, and LR. On quartiles, LNR was stratified into three groups:0.14, 0.14-0.49, and 0.5-1. The 5-year DFS rate was 72.57%, 58.54%, and 34.75% (P = 0.0001) and the 5-year OS rate was 72.19%, 61.92%, and 38.47% (P = 0.002) in the three groups, respectively. Five-year LR rate was significantly higher with LNR between 0.14 and 1 (3.6% in LNR0.14 versus 15.6% in LNR 0.14-1, P = 0.019).LNR is an important prognostic factor for node-positive rectal cancers. With a cutoff of 0.14 and 0.5, node-positive rectal cancer patients could be categorized into three subsets with significant different outcomes.

To investigate the effect of ventral urethroplasty for postoperative anastomotic stricture in patients with hypospadias.From August 2000 to December 2005, 20 patients with anastomotic stricture after hypospadias repair were treated with ventral urethroplasty. The age ranged from 2 to 27 years with an average of 6.4 years. All patients showed dysuria after operation. Main clinical manifestation included dysuria and acraturesis. Interruption of urinary stream occurred in 17 cases; of them, 3 cases had urinary stasis and 4 cases had frequent micturition, urgent micturition and pain in urination. Urethrography and cystourethrography showed 0. 5-1. 0 cm stricture with proximal dilation of urethra in 16 cases and obvious diverticularization in 9 cases. Urine routine examination showed that white blood cell was ++ to ++++ in 16 cases and pus cell was +/+ to ++ in 13 cases.Twenty cases were followed up 2 months to 4 years (mean 2.3 years). All the cases achieved good results in urination with normosthenuria and normal force of urinary stream. No recurrent stricture, urethrocutaneous fistula, or penile curvature occurred. The cosmesis was satisfactory, and the results of urine routine examination was normal.Ventral urethroplasty for postoperative anastomotic stricture in patients with hypospadias is a simple and effective procedure.

To investigate the anatomical features of congenital chordee without hypospadias in children and to discuss the diagnosis and treatment.From August 1984 to December 2004, 94 children with chordee without hypospadias treated in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University were classified and analyzed for anatomical alterations. Their ages ranged from 18 months to 13 years (mean 6. 9 years). Ninety-four patients were divided into four groups. With intraoperation artificial erection, the patients with penis straightened after degloving were classified as type I patients (skin-tethering), those with penis straightened after fibrotic tissue in Buck's fascia released as type II patients (dysgenetic fascia), those with normal urethra and orthoplasty failed after degloving and removing fibrotic tissue as type III patients (corporal disproportion), and those with dysgenetic urethra tethering the corpora cavernosa as type lV patients (short urethra).In type I (n = 31, 32.9%) patients, the ventral skin and dartos fascia were contracted while Buck's fascia and the urethra was normal, in some (7 cases) scrotal skin extended to the ventral portion of penis (webbed penis). In type II (n = 45, 47.9%), contracture of Buck's fascia was evident and the thickening fibrotic tissue constituted the chief obstacle to orthoplasty, though in some skin was shortened. In type III (n = 6), the dorsal and ventral sides of the corpora cavernosa were disproportionated, and the morphologically normal urethra tightly adhered to the ventral aspect of corpora cavernosa. In some cases ventral skin and fascia were contracted, but orthoplasty could not be achieved through releasing these layers. In type IV (n = 12, 12.8%), the distal urethra was paper-thin and lacking corpus spongiosum, or dense fibrotic bands were found to be deep to the urethra. The urethra tethered the corpora cavernosa and formed a bow-to-string relation. The overlying skin and fascia were contracted in varying degrees while none had significance in straightening the penis. After operation, the length of penis increased to 6.9 cm from 5.2 cm on average and the chordee was corrected to 1.6 degrees from 42.6 degrees before operation on average. The patients were followed up 1 months to 15 years. The results were satisfactory. Chordee remained in 2 cases, fistula and urethral stricture occurred in 2 cases respectively, fistula in association with urethral stricture and diverticulum in 1 case; the operation was given again and the results was satisfactory.Patients with chordee without hypospadias may be divided into four types depending on which layer of the ventral penis constitutes the chief contribution to chordee. A systematic approach with repeated artificial erection tests is needed in determining the classification and surgical correction.

Ureteral triplication is a rare congenital anomaly of the urinary tract. Since the first description of ureteral triplication by Wrany in 1870, only about 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Pediatric cases are very few. Here, 2 cases of ureteral triplication were reported. Diagnosis was established preoperatively in 1 case and intraoperatively in 1. To the authors knowledge, this is the first report of ureteral triplication in China.

We reviewed the clinicopathological features and surgical management of 16 cases of single ureteral ectopia with congenital renal dysplasia.Excretory urography, retrograde ureterography, computerized tomography, diuretic B-mode ultrasound (B-US) and color Doppler imaging (CDI) were performed in 16 females. Explorative operations were performed in all 16 patients and renal dysplasia was further confirmed by pathological examination.The 16 female patients were 1.5 to 12 years old. The main clinical signs were urinary incontinence accompanied by regular voiding since birth. Vaginal ectopic ureters were observed in 6 patients and vestibular ureters in 10. Excretory urography did not show dysplastic kidney except some indirect signs of renal dysplasia. Computerized tomography clearly revealed renal dysplasia in 4 of 9 cases performed without contrast medium. Dysplastic kidneys were precisely located and diagnosed by diuretic B-US in 6 of 8 cases, and by CDI in 7 of 7 cases. Nephrectomy was performed in all 16 patients with satisfactory results.Single ureteral ectopia with congenital renal dysplasia is exceedingly rare. B-US, especially CDI, is the recommended procedure for preoperative localization and diagnosis. Nephrectomy of dysplastic kidney is the treatment of choice.