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In this work, we study the spectral property of generalized Sierpinski-type self-affine measures μ M , D on R 2 generated by an expanding integer matrix M ∈ M 2 ( Z ) with det ⁡ ( M ) ∈ 3 Z and a non-collinear integer digit set D = { ( 0 , 0 ) t , ( α 1 , α 2 ) t , ( β 1 , β 2 ) t } with α 1 β 2 − α 2 β 1 ∈ 3 Z . We give the sufficient and necessary conditions for μ M , D to be a spectral measure, i.e., there exists a countable subset Λ ⊂ R 2 such that E ( Λ ) = { e 2 π i 〈 λ , x 〉 : λ ∈ Λ } forms an orthonormal basis for L 2 ( μ M , D ) . This completely settles the spectrality of the self-affine measure μ M , D .

The angle between the lower extremity force line and the position of the unicondylar prosthesis is an important factor affecting the long-term survival and rate clinical outcome of the unicondylar replacement prostheses. Insufficient lower limb alignment will accelerate the wear of prosthesis and reduce the survival rate of prosthesis. Excessive lower limb alignment will accelerate the progress of contralateral interventricular arthritis. It is generally believed that the lower limb force line should be corrected in mild varus after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. However, some scholars believe that the lower limb alignment has no effect on the functional score and prosthesis survival rate after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. The poor position of femoral and tibial prosthesis will cause unexplained pain and even prosthesis wear, but the optimal position of femoral and tibial prosthesis is controversial. It is generally believed that the posterior tibial slope should be corrected in the range of 3° to 7° in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, but some scholars believe that excessive change of posterior tibial slope will also affect the balance of knee joint space and knee joint range of motion. This study shows that the correction of lower limb alignment to mild varus is still the best lower limb alignment for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. The best position of femoral and tibial prosthesis needs to be confirmed by further biomechanical research. The correction of tposterior tibial slope should be changed according to the specific original dissection angle of patients before operation.

In this work, we study the non-spectrality of the self-affine measure μ M , D {\mu_{M,D}} generated by an expanding integer matrix M ∈ M 2 ⁢ ( ℤ ) {M\in M_{2}(\mathbb{Z})} with det ⁡ ( M ) ∉ 2 ⁢ ℤ {\det(M)\notin 2\mathbb{Z}} and the integer digit set D = { ( 0 , 0 ) t , ( α 1 , α 2 ) t , ( β 1 , β 2 ) t , ( - α 1 - β 1 , - α 2 - β 2 ) t } D=\bigl{\{}(0,0)^{t},(\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2})^{t},(\beta_{1},\beta_{2})^{t},(-% \alpha_{1}-\beta_{1},-\alpha_{2}-\beta_{2})^{t}\bigr{\}} with α 1 ⁢ β 2 - α 2 ⁢ β 1 ≠ 0 {\alpha_{1}\beta_{2}-\alpha_{2}\beta_{1}\neq 0} . Let η = max ⁡ { s : 2 s | ( α 1 ⁢ β 2 - α 2 ⁢ β 1 ) } {\eta=\max\{s:2^{s}|(\alpha_{1}\beta_{2}-\alpha_{2}\beta_{1})\}} . We show that if 0 ≤ η ≤ 2 {0\leq\eta\leq 2} , then L 2 ⁢ ( μ M , D ) {L^{2}(\mu_{M,D})} contains at most 2 2 ⁢ ( η + 1 ) {2^{2(\eta+1)}} mutually orthogonal exponential functions, and the number 2 2 ⁢ ( η + 1 ) {2^{2(\eta+1)}} is the best. However, the number is strictly less than 2 2 ⁢ ( η + 1 ) {2^{2(\eta+1)}} if η ≥ 3 {\eta\geq 3} , and it is related to the order of the matrix M.

A Borel probability measure μ on ℝ {\mathbb{R}} is called a spectral measure if it has an exponential orthonormal basis for L 2 ⁢ ( μ ) {L^{2}(\mu)} . In this paper, we consider the spectrality of the self-similar measure μ ρ , D {\mu_{\rho,D}} generated by 0 < ρ < 1 {0 and the product-form digit set D = N p 0 ⁢ L 0 ⁢ { 0 , 1 , … , N - 1 } ⊕ N p 1 ⁢ L 1 ⁢ { 0 , 1 , … , N - 1 } ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ N p s ⁢ L s ⁢ { 0 , 1 , … , N - 1 } , D=N^{p_{0}}L_{0}\{0,1,\ldots,N-1\}\oplus N^{p_{1}}L_{1}\{0,1,\ldots,N-1\}% \oplus\cdots\oplus N^{p_{s}}L_{s}\{0,1,\ldots,N-1\}, where N ≥ 2 {N\geq 2} is a prime number, 0 ≤ p 0 < p 1 < ⋯ < p s {0\leq p_{0} and gcd ⁡ ( L i , N ) = 1 {\gcd(L_{i},N)=1} for all 0 ≤ i ≤ s {0\leq i\leq s} . We show that μ ρ , D {\mu_{\rho,D}} is a spectral measure if and only if ρ - 1 = N q ⁢ M {\rho^{-1}=N^{q}M} and p i ≠ p j ( mod q ) {p_{i}\neq p_{j}~{}(\bmod~{}q)} for all 0 ≤ i ≠ j ≤ s {0\leq i\neq j\leq s} , where gcd ⁡ ( M , N ) = 1 {\gcd(M,N)=1} .

On 10th October and 3rd November 2018, two landslides and the consecutive twice blockage of the Jinsha River led to sharp fluctuations of the upstream water level. These two events have caused nume...

Occurrence of a reservoir landslide and its potential secondary hazards near a dam can result in significant losses and casualties, such as those that resulted from the Vajont landslide. In this study, a cataclinal rock slope in the Maoergai reservoir was taken as a case to study the characteristics of the gravitational deformation process and to analyse the potential threat. The stability of the rock slope was analysed using the limit equilibrium method, and the potential landslide movement and subsequent waves were simulated. Results indicated that lithology, geological structure, reservoir water-level changes and artificial activities all play an important role in large deformations of rock slopes that are characterized by a combination of bending–toppling and, principally, shear slip. Pre-calculations of potential threats indicated that the impact of a landslide wave would be greater at dead water levels than at the normal water level and could result in the blockage of the inlet to the water-diversion structure on the opposite right bank. These findings provide implications for the control of reservoir rock slopes: (i) serious attention should be paid to the influence of water on rock strength in the early investigation of geological disasters; and (ii) infiltration must be prevented during water-level rise. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Role of water in destabilizing slopes collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/Role-of-water-in-destabilizing-slopes

Let the self-affine measure μ M , D {\mu_{M,D}} be generated by an expanding real matrix M = diag ⁡ ( ρ 1 - 1 , ρ 2 - 1 ) {M=\operatorname{diag}(\rho_{1}^{-1},\rho_{2}^{-1})} and an integer digit set D = { ( 0 , 0 ) t , ( α 1 , α 2 ) t , ( β 1 , β 2 ) t } {D=\{(0,0)^{t},(\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2})^{t},(\beta_{1},\beta_{2})^{t}\}} with α 1 ⁢ β 2 - α 2 ⁢ β 1 ≠ 0 {\alpha_{1}\beta_{2}-\alpha_{2}\beta_{1}\neq 0} . In this paper, the sufficient and necessary conditions for L 2 ⁢ ( μ M , D ) {L^{2}(\mu_{M,D})} to contain an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions are given.

Let $\{M_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty }$ be a sequence of expanding matrices with $M_{n}=\operatorname{diag}(p_{n},q_{n})$, and let $\{{\mathcal{D}}_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty }$ be a sequence of digit sets with ${\mathcal{D}}_{n}=\{(0,0)^{t},(a_{n},0)^{t},(0,b_{n})^{t},\pm (a_{n},b_{n})^{t}\}$, where $p_{n}$, $q_{n}$, $a_{n}$ and $b_{n}$ are positive integers for all $n\geqslant 1$. If $\sup _{n\geqslant 1}\{\frac{a_{n}}{p_{n}},\frac{b_{n}}{q_{n}}\}, then the infinite convolution $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{\{M_{n}\},\{{\mathcal{D}}_{n}\}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{M_{1}^{-1}{\mathcal{D}}_{1}}\ast \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{(M_{1}M_{2})^{-1}{\mathcal{D}}_{2}}\ast \cdots \,$ is a Borel probability measure (Cantor–Dust–Moran measure). In this paper, we investigate whenever there exists a discrete set $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ such that $\{e^{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}i\langle \unicode[STIX]{x1D706},x\rangle }:\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}\}$ is an orthonormal basis for $L^{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{\{M_{n}\},\{{\mathcal{D}}_{n}\}})$.

The Xinhua slope of Dagangshan Reservoir is taken as an example to study the potential for reservoir landslides under the combined effects of rainfall and water level fluctuations. Through field investigation, monitoring analysis by global navigation satellite system and numerical simulation, the hydraulic response and stability of the accumulated deposits on the Xinhua slope were evaluated. Three occurrences of large deformations were recorded by real-time monitoring. By comparing the deformation records with the hydrological records, it was found that the first one was caused by water storage, and the last two were due to the coupling effect of rainfall and water level drawdown. Deformation of the reservoir overburden cannot simply be thought of as the sliding of a single block (geology survey showed deep sliding surfaces with depths of 50–70 m), but shallow sliding (less than 5 m) is also much likely to occur revealed by a supporting evidence from deformation records. In cases where hydrostatic pressure and transient osmotic forces are favorable for shear resistance, softening may play a major role in the process of impoundment leading to deformation. The deformation pattern of the slope deposits changes as it enters operation. A drawdown of water level during flood season accelerates the deformation, while a following rise of water level inhibits this acceleration. More extensive monitoring (i.e. pore water pressure sensor and inclinometer) and more in-depth analysis are needed in the future, and this article is a synthesis of limit equilibrium and infinite slope analysis to better understand the deformation patterns and response mechanisms of reservoir accumulation.

This paper presents a preliminary study of time evolution and spatial accumulation of progressive failure for ancient landslide deposits in Xinhua slope. According to the geological response after impoundment, the Xinhua slope has shown the spatial accumulation of deformation, such as ground cracks in the rear edge, toe collapse, local shallow slides in intense rainfall, and progressive creep displacement. Approximately 2 years of monitoring was performed for the Xinhua slope with the assistance of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and field investigations. The deformation process of a reservoir landslide is considered to be a comprehensive and complicated combination of geological influence from various adverse factors. Field investigations and monitoring indicate that the major serious influence after completion of dam construction comes from the initial large-scale impoundment, the fluctuation of water level, and the existence of a flood season. The creep/slip deformation of slope deposits is a result of integration with adverse hydraulic conditions, e.g., strong rainfall, intense currents and transient seepage flow inside the slope deposits, and activation by water level fluctuation, which can be verified from the twofold evident deformation in the flood season. For the reservoir with daily regulation ability, the occurrence of evident deformations in July highlights that the regulation plan for water level in the flood season is important for controlling the deformation of slope deposits, where the fluctuation of the water level is no more than 10 m in the operation period.

In this paper, we study the spectral property of the self-affine measure [Formula: see text] generated by an expanding real matrix [Formula: see text] and the four-element digit set [Formula: see text]. We show that [Formula: see text] is a spectral measure, i.e. there exists a discrete set [Formula: see text] such that the collection of exponential functions [Formula: see text] forms an orthonormal basis for [Formula: see text], if and only if [Formula: see text] for some [Formula: see text]. A similar characterization for Bernoulli convolution is provided by Dai [X.-R. Dai, When does a Bernoulli convolution admit a spectrum? Adv. Math. 231(3) (2012) 1681–1693], over which [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we provide an equivalent characterization for the maximal bi-zero set of [Formula: see text] by extending the concept of tree-mapping in [X.-R. Dai, X.-G. He and C. K. Lai, Spectral property of Cantor measures with consecutive digits, Adv. Math. 242 (2013) 187–208]. We also extend these results to the more general self-affine measures.

Let the self-affine measure [Formula: see text] be generated by an expanding matrix [Formula: see text] and a finite integer digit set [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we show that if [Formula: see text] for an integer [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] admits an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions if and only if there exists [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] for some [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

For an expanding real matrix M = [ ρ − 1 C 0 ρ − 1 ] ∈ M 2 ( R ) and a digit set D = { ( 0 , 0 ) t , ( 1 , 0 ) t , ( 0 , 1 ) t } , let μ M , D be the self-affine measure generated by M and D. In this paper, we show that L 2 ( μ M , D ) admits an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions if and only if | ρ | = ( q / p ) 1 r and C = κ ρ − 1 for some positive integers p , q , r with p ∈ 3 Z , gcd ⁡ ( p , q ) = 1 and κ ∈ Q . Moreover, if L 2 ( μ M , D ) does not admit any infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions, we estimate the number of orthogonal exponential functions in L 2 ( μ M , D ) and give the exact maximal cardinality.

Due to the actions from upper motion masses with high speed, impacting, scouring and shear failures may occur in the substrate materials, which can change the motion properties and increase the volume of the moving masses. How to simulate the entrainment effect during the mass movement process in a high-speed debris avalanche is an important topic in the research of landslide dynamics. A set of three-dimensional simulation models have been established to study the entrainment effect during the mass movement process. The RNG k-e turbulence model is used to simulate the motion of avalanche flow, and a substrate entrainment model is adopted to estimate the entrainment of substrate materials, which is an improved method to display the entrainment effect in high-speed debris avalanches. Sensitive analysis is applied to evaluate the mechanism parameters, and the velocity magnitude, entrainment, and deposition depth net change have all been discussed in detail. The computational results show that the gravitational energy is translated into kinetic energy with a variable velocity for the sliding masses after landslide initiated, and three stages occur in the sliding process: fragmentation, entrainment, and deposition. In addition, the parameters of viscosity, angle of repose, and entrainment coefficient play important roles in simulations of the entrainment process; the entrainment effect in a debris avalanche depends on not only the mechanical parameters but also the topographical conditions.

This study demonstrates dual functional hybrid heterojunction photodiodes (PDs) that comprise an amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin film blended with graphene nanoflakes and a SiO

Rainfall-induced landslides are notable geological hazards that occur frequently in the mountainous areas of Southwest China. Heavy rainfall in the wet season often causes landslides in mountainous areas, posing a threat to the infrastructure and human safety. For rock slopes, the sliding surface often occurs along a weak interlayer which plays a key role in controlling the mechanism of slope failure during the wet season. Typical bedding rock slope in the Maoergai reservoir was taken as the prototype to determine the physical modeling test materials and parameters, and a three-layered slope model was used to simulate a rock slope with a weak interlayer. A series of laboratory tests were carried out to study the dynamic response and stability of the bedding rock slope with a weak interlayer under heavy rainfall. The experimental results showed that the shear strength of the weak interlayer decreased due to a water softening effect. The changes of pore water pressure and rainfall erosion were the two dominant dynamic factors inducing the gradual decrease of shear resistance of the weak interlayer. In addition, the limit equilibrium method (Janbu’s method) was used to analyze the stability of the slope model and investigate the relationship between shear strength and slope stability. The obtained correlation between shear parameters and the safety factor indicated that the safety factor of the slope model decreased with the softening of the weak interlayer, and its internal friction angle was the key parameter influencing slope stability.

In this paper, we consider the planar self-affine measures $\mu_{M,D}$ generated by an expanding matrix $M\in M_2(\mathbb{Z})$ and an integer digit set $ D=\left\{ {\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0\\ 0 \end{array}} \right),\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} \alpha_1\\ \alpha_2 \end{array}} \right),\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} \beta_1\\ \beta_2 \end{array}} \right)} \right\} $ with $\alpha_1\beta_2-\alpha_2\beta_1\neq0$. We show that if $\det(M)\notin 3\mathbb{Z}$, then the mutually orthogonal exponential functions in $L^2(\mu_{M,D})$ is finite, and the exact maximal cardinality is given.

A large amount of loose landslide deposits caused by a strong earthquake can cause several mountain disasters (slope failures, debris flows, and others) under heavy rainfall conditions. Loose landslide deposits are sensitive to water due to their special structural properties, such as loose structure and wide grading. There are complex conformational and mechanical responses of loose deposits, but the initial conditions and formation mechanisms of mountain disasters can be described by several different parameters. Among these parameters, the property of failure is one of the most important, and it is used to describe extremely dangerous situations for each kind of disaster. In this study, a two-dimensional particle flow code platform (PFC2D) was used to simulate the failure properties, and a laboratory test verified the validity of the numerical experiments. Different sample scales (S1, 150 × 300 mm; S2, 300 × 600 mm; S3, 600 × 1200 mm) and fine particle contents smaller than 5 mm (f-1, 20%; f-2, 30%; f-3, 40%) were considered. The simulation results show that failure stress increases with increasing sample scale or fine particle content under low confining pressure and decreases under high confining pressure. The tendency of failure stresses to vary mutates with different fine particle contents when the confining pressure changes. The mutation value of the confining pressure is 280 kPa. In addition, the phenomenon of strain softening becomes less obvious when the confining pressure increases.

For Gu-Ag alloy, an important parameter called workability in the forming process of materials can be evaluated by processing maps yielded from the stress-strain data generated by hot compression tests at temperatures of 700–850 °C and strain rates of 0.01–10 s−1. And at the true strain of 0.15, 0.35 and 0.55, respectively, the responses of strain-rate sensitivity, power dissipation efficiency and instability parameter to temperature and strain rate were studied. Instability maps and power dissipation maps were superimposed to form processing maps, which reveal the determinate regions where individual metallurgical processes occur and the limiting conditions of flow instability regions. Furthermore, the optimal processing parameters for bulk metal working are identified clearly by the processing maps.

With the rapid development of the economy in the southwest China, more and more large projects are built in such areas. However, how to fill and cut well has been frequent problem because the western region is mostly mountainous areas. Especially for filling, in order to protect the stability of constructions, mechanical properties of granular materials used to fill are quite important. Particle size distribution, fines content and characteristic particle size values are main factors that affects mechanical properties. Under different confining pressure, the changes in fine particle content can lead to change granular materials’ mechanical properties. In this study, three sets of granular materials with different fine particle contents (PSD-1: 20%, PSD-2: 30%, PSD-3: 40%) and three samples (fine particle content of 20%) with different characteristic particle size values are considered. Simulation results indicate that the mechanical properties of granular materials are better when fines content is 40% under low confining pressure. However, when confining pressure is more than 400 kPa, mechanical property of granular materials with fines content of 20% is better.

Granular materials in geotechnical engineering is generally considered to be mixtures of clay, sand, and gravel that commonly appear in slopes, valleys, or river beds, and they are especially used for the construction of earth-rock-filled dams. The complexity of the constitution of granular materials leads to the complexity of their properties. Particle size distribution (PSD) has a great influence on the strength, permeability, and compaction behavior of granular materials, and some implicit correlation may exist between the PSD and the compaction properties of granular materials. Field testing and statistical analysis are used to study the physical and compaction properties of granular materials with artificial grading behind the particle size distributions. The statistical properties in PSD of dam granular materials and how the variation of PSD renders statistical constant are revealed. The statistical constants of three types of dam granular materials are 2.459, 2.475, and 2.499, respectively, on average. These statistical constants have a positive correlation with dry density and a negative correlation with moisture content. According to this characteristic and little deviation between two different calculation methods (from grading analysis and based on the Weibull distribution), the presentation of the statistical analysis ensures the validity of the Weibull function’s description of the granular materials with artificial grading. After fitting the Weibull function to the PSD curve, the relationship between the Weibull parameters and the compaction degree in different soil samples is consistent with that in different types, providing guiding significance for evaluating and selecting dam granular materials.

Background Trimethylamine‐N‐oxide ( TMAO ) has recently been identified as a novel and independent risk factor for promoting atherosclerosis through inducing vascular inflammation. However, the exact mechanism is currently unclear. Studies have established a central role of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain–like receptor family pyrin domain–containing 3 ( NLRP 3) inflammasome in the pathogenesis of vascular inflammation. Here, we examined the potential role of the NLRP 3 inflammasome in TMAO ‐induced vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo and the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results Experiments using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, Western blot, and fluorescent probes showed that TMAO ‐induced inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVEC s) and aortas from ApoE −/− mice. Moreover, TMAO promoted NLRP 3 and activated caspase‐1 p20 expression and caspase‐1 activity in vitro and in vivo. Notably, a caspase‐1 inhibitor ( YVAD ), an NLRP 3 inhibitor ( MCC 950), as well as NLRP 3 short interfering RNA attenuated TMAO ‐induced activation of the NLRP 3 inflammasome, subsequently leading to suppression of inflammation in HUVEC s. TMAO additionally stimulated reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation, in particular, mitochondrial ROS , while inhibiting manganese superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) activation and sirtuin 3 ( SIRT 3) expression in HUVEC s and aortas from ApoE −/− mice. TMAO ‐induced endothelial NLRP 3 inflammasome activation was ameliorated by the mitochondrial ROS scavenger Mito‐ TEMPO , or SIRT 3 overexpression in HUVEC s. Conversely, TMAO failed to further inhibit SOD2 and activate the NLRP 3 inflammasome or induce inflammation in SIRT 3 short interfering RNA –treated HUVEC s and aortas from SIRT 3 −/− mice. Conclusions TMAO promoted vascular inflammation by activating the NLRP 3 inflammasome, and the NLRP 3 inflammasome activation in part was mediated through inhibition of the SIRT 3‐ SOD 2–mitochondrial ROS signaling pathway.

This study was aimed to evaluate the applicability of common Chinese word segmentation software used in the literature study of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) text, in order to put forward ideas on developing specialized TCM text word segmentation software. By means of installing and operating Chinese word segmentation software, the word segmentation experiment was conducted on TCM text samples. Aspects, such as Chinese word segmentation accuracy, speed, maneuverability, reliability, extendibility, portability and other characteristics, were compared among different Chinese word segmentation software. The results showed that there were differences on the accuracy, speed, maneuverability, reliability, extendibility, portability among different Chinese word segmentation software. It was difficult to achieve best performance on different aspects by single software. Through the comparison of different Chinese word segmentation software, the Pan-Gu Segment software showed the best performance on accuracy, with good maneuverability, and high word segmentation efficiency, which was the most suitable for word segmentation in TCM text. It was concluded that developing specialized TCM word segmentation software may be the best solution to meet the requirement of word segmentation in TCM literature study. Basic studies should be strengthened from aspects, such as the construction of standard TCM corpus, the completion of TCM dictionary base, the introduction, optimization and innovation of word segmentation algorithm, as well as the development of word segmentation software for TCM text.

With recent advances in calculation methods, the external factors that affect slope stability, such as water content fluctuations and self-configuration, can be more easily assessed. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element strength reduction method was used to analyze the stability of three-dimensional slopes under fluctuating water conditions. Based on soil parameter variations in engineering practice, the calculation models were established using heterogeneous layers, including a cover layer with inferior properties. An analysis of seepage, deformation and slope stability was carried out with 27 different models, including three different slope gradients and nine different corner angles under five different hydraulic conditions. The failure mechanism has been shown to be closely related to the change in matric suction of unsaturated soils and the geometric slope configuration. Finally, the effect of geometry (surface shape, turning corner and slope gradient) and water (fluctuations) on slope stability are discussed in detail. Emphasis is given to comparing safety factors obtained considering or ignoring matric suction.

For the self-affine measure [Formula: see text] generated by an expanding matrix [Formula: see text] and an integer digit set [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], Su et al. proved that if [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] contains an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions if and only if [Formula: see text] [J. Su, Y. Liu and J. C. Liu, Non-spectrality of the planar self-affine measures with four-element digit sets, Fractals (2019), https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218348X19501159 ]. In this paper, we show that the above conclusion also holds for [Formula: see text]. So, a complete characterization of [Formula: see text] containing an infinite orthogonal set of exponential functions is given.

A novel equivalent flux sliding-mode observer (SMO) is proposed for dual three-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (DT-IPMSM) drive system in this paper. The DT- IPMSM has two sets of Y-connected stator three-phase windings spatially shifted by 30 electrical degrees. In this method, the sensorless drive system employs a flux SMO with soft phase-locked loop method for rotor speed and position estimation, not only are low-pass filter and phase compensation module eliminated, but also estimation accuracy is improved. Meanwhile, to get the regulator parameters of current control, the inner current loop is realized using a decoupling and diagonal internal model control algorithm. Experiment results of 2MW-level DT-IPMSM drives system show that the proposed method has good dynamic and static performances.

Crisp and fuzzy optimization approaches were applied to design an optimal temperature and pH control policy for a batch process of simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) for ethanol production from lignocellulose, using the enzyme and recombinant strain Zymomonas mobilis ZM (pZB5). To determine an optimal temperature and pH control policy, we applied the Arrhenius relationship to each rate constant to express the temperature and pH effects in the kinetic model for both saccharification and fermentation. The goal of the optimal design was to determine the optimal temperature, pH value, initial lignocellulosic concentration, and fermentation time for maximizing the ethanol productivity under the constraints of the follow-up separation specifications. The interactive crisp and fuzzy optimization methods were applied to solve the trade-off optimization problems for obtaining a compromised design. The fuzzy goal attainment approach obtained a compromised design more flexibly than did the cris...

For the self-affine measures [Formula: see text] generated by a diagonal matrix [Formula: see text] with entries [Formula: see text] and the digit set [Formula: see text], Li showed that there exists an infinite orthogonal exponential functions set in [Formula: see text] if and only if at least two of the three numbers [Formula: see text] are even, and conjectured that there exist at most four mutually orthogonal exponential functions in [Formula: see text] for other cases [J.-L. Li, Non-spectrality of self-affine measures on the spatial Sierpinski gasket, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 432 (2015) 1005–1017]. This conjecture was disproved by Wang and Li through constructing a class of the eight-element orthogonal exponential functions [Q. Wang and J.-L. Li, There are eight-element orthogonal exponentials on the spatial Sierpinski gasket, Math. Nachr. 292 (2019) 211–226]. In this paper, we will show that there are any number of orthogonal exponential functions in [Formula: see text] if two of the three numbers [Formula: see text] are different odd and the other is even.

Inflammation participates centrally in all stages of atherosclerosis (AS), which begins with inflammatory changes in the endothelium, characterized by expression of the adhesion molecules. Resveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring phytoalexin that can attenuate endothelial inflammation; however, the exact mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. Autophagy refers to the normal process of cell degradation of proteins and organelles, and is protective against certain inflammatory injuries. Thus, we intended to determine the role of autophagy in the antiinflammatory effects of RSV in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that RSV pretreatment reduced tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF/TNF?)-induced inflammation and increased MAP1LC3B2 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 ? 2) expression and SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) degradation in a concentration-dependent manner. A bafilomycin A 1 (BafA1) challenge resulted in further accumulation of MAP1LC3B2 in HUVECs. Furthermore, autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine as well as ATG5 and BECN1 siRNA significantly attenuated RSV-induced autophagy, which, subsequently, suppressed the downregulation of RSV-induced inflammatory factors expression. RSV also increased cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) content, the expression of PRKA (protein kinase A) and SIRT1 (sirtuin 1), as well as the activity of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). RSV-induced autophagy in HUVECs was abolished in the presence of inhibitors of ADCY (adenylyl cyclase, KH7), PRKA (H-89), AMPK (compound C), or SIRT1 (nicotinamide and EX-527), as well as ADCY, PRKA, AMPK, and SIRT1 siRNA transfection, indicating that the effects of RSV on autophagy induction were dependent on cAMP, PRKA, AMPK and SIRT1. In conclusion, RSV attenuates endothelial inflammation by inducing autophagy, and the autophagy in part was mediated through the activation of the cAMP-PRKA-AMPK-SIRT1 signaling pathway.

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that exerts potent effects to suppress atherosclerosis. However, its low concentration in plasma has placed this role in doubt. Thus, resveratrol effects might be dependent on its transport into vascular endothelium, a question not previously addressed in spite of its obvious and fundamental importance. Via high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we found that resveratrol was absorbed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a temperature-, concentration- and time-dependent manner, suggesting the involvement of passive diffusion and active transport. As determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, resveratrol primarily distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Furthermore, resveratrol absorption was modulated by serum proteins and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) yet inhibited by glucose (an SGLT1 substrate) and phlorizin (an SGLT1 selective inhibitor), as well as SGLT1 siRNA transfection. Additionally, Sprague–Dawley rats were intragastrically administrated with 100 mg/kg of resveratrol and the concentration of resveratrol in blood vessels declined more slowly up to 24 h compared to that in the blood. Our results suggested that resveratrol uptake by vascular endothelial cells involved both passive diffusion and an SGLT1-mediated process, at least partially. Moreover, the intracellular resveratrol pool may be more important than the serum level in vivo. These provide new insights into the cardiovascular benefits of resveratrol.

This paper proposes an adaptive sliding-mode observer (SMO) for a low-speed interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive. In this paper, an adaptive SMO is employed to estimate the rotor speed and extended EMF, a soft phase locked loop (PLL) technology is used to estimate rotor position due to its strong robustness since under voltage phase unbalance or polluted and variable-frequency environment. The global asymptotic stability of the proposed adaptive SMO is verified using Lyapunov stability analysis with considering motor parameter variations. Simulation results are presented to verify the principles and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The hazard of chemical process equipment consists of two parts: the inherent hazard of process equipment and the hazard from domino effect among equipments. The inherent hazard of equipment depends on the properties of the substance present in the equipment and the specific process conditions. The domino effect is responsibility for many most destructive accidents in the chemical process industry. However, domino effect is either not considered at all or is done with much less rigour than is warranted. A method was proposed to evaluate the hazard of chemical process equipment. The inherent hazard and the hazard from domino effect were considered in the method. The procedure for the domino effect analysis among equipments was presented to evaluate the hazard from the domino effect. The method was implemented in a case study. The results show that it can be used to select the process equipment which should be intensive monitored.

The domino effect is responsibility for many most destructive accidents in the chemical process industry. The catastrophic consequences are not only affecting the industrial sites, but also people and environment. However, quantitative methods which take in to account the domino effect are still missing. A model for quantitative assessment of the domino effect is presented. The probabilities of occurrence are obtained by the event trees. The frequencies of different accidents can be obtained by applying the proposed method. The results of the case study show that the domino effect should be taken into account in quantitative risk assessment (QRA).

It’s a sort of safety management strategy of setting safety signs in production site in order to make people be alert and evade danger by transmitting dangerous signal. Based on the reviews of traditional cognitive process models such as C-HIP model and information communication model, combining the theoretical results of emerging Neuro-IE, this paper provides a cognitive process model (3N-Model) of safety sign on the basis of Neuro-IE, explains the model and gives a number of management inspirations by combining with the model.

Accidents caused by the domino effect are the most destructive accidents in the chemical process industry. These chains of accidents may lead to catastrophic consequences and may affect not only the industrial sites, but also people, environment and economy. However, quantitative risk assessments do not usually take the domino effect into account in a detailed, systematic way, mostly because of its complexity and the difficulties involved in its incorporation. A method for quantitative assessment of domino effects is presented. The consequence and probability of a certain accident can be estimated. The domino sequences from the initial accident to the last accident can be obtained. The method has been implemented in a case study. The results show that it can indeed be used to estimate the impact of the domino effect in quantitative assessment.

A novel sensorless control scheme is proposed for an interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives at very low speed based on sliding-mode observer (SMO) in this study, which substitutes a sigmoid function for the sign or saturation function with a variable boundary layer, overcomes the time delay caused by the low-pass filter and the chattering problem used in the conventional SMO. In this study, an adaptive SMO is employed to estimate the rotor speed and extended electromotive force, a three-phase soft phase-locked loop technology is used to estimate rotor position because of its strong robustness since under voltage phase unbalance or polluted and variable-frequency environment. The global asymptotic stability of the proposed adaptive SMO is verified using Lyapunov stability analysis with considering motor parameter variations. Experimental results are presented to verify the principles and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method at very low speed from 2 to 17 r/min.