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Objective: To clarify the effects of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) complicated with reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF) through meta-analysis. Methods: Three major literature databases – PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane – were searched by search terms and the literature retrieval time was publications dating from January 2007 to December 2021. To search for observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing the efficacy of PCI and CABG in patients with CHD and HFrEF, the abstract or full text of the literature was read and the final included literature was determined, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included literature was evaluated using the Ottawa scale and data extraction was further completed. Data analysis was made using RevMan5.4 and R4.1 software; relevant forest plots and funnel plots were made, according to the extracted data. Egger’s test was used to evaluate whether the data had publication bias. Outcomes were the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: A total of 10 studies were included and 11,032 subjects were included, made up of 5,521 cases of PCI and 5,511 cases of CABG. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in cardiac mortality (CM) (RR=1.13, 95% CI 0.98-1.30, P = 0.10) and in overall all-cause mortality (ACM) (RR=1.12, 95% CI 0.92-1.37, P = 0.25). In the subgroup analysis of ACM, in the subgroups with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 35% and exceeding 35% and less than 50% (RR=1.12, 95% CI 0.92-1.37, P = 0.25) between the two groups, there was no statistical difference. However, among other MACE, compared with the PCI group, the CABG group had a lower risk of MACE (RR=1.58, 95%CI 1.49-1.70, P < 0.00001), myocardial infarction (MI) (RR=1.99, 95% CI 1.02-3.88, P = 0.04), heart failure (HF) (RR=1.29, 95% CI 1.17-1.43, P < 0.00001) and revascularization (RR=2.74, 95% CI 1.93-3.90, P < 0.00001). Finally in the CABG group, the risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) was higher (RR=0.71, 95% CI 0.58-0.86, P = 0.0006) than the PCI group. Conclusions: The mortality rates of PCI and CABG were similar in patients with CHD complicated with HFrEF. Compared with PCI, CABG had a lower incidence of MACE, MI, HF, and revascularization, and a higher incidence of stroke or TIA.

Negative skin friction (NSF) has been one of the important factors in the design of pile foundation; especially, the influence of water level on the pile negative skin friction should be paid attention. In this paper, a series of model tests were carried out to analyze the bearing characteristic of the pile group influenced by groundwater level. The pile axial force and negative skin friction, settlement, and soil pore pressure were investigated. The results showed that both the water level rising and lowering cycle could increase the axial force of the pile along the upper part of the pile, yet reducing it along the lower part of the pile; both the axial force and the negative skin friction of the pile presented a feature of time effect; the value of negative skin friction was positively correlated with that of the pile head load, and the neutral plane ranged from 0.57 L to 0.64 L as the water level changed; the soil featured settling in layers, and the change of pore water pressure was accordant with the water level changing regulation.

China is experiencing a sustained increase in childhood cancer. However, whether differences exist in disease burden by ethnicity remains unclear.To compare differences in cancer diagnoses and health care utilization in Inner Mongolia among children subgrouped by ethnicity (Han vs Mongolian), sex, and age.This retrospective cohort study in Inner Mongolia, China, used data on children aged 0 to 14 years with cancer from the Inner Mongolia Regional Health Information Platform, which comprises the National Basic Medical Insurance database and the Inner Mongolia cause-of-death reporting system, from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2019. Ethnicities analyzed included Han and Mongolian; patients of other ethnicities were not included in the analysis because of the small sample size. Cancer was broadly defined as a primary malignant tumor or hematologic cancer; benign central nervous system tumors were also included. A 2-year washout period was used to exclude prevalent cases. After diagnosis, the patients were followed up until the date of death or the end of the insured status, whichever came first.Ethnicity (Han vs Mongolian), sex (male vs female), and age (0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years).Crude incidence, 5-year prevalence, and survival rates at 1 year and 3 years after diagnosis; health care utilization, represented by medical costs during the first year and first 3 years after diagnosis; and hospital attendance with level (tertiary vs secondary and lower-level hospitals) and location of each unique visit.From 2013 to 2019, 1 106 684 (2013), 1 330 242 (2014), 1 763 746 (2015), 2 400 343 (2016), 2 245 963 (2017), 2 901 088 (2018), and 2 996 580 (2019) children aged 0 to 14 years were registered in the NBMI database. Among the 2 996 580 children enrolled in 2019, the mean (SD) age was 6.8 (4.3) years, of whom 1 572 096 (52.5%) were male, 2 572 091 (85.8%) were Han, and 369 400 (12.3%) were Mongolian. A total of 1910 patients with cancer were identified (1048 were male [54.9%]; 1559 were Han [81.6%], and 300 were Mongolian [15.7%]). There were 764 hematologic cancers (40.0%) and 1146 solid tumors (60.0%). The overall crude incidence of cancer from 2015 to 2019 was 129.85 per million children (95% CI, 123.63-136.06), with a higher incidence among Mongolian than among Han children (155.12 [95% CI, 136.81-173.43] vs 134.39 [95% CI, 127.46-141.32]). The 5-year prevalence was 428.97 per million (95% CI, 405.52-452.42) in 2020, with a higher prevalence among Mongolian than among Han children (568.49 [95% CI, 91.62-645.36] vs 404.34 [95% CI, 379.77-428.91]). The combined 1-year (2015-2019) and 3-year (2015-2017) survival rates were 72.5% (95% CI, 67.5%-77.5%) and 66.8% (95% CI, 61.6%-71.9%), respectively. The 1-year (median [IQR], $1991 [$912-$10 181] vs $3991 [$1171-$15 425]) and 3-year (median [IQR], $2704 [$954-$13 909] vs $5375 [$1283-$22 466]) postdiagnosis costs were lower among Mongolian than among Han children. A higher proportion of Mongolian patients attended low-level hospitals (45.9% vs 17.4%).In this cohort study, Mongolian children had a higher incidence and prevalence of cancer but a lower demand for medical care, suggesting that further investigations are needed to identify mechanisms underlying ethnic disparities and ensure that care is equitable.

[EN] Main purpose of this research is trying to understand food likeliness of Taiwan college students, and probe whether these food are healthy. Three survey steps are taken as: step 1, market survey for what kind of foods are selling around the campuses; step 2, questionnaire investigation for students food preference; step 3, analyzing whether these favorite foods are healthy or not. The result shows: major consideration for students food selection are “taste” and “price”; 63% of students are taking food or snacks late at night at least once a week. Top three most favorite foods are: Taiwanese fries (yan su ji), carbon grilled chicken and fried fish steaks. Quantities of these foods are small, prices are low, and easy access from roadside food stands. Problems of them are high calories, easy to accumulate free radical in human body, plus insanitary food processing environment. They are harmful to student health. We suggest Taiwan government take it seriously

When the Cassini spacecraft finally plunged into the Saturnian atmosphere on 2017 September 15, China’s deep space telescope pointed to Saturn to observe Cassini and study the Saturnian upper neutral atmosphere. In this first Chinese Saturnian radio science experiment, X band Doppler velocity radio science data between the deep space telescope and the Cassini spacecraft were obtained. After removing Saturnian and solar gravity effects, Earth rotation effect, the remaining Saturnian atmosphere drag information was retrieved in the Cassini final plunge progress. Saturn’s upper neutral atmosphere mass density profile is approximately estimated based on atmosphere mass density derived principally by real orbit measurement data. Saturn’s upper neutral atmospheremass density from76 000 km to 1400 km is estimated fromthe orbit measurement data, the mass density results are about from 1.4 × 10−15 kg cm−3 to 2.5 × 10−14 kg cm−3.

Cultural tourism has been suggested as a major tourism activity that contributes to host residents and communities. Taking the concept of travel motivation, documented literature notes that it is a principal factor in affecting tourist behaviors and market segmentation is one of the significant means to discover the differences in visitors’ segments. The purpose of this is to determine the motivations of visitors who attended the cultural festivals in Taiwan. The results of this research note that there are three distinct groups of cultural tourists: casual travel seekers, sightseeing seekers, and novel knowledge seekers.

In order to reveal the changes phenolics involved in symbiotic process between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plant, the impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus on growth and phenolic synthesis in Poncirus trifoliata under iron deficiency were investigated. The P. trifoliata seedlings were inoculated with or without AM fungus Glomus versiforme irrigated with Fe-deficient (0 μM o,o-FeEDDHA) or Fe-sufficient (50 μM o,o-FeEDDHA) nutrient solution twice a week. Three months later, we monitored biomass, the contents of phenolics, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the expression of pal1 gene. Mycorrhizal colonization significantly promoted P. trifoliata growth and phenolic synthesis compared with the non-AMF control, in parallel with the increase in PAL enzyme activity and pal1 gene expression. Mycorrhization significantly increased ferulic acid, gallic acid, phlorizin and salicylic acid. Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, protocatechuic, rutin, syringic acid, vanillin and vanilloid were not detected in both AMF and non-AMF inoculated treatments. However, phloretin was only present in Fe-deficient groups whether it was inoculated with AMF or not. In conclusion, phenolics changes and integrated transcriptional regulation might play a crucial role in AMF-mediated alleviation of iron stress in P. trifoliata .

Aluminum powder, stannous oxide powder and cuprous oxide powder are used for the preparation of tin oxide nanostructure in combustion synthesis-injection method with the formula designed using combinatorial chemistry method. The composition range of tin oxide nanostructure synthesis has been studied and the best formula of tin oxide nanowires synthesis has been screened. The research shows that the effective ingredient scope of tin oxide nanostructure is Al=30%~60%, CuO2=10%~50%, SnO=20% ~50% (mol), the main form of tin oxide nanostructure is nanowire and there are also forms such as nanorod, nanoparticle and nanobelt. The formula of tin oxide nanowire which leads to high yield, high purity and high conversion is Al:SnO:Cu2O=4:2:4(mol), the diameter of the tin oxide nanowires is within the range of 10~100 nm and most of them is from 40 to 60 nm, the highest conversion rate of SnO powder to SnO2 nanowire is 25.6%(mass), the tin oxide nanostructure synthesized by combustion synthesis-injection method has high purity, good dispensability, low preparation cost and it is also suitable for mass production.

The mechanical behavior of group piles under lateral load is a very complex process of pile-soil interaction. Due to the group effect, the lateral capacity of individual piles can not be fully developed. Deduction factors are applied to the lateral soil reaction, and then lateral analysis is performed for individual piles. After p-y curve for each pile is constructed, the soil pressure of group piles is the sum of soil pressure of single pile at the same deflection under one pile cap. The mechanical different behaviors of the front piles and the back piles are analyzed and compared based on a practical engineering.

On the basis of magnesiothermy, with Mg powder, TiO2 powder and B2O3 powder as mixed reactants, relatively pure TiB2 powder was prepared by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) after leached in diluted hydrochloric acid with the suitable concentration. The product after leached was examined by XRD for qualitative and quantitative analysis, SEM for morphology analysis and infrared spectroscopy for transmittance analysis. It was found that diluted hydrochloric acid could decrease most of the impurities, and the proportion of TiB2 phase in the product is more than 99%, which was hexagonal shape crystal with the grain size of 200-300 nm. Compare with the infrared spectrogram of the middle infrared spectral region of the product of before and after acid pickling, it was found that the transmittance of TiB2 is extremely low in the range of 2000-4000 cm-1, which can be excellent infrared absorption material in the corresponding wave band.

The Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/PVP composite micro/nanofibers with average diameters of around 300~500nm were prepared by sol-gel method combined with electrospinning technology. The influences of the calcination temperatures (800°C, 900°C, 1100°C) on the crystal structure, micromorphology and microwave absorbing property of the calcined products were characterized by means of XRD, FT-IR, SEM and vector network analyzer. The results showed that the pure spinel structure of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 were all formed when the composite micro/nanofibers were calcined at above 800°C. With the increase of calcination temperature, the Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 grains gradually grown up which contained in the micro/nanofibers, and the micro/nanofiber morphology changed toward the bamboo-like structure, and eventually lost the fiber morphology and presented the irregular granlar forms. In the band of 2~18GHz, the minimum reflectivity of the products moved to high frequency gradually. The microwave absorbing property of the products after being calcinated at 800°Cwas better than being calcinated at 900°C and 1100°C.

Using TiO2B2O3 powders as oxidizer,AlMg powders as reducer,the TiB2 multiphase ceramic are preparated with SHS, and analysed with SEM and XRD.The effect of HCl, H3PO4 to pickling of TiB2-based multiphase ceramics is explored by SEM and XRD analysis. Research suggests that: the main ingredients of TiB2-based multiphase ceramics is TiB2, MgO and MgAl2O4 three phases, few of reaction residual objects and impurities also exists; the multiphase ceramics is forming by many of hexagonal crystal type products and small particles reunion, hexagonal crystal type product is TiB2, small particles may be MgO, MgAl2O4 and other impurities product; MgO can be effectively washed by HCl and H3PO4 , but TiB2 and MgAl2O4 invalid. At room temperature, 30% HCl pickling has the best effect, the concentration of TiB2(ω) is up to 59.3%; the higher of the concentration, the better of acid-effect; In the pickling process, as the temperature rises, the concentration of TiB2 grows, but the temperature should not be too high. When temperature reach 75 °C, HCl volatilizes too quickly and inefficiently. At room temperature, 20% H3PO4 has the best pickling effect, the concentration of TiB2(ω) is up to 52.6%, but the best pickling effect is not well with concentration increasing; as the temperature increasing, purity of TiB2 is also increased; At 70°C, the concentration of TiB2(ω) after H3PO4 pickling is up to 61.9%, refine effect is good.

Titanium powder, silicon powder and carbon powder were used for the preparation of Ti3SiC2 matrix multiphase ceramic by self-propagating high temperature synthesis method (SHS) in air condition. The product was examined by XRD for qualitative and quantitative analysis, SEM for morphology analysis and infrared spectroscopy for transmittance analysis. It was shown in the research that product which was with titanium powder, silicon powder, and carbon powder as raw material was consist of three phases, Ti3SiC2 (76.6 wt%), TiC (21.2 wt%) and TiSi2 (2.2 wt%). TiC phase and TiSi2 phase distributed on the Ti3SiC2 phase matrix of the multiphase ceramic in the form of particles. Ti3SiC2 matrix multiphase ceramic which was with titanium powder, silicon powder, boron carbide powder and carbon powder as the raw material was also consist of three phases, Ti3SiC2, TiC and TiB2. The infrared transmittance in the wave numbers of 1500-4000 cm-1 is less than 15 %. The infrared transmittance of the product with a certain additive in the wave numbers of 600-4000 cm-1 can be dropped below 10 %. Ti3SiC2 matrix multiphase ceramic may be a new high radiation infrared material, which has high temperature resistance, wear resistance and wide band.

A procedure for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils based on the shear wave velocity measurements is outlined in the paper. The procedure follows the general formal of the Seed-Idriss simplified procedure. In addition, it was developed following suggestions from industry, researchers, and practitioners. The procedure correctly predicts moderate to high liquefaction potential for over 95% of the liquefaction case histories. The case study for the site of offshore wind farm in Jiangsu province is provided to illustrate the application of the proposed procedure. The feature of the soils and the shear wave velocity in-situ tested in site are discussed and the liquefaction potential of the layer is evaluated. The application shows that the layers of the non-cohesive soils in the depths 3-11m may be liquefiable according to the procedure.

TiB2-TiC multiphase ceramics were prepared through altering the molar ratio of Mg and C and leached with suitable acid by the combustion synthesis reaction of Mg, C, TiO2 and B2O3. The samples were investigated by XRD and SEM, and the results showed the diameter of the TiB2 was 1.5μm and the shape of the TiC was irregular spherical particles. The diameter and the proportion of the TiB2 were increased with the increase of Mg powder. The formation mechanism of TiB2 has been studied. The optimized proportioning of the molar ratio of Mg and C was 3:2.

The vane shear test (VST) is comprehensively analyzed by means of empirical method, which on soft ground of one offshore foundation engineering project in Jiangsu province of China. The methods of judgment of soil stress history are summarized. Based on the shear strength of soft clay, consolidation state of the soft clay is obtained. The conclusion shows that it belongs to slight over-consolidation state. In the meantime, the two evaluation methods are comparatively analyzed. In the depth more than 5 m, the curves of over consolidation ratio (OCR) of two methods show a good consistency. The methods and applications can provide useful reference for engineers.

The sleeve-bolt connection and the groove-plate connection are two major forms of bamboo’s joints under tension and compression load, and the strength of these two connections is normally governed by the brittle failure mode of shearing-split. A new configuration of sleeve-cement bamboo joint is designed. Comparative loading tests were carried out to study the static tensile and compressive performances of the bamboo joints. It is found that the joint with sleeve-cement connection behaves more ductile under tension and possesses higher strength under compression than those with the sleeve-bolt and groove-plate connections. The sleeve-cement connection ensures effective transition of the axial load in the bamboo joint, and there are more to be optimized in its design.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status with respect to colonization of different AM structures in the citrus roots, spore density and hyphal length density, GRSP content, and phosphatase activity in the citrus rhizosphere were investigated in the orchards at Zigui county of the Three Gorges Region, S China. Four soil managements, no-tillage and natural grass (NN), no-tillage and sod culture (NS), half-tillage and film mulching (HT), and clean-tillage (CT) were employed in those citrus orchards. Our survey showed heavy AM colonization (36%–89%), indicating a high AM dependency of citrus in our experimental orchards. The colonization of different AM structures, spore density, hyphal length density, GRSP content, and phosphatase activity varied greatly between the no-tillage and tillage citrus orchards. The highest colonization of different AM structures except the ratio of root length with vesicles (RLV), spore density, hyphal length density, GRSP content, and phosphatase activity was observed in the no-tillage orchards, and the lowest was found in the tillage orchards. A cluster analysis based on the similarity in AM status, GRSP content, and phosphatase activity showed similarities between the NS citrus orchards and the NN citrus orchards. The data presented here demonstrate that tillage reduced the total AM colonization (RLT), spore density, hyphal length density, GRSP content, and phosphatase activity, while those were recovered in the no-tillage citrus orchards. So, we propose that no-tillage and planting grass is an effective way for citrus production and improvement of soil quality in orchards of the study area.

Currently, deformations along the central axis of specimens were usually measured under fixed environmental conditions. Seldom were the effects of environmental factors on the drying-shrinkage deformation of cement-based material considered. For this paper, the drying-shrinkage deformation at different w/b ratios and different additions to mortars was investigated under different environments at a temperature of 20 °C and humidity ranging from 100% to 50%. The specimens were cured in water for 28 days before measurement. The results illustrate that mortar shows much less shrinkage under various drying conditions when a lower w/b ratio is adopted. With a decrease in relative humidity the speed of drying-shrinkage becomes gradually lower. The addition of silica fume reduces the drying-shrinkage of mortar under higher relative humidity, because the pore structure of mortar with silica fume becomes more refined. The addition of fly ash increases the total porosity and the volume of coarse pores in the mortar. The drying-shrinkage of mortar under different conditions increases with the addition of more of fly ash.

SummaryLeaves on mature trees of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) growing in full sun under field conditions (sun) or under shade in screenhouse conditions (shade) exhibited midday depression in their net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs). As the air temperature (Ta) increased from 32°C to 38°C, the relative humidity (RH) decreased from 71% to 42% and the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) increased from 235 Pa to 587 Pa. Decreased transpiration rates (E) and gs at midday were interpreted as a combined “feedforward” effect from the increased VPD. Carboxylation efficiency (CE) was highest at midday in both sunlit and shaded leaves. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) varied little during diurnal variations in shaded leaves, but the AQY in sunlit leaves showed lower values at midday than at other times. Photo-inhibition occurred from high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in full sun. The increased CO2 compensation point ( ) for both growth conditions also contributed to the reduc...

A pot experiment was carried out to explore the annual changes by bioremediation inoculated with 30 g Glomus versiorme in Pteris vittata L. The results showed that mycorrhizal colonization was the lowest in September 2013 (57.14%), and was the highest in March 2014 (75.20%), following the tendency firstly increasing and then decreasing. The dry biomass was markedly high in Gv than that in CK, especially in roots. The total U was significantly higher in Gv than that in CK, and was fixed predominantly into roots. The media in Gv showed less U than that in CK. It was absorbed the most to iron and manganese oxidable U and sulfide U, and each U species declined accompanying the time prolongation. In addition, bioconcentration factors were higher in Gv compared to those of CK, and both treatments were above 1. Positive relationship was found between mycorrhizal colonization and bioconcentration factors. Therefore, U uptake was enhanced inoculated by Gv, and the symbiont in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Pteris vittata L. had a potential to remediate U polluted soil.

The addition of triphenylcarbenium hexafluorophosphate to the title complex gives tricarbonyl(η5-cyclohexadienylium)iron hexafluorophosphate with a side chain at the C-1 position of the ring. Intramolecular cyclization of the cation using sodium- or calcium- hydride generates a hetero spiro[4.5]decane derivative.

This paper studied the effects of exogenous nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmotic regulation substances of longan (Dimocarpus longana 'Fuyan') seedlings under acid rain (pH 3.0) stress. Under the acid rain stress, the seedling leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities and chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble sugar contents decreased obviously, while the leaf malondialdedyde content had a remarkable increase, suggesting the toxic effect of the acid rain on the seedlings. Exogenous nitric oxide had dual nature on the physiological characteristics of longan seedlings under acid rain stress. Applying 0.1-0.5 mmol x L(-1) of SNP improved the SOD, POD and CAT activities and the chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble sugar contents significantly, and decreased the malondialdedyde content. Low concentrations SNP reduced the oxidative damage caused by the acid rain stress, and 0.5 mmol x L(-1) of SNP had the best effect. Under the application of 0.5 mmol x L(-1) of SNP, the total chlorophyll, soluble protein, and soluble sugar contents and the SOD, POD and CAT activities increased by 76.0%, 107.0%, 216.1%, 150. 0%, 350.9% and 97.1%, respectively, and the malondialdedyde content decreased by 46.4%. It was suggested that low concentration (0.1-0.5 mmol x L(-1)) SNP could alleviate the toxic effect of acid rain stress on longan seedlings via activating the leaf antioxidant enzyme activities and reducing oxidative stress, while high concentration SNP (1.0 mmol x L(-1)) lowered the mitigation effect.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status [total AM colonization (RLT), percentage of root length with arbuscules (RLA) and vesicles (RLV), spore density and hyphal length density], microbial populations and soil enzyme activities were investigated in citrus (Satsuma Mandarin grafted on Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf) orchards. Two types of no-tillage soil management, natural grass cover and use of herbicides, were employed in these orchards. The citrus AM colonization (37.26-70.09%) was high in all the experimental orchards sampled. The highest RLA (43.83%), spore density (384.63 spores/100 g soil), hyphal length density (4.09 m g–1 soil), rhizospheric microbial populations and enzyme activities were observed in the orchards with a natural grass cover, and the lowest values, except urease activity, were found in the orchards treated with herbicides. Spore density, hyphal length density, catalase activity and phosphatase activity varied notably between no-tillage/natural grass and no-tillage/herbicides treated orchards in the soil layers above 40 cm. A correlation analysis showed that the hyphal length density and organic matter were significantly positively correlated. Soil enzyme activities, except phosphatase, were strongly correlated with the bacteria populations. The data presented here demonstrates that the RLA, spore density, hyphal length density, rhizospheric microbe populations and enzyme activities were significantly better in the soil layers above 40 cm of orchards with a natural grass cover than herbicidetreated soils. So, the establishment of a natural grass cover benefits soil quality in citrus orchards in Southern China., Se investigó en huertos de mandarino Satsuma injertado sobre Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf el estado de las micorrizas arbusculares (AM) [colonización total de AM (RLT), % de longitud de la raíz con arbúsculos (RLA) y vesículas (RLV), densidad de esporas y de hifas], las poblaciones microbianas y las actividades enzimáticas del suelo. En estos huertos se emplea dos tipos de gestión del suelo sin labranza, uno mediante cubierta de césped natural y otro mediante uso de herbicidas. La colonización de AM en la raíz de los cítricos fue alta (37,26-70,09%) en todos los huertos muestreados. Se observó el mayor RLA (43,83%), densidad de esporas (384,63 esporas/100 g de suelo), densidad de longitud de hifas (4,09 m g–1 de suelo), poblaciones microbianas rizosféricas y actividades enzimáticas en los huertos con cubierta de césped natural. En las capas del suelo hasta los 40 cm, la densidad de las esporas y de las hifas, y la actividad de la catalasa y de la fosfatasa variaron notablemente entre los dos tratamientos. Un análisis de correlación mostró que la densidad de las hifas y la materia orgánica estaban significativamente correlacionadas. Las actividades enzimáticas del suelo, a excepción de la fosfatasa, estuvieron fuertemente correlacionadas con las poblaciones de bacterias. Por lo tanto, la no labranza y el establecimiento de una cobertura de césped beneficia la calidad del suelo en estos huertos de cítricos en el sur de China.

With sand culture in greenhouse, this paper studied the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme on the utilization of insoluble phosphate AlPO4 (Al-P) by trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings. The results indicated that inoculation with AM fungi notably increased the dry matter, P content, and P absorption rate of P. trifoliata. The contribution of mycorrhiza, P uptake by plant and AM fungi, and the contribution of AM fungi in P uptake by P. trifoliata increased greatly with increasing Al-P level in the medium. Inoculation with AM fungi greatly increased the excretion of phosphatase, especially acid- and neutral phosphatase, from plant root and hyphae, but the excretion amount decreased with increasing Al-P level. The contribution of the fungi in P uptake by P. trifoliata was significantly positively correlated with the amounts of acid-, neutral-, alkaline-, and total phosphatase.

The effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus versiforme) on iron contents by two citrus rootstocks (trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf] and red tangerine [Citrus reticulata Blanco]) was studied in sand culture under different pH conditions. Seeds were sown in a mixed substrate (perlite/sand, 1:1 [v/v]) inoculated with or without mycorrhizal inoculum. The experiment was carried out at four pH levels by applying nutrient solution at pH 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, or 8.0 to P. trifoliata and pH 5.2, 6.2, 7.2, or 8.2 to C. reticulata. No AM colonization was found in uninoculated control (NM) and plants, and root colonization in AM plants was depressed under iron deficiency at high pH. Colonization by G. versiforme led to higher dry weights of shoots compared with NM treatments, suggesting that G. versiforme enhanced plant growth. Higher concentration of chlorophyll and active iron, lower ratios of P/Fe and 50(10P+K)/Fe were present in AM plants than NM treatments. Nevertheless, G. versiforme improved root Fe (III) chelate reductase activity of P. trifoliata and C. reticulata. The data indicate that plant uptake and translocation of iron were enhanced and AM fungi may be considered as a potential tool for bioremediation of citrus iron deficiency.

To study the effect of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) on T cell cycle and activation, and to investigate the inhibitory effect of MSC on T cell proliferation and the underlying mechanism.Human bone marrow derived MSC were isolated by gradient centrifugation. then in vitro MSC were cultured, expanded,and were used in test after third passage. FCM analysis and ELISA were used to investigate the effects of MSC on the early activation marker expression of T cells, cell cycle and cytokine secretion.T cells stimulated by PHA in the presence of MSC were arrested at G0/G1 phase. The expression of the early activation marker CD25 and CD69 of T cells was inhibited in the presence of MSC both in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subpopulation. MSC caused a sharp decrease of cytokine secretion in IL-2 and IFN-gamma.Human bone marrow derived MSC can suppress the activation and proliferation of T cells by altering T cell cycle.

To investigate the possibility of marrow derived multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) differentiating into hepatocytes by co-culturing with human hepatocyte line L02, and to evaluate the potential use of MAPCs in tissue-engineering either experimentally or clinically.(1) Co-culturing without cell-to-cell contact: MAPCs and L02 hepatocytes were spread on coverslips separately (both with a cell density of 1x10(5)/ml), and then they were put in a culture dish (10 cm). The expressions of Alb, AFP, CK18, and CK19 in MAPCs were detected by immunocytochemistry at different time points. A separate culture of L02 hepatocytes served as a positive control and a separate culture of MAPCs served as a negative control. (2) Co-culturing with cell-to-cell contact: MAPCs labeled with CFSE were mixed with L02 hepatocytes (both with a cell density of 1x10(4)/ml), and then the mixed cells were seeded on specific dishes for detection by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). Five days later, the cells were double-stained with SABC-Cy3. The expressions of Alb, AFP, CK18 in MAPCs were observed under LSCM. Similarly, separately cultured L02 hepatocytes served as a positive control and separately cultured MAPCs served as a negative control.(1) Results of co-culturing without cell-to-cell contact: On the first day, the MAPCs expressed a high level of AFP. Then AFP expression tapered daily and there was hardly any expression of AFP on day 7. The expression of Alb was very weak on day 1, but increased significantly by day 3, reached its peak on day 5, and still maintained a high level on day 7. The initial expression of CK18 appeared on day 5 and reached a higher level on day 7. The expression of CK19 was always negative. The positive control cells had a high expression of Alb and CK18, while there was a weak expression of AFP and a negative expression of CK19. The negative control cells had no expressions for the four markers. (2) Results of co-culturing with cell-to-cell contact: On day 5, there were three colors of fluorescence under LSCM: yellow cells were MAPCs differentiating into hepatocytes; green cells were undifferentiated MAPCs; red cells were L02 hepatocytes. The result showed that Alb and CK18 were expressed in many cells and AFP appeared in only a few cells.Human MAPCs can be induced to differentiate into mature hepatocyte-like cells by co-culturing with L02 hepatocytes, either with or without cell-to-cell contact, but the former way may be more effective.

An ocular Thelazia callipaeda infestation was found in a male domestic dog in Taiwan during regular examination. This is the first report of the parasite from pet animal in Taiwan. The infested dog showed normal bodily condition but slight conjunctival congestion. This parasite has been reported in humans in southeast Asia, China and Korea. In 1998, first human case was reported in the central area of Taiwan. The dogs infected with T. callipaeda may have important implication in the infestation of this parasite to humans as reservoir hosts.

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a specific branch point enzyme of primary and secondary metabolism. It is deemed to play a key role in plant development and defence. Homology cloning of the cDNA sequence of PAL gene, Pt-PAL1, from Poncirus trifoliata found a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 2166 bp, with 721 encoded amino acids. The sequence alignment indicated that the amino acid sequence of Pt-PAL1 shared a high identity with PAL genes found in other plants. Both the dominant and catalytic active sites of Pt-PAL1 were similar to PAL proteins observed in Petroselinum crispum. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that Pt-PAL1 was more closely related to PALs in Citrus clementina × C. reticulata than to those from other plants. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression of Pt-PAL1 gene in roots under iron (Fe) deficiency (0 μM o,o-FeEDDHA) was significantly higher than that under Fe sufficiency (50 μM o,o-FeEDDHA). The same result was noted for total phenolic content. Phenolic compounds play an important role in response to iron deficiency in Strategy I plants. In the present study, root exudates of Poncirus trifoliata strongly promoted the reutilisation of apoplastic Fe in roots. Furthermore, more Fe was desorbed from the cell wall under Fe deficiency than during Fe sufficiency, indicating a relationship between Fe and total phenolics in Strategy I plants under Fe deficiency.